Manusmrithi (Layout Final)

a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpw
BNmcy Fw.- B. cmtPjv

]mc-cy {_m-W-Ip-e-n P\n BNmcy Fw.-B. cmtP-jv, PmXnenw-K-t`-Z-sat\y kI-e-tcbpw thZw ]Tn-n-p tIc-f-nse Htc-sbmcp
m]-\-amb Imiy-] th-Z dn-k-v û-tj-s m-]-I\pw Ip-e-]-Xnbp-am-Wv. hmKv`-Sm-\ Kpcp-tZ-hs ]p-{X\pw thZ-]-WvUn-X-\p-amb hn.-Fkv. lj-h-\-\n \npw kwkvIr-X-nsbpw imkv{X--fp-sSbpw
{]mY-anI ]mT- ]Tn-s-Sp Ctlw B[p-\nI hnZym-`ym-k-tmsSm-w Xs thZ-]-T-\hpw XpSp. `mc-X-nse ]e Kpcp-Ip-e--fntebpw BNm-cym-cp-ambpw ASp _w ]pen-tm Ctlw
AU-bm ]nv sse{_dn apX Kpcp-Ip ImwKvUn bqWn-th-gvknn
sse{_dn hsc-bp-h Xs ]T-\-pw Kth-j-W-pw D]-bp-am-nb hyn-bm-Wv. thZ--sfbpw imkv{X--sfbpw A[n-I-cnv
35cw ae-bmf {K- Ct-l-n-t-Xm-bn-p-v.
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv B-m-\-am-n {]-h--n-p- Z-bm-\- C--n-yqv Hm-^v
th-Zn-Iv -Uokv "th-Z kw-kvIm-c B-Nmcy' F- _-lpa-Xn \-In Ctl-s B-Z-cnnpv. [m-cm-fw bm-K-fpw b--fpw C-n-Ifpw \-Sn-b-Xp ]p-c-kv--cn-v a-[y-{]-tZ-in-se th-Z-]-n-X--am- "b- {]-Pm]Xn' F- BZcw Ct-l-n\v \-Inbnpv. a-l-jn Z-bm-\- k-c-kzXn m-]n- ]-tcm-]-Im-cn-Wn k-` 2008se ka-{K th-Z {]-Nm-c-n-\p-
"B-cy-I--T Im-cy-I-m' _lp-aXnbpw \--Ip-I-bp-mbn. Im-S-Ibnse Hmw imn[mw Kpcp-Ipew CXm-Zy-ambn Hcp tIc-fo-b\v "thZm-Nmcy' ]w \Ip-hm thn sXc-s-Sp-Xv BNmcy Fw.-B. cmtPjn-s\- X-s-bm-Wv. Rc-fv Iem-{i-a
- ns "thZ-hm-Nk
- v]Xn' ]pc-kvmchpw Ct-l-n\v e`n-n-p-v. sI. ao-c-bm-Wv `mcy. a-- th-Z e-van,
hn-Zym-e
- va
- n
a\p-kvarXn
kXyhpw anYybpw
BNmcy Fw. B. cmtPjv
sI hn B F^v ]ntj
tImgntmSv
www.hinduveda.org
First Edition : January 2012

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No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without prior written
permission of the author
MANUSMRITHI: SATHYAVUM MIDHYAUM

(studies on manusmriti)
Vedic Literature
By
Acharya M.R. Rajesh

Rs. 80.00
Printed at:
Geethanjali Offset Prints, Calicut
Published by:
K.V.R.F Publication
Kozhikode
Ph: 0495 2723181
www.hinduveda.org
DSw
Aymbw Hv
a\p-kvarXn
kXyhpw anYybpw
13
Aymbw cv
a-\p-kva
- r-Xn-bn-se Iq-n-tN-v
22
Aymbw aqv
{]-n-]vX
-
- -sIm-p-ff
tZm-j
- F-v?
33
Aymbw \mev
]-al
- m-b
- fpw
tjmU-i{- In-bI
- fpw
k\m-X\ BNm-c
-
62
a\p-hn-s temIw
`m-cX
-
- n-se A-Xn-]p-cm-X\
- {K-k
- a
- p-b
-
- f
- n G-h
- p-a[
- n-Iw ]-gn
tI-s
- - {K-w G-Xm-sW-v Fm-hpw A-dn-bmwa-\p-ka
v- rXn.
C-cp- a-[y-bp-K
- n-se {]m-Ir-XN
- n-I
- Fpw kv{- Xo-Is
- fbpw A[xIr-Xs
- cbpw a-\p-jy-cm-bn-tmepw I-W
- m-m- Ir-Xn Fp-sam-sbm-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb-n \mw tI-n-cn-p-Xv. I-gn- \q-m-n
]-e {]-Xn-tj-[--fp-sS `m-K-am-bn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn Np-p-I-cn-n-p-apv. B[p\n-I Z-fn-Xv Nn-I
- cpw cm-{o-b
- mcpw 'a-\p-hmZn' F- ]Z-s {Iqc-Xb
- vpw s\-dn-tI-Sn-\pw, hn-th-N\
-
- p-sam-s ]-cym-ba
- m-bn ]-dbpp. Cu _-l-f-n-\n-S-bn ]-ecpw a-dp-t]m-b H-cp Im-cy-apv.
tUm. _n.B. Aw-t_-Uv--dp-sS A-[y--X-bn cq-]w sIm- `-cW-L-S-\m-\n-amW-k-` C-y `-c-WL-S-\ cq-]-h--cn-p--Xn-\v
B-{i-bn- {][m\ {K--fn Hv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bm-Wv.
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb I-S-p hn-a-in-p--h-cm-Wv `q-cn-]--hpw. Aam-\-hn-I-fm-b B-i-b- F-hn-sS I-mepw F-Xn--s-tS-Xp-Xs, kw-i-b-an. ]-t A-Xn-\p ap-]v A-Xv F-gpXn-b {K-w
H-v ]Tn-p-Is
- b-nepw tht? a-\p-kva
- r-Xn-sb hn-a-in-p-h
- c
- n
H-cp i-Xa
- m-\w t] t]mepw B {K-w I-n-n F-X
- m-Wp k-Xyw.
'\ kv{Xo kzm-X-{y-a-lXn' F- H-cp D-n F-Sp-v A--cm a-\p-hn-s\ kv-{Xohn-tcm-[n-bm-n-op. 'b-{X \m-cy-kv-Xp ]qPy-t ca-t X-{X tZ-h-Xmx' kv-{Xo-I ]q-Pn--s-Sp-n-Sv, B-Z-cn-s-Sp-nS-v tZ-hX
- I
- c-an-p-p F- a-\p-hm-Iy-s A-h kuI-cy-]q-w a-dp.
Cu-iz-c-hm-Wnbm-b th-Z- H-gn-sI a-v Fm {K--fpw ]-e
Im-eL
- -
- f
- n \n-ch-[n Iq-n-t-e
- p-I-v hn-t[-ba
- m-bn-pv. cm{-X{- -n-s {]-am-Wam-b a-\p-ka
-v r-Xn hn-ti-jn-pw. kzm--amcmb Pm-Xn-tm-a-c- ]-e-tm-gm-bn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn \n-ch-[n Iq-n-e-p-I h-cp-n-bn-p-v F-v a-\p-hn-s hn-a-i-I t]mepw k-Xn-p-pv. B Ip-hpw ]-t t]-dp-Xv a-\phpw a-\p-ka-v r-Xn-bp-am-W.v
th-Z-hn-cp--amb-Xv F-hn-sS I-mepw A-Xv Xym-Py-am-Wv F-s{X

ssh-Zn-I-aXw. C-tX Imcyw X-s a-\phpw B-h-n-pp. ]-c-a-{]am-Wam-b th-Z-sf ap-\n-n b-Ym- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb I-sm-\p- H-cp {i-aa
- mWv Cu {K-w. 19mw \q-m-n-s A-hk
- m-\]
- mZ-n Po-hn-n-cp- th-tZm-m-cI
- \pw a-lm-a\
- o-jnbpw km-aq-ly-]c
- njv-I-m-hp-am-bn-cp- kzm-an Z-bm-\- k-c-kz-Xn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb {]mamWn-I {K-a
- m-bn I-W
- m-n-bn-cpp. 'k-Xym-{- ]Im-i'sa- Xs hn-Jym-X {K--n G-hpw Iq-Sp-X D--c-Wn-Ifpw a-\p-hn-s
kva
- r-Xn-bn \np X-s-bm-bn-cpp. Pm-Xn-t`-Za
- nm-sX-bp- th-Z]
- T\s t{]m-m-ln-n- E-jn Z-bm-\-s kva
- r-Xn `-n-bmWv, C-Xv Bg-n ]Tn-t- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv F- Hcp Nn Fn-ep-m-n-bXv.
Z-bm-\- ]-c--c-bn-se ]-e ]-n-X-cpw, Pm-Xn-t`-Zhpw apw sXm-p-Xon-bn-nm-h, a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb D-]-Po-hn-v \n-ch-[n ]T-\- \-Sn-bn-pv. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS `m-jy-Im-c\pw 'hn-ip--a-\p-kv-ar-Xn'bpsS c-Nb
- n-Xm-hpamb tUm. kp-tc-{-Ip-am-dn-s\-tm-ep- hy-n-I B
Imc-Ww sIm-pX-s kv-a-cn--s-tS--h-cm-Wv.
a-\p-hn-s\ A-Sp--dn-bm\pw a-\p-hn-s \n-b-a-kw-lnX-sb A-Sp-dn-bm\pw A-Xph-gn sshZn-I `m-c-X-n-s au-en-I-Nn-I-sf ]-cn-N-bs-Sp-m-\p-ambmWv Cu H-cp {K--c-N-\-bv-p ap-Xn-Xv. Hpw hna-i\
-
- n-\v A-Xo-Xa, Cu-iz-ch
- m-Wnbm-b th-Zs
- am-gnv, B \n-eb
- vv a-\p-kv-ar-Xnbpw hn-a-i-\ hn-t[-bw Xs. ]-t A-Xn-\p ap-]v
A-ev]
- w kw-kvI
- r-Xw ]Tn-v aq-e{- K-s A-Sp-v ]-cn-Nb
- s
- -nmhs hn-a-i\w. A-Xn-\v H-cp t{]-c-W-sb-nepw \-Im C-Xn-\m-hp-san Cu Ffn-b {i-aw km-Y-I-am-bn Fp Rm I-cp-Xpw.
Im-iy-]m-{iaw, tIm-gn-tm-Sv
aI-c-kw-{Im-n, 1187
B-Nm-cy Fw.B. cm-tPjv
a\p-kvarXn
kXyhpw anYybpw
10
11
nf J v
khw Xp ka-th-tyZw \nJnew m\-N-pjm

