Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Z 0 M1 M2 M3
Z1
Z2 Makanan
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1000
C D2
D1
10
16
Makanan
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Engel Curve
Cara lain untuk menunjukkan bagaimana pilihan konsumen terhadap suatu barang Kurva Engel (Engel Curve) kurva yang menghubungkan jumlah barang yang dikonsumsi dengan tingkat pendapatan
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10
16
Jumlah Makanan, X
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ICC menunjukkan jumlah barang yang dikonsumsi lebih banyak ketika pendapatan meningkat Barang Normal slope kurve Engel positif Bila konsumen membeli lebih sedikit barang ketika pendapatan meningkat Barang Inferior
Permintaan Pasar dan Individu | Abd. Jamal 9
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20
10 6 0
10
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300 200 0 7
B A 12 15
Minuman
11
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Barang Normal Income elasticity of demand is positif Barang Inferior Income elasticity of demand is negatif
12
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Substitution effect jumlah tambahan makanan yang dibeli konsumen untuk mencapai utilitas yang sama
Permintaan Pasar dan Individu | Abd. Jamal 15
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16
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17
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BL1 0 MA MB MC
18
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Income Effect
MA MB : Substitution Effect (SE) MC MB : Income Effect (IE) MA MC : Total Effect (SE + IE) Garis BLd perubahan pendapatan tapi harga tidak berubah
19
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C B
U2 U1
BL1 0 MA MC MB
20
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A B
C U1
U2
BL1 0 MA MB = MC
22
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BL1 0 MC MA MB
24
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25
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Snob Goods
Kurva permintaan bergeser (shifting) ke kanan jika harga meningkat Konsumen menerima barang berkualitas tinggi dan/atau eksklusif pada harga tinggi Barang snob : bila keinginan membeli berhubungan negatif dengan keinginan membeli konsumen lain terhadap produk tersebut
PR DGiffen
P1 P* D2 D1 0 R3 R1 R2 QR
26
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Network Externalities
Permintaan suatu barang independen bagi setiap orang Asumsi tersebut memungkinkan untuk membentuk kurva permintaan pasar dengan menjumlah semua kurva permintaan konsumen Barang tertentu : permintaan konsumen tergantung pada berapa banyak konsumsi yang dilakukan orang lain Network Externalities
Permintaan Pasar dan Individu | Abd. Jamal 27
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Harga akses menurun dari 20 ke 10 Tanpa network externalities, jumlah yang diminta meningkat dari 30 ke 38 peng-akses pure price effect Mendorong pada peningkatan pengakses Positive externalities ini : Bandwagon effect menambah peng-akses 22 orang
D1 20 A
D2
10
B
Pure Price effect Bandwagon effect
C D
30
38
60
Q (Jlh yg akses)
29
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D1 40 D2
25
Snob effect
10
18
30
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Permintaan Pasar
Permintaan individu telah diderivasi dengan menggunkan teori konsumen Permintaan pasar berasal dari permintaan individu Bila permintaan individu berslope negatif permintaan pasar juga berslope negatif Pelaku bisnis dan pembuat kebijakan sering lebih memperhatikan kurva permintaan pasar
Permintaan Pasar dan Individu | Abd. Jamal 31
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32
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1 0 2
dK2 8
dK1 14 22
Dm Jumlah Barang
33