{ipXn-{]m-am-WytXm hnZzm kz[t \nhn-tiX ssh.
(a-\p-kvarXn 2.8)
Cu imkv{Xw apgp-h m\-t\{Xw sImv th-Xp-t]mse
]cym-tem-Nnv thZ-{]-Xn-jvTn-X-am-I-bm A\p-jvtTbw Fdnv kz[w A\p-jvTn-pI
12
13
Aymbw Hv
a\p-kav rXn
kXyhpw anYybpw
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn H-cp ]-t `m-c-Xo-b km-ln-Xy--fn-sh-v G-hp-a-[n-Iw N--sN--s-n-p- H-cp {K--am-bn-cn--Ww. Gsd hn-hm-Z-am-b \n-c-h-[n {]-iv-\--pw Pm-Xo-b-X-bvpw kv{Xo-lX
- ybvpw hn-th-N\
-
- -pw Im-cW
- `- q-Xa
- m-b Ir-Xn-bmbmWv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb I-W-m-p--Xv. F-m A-Xn-s c-N\m-Im-e-v A-Xv G-sd {]-mam-WnI-hpw tem-I-{]n-b-hp-am-bn-cpp-sh-v Im-Wn-p- \n-c-h-[n {]-am-W- \-ap-v Im-Wm
km-[n-pw. `m-c-X-n \n-c-h-[n kv-ar-Xn-I D-m-bn-p-v.
A-Xn G--hpw {]m-am-Wn-I-am-bn K-Wn-p-t]m-cp--Xv a-\p-kvar-Xn X-s-bm-Wv. kz-bw`q-a-\p-hm-Wv B-Zy a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS
I-m-hv. am-\-h[-im-kv-{Xw, `r-Kpkw-ln-X, am-\-h-kw-lnX, a-\p-kv-ar-Xn F-sm-s Cu kvarXn-v t]-cp-v.
hn-[n-p-I-bpw B hn-[n \-S-n-em-p-I-bpw sN-p-I F
km-aq-ly-am-b H-cp \o-Xn-im-kv-{X-n-s sI-n-s-Sp-- HmWv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn F-p-]-d-bmw. h-Wm-{i-a-[--, hy-n-k-ap-Zm-bw F-n-h X-n-epw H--bv-p-ap- _--, A-hcp-sS D--c-hm-Zn--, cm-Py-`-c-Ww, B-ym-n-I-am-b D-]tZ-i- Xp-S-n-b-h-sb-mw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS hn-im-e-am-b ]cn-[n-bn h-p-tN-cp-p. ù-Xn-I-hpw- B-y-n-I-hp-am-b hnNm-c[m-c-I-sf ]-c-kv-]-cw k-a-\z-bn-n-v ap-tm-v sIm-p-t]mI-W-sa--Xm-Wv `m-c-Xo-b-am-b X-z-Z-i-\w. B Z-i-\-ns\ k-^-eo-I-cn-p--Xn-\v D-X-Ip- \n-c-h-[n D-]-tZ-i--fpsS k-aq-l-am-Wv a-\p-hn-s kv-ar-Xn F-p-]-d-bmw. Cu hn-Nn{X-am-b [- amw th-Zm-\p-Iq-e-am-b am-\-h-[--im-kv-{Xam-Wv. `m-c-Xo-b kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS B-Zn-aq-ew th-Z--fm-Wv. a(1)
\p X-s th-Z-am-Wv [--n-s th-sc-v ]-d-n-p-v.
[--s-p-dn-v A-dn-bm A-Xn-bm-b B-{K-l-ap--h-p ]-c-a-{]-am-W-hpw th-Zw X-s-bm-Wv. A-Xv B-sc-n-epw Fgp-Xn-bp-m-n-b-X-. A-\m-Zn-bm-b Cu-iz-c-\n \n-v \n-iz-
14
kn-X-am-b-Xm-Wv. A-Xn-\m A-]u-cp-tj-b-sa-m-Wv A-Xn-\v

t]-cv. A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s th-Z--sf A-]-am-\n-p--h-sc \mkv-Xn-I-sc-m-Wv a-\p -hn-fn-n-cn-p--Xv (2)
a-\p X-s Im-e-s a-lm-\m-b H-cp X-z-{Z-jv-Sm-hpw [-
a---\p-am-b H-cp E-jn-bm-bn-cp-p. A-Xp-am-{X-a- \o-Xn\n]p-W-\m-b `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-p A-t-lw. A-Xn-\v
k-a-Im-eo-\-cm-b E-jn-{]-hc X--fp-sS kw-i-b-\n-hr-n-t]mepw \-S-n-b-Xv Cu E-jn-cm-P-s\ k-ao-]n-n-m-bn-cp-p. [-\n-W-b-n-\v A-[n-Im-cn-bm-cm-Wv ? k-q-W {_--N-cy-tmSp-Iq-Sn kmw-tKm-]mw-Kw th-Z- ]Tn-h-cpw a-{m-w- {]Xy--am-n-b-hcp-am-b tbm-Kn-I-p am-{X-ta A-Xn-\v A-[nIm-c-ap-p. C-m-cyw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS Xp-S--n--s
hy--am-bn ]-d-bp-p-v. "tl `-K-h [---sf h-gn-t]mse R--v ]-d-p-X-c-tW' F-m-Wv H-cp- {]m--\ (3)
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb-p-dn-v {]m-No-\ ssh-Zn-I {K---fn hmt\m-fw ]p-I-gv-p--Xp -Im-Wph-Wm-{i-a-[--, hy- tm A-m-e-v A-Xn-\v
n--k-ap-Zm-bw F-n-h X- \-In-b {]m-[m-\yw \-ap-v
n-epw H--bv-p-ap- _-- hy--am-Ipw. a-\p -]-d-n-p, A-h-cp-sS D--c-hm-Zn- -sX-mw a-\p-jy-\v Hu-j-[(4)
-, cm-Py-`-c-Ww, B- Xp- e y- a m- s W- v XmWv U y
ym-n-I-am-b D-]-tZ-i- {_m- - W - n ]- d - b p- p.
Xp-S
- n-bh
- s
- b-mw a-\p-kva
- r- Cu {]-kv-Xm-hw sh-fn-w hoXn-bp-sS hn-im-e-am-b ]-cn-[n- ip- - X v {_m- W - { K- - bn h-p-tN-cp-p. ù-Xn- fpsS Ime- L - - n a\pI-hpw- B-y-n-I-hp-am-b kvarXn Hcp {]mam-WnI {K-hn-Nm-c[m-c-I-sf ]-c-kv-]-cw am-sW--Xn-te-m-Wv. \n-cpk-a-\z-bn-n-v ap-tm-v sIm- -n a--fp-sS kz-n-t\p-t]m-I-W-sa--Xm-Wv `m- p-dn-p- {]-kv-Xm-h-\ Imc-Xo-b-am-b X-z-Z-i-\w. Wmw. A--s kz-n a-IB Z-i-\-n-s\ k-^-eo-I- \pw a-I-pw Xp-ey A-h-Im(5)
cn-p--Xn-\v D-X-Ip- \n-c- i-ap-s-m-Wv {]-kv-Xm-h-\.
h-[n D-]-tZ-i--fp-sS k-aq-l- C-tX-Im-cyw \-ap-v a-\p-kv-aram-Wv a-\p-hn-s kv-ar-Xn F- Xn-bn ]-d-n-cn-p--Xp-ImWmw.
p-]-d-bmw.
]p-{X X-\n-bv-p -Xp-ey-\m-
15
bn-cn-p--Xp-t]m-se ]p-{Xn ]p-{X-\v Xp-ey-bm-Wv. A--s\ kzm- Xp-ey-bm-b -a-I-fptm A]p{X\mb ]nXm-hns kzv
Fs\ asm-cp-h\v Ah-Im-i-s-Sm Ignbpw(6)
amXm-hp-a-cn-m kK`y-cmb ktlmZcamcpw Ahn-hmln-X-I-fmb kK`y-tkm-Z-cn-amcpw A-bpsS [\w ka-ambn
hoXn-s-Sp-Ww (7)
hmevao-In-cm-am-b-W-n _men kp{Ko-h-bp--th-f-bn
{iocm-as Hfn-bv ]e-tmgpw Gsd hnai\-- n\v hnt[bam-bn-p--Xm-Wv. AhnsS Hfn-b-n-eqsS _mensb sIm-Xn\p
\ymbo-I-cWw \Ip-Xv a\p-hns\ D-cn-m-Wv. InjvIn-mIm-WvU-n Cmcyw hni-Z-am-p-Xv \apv ImWmw. (8)
Cu Dy-X-amb tmI- A]w hyXym-k-tmsS a\pkvarXnbpsS Fmw A[ym-b-n 316 Dw 318 Dw tmI-fn \apv ImWmw.
a\p-hns\ {]mam-WnI kvarXn-Im-c-\mbn alm-`m-c-X-n
]e-bn-S--fnepw {]kvXm-hn-n-p-v. (9)
_u-a-lm-I-hn-bmb Aiz-tLm-j I\n-jv-N-{I-hnbpsS ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-p. Atlw Xs h{P-tIm-]-\njZv F IrXn-bn Xs ]w kan-m-\mbn a\pkvar-Xn-bn \np tmI- Dcnncn-p--Xp -Im-Wmw.
hniz-cq-]-s\ alm]WvUn-X Xs bPpthZ `mjy-n
bmhevIy-kvarXn `mjy-nepw a\p-kvar-Xn-bn \npw
At\Iw tmI- D-cn-n-cn-p--Xp-Im-Wmw. {io i-cmNmcy `K-hZv]mZ-cm-Is Xs thZm kq{X-`m-jy-n a\pkvar-Xn-bn \nv D-cn--Xp-Im-Wmw.(10) ssPan-\n-bpsS ]qao-amwk kq{X-v `mjyw Fgp-Xnb i_c kzmanbpw Xs
IrXn-I-fn a\p-kvar-Xn-bn \nv \nc-h[n tmI- Dcn-p-p-v. KuX-a, hkn-jvT, B]-kvXw-_, Biz-emb\, ssPan-\n, _u[mb\ XpS-n-b-h-cpsS kq{X-{K--fn a\p-hns\ Gsd _lp-am-\-tm-sS-bmWv hnh-cn-pIm-Wp--Xv. BNm-cy-Iu-Sn-ey Xs hnJym-X-amb A
imkv{X-ns \smcp `mKhpw a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS klm-btm-sS-bmWv cNn-n-p--Xv. hnhn[ e--fn a\p-hns
A`n-{]m-b- Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v. (11) Hcp ]t G-hp-a-[nIw
`mjy-fpw SnWnI-fp-ap-m-bn-p {K--fn-sem-v a\p-
16
kvar-Xn-bm-bn-cn-Ww Fp tXmp-p. `mcX `c-W-L-S-\bn lnp-tIm-Uv_n-ns ASn-m-\hpw a\p-kvar-Xn -X-sbm-Wv.

\mep-t]-sc-bmWv s]mXpth a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS Im-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-p-h-cm-dp--Xv. kzbw`ph-a-\p, sshkz-X-a-\p,
`rKpa-ljn, {_mhv Fn--s\. kzbw`ph-a-\p-hn-t\bmWv `qcn-]-hpw a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS aqe-Im-hmbn ]cn-KWn-p-h-cp--Xv. a\p-kvar-Xn-bn Xs kzb-w`p-h-a-\p-hns
t]-cv B-dp -e--fn {]-kv-Xm-hn-p-Im-Wp-p-v. A-Xn
{]-[m\-am-b aq-n-S- Xm-sg ]-d-bp--Xm-Wv.
1. {_--]p-{X-\m-b a-\p Cu im-kv-{Xw c-Nn-p (12)
(a-\p 1.102)
2. k-\ym-kn-I-fp-sS ]m-{X- Np-c-bv-, a-cw, a-v, Nq-c-mfn F-n-h-sIm-v \n-an--Xm-bn-cn--W-sa-m-Wv kz-bw`qh-a-\p ]-d-n-cn-p--Xv (a-\p 6.54)(13)
3. kz-bw`p-h-a-\p -{Xn-b ssh-iy-iq{Z-cp-sS Im-cy-n ]p-Z-Wv-U-m-\- ]-d-n-cn-p-p. (a-\p 8.12)(14)
b-Ym--n H-cp {]-`m-j-W-ssi-en-bn c-Nn--s- IrXn-bm-Wv a-\p-kvarXn-sb-p-]-d-bmw. kz-bw-`p-h a-\p-hn-s ]p{X-\pw in-jy-\p-am-b `r-Kp-a-l-jn C-sXm-cp {K--cq-]-n
F-Un-p-sN-bv-Xp-sh-p-]-d-bp--Xm-Wv Iq-Sp-X i-cn. C-m-cyw
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS Xp-S--n-se \m-ep-tm-I--fn hn-h-cn-pIm-Wp-p-ap-v. Iq-Sm-sX \m-em-a-s tm-I-n-se {]-kv-Xmhw `m-j-W ssi-en-bn D-]-tZ-i cq-t]-W kv-ar-Xn D-]-tZ-in-psh- Im-gv--m-Sn-s\ Iq-Sp-X cq-Uaq-e-am-p-I-bm-Wv sN-p-Xv. B {]-kv-Xm-hw Im-Wp-I.
a-lm-m--fm-b B a-l-jn-am `-n-]q-w {i--tbmsS tNm-Zn--tm X-z-Z-i-\-n A-Xo-h km-a-y-ap a-\p A-h-sc D-]-N-cn--ti-jw tI-p-sIm-p- sh-v ]-dp-(15)
`m-c-X-n-se ]u-cm-Wn-I N-cn-{X-Im-c-am kz-bw-`p-h-a-\phn-s cm-P-[m-\n-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-n-p--Xv {_-m-h--tZ-in-se _-ln-jv-a-Xn \-K-c-am-Wv. Cu {]-tZ-iw k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m[-hpw [m-n-I-X-bp-ap- -e-am-sW-v a-\p X-s kv-ar-Xnbn ]-d-n-p-v. B hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww C--s\ t]m-Ip-p.
17
k-c-kz-Xn, Zr-j-Zz-Xn F-
a-\p X-s Im-e-s a-lm{]-ik
- vX
-
- f
- m-b c-p-\Z- n-If
- p\m-b H-cp X-z-{Z-jv-Sm-hpw
sS a-[y-n-ep- tZ-h-\n-an[- a---\p-am-b H-cp
X-am-b tZ-i-n-\v {_-m-hE-jn-bm-bn-cp-p. A-Xp-am-{X-sa-v ]-d-bp-p. (16)
a- \o-Xn\n-]p-W-\m-b `-cB {_-m-h-n-se Wm-[n-Im-cn- Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-p
]q-Py-cm-b {_m--W Xp-S-n- A-t-lw. A-Xn-\v k-a-Im-eob h-W--fp-tS-bpw A--cm- \-cm-b E-jn-{]-hc X--fpf-Pm-Xn-I-fp-tS-bpw ]m-c--cy-{I- sS kw-i-b-\n-hr-n-t]m-epw
am-K-X-am-b B-Nmc-amWv C- \-S-n-b-Xv Cu E-jn-cm-Ptm k-Zm-Nm-c-sa-p-]-d-bp- s\ k-ao-]n-n-m-bn-cp-p.
-Xv. (17)
Ip-cp-t-{Xw, a-y-tZ-iw,
]m-m-ew (I-\ym-Ip-_v-P-tZ-iw) iqc-tk\w (a-Yp-c) C-h Ds-Sp- {_--jn tZ-iw {_-m-h--n-\-Sp-m-Wv- (18)
{_-m-h- {_-m-j-tZ-i-Pm-X-\m-b {_mWs-b-Spv \n-v `q-an-bn k-I-e a-\p-jy-cpw X-fpsS [as
]Tn-t--Xm-Wv (19)
A-tm C-hn-sS sh-p-Xs--bm-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS cq-]tc-J D-m-b-sX-v \-ap-v Du-ln-mw. F-p-am-{X-a- kz-bw`p-h-a-\p X-s-bm-Wv C-Xn-s B-Zy-t{]m-m-sh-pw a-\-nem-mw. {_-m-W-, ssX-o-cn-b kw-ln-X, a-lm-`m-c-Xw,
cm-am-b-Ww Xp-S-n-b {K---fn {]-kv-Xm-hn-n-cn-p- a\p-hpw kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p X-s-bm-sW-pw a-\-n-em-m {]bm-k-an--Xm-\pw.
a-lm-`m-cX
-
- n Zp-jy-t- -bpw i-Ip-f
- b
- p-tS-bpw hn-hmls kw-_-n-v hn-h-cn-p-n-S-v kzm-bw-`p-h -a-\p-hm-Wv
Fp-X-c-n-ep- hn-hm-l--sf-p-dn-v ]-d-bp--sX-v {]-kvXm-hn-n-p-v. Cu F-p-X-c-n-ep- hn-hm-l--sf-p-dn-pw
B-Zyw hn-h-cn-p- Ir-Xn a-\p-kv-a-Xn-bm-Wp-Xm-\pw. Nn-e sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hm-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS I-m-sh-v A-`n-{]m-bs-Sm-dp-v. C-hn-sS H-cp Im-cyw \-ap-v ]-cn-K-Wn-t--Xp-v.
kz-bw-`p-h a-\p- kr-jv-Sn-bn-se B-Zy-cm-Pm-hm-sW-v ]p-cm-tWXn-lm-k-fn ]-d-bp-p-v. ssh-h-kz-X-a-\p-hn-t\-p-dn-v ]d-bp--Xm-I-s {]-f-bm-\--c k-aq-l-n-s cm-Pm-sh- co-Xn-
18
bn-em-Wv. ssh-h-kz-X Ggm-as a-\p-hm-Wv. C-tm-g-s a\z--c-n-s t]-cv ssh-h-kz-X a-\z--c-sam-Wv. ssh-h-kzX cm-Pm-hp-am-{X-am-sWv i-X-]-Y-{_m--W-n ]-d-np-ap-v. (20)
C-hn-sS G-gm-a-s a-\p-hm-b ssh-h-kz-X-\m-Wv kv-ar-Xn cNn--sX-n A-Xn-\p-ap-]p-m-bn-cp- P-\-X-Xn-bp-sS [--I---fpw hn-[n-ln-X--sf-bpw F-m-bn-cp-n-cn-psa-
kzm-`m-hn-I kw-i-bw D-b-p-h-cpw. A-h-v A--c-n-ep [-m-[- Nn--I-fpw a-pw C-s-v hn-iz-kn-p--Xv
hn-UvVn--a-s.
a-\p-kva- r-Xn `r-Kp-al

- -jn-bp-sS-X
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS {K--Im-c `r-Kp-a-l-jn-bm-sW- H-cp
hn-Nm-c-w i--am-bn \-S-n-ep-v. Cu Im-gv-N-m-Spw i-cn-b-sv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn X-s ]Tn-m t_m-[y-s-Spw. kz-bw-`p-h-a\p-hn-s-b-Sp-v Pn-m-kp--fm-b k-p- sN--Xpw "{iqb-Xmw' F-v D-]-tZ-in--Xp-am-b hn-h-c- kvar-Xn-bn \np-X-s t\-c-s F-Sp-v D--cn-n-cp-p. C-Xn \n-pw
kv-ar-Xn kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p-hn-t-Xm-sW-v hy--am-Wv. a-\p-kv-arXn-bn-ep-S\o-fw ]-cn-tim-[n-m Cu co-Xn-bn-ep- D-]-tZ-i ssien {K--n-ep-S-\o-fw \-ap-v
Z-in-mw. F-m C-Xn-\n-Sv- r-Xn-sb-p-dn-v {]m-Nobn `r-Kp-a-l-jn D-]-tZ-in-- a-\p-ka
\
sshZn-I {K---fn hmXm-bn sIm-Sp-n-cn-p- tmt\mf
w
]p-I-gv-p--Xp -ImI- Im-Wmw. C-sX-mw ]n- v A-Xno-Sv Iq-n-tN--s--Xm-sW- Wp-tm A-m-e
\v
\I
nb
{]m[
m\yw \-apv am-\n-mw. A-Xm-b-Xv {]v
hy
a
mI
pw.
\n-cp-n]v-X-amsW-w. `r-Kphn-\v am-lm-yw sIm-Sp-m- n a--fp-sS kz-n-t\t\m A-t-l-n-s {]m-[m- p-dn-p- {]-kv-Xm-h-\ Im\yw C-c-n-n-v Im-Wn-m-t\m Wmw. A--s kz-n aX--fp-sS Xm-Xv-]-cyw A-h-X- I-\pw a-I-pw Xp-ey A- p-s-m-Wv {]-kvX
- mcn-n-m-t\m H-s-bm-bn F-gp- h-Im-(5)ia
Xn-tN- tm-I--fm-Wn-h. h-\. C-tX-Im-cyw \-ap-v aA-m-sX A--\pw Kp-cp-\m-Y- \p-kv-ar-Xn-bn ]-d-n-cn\p-am-b kz-bw-`p-h-a-\p {]-`m-j- p--Xp-Im-Wmw.
19
Ww \-S-p--Xn-\n-sS A-Xn-\n-S-bn I-b-dn C-S-tm-e-n-Sp--

in-jy {]`r-Xn-I A-n-m-bn-cp-p. A--c-n-sem-cp in-jy\p-a-m-bn-cp-p `r-Kp. {_-m-hv c-Nn--Xm-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-XnCu
{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bpw I-f-hm-Wv. A--c-n-sem-cp tm-Iw a-\p-kvar-Xn-bn X-s-bp-v. {_-m-hv Cu [-im-kv-{Xw \n-nv B-Zyw hn-[n-{]Im-cw X-s ]Tn-n-p. Rm a-co-Nym-Zn-ap\n-I-tf-bpw (a-\p 1.58). F-m Cu tm-Iw {]-n]v-X-fn
H-m-sW-p-I-s-m bm-sXm-cp {]-bm-k-hp-an-. Im-c-Ww
C-Xv ]q-m-]-c kw-_--an-m-Xm-Wv. A--hn-tcm-[w Dp-Xm-\pw.
Cu tm-Iw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se H-m-a-s A-[ym-b-n-ep-Xm-Wv. A-hn-sS 52 ap-X 57 h-sc tm-I- ]-c-am-m-hns Pm-{KXv, kz-]v-\, kpjp]vXn A-h--I-fp-sS B-e-m-cn-I
h-W-\-bm-Wv. C-Xn-t\m-Sv H-pw tbm-Pn-p- hn-j-b-a- 58m-as tm-Iw. Iq-Sm-sX a-\p X-s kz-bw {]-h-N-\ cq-]-n
]-d--Xm-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb-v H-m-a-s A-ym-b-n-se
\m-emw tm-Iw hy--am-n-bn-p-v. A-Xm-b-Xv {_-m-hn-\v CXp-am-bn bm-sXm-cp _--hp-an-s-p km-cw. F-m Cu {]kv-Xm-h-\-bv-v hn-cp--am-bn h-cp--Xm-Wv 58m-a-s tm-I-sa-Xn-\m A-Xn A--hn-tcm[-ap-v. Nn-e-hym-Jym-Xm-
a-\pkv-ar-Xn-bp-sS aq-e-cq-]-am-bn a-sm-cp {K--ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh co-Xn-bn ]-d-bm {i-an-n-p-v. A--c-n-sem-cp ]p-kvX-I-s-p-dn-pw bm-sXm-cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-an--Xm-\pw.
a-\p-hn-s Im-ew
a-\p-hn-t-bpw kv-ar-Xn-bp-tS-bpw Im-ew I-s-p-I F--Xv
G-sd n-jv-S-am-b H-m-Wv. Im-c-Ww Cu {K--n-se {]-n]v-X tm-I- X-s. Cu tm-I- hm-bn-p Im-ew \nW-bn-m {i-an-m C-Xv G-sd B-[p-\n-I-am-b H-m-sWp-K-Wn-t-n-h-cpw. A-tX-k-a-bw {_m--W {K---fn
a-\p-kvarXn-sb-p-dn-p- kq-N-\ Im-Wp-tm A-Xv \q-X-\am-b H-m-sW-v k--Xn-m-\pw _p-n-ap-m-Ipw. F-m `mc-X-n-s {]m-No-\ km-ln-Xy--fn-epw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn Xs-bp-ap- hw-im-h-en-Ifpw ]-cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-n-bm G-Xmsm-cp Im-e-\n-Wbw km-[n-s-p-h-cmw. kv-ar-Xn-bn aq-nS-v a\phw-i-n-s N-cn-{Xw tc-J-s-Sp-n-b-Xv \-ap-v
20
Im-Wmw. A-h C--s\-bm-Wv.

1. {_-m-hn \n-v hn-cm-Sv, hn-cm-n \n-v a\p, a-\p-hn
\n-v a-co-Nn Xp-S-n-b 10 E-jn-am D-m-bn
(a-\p. 1.3235)
2. {_-m-hn \n-p a-\p [--im-kv-{Xw ]Tn-p, a-\p-hn
\n-v a-co-Nn, `r-Kp Xp-S-n-b-h-cpw ]Tn-p
(a-\p 1.58/60)
3. ln-c-Wy-K` A-Xm-b-Xv {_-m-hn-\v a-\p F- a-I Dm-bn. B a-\p-hn \n-v a-co-Nn-Xp-S-n-b-h D-m-bn.
Cu aq-v hw-i-mh-en-I-fpw {]-n-]v-X-am-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv a-\pkv-ar-Xn-bn ]n-o-Sv F-gp-Xn-bp-m-n-b-Xm-sW--w. Fn-epw C-hn-tS-bpw {_-m-hn-s c-m-a-s X-e-ap-d-bm-bn-mWv a-\p-hn-s\ Im-Wp--Xv. a-lm-`m-c-X-n-epw C-X-c ]p-cm-W-fn-epw D- hw-im-h-en-bn a-\p-hn-s\ {_-m-hn-s a-I-\mbn-m-Wv K-Wn-n-p--Xv. {_-m-hv B-Zn-kr-jv-Sn-bn-se a-\p-jy\m-bm-Wv `m-c-Xo-b C-Xn-lm-k {K---fn-se-mw hn-h-cn-n-p-Xv. ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-n-epw A--c-sam-cp {]tbm-Kw \ap-v Im-Wmw. "{_-m-tZ-h-\mw {]-Y-a-kw-_-`qh' F-m-Wv apWv-U-I-n-se {]-kv-Xm-hw. k-Xy-n `m-c-X-n-se F-m hw-im-h-en-I-fpw {_-m-hn \n-v h--h-cm-Wv. A-Xv Ip-e-hwi-am-bm-epw hn-Zym-hw-i-am-bm-epw (in-jy-]-c--c-bm-bm-epw). BZn-kr-jv-Sn-bn X-s-bm-bn-cp-p a-\p-hn-t-bpw Im-e-sa-v Ahn-sS Nn-n-m \-ap-v I-s-mw.
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se N-Xp-bp-K--fp-tS-bpw a-\z--c-fp-tS-bpw
Im-e-K-W-\ ]-cn-tim-[n-m 2012te-v Cu kr-jv-Sn \-S-n-v
196, 08,5 3,13 (196 tIm-Sn F-p-e--n A-]-n aq-hm-bn-cn H-cp\q-n ]-Xn-aqv) h-j-am-sb-p a-\-n-em-mw.
H-cp a-\z--c-sa-m 71 N-Xp-bp-K- tN--Xm-Wv. Bdp a-\z--c- I-gn-v G-gm-a-Xp-h-cp- ssh-h-kz-X a-\z-c-am-Wv C-tm \-S-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. C-v G-Xp-{In-b \S-p-tm-gpw A-Xn-\v ap-]m-bn H-cp k-ev] ]mTw sNm-p-
]-Xn-hp-v. C-Xv Im-e-am-]n-\n-bm-Wv. kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS Xp-S-w apX-ep- Cu im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b I-W-v kp-Xcmw Cu k--n hy--am-bn kq-Nn-n-p-p-p-Xm-\pw. kr-jv-Sn c-N-\
\-S- Im-e-t-p-dn-v B-[p-\n-I im-kv-{X-n-\p- A-tX
21
Im-gv-N-m-Sp-X-s-bm-Wv Cu
{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-ep--sX-p- a\-n-em--Ww. B-Zn-kr-jv-SnIm-e-p-X-s a-\p D-m-bncp-p-sh-v ]-d-bp-tm AXv tem-I-kr-jv-Sn-tbm {]-]-
kr-jv-Sn-tbm B-sW-v sX-n-cn--cp-Xv. C-hn-sS B-Zn-{kjv-Sm-sh--Xv sIm-v A-am-p--Xv a-\p-jy-cp-sS {k-jvSm-hpw a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-n-s
D--h-hp-am-Wv. `m-c-Xo-b kmln-Xy-n-sem-cn-S
- pw {_-mhn-\p ap-]v H-cp hw-i-]c--c Im-Wm-\m-hn-. ]m-m-Xy-]u-ckvXy ]-Wv-Un-X-am-sc-mw H-cp t]m-se k--Xn-p- H-cp
Im-cy-ap-v. E-tKz-Z-t-m ]-g-b-Xm-b H-cp {K--an-s- Imcyw. A-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv {_m--W-{K---fp-sS B-K-a-\w
A-Xn-\m E-tKz-Zm-Zn-th-Z
- B-Zn kr-jSv- n-bn-ep-X
- m-Wv. {_m-W--fn-epw ssX-o-cn-bw Xp-S-n-b kw-ln-X-I-fn-epw [ {]-hm-shp ]-d-n-p- a-\p Cu a-\p-hm-Wv. A-Xn\m a-\p-hn-s Im-ew {_m--W-c-N-\-bv-v ap-t] X-s-bmWv.
BNm- c y- I u- S n- e y Xs
hnJym-X-amb A imkv
{X-ns \smcp `mKhpw
a\p- k v a r- X n- b psS klm- b tm-sS-bmWv cNn-n-p-X
- v.
hnhn[ e- - f n a\phns A`n-{]m-b- FgpXn-bn-p-v. `mcX `c-W-LS\-bn lnp-tIm-Uv_n-n
s ASn-m-\hpw a\p-kvarXn -X-s-bm-Wv.
22
Aymbw cv
a-\p-ka-v r-Xn-bn-se Iq-n-tN-v
{]m-No-\-{K---fn-se Iq-n-tN-n-\v {]-t-]-sa-m-Wv km[m-c-W ]-d-bm-dv. C-p Im-Wp- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn {]-n-]v-X-sIm-v \n-d--Xm-Wv. A-Xn-\m {]-n-]v-X--sf-p-dn-v hni-Z-am-b ]T-\w X-s B-h-iy-am-bn h-n-cn-p-p. Im-c-Ww
A--s\ {]-n-]v-X--sf-p-dn-v th--{X \n-cq-]-Ww sN-bvXn-n-s-n a-l-m-b H-cp am-\-h im-kv-{Xw \-ap-v \-jv-Ss-t-mw. A-Xn-\m a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-v C-tm G- I-f--
C-m-Xm-n ]-cn-ip--am-n F-gp-tX--Xv A-Xy-m-t]-n-Xam-sW--v ]-d-bmw. {]--n-]v-X--fm-b kw-kv-Ir-X tm-I-
A-S-n-b a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb I-m-Wv `m-c-Xo-b kw-kv-Im-c-s
]-ec-- pw lo-\-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn--Xv. C-Xp hm-bn- ]-e-cpw `m-cXo-b kw-kv-Im-cw A-t-b-w lo-\-hpw hn-Ir-X-hpw ss]-imNn-I-hp-am-sW-v sX-n-cn-p. -{]m-No-\ `m-c-Xo-b-sc am-wk-`pp-I-fpw sXm-p-Iq-Sm-bv-a-bpw Xo-n-q-Sm-bv-a D--hcpw D--\oN-Xz- h-v ]p-e-n-b-h-cpw Pm-Xn-hy-h--bp-sS {]-tbmm-fp-am-bn sIm-n-tLm-jn-p. kv-{Xo-I-tfm-Sv A-h-K-W-\-bpw
A-h-sc A-Sp--f-bn A-S-n--h-cp-am-bn {]m-No-\-`m-c-Xo-b amdn. Cu X-c-n-ep- kn-m---v A-\p-Iq-e-am-b \n-c-h[n tm-I- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn \n-v D-cn--s-p. Cu tmI- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS b-Ym- `m-h-amtWm F-v ]-cntim-[n-m t]m-epw N-cn-{X-Im-c-am sa-\-s-n-. C-pw
A-`y-hn-Zy-cm-b bp-hm- D-s-sS D--h a-\p-kv-ar-Xnbn-se Cu {]-n-]v-X- Nq-p-]e-I-bm-bn F-Sp-v \-psS ]q- ]n-Xm-a-l-am PmXn-Ip-ip-w`-am-cm-sW-pw kv-{Xohn-tcm-[n-I-fm-bn-cp-s-pw te-J-\--fn ]-S-p-hn-Sp-p.
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn C-v Im-Wp- {]-n-]v-X--sf-mw H-tc
k-a-b-v F-gp-Xn-tN--s--h-b-. ssh-Zn-I kw-kv-Im-cw tem]n--tm \n-c-h-[n a-X-a-Xm--c- cq-]-s-p. A--c-n
Im-em--c--fn B-hn-`-hn- a-X-a-Xm--c--fn-se B-Nm-cy-
23
am X--fp-sS kn-m-- {]m-am-Wn-I-am-Ip--Xn-\m-bn Fgp-Xn tN--h-bm-Wv Cu {]-n-]v-X--sf-mw. A-Xp-sIm-v

X-s C-tm \-ap-v In-p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn hn-j-b-hn-cp-hpw ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp--hpw k--`-hn-cp--hpw- ]q-m-]-c_w C-m--h-bpw ]p\-cp-n-I-fpw [m-cm-f-am-bn I-S-p-h-np-v. Cu tm-I--v G-sX-n-epw X-c-n-ep- B-[n-Imcn-I-X a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn D-tm F-v ]Tn-m-\p- K-th-j-W-sfm-pw C-Xp-h-sc \-S-n-p-an-. t\-sc-sm-t kw-kv-IrXw t]m-epw ]Tn-m- hn-tZ-i A-m-U-an-j-am F-gp-Xnsh- K-th-j-W {]-_-- tIm-n-b-Sn-v te-J-\- Fgp-Xm am-{X-am-Wv ]ecpw H-cp-s--Xv. H-cp tm-I-n ]-dn-cn-p--Xn-\v hn-cp--am-bn sXm--Sp- tm-I-n ]-d-Xp-Im-Wmw. a-\p-hn-s\ t]m-ep- H-cp a-\o-jn-bp-sS Ir-Xnbn C--c-n-ep- sX-p-I I-S-p-Iq-Sm ]m-Sn-m--XmWv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-s-bm-Wv a-v a-l-jn-am A-t-l-s
k-ao-]n-v X--fp-sS kw-i-bw Xo-m D-Zy-an--Xv. A--s\
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn D-m-b-Xpw. {]-n-]v-X- F-gp-Xn-tN--h
]- g - b - t m- I - \o- n- I - f v ]p-Xn-b-Xv tN-p-I-bp- `m-c-X-n-se ]u-cm-Wn-I Nm- b n. D- tm- I - - f n cn-{X-Im-c-am kz-bw-`p-h-a]mT-t`-Zw h-cp-n D-Zm-l-c-W- \p-hn-s cm-P-[m-\n-bm-bn ]n-\v "A--c-{]-`-hm-Wmw' F- cn-K-Wn-n-p--Xv {_-m-h-Xn-\p-]-I-cw kw-I-c-{]-`-hm- -tZ-i-n-se _-ln-jv-aWmw F-pw "tZ-l-ip-n' F- Xn \-K-c-am-Wv. Cu {]-tZ-iw
-Xn-\p-]-I-cw "t{]-X-ip-n' k-Zm-Nm-c-t_m-[-hpw [m-nF-pw B-n-Xo-p. C-- I-X-bp-ap- -e-am-sW-v
c-n-ep- \n-c-h-[n ]mTt`-Z- a-\p X-s kv-ar-Xn-bn ] C-tm-g-s a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- d-n-p-v. B hn-i-Zo-I-cbn-ep-v. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se {]- Ww C--s\ t]m-Ip-p.
n-]v-X--sf Ip-dn-v H-s-m
k-c-kz-Xn, Zr-j-Zz-Xn F`m-jy-Im-c-am-cpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn
{]-i-kv-X--fm-b c-p-\p ]- d - n- p- v . G- - p- d n Cu Im-cy-n D-s- Zn-I-fp-sS a-[y-n-ep- tZp am-{X-ta D-p. I-q-I-`- h-\n-an-X-am-b tZ-i-n-\v
F- `m-jy-Im-c 170 tm- {_-m-h--sa-v ]-d-bpI {]-n-]v-X-am-sW-v p.
24
sX-fn-bn-n-p-v. a-\p-kvar-Xn{]--n-]v-X--fm-b kw-kv-Irbp-sS a-l-Xzw h-n-n-p-X tm-I- A-S-n-b aXn-\p-th-n Cu {K--s

\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb I-m-Wv `m-c{_- m- h p- a m- b n _- - s - S pXo-b kw-kv-Im-c-s ]-ec-- pw
n Ip-td tm-I- F-gplo-\-am-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn--Xv. CXn D-m-n-Iq-n-tN-p. a-\pXp hm-bn- ]-e-cpw `m-c-Xokv-ar-Xn-bp-sS H-mw A-ymb kw-kv-Im-cw A-t-b-w
b-n 58m-a-Xm-bn Im-Wp-
lo-\-hpw hn-Ir-X-hpw ss]tm-Iw C-Xn-\p-Zm-lc
- W
- a
- m-Wv.
im-Nn-I-hp-am-sW-v sX-n(21)
kr-jSv- n-bp-sS B-cw-`
- n
cn-p. {- ]m-No-\ `m-cX
- o-bs
- c
{_-m-hv Cu [--im-kv-{Xw
am-wk-`p-p-If
- pw sXm-p-Iq-Smc-Nn-v B-Zyw F-s ]Tn-nbv-a-bpw Xo-n-q-Sm-bv-a Dp-. ]n-o-Sv a-co-Nn Xp-S-n-hcpw D--\o-N-Xz- hb-h-sc Rm ]Tn-n-psh-mv ]p-e-n-bh
- c
- pw Pm-Xn-hyWv Cu tm-I-n-s Ah--bp-sS {]-tbm-m-fpw. C-tX-t]m-se `r-Kp-hn-s\am-bn sIm-n-tLm-jn-p.
bpw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-am-bn Iq-nbn-W
- n Ip-td tm-I
- Fgp-Xn-hn-n-p-v. ap-]v D--cn- tm-I-n-\v ti-jw h-cp- tmIw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. (22) B tm-I-n-s A-w C-s\-bm-Wv `r-Kp-ap\n a-\p-kv-ar-Xn ]q- cq-]-n \n-sf tI-n-pw. Im-c-Ww A-t-lw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn k-q--ambpw F-n \n-m-Wv ]Tn--Xv'' a-\p {_-m-hn \n-v ]Tnp-sh-pw `r-Kp-a-\p-hn \n-v ]Tn-p F-p-w]-d-bp-tm a\p-hn-s ]-c--c-bn-ep- k-h-pw Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn sImSp-m-\m-Wv Cu tm-I- Iq-n-tN--h {i-an--Xv. A-tXt]m-se ssi-i-h hn-hm-l-n-\p-th-n-bpw tm-I- F-gpXn tN-p-I-bp-m-bn. D-Zm-l-c-Ww t\m-p-I. Kr-l- [w tem-]n-m-Xn-cn-m th-n 30 h-b-p- ]p-cp-j 12 hb-p- kp--cn-bm-b I-\y-I-sb-bpw 24 h-b-p-Im-c 8 h-bp-Im-cn-sb-bpw hn-hm-lw I-gn--Ww- (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 994)(23) C-c-n-ep-f-f {]kvXm-h-\--v {]-k-n-bn-s-v {]-n]v-X--sf Ip-dn-v ]Tn-m km-[n-pw. A-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-v ]no-Sv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p-p-v. 11mw A-ym-b-n 54 ap-X 190
h-sc-bp- tm-I- {]m-b-n--hn-[n-sb-p-dn-v ]-d-bp-pv. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS ap-Jy-hn-j-b- ]-cn-tim-[n-m {]m-
25
b-n- hn-[n-I-fpw A-h-bp-sS hn-`m-K--sfm-pw A-Xn-\p

tbm-Pn--X-. C-h-sb-mw kzm-- Xm-]-cym-cm-b-h ]no-Sv F-gp-Xn-tN--Xm-sW-v D-d-v.
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se H-cp tm-Itam H-cp {]-tXy-I hn-j-b-hpam-bn _--s- ap-gp-h tm-I--tfm {]-n-]v-X--fm-sWv a-\-n-em-p--Xn-\v B-dv h-gn-I-fp-v. A-h
1) hn-j-b hn-tcm-[w
2) k--` hn-cp-w
3) tm-I--fn-se ]-c-kv-]-c hn-tcm-[w
4) ]p-\-cpn
5) ssi-eo hn-tcm[w
6) th-Z hn-cp-w
1. hn-jb
- hn-tcm-[w
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-ep- Hm-tcm A-ym-b--fpw th-Xn-cn-n-cnp--Xv Hm-tcm ap-Jy-hn-j-b--sf B-kv-]-Z-am-n-bm-Wv. H-ma-s A-ym-b-n krjv-Sn D-]-n-bpw [-tm-Xv-]-nbp-am-Wv hn-j-bw. cma-s A-ym-b-n kw-kv-Im-c-fpw {_--N-cym-{i-a-hpw hnj-b-am-hp-p. aqm-as Aymb-n Krl-m-{i-ahpw ]--a-lm-b---fpw I-S-p-hcp-p. C--s\ Hm-tcm A-ym-b-n-ep-ap- ap-Jy-hn-j-b-
F-m-sW-v Hm-tcm A-ym-b-n-s-bpw Xp-S--n-epw Ah-km-\-n-epw kq-Nn-n-p-p-ap-v. F-m Hm-tcm A-ymb-n-se-bpw ap-Jy-hn-j-b-n-\v hn-cp--am-bn a-sm-cp hn-j-bw
I-S-p-h-m A-Xv {]-n-]v-X-am-sW-v a-\-n-em--Ww. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn cmw A-ym-bw 130, 132 tm-I- ]Tn-m
Cu Im-cyw hy--am-Ipw. {_--Nm-cn-bp-sS I--hy-am-Wv CXn ]-d-n-cn-p--Xv. B {_--Nm-cn A-m-h, Nn--,
izipc, E-Xzn-Iv F-n-h-sc Rm C--bm-fm-sW-v ]-d-v
\-a-kv-I-cn-Ww. A-m-bn, h-en-b-, Ip--, A-m-bn-b-
F-n-h-sc Kp-cp-]-Xv-\n-sb t]m-se ]q-Pn-t--Xm-Wv. tPy-jvTs `m-cy k-h-W-bm-sW-n A-h-cp-sS ]m-Zw sXm-v {]-Xn-Zn\w h-n--Ww-.(24) C-sXm-cp {]-n-]v-X tm-I-am-sW-p-d-nmw. Im-c-Ww {_--Nm-cn D-]\-b-\w ap-X k-am-h--\w
h-sc Kp-cp-Ip-e-n-tem B-{i-a-n-tem B-Wv I-gn-bp-I. Kp-cp-
26
Ip-e-n Xm-a-kn-p- {_--Nm-cn F-s\-bm-Wv _-p-sf-sbm-s {]-Xn-Zn-\w \-a-kv-I-cn-p-I? F-p-am-{X-a- Iym-Ww I-gn-m- {_--Nm-cn-bv-v F-hn-sS \n-m-Wv A-mbn-b--bpw A-m-bn-b--\pw D-m-hp-I. A-Xn-\m Cu ]-dn-cn-p- aq-v tm-I--fpw hn-j-b hn-cp--am-Wv Zm-i-\nI hn-cp--am-Wv ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp--ap--Xp-am-Wv. A-Xn-\m Xs C-h {]-n-]v-X-hp-am-Wv.
2. k--` hn-cp-w
C-\n \-ap-v k--` hn-cp--am-b tm-I- F--s\-sbv I-s-mw. D-Zm-l-c-W-n-\v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn H-mw A-ymb-n-se 65, 66, 67 tm-I--fp-sS km-cm-w \-ap-v ]-cntim-[n-mw.
am-\p-jn-I-hpw ssZ-ho Zn-\-cm-{X--fpw Xn-cn-p--Xv kq-cy\m-Wv. cm-{Xn {]m-Wn-I-v D-d-m-\pw ]-I I-w sN-m\p-ap--Xm-Wv (a-\p. 165) (25)
a-\p-jy-cp-sS H-cp am-kw
]nX
r--fp-sS H-cp Zn-\-cm-{X-ama-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn C-v Im- n-se c-p-]
-
- Wp- {]-n-]v-X--sf-mw Wv. am-k
- ]-w ]n-Xr-H-tc k-a-b-v F-gp-Xn-tN- fn Ir-jvW
- s - - h - b - . A- - c - v I-w sN-m-\pw ip--]n Im-em-c
-
- f
- n B- w D- d - m- \ p- a p- f - f - X m- W v .
hn-`-hn- a-X-a-Xm--c--fn- (166) (26)
se B-Nm-cy-am X--fp a-\p-jy-cp-sS H-cp h-jw
sS kn-m-- {]m-am-Wn- tZ-h-am-cp-sS H-cp Zn-\-cm-{X-amI-am-Ip--Xn-\m-bn F-gp-Xn Wv A-Xn B-dv am-kw D-tN--h-bm-Wv Cu {]-n- cm-b-\w tZ-h-am-cp-sS ]-I-epw
]vX
-
- s
- f-mw. A-Xp-sIm-v Z-n-Wmb\w cm-{Xn-bp-am-Wv
X-s C-tm \-ap-v In- (167) (27)
p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn hn-jCu tm-I--fn 65 mwb-hn-cp--hpw ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp- tm-I-n am-\p-j-ssZ-hn-hpw k--`h
- n-cp-h
- pw- ]q- tI- F-v ]-d-bp-tm- a-\pm-]-c_-w C-m--h-bpw jy-cp-sS-bpw tZ-h-am-cp-sS-bpw
]p\-cp-n-I-fpw [m-cm-f-am- Zn-\c
- m-{X-f
- m-Wv hn-hc
- n-p-bn I-S-p-h-n-p-v.
Xv. a-\p-jy-cp-sS Zn-\-cm-{X--fpsS Im-cyw 65mw tm-I-n
27
]-d-p. C-\n 66mw tm-I-n tZ-h-am-cp-sS Zn-\-cm-{X-am-Wv

]-d-tb--Xv. F-m A-hn-sS ]n-Xr-fp-sS Zn-\-cm-{X-am-Wv ]d-n-cn-p--Xv. Xp-S-v 67 mw tm-I-n-em-Wv tZ-h-am-cpsS Zn-\-cm-{X--sf Ip-dn-v {]-kv-Xm-hn-n-cn-p--Xv. A-Xn-\m
66-a-s tm-Iw k--`-hn-cp--am-Wv. A-Xn-\m X-s A-Xv
{]-n-]v-X-hp-am-Wv.
C-\n a-sm-cp-Zm-l-c-W-hpw Iq-Sn \-ap-v ]-cn-tim-[n-mw. a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn aq-mw A-ym-b-n 20 ap-X 28 h-sc-bp tm-I--fn {]-n-]v-X- I-S-p-Iq-Sn-b-Xv F--s\bm-sW-v t\m-mw. C-Xn 20 mw tm-I-n F-p-X-c-nep- hn-hm-l--sf Ip-dn-v ]-d-n-p-v A-h-bp-sS t]-cp-hnh-c- 20mw tm-I-n-epw ]-d-bp-p. Xp-S-p- tm-I-fn ]-d-tb--Xv B hn-hm-l--fp-sS kz-cq-]-s Ip-dn-m-Wv
F-m A-Xp-]-d-bm-sX 22mw tm-I-n a-sm-cp hy-Xy-kvX-am-b k--`w ]-d-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. Im-Wp-I- ""Hmtcmtcm
hW-ns--hv G-Xp hn-hm-lw [-y-sa-pw Hm-tcm
X-cw hn-hm-l-n-s-bpw Kp-W-tZm-j--sf-s-pw, Hm-tcm-nepw P-\n-p- k-m-\--fp-sS Kp-W-tZm-j- F-s-msa-p-sam-s \n--tfm-Sv hn-kv-X-cn-p Rm ]-d-bmw'' (a\p.322)(28)
22mw tm-I-n H-mw k--`w A-h-km-\n-n-v 26mw
tm-Iw h-sc A-Xv Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. B-Zy-t-Xn-s _m-n-bmI-s 27-mw tm-Iw ap-X 34 h-sc-bm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-s
22 ap-X 26 h-sc-bp- tm-I- {]-n-]v-X-am-sW--Xn-\v
bm-sXm-cp kw-i-b-hpw th-. a-\p h-W-a-\p-k-cn-p- hn-hmlw Aw-Ko-I-cn-p-n-. 39 ap-X 42 h-sc-bp- tm-I-fn hn-hm-l-s-p-dn-p- X-s Im-gv-N-m-Sv a-\p A-h-X-cnn-p-p-v. -{_-m-Zn-{I-a-n ]-d- \m-ep-X-cw hn-hm-l-fn \n-p-am-{X-ta {_--h-N-kzn-I-fpw in-jv-S-{]n-b-am-cpam-b ]p-{X-am P-\n-p-I-bp-p. (th-Zm-[y-b-\w sIm-pw
k-Zm-Nm-cw sIm-pw D-m-Ip- tX-P-m-Wv {_--h-N-kv),
A-h a-t\m-l-c-cq-]w, _-ew, k-Zv-Kp-Ww, k--v, k-Xv-Ion [m-n-I-t`m-K- Xp-S-n-b-h D--h-cpw [--\n-jvTcpw B-bn-cn-pw. \q-dp-h-jw A-h Po-hn-n-cn-p-I-bpw sNpw. a-v \m-ev Zp-hn-hm-l--fn \n-v P-\n-p- k--Xn-Ifm-I-s {Iq-c-{]-hr-n-I sN-p--h-cpw \pW-bamcpw th-Z-
28
tZz-jn-I-fpw [--\n-I-cpw B-bn-cn-pw (B-kpcw Xp-S-n-b

\m-ev-X-cw hn-hm-l--fn \n-v D-m-Ip- Ip-nI-sf Ip-dnm-Wv-]-d--Xv). hn-in-jv-S-am-b hn-hm-l-n- \n-pw P-\np- k--Xn-I hn-in-jv-S-cpw \n-n-X hn-hm-l-n \n-pw
P-\n-p--h \n-n-X-cpw B-bn-cn-pw, A-Xp-sIm-v \n-n-X
hn-hm-l- h-n-t--Xm-Wv.(29) (339, 40, 41, 42). A-m\-p-h-cp- Cu Zr-i tm-I--sf-mw a-\p-kvar-Xn-bn {]n-]v-X-am-sW-p-a-\-n-em--Ww.
3. ]-ck
- v]
- c- h
- n-tcm-[w tm-I
- f- n
H-cp {]-tXy-I Im-gvN-m-Sn-\v hn-cp--am-bn a-sm-v I-S-p-hcp-tm \-ap--Xn-\v A--hn-tcm-[-sa-p hn-fn-mw. a-\p-kvar-Xn-t]m-se H-n A--c-n-sem-p-h-p-s]-Sm ]m-Sn-m-Xm-Wv. a-\phns Im-e-v {]-Nm-c-n-en-cp--Xv ssh-Zn-Ihn-Nm-c-[m-c-bm-bn-cp-p. k-tm--a-am-bn-p--Xv ]-c-a-E-jn-amcp-sS kn-m-- X-s B-bn-cp-p. F-m A-m-e-p a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn ]-c-kv-]-c ssh-cp-[y- [m-c-mf-ap-v. ]c-kv-]-c-hn-tcm-[-ap- C--cw Im-cy- H-cp hy-n H-cn-epw ]-d-bp-I-bn-s-p-d-m-Wv. a-\p-hn-t\-tm-ep- [-m-Nmcy H-cn--epw n-c-_p-n-bn-m- A--cw Im-cy- ]d-bp-I-bn-. Cu ]-c-kv-]-c-hn-cp--am-b kn-m---fn H-v
kzo-Im-cy-hpw a-sm-v Xym-Py-hp-am-bn-cn-p-a-sm.
D-Zm-l-c-W-n-\v amw-k-`--W-n-s Im-cyw t\m-mw. cmw A-ym-b-n am-wk \n-tj-[-ap-v. Im-Wp-I: ""tX,
amw-kw F-n-h I-gn--cp-Xv. kp-K--h-kv-Xp--tfm am-e-tbm
[-cn--cp-Xv. A-[n-Iw a-[p-c-ap- h-kv-Xp- `-n--cp-Xv, kv{Xo-Isf {]m-]n--cp-Xv. ]p-fn- h-kv-Xp- D-]-tbm-Kn--cp-Xv,
{]m-Wn-I-sf lnw-kn--cp-Xv (a-\p 2177)(30)'' {]m-Wn-I-sf sImm-sX amw-kw-In-p-I-bn-. {]m-Wn lnw-k kz-K {]m-]v-Xn-bv-v
k-lm-bn-p-I-bp-an-. A-Xn-\m amw-kw `-n--cp-Xv. amw-kw
D-m-Ip- hn-[-t-bpw {]m-Wn-I-fp-sS h-[-t-bpw _--\t-bpw t\-cm-wh-w B-tem-Nn-v F-m-hn-[-amw-k `--Wn \n-pw hn-p \n-t--Xm-Ip-p. hn-[n-sb ew-Ln-v
]n-im-Nn-s\-tm-se amw-kw `-n-m-sX Po-hn-p--h P-\-v {]n-b-\m-bn-cn-pw. A-h tcm-K--fm ]o-Un-n-s-Sp--h\m-hn-. sIm-m A-\p-hm-Zw sIm-Sp-p--h amw-
29
k-s I-jv-Ww I-jv-Wa

- m-p-h sIm-p--h, hm-p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se H-cp tm-h, hn-p--h, sh- Itam H-cp {]-tXy-I hn-j-bp--h, hn-f-p--h, Xn- hp-am-bn _--s- ap-gp-h
p--h C-h-sc-mw sIm-e- tm-I--tfm {]-n-]v-X-]m-XIn-I-fm-Ip-p. \q-dp-kw-h- fm-sW-v a-\-n-em-p--Xn-cw {]-Xn-h-jw A-iz-ta-[- \v B-dv h-gn-I-fp-v. A-h
bm-Kw sN-p--h-\pw Po-hn-X- 1) hn-j-b hn-tcm-[w
Im-e-a-{X-bpw am-wkw `p-Pn-m- 2) k--` hn-cp-w
Xn-cn-p--h\pw In-p- ]p- 3) tm-I--fn-se ]-c-kv-]-c
Wyw Xp-ey-am-Ip-p (a-\p-kvhn-tcm-[w
ar-Xn 548, 49,50,51,53)(31)
4) ]p-\-cpn
amw-k `--W-s C-{Xbpw \n-in-X-am-bn hn-a-in- a- 5) ssi-eo hn-tcm[w
\p-hn-s {K--n amw-k-`- 6) th-Z hn-cp-w
-Ww au-en-I-am-b [--amsW- co-Xn-bn Iq-n-t-n-p-v. ]Tn-Xm- C-Xv ]Tnt--Xm-Wv. \-hm-w sIm-pw ]-ip-am-wkw-sIm-pw B-cm[n-m- A-n-tlm-{Xn-bp-sS A-n-I \hm-n-\pw amwk-n-\pw B-n-]q-v A-bm-fp-sS {]m-Wsf `-n-m
B-{K-ln-p-p (32) (a-\p 428). C-Xp-t]m-se a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS
A-mw A-ym-b-n 11 ap-X 47 h-sc tm-I--fn-epw, aqmw A-[ym-b-n 122 ap-X 284h-sc tm-I--fn-epw amwk `--W-n-s hn-[n-bpw, {im--I---fn F--s\ amwkw `-n--W-sa-p- hn-i-Z-am-b hn-h-c--fm-Wv \-In-bnp--Xv. C-{X-bpw tm-I- hr-Ym-q-e-am-b-Xn-\m C-hnsS tN-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. amw-k-`--W{]n-b ]n-o-Sv Fgp-Xn tN--Xm-Wv Cu tm-I- F- Im-cyw D-d-m-Wv.
Im-c-Ww ssh-Zn-I-E-jn-am amw-k `--Ww A-cp-sX-v hmcwhmcw ]-d-bp-p-v.
4. ]p-\c- p-n-tZm-jw
"a-\p-kv-ar-Xn'-bn-se {]-n-]v-X- I-s-m-\p- a-smcp h-gn ]p-\-cp-n-tZm-jw I-s--em-Wv. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn {]-`mj-W ssi-en-bn F-gp-X-s- H-cp {K--am-sW-v t\-c-t
Nq-n-m-n-b-sm A-Xm-b-Xv B-Nm-cy-am a-\p-hn-t\m-Sv D-]-
30
tZ-i-n-\p-th-n tNm-Zn-ptm X-Z\p-kr-X-am-bn a-dp-]-Sn

\-Ip- ssi-en-bm-Wv a-\p kzo-I-cn--Xv. A-Xn-\m Hm-tcm
hn-j-b-n-t-bpw Xp-S--n G-Xp hn-j-b-am-Wv ]-d-bm
t]m-Ip--sX-pw A-h-km-\n-n-p-tm Xm-\n-Xv ]-d-p
I-gn-p-sh-pw ]-d-bp-p-v. Xp-S-w ap-X H-Sp-w h-sc
C-tX ssi-en-bm-Wv a-\p X-s kv-ar-Xn {K--n Xp-S-ph-n-p--Xv A-Xm-b-Xv Np-cp--n Cu kv-ar-Xn-bn Nn-e
{]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-v. A-h F-m-sW-v A--an-v F-gp-Xmw.
1). a-\p-hn-\v ap-]v B-tcm F-gp-Xn-b H-cp im-kv-{X-Ir-Xn-b-
C-Xv.
2) Cu kv-ar-Xn a-\p-a-l-jn-bp-sS {]-`m-j-W--fm-Wv.
3) Cu kv-ar-Xn H-cp im-kv-{X-a-. A--c-n-sem-cp A-h-Imi-hm-Zw Cu {K--n-sem-cn-S-pw \-ap-v Im-Wm I-gnbn-.
4) Cu {]-`m-j-W- {K--cq-]-n ]n-o-Sm-Wv cq-]m-c-s--Xv.
5) A-Xp-sIm-v ]q- \n-_- im-kv-{X-sa-v Cu {K-n ]-d-n-p--Xv {]-n-]v-X-am-Wv. D-Zm-l-c-W-n-\v
Cu hm-Iyw t\m-p-I.
Cu im-kv-{Xw ]Tn-v A-X-\p-k-cn-v {h-X- A-\p-jvTnp- {_m--W a-t\m-hm-
- f
- m-b ]m-]
- f
- m
{_--Nm-cn tPy-jvT-s `m-cy Iv Im-bP
(33)
k-h-W-bm-sW-n A-h-cp- I-f-n-X-\m-hp-I-bn-.(2104)
sS ]m-Zw sXm-v {]-Xn-Zn-\w h- a-sm-cp tm-Im-w C--s\n--Ww-. C-sXm-cp {]-n- bm-Wv. tam--{]m-]v-Xn t\-Sn]v - X tm- I - a m- s W- p- d - n- -cp- k-a-kv-X-I---fpw
mw. Im-c-Ww {_--Nm-cn D- h-Wn-p-I-gn-p. C-\n am-\-kyw D]\-b-\w ap-X k-am-h-- h im-kv-{X-n-s c-l
(34)
]t
Zi
n
mw
(12107)
\w h-sc Kp-cp-Ip-e-n-tem
H-m-a-Xm-bn a-\p X-s kvB-{i-a
- n-tem B-Wv I-gn-bparX
n-sb im-kv-{X-am-bn K-WnI. Kp-cp-Ip-e-n Xm-a-knp- {_--Nm-cn F-s\- p-n-s-n-cn-s Cu tmbm-Wv _-p--sf-sbm-s I- kv-ar-Xn ]-c--c-bn-se
{]-Xn-Zn-\w \-a-kv-I-cn-p-I? in-jy-am Cu {K--s
{]-iw-kn-m-\pw A-Xn-s a-l-
31
Xzw s]-cp-np-Im-Wn-m-\pw th-n Iq-n-tN--Xm-bn-cn-mt\ h-gn-bp-p.

a-sm-v C-Xn-se {]-`m-j-W-ssi-en I-W-n-se-Sp-p-tm
X-s Cu {K--n kz-bw a-\p-hn-s t]-cv ]-d-b-cp-Xm-Xm-Wv. `r-Kp-hn-s t]-cp-h-cp--Xpw bp-n-n-W-p--X-. AXp-sIm-p-X-s a-\p-hn-t-tbm `r-Kp-hn-t-tbm t]-cn ]-dn-p- tm-I--sf-mw {]-n-]v-X-am-sW-p I-W-m-mw.
Cu {]-n-]v-X--fm-b tm-I--fp-sS `m-jm-ssi-en-bpw {]-tbmK-ssi-en-bpw hy-Xy-kvX-am-Wv. A-Xn \n-p X-s A-h a\p-]-d--Im-cy--fp-sS aq-e k--e-\-a-s-pw a-\-n-em-mw.
Xo--bm-bpw A-Xv a-m-tcm a-\p-hn-s t]-cn F-gp-Xn-b-XmWv. Cu Iq-n-I-e--en Ip-td tm-I- aq-e-cq-]-n-epw
Ip-d-v a-\p-hn-s t]-cn-epw th-sd Ip-d-v `r-Kp-hn-s t]-cn-epw
Im-Wmw. a-\p-hm-Wv Cu tm-I--sf-mw Iq-n-tN-v {K-am-n-b-sX-n `r-Kp-hn-s t]-cv Fs\ Cu {K--n
h-p? `r-Kp-a-l-jnv F-m-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn Im-cyw?
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn c-mw A-ym-b-n-se G-gmw tm-I-hpw Fmw A-ym-b-n-se 124, 134 tm-I--fpw a-\p-hn-s t]-cn-emWv. H-mw A-[ym-bw 59mw tm-I-hpw A-mw A-[ym-bw aqmw tm-I-hpw 12mw A-[ym-bw 126mw tm-Ihpw `r-Kp-a-ljn-bp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv D--Xv.
a-\p-hn-s\-tm-se Nn-m-ti-jn-bp- H-cp hy-n H-cn--epw
D-]-tbm-Kn-m km-[y-X-bn-m- A-Xn-i-tbm-n-I-e--Xpw
]-]m-X]q-W-hp-am-b \n-c-h-[n tm-I- Cu {]-n-]v-Xtm-I--fn-ep-v. A-Xn-\v H-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww Im-Wp-I. {_m-W-s\ X-m-\m-bn h-Sn D-b-n-bm \q-dp h-j-hpw Xnbm Bbncw hjhpw \-c-I-n In-S-t-n h-cpw- (a-\p
11207) (35)
5. th-Zh
- n-cp-a- m-b {]-n-]vX
-
-
th-Z--sf [--aq-e-sa-m-Wv a-\p X-s hn-ti-jn-n-n-pf-f-Xv. X-s kv-ar-Xn th-Zm-\p-Iq-e-am-sW-pw a-\p {]-Jym-]nn-p-v. A-Xp-sIm-pX-s th-Zhn-cp--am-bn Im-Wp- tmI--sf-mw {]n-]v-X-am-sW-p a-\-n-em--Ww. A-Xn-\p-ff D-Zm-l-c-W- F-gp-Xmw. kv-{Xo-I-v i-co-c kw-kv-Im-cn-\p th-n Pm-X-I-m-Zn {In-b-I-sfm-s A-X-Xp Im-e-
32
n A-X-Xp {I-a-n a-t{m-m-c-Ww Iq-Sm-sX sN-t-Xm-Ip-p.(2/66)(36) km-bw Im-e-n ]m-Iw sN-bv-X A-w
sIm-v Kr-l-\m-bn-I a-t{m-m-c-Ww Iq-Sm-sX _-en A-nt--Xm-Ip-p. Im-c-Ww ssh-iztZ-hw F- Cu {]-{In-b Krl- km-bw Im-e-pw {]m-X:Im-e-pw th-W-sa-m-Wv
hn-[n . (3/121)(37) ip-{Z k-ao-]-ap-f-f-tm th-Zm-yb-\w ]mSn-.(38) (4-- 99) F-n-h-sb-mw {]-n-]v-X-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww bPp-th-Z-n kv-{Xo-I-fp-s-sS G-h-pw th-Z-a-{w ]Tnm-sa-pw sNmm-sa-pw ]-d-n-cn-s kv-{Xo-I-fn \n-pw
iq{Z-cn \n-pw th-Z-a-{w am-n-sh--W-sa-p-f-f a-\p-kv-arXn-bn-se {]-kv-Xm-h-n-\v th-Z-km-[p-X-bn-. th-Z-am-Wv ]-ca
[--n-s t{km-X-s-v a-\p X-s ]-d-n-cn-p-p. Cu
{]-kv-Xm-h-\ {]-n-]v-X-am-sW-p Xo-.
33
Aymbw aqv
{]-n-]X
-v
- -sIm-p-fftZm-j
- F-v ?
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn {]-n-]v-X- Xn-cp-In-b-n-b-h-v H-cp
]-s H-cp]m-Sv Kp-W- D-m-bn-cn-mw. F-m Cu {]n]v-X- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-pw k-\m-X-\ ssh-Zn-I [--n\pw D-m-n-sb-Sp- B-Lm-X--v A-f-hn-. {]n-]v-X tN--h- A-sXm-pw B-tem-Nn-n-p-ap-m-In-. a-\pkv-ar-Xn A-Xn-s au-en-I cq-]-n ip--hpw, ]-cn-jvIr-Xhpw, ]--]m-X-c-ln-X-hpw Zp-cm-{K-l-an-m--Xpw D--amZibp-hp-am-Wv. F-m {]-n]v-X- h--tXm-sS B c-Xv-\w
]-n-e-am-bn. au-en-I-hy-h--I ]m-tS hn-]m-S-\w sN-bv-Xv a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS k----sf X-s k-o--hpw hn-{`m-aP\-I-hp-am-n Xo-p. am-{X-hp-a- ssh-bn-I-tam km-aq-lnI-tam B-b kw-c--W--v sIm-f-fm--Xp-am-bn a-\p-kv-arXn am-dn.
a-sm-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn `m-c-Xo-b kw-kv-Ir-Xn-bp-sS cq-]-s-Xs hn-Ir-X-am-p--Xn-te-v sIm-p h-s-n-p. a-\p-hns Im-e-v k-\m-X-\ kw-kv-Im-cw A-Xyp--X-am-b \n-e-bnem-bn-cp-p. ]--]m-X-c-ln-X-am-b `-c-W hy-h- C-hn-sS \ne-\n-n-cp-p-sh--Xn-\v D--a-am-b sX-fn-hp-I-fp-v. B-[ymn-I-am-b A-Sn-m-\w \-ap-p-ap-m-bn-cp-p. I--am-bn-cpp h-W hy-h--bp-sS B[m-cin-e. F-m Im-ew sN-tm k-a-kv-X hn-[n-I-fpw in-Yn-e--fm-bn am-dn. P--\m-bp-f-f
Pm-Xn hy-h- C-hn-sS I-S-p h-p. I-m-Sn--m\nep-ff h-W-hy-h- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-bn. A-Xyp--X- {_m--W\m-sW-pw A-dn-hv A-h-p am-{X-ta B-Im-hq F-pw hy-h-bp-m-n. kv-{Xo-I-pw iq-{Z-pw ]-Xn-Xz-hpw sXm-pIq-Sm-bva
- b
- pw I-n-s
- -p. Cu-Zr-i Nn-m-KX
- n-I-v D-t]m_e-I-am-b tm-I- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn F-gp-Xn tN--sp. Im-ew sN--tm C--s\ tN- tm-I--sf-mw Iqn hm-bn- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn ]Tn-Xm- C-h-sb-mw a-\p-hn-s-Xm-
34
sW-pw C--cw Nn-m-K-Xn-I a-\p-hn-s Im-e-p-m-bncp-p-sh-v hn-[n F-gp-Xn. A--s\ Pm-Xo-b-X-bpw amw-k-`-W-hpw bm-K-n-se ]-ip-lnw-k-bpw _-lp `m-cym-Xz-hp-sams A-m-e--pap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v A-h Xdn-p ]-d-p.
A--s\ `m-c-Xo-b kw-kv-Ir-Xn-sb-p-dn-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS-sX a-n Xn-Ipw hn-Ir-X k--w \-psS a-\-n tNt-dn. Bcpw X-s bp-nk-l-am-bn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb-Ip-dn-v
]Tn--Xp-an-.
a-sm-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-Im-e-s-p-dn-v {]-n]v-X- D-m-n-b sX-n-m-c-W-bm-Wv. C-v Im-Wp- k km[m-c-W kw-kv-Ir-X km-ln-Xy--tf-m F-{X-tbm {]mNo-\-am-Wv b-Ym--n-ep- a-\pkvarXn. F-m \n-c-h-[n
N-cn-{X-Im-c-am Cu Ir-Xn a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\p-ti-jw D-m-bXm-sW- [m-c-W ]-c-n. b-Ym--n ssh-Zn-I km-lnXy-n-se Nn-e Ir-Xn-I-p-f-f-Xn-t\-m Im-e--g-w a-\pkv - a r- X n- p- s - v \- m- b n
]Tn-m a-\-n-em-Ipw. Ip- sIm-m A-\p-hm-Zw sIm-Spcp-t-{Xw, ]m-mew Xp-S-n- p--h amw-k-s I-jb t]-cp-I Cu {K--n v W w I- j - v W - a m- p- - h
D-ff
- X
- m-Wv a-lm-`m-cX
- I
- m-e
- n- sIm-p-h
- , hm-p-h
- ,
\p-ti-j-am-Wv a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp- hn- p- - h , sh- p- sS Im-e-sa- Nn--v A-Sn- h, hn-f-p--h, Xn-p-m-\a
- m-bn Nn-e N-cn-{X-Im-c- h C- h - s c- mw sIm- e - ] mam A-`n-{]m-b-s--Xv. {]-n- XIn-I-fm-Ip-p. \q-dp-kw-h]v-X- Im-c-Ww a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- -cw {]-Xn-h-jw A-iz-tav a-sm-cp {]-l-cw Iq-Sn G- [-bm-Kw sN-p--h-\pw Po-hnp. A-Xv B km-ln-Xy-n-\p X-Im-e-a-{X-bpw am-wkw `p-Pnh- aq-ey-p-Xn-bm-Wv. D-Ir- m-Xn-cn-p--h\pw In-p-
jv-S-am-b \n-c-h-[n im-iz-X-- ]p-Wyw Xp-ey-am-Ip-p. amwfpw km- ù-a--fp-am-b kn- k `--W-s C-{X-bpw \nm-- ]m-tS P-\-X-Xn D- in-X-am-bn hn-a-in- a-\p-hnt]-n-m Im-c-W-am-bn. A- s {K--n amw-k-`--s\ km-ln-Xy-n-se In-S- Ww au-en-I-am-b [--amb- H-cp {K-w Im-in-\p-sIm- sW- co-Xn-bn Iq-n-tf-fm- I-n-p I-f-tb- H- n-p-v.
m-bn K-Wn--s-p
35
C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX {]m-amWn-I-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp- Cu {K-w

c-N-bn-Xm-hv B-sc--dn-bm--Xn-\m {]m-am-Wn-IXzw \-jv-S-s H-m-bn am-dn. A-t\-I-i-Xw {]-n-]v-X- Im-c-Ww Cu
Ir-Xn-bp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-hv B-sc- kw-i-bw P-\n-p. _p-n-amam C-Xv b-Ym--am-b H-cp {K--am-tWm-sb-pw C-Xn-se
tm-I- {]m-amWn-I-am-bn I-cp-Xm-tam-sb-p-sam-s-bp-f-f
B-i--I-fm Xym-Py Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS Iq--n-te-v C-Xn-s\ Xm- C-S-bm-n. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS H-mw A-ym-b-n Hmw tm-I-n C-Xv c-Nn--Xv a-\p-hm-sW-p ]-d-n-p-v.
F-m A-tX A-ym-b-n-se 59mw tm-I-n `r-Kp D-]tZ-in-X
- m-Wn-sX-pw ]-db
- p-p. F-m 11mw A-ym-b
- n
243mw tm-I-n {]-Pm-]-Xn-bm-Wv C-Xv c-Nn--sX-v ]-d-bpp. F-m H-mw A-ym-b-n X-s 58-mw tm-I-n
{_-m-hm-Wv C-Xv cNn--sX-pw ]-d-bp-p. _p-n-bp-f-f GsXm-cp hy-n-bpw Cu Ir-Xn X-f-fn--fn-s-n-te A-pX-ap-f-fq. A-XpsIm-m-Wv t\-c-s \mw C-Xn-ssb-mw t\m-gv-N-bm-sW-v Nn-n--Xv.
{]-n-]v-X- Xn-cp-In I-b-n-b-tXm-sS a-\p-a-ljn-bp-sS
hy-n-Xz-n-\v Xo-cm--f--ta-v [--n-s t{]m-m-sh-
ssh-Zn-I-Im-e-s A-t-l-n-s Io-n-v a--te-p. sshZn-I-Im-e-n-\p-ti-jw D-m-b ]-e Ir-Xn-I-fpw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb
B-{i-bn-m-Wv F-gp-Xn-bn-cp--Xv. E-jn-ap-\n-am-cpw a-\p-kv-ar-Xnsb B-{i-bn-v k-\m-X-\ {K--- c-Nn-n-cp-p. Hu-j-[-fp-sS Hu-j-[-am-Wv a-\p ]-d--sX-m-sa-v ssX-n-co-b kwln-X-tb-tm-ep-f-f {]m-No-\ ssh-Zn-I-{K-- km-n ]-dbp-tm-gm-Wv a-\p-hn\v {]m-No-\-Im-e-v `m-c-X-n-ep-m-bn-cp a-ln-a \-ap-v a-\-n-em-hpI. F-m {]-n-]v-X- IS-p h--tXm-sS Cu a-ln-a-m-Wv Xo-cmI-f--ta--Xv.
C-m-fp-I-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-tbm-Sv sh-dp-m-Wv. kzm--taml- ]m-cm-p- {_m--W-cp-sS {K--am-Wn-sX-v km-[m-cW-m hn-iz-kn-p-p. kv-{Xo-I-sf \n-n-p ]-d-n-cn-p-Xn-\m k-aq-l-sam-m-sI A-Xn-s\ F-Xn-m-\m-cw-`n-p.
km-ap-Zm-bn-I kv-]--pw enw-K-hn-th-N-\-n-s aq-e-Im-c-Whpam-bn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn K-Wn--s-p. A-XpsIm-p X-s Cu
Ir-Xn A-h-K-W-\-bp-sS N-h-p-sIm--bn-te-v F-Sps--dn-b-sp.
36
2685 tm-I--f-S-n-b Cu {K--n-se 1471 tm-I--fpw

{]-n-]v-X-am-Wv. 1216 tm-I--tf au-en-I-am-bn-p-q. Cu-sbmscm- h-kv-Xp-X am-{Xw a-Xn a-\p-kv-ar-Xn F-p-sIm-v C{X am{Xw hn-Ir-X-hpw \n-y-hpw \o-N-hp-sa--dn-bm. 11mw A-ymb-n-em-Wv G--hpw Iq-Sp-X {]-n]v-X-ap-f-f-Xv. A-hn-sS 234
{]-n-]v-X tm-I--fp-v. c-mw m-\w c-mw A-ym-bn\p X-s. A-hn-sS 202 {]-n-]v-X--fm-Wv D-f-f-Xv. G-hpw Ip-d-hv {]-n]vX--fp-f-f-Xv B-dmw A-ym-b-n-em-Wv.
A-hn-sS B-sI-bp-f-f tm-I- 97. A-Xn {]-n]vXfm-I-s 33Dw. C-Xm-Wv C-v e-`y-am-b a-\p-k-ar-Xn-bp-sS Zp-c-h. (]-nI Hv)
]nI Hv
{]-n-]X
-v t- m-I
- f
- p-sS I-W
- v
A-ym-bw
{]-Y-a A-ym-bw
Zzn-Xo-b A-ym-bw
Xr-Xo-b A-ym-bw
N-Xp- A-ym-bw
]--a A-ym-bw
j-jvT A-ym-bw
k-]v-X-a A-ym-bw
A-jv-S-a A-ym-bw
\-h-a A-ym-bw
Z-i-a A-ym-bw
G-Im-Z-i A-ym-bw
Zzm-Z-i A-ym-bw
B-sI
B-sI
tm-I
-
144
224
286
260
169
97
226
420
325
142
266
126
2685
{]-n-]X
-v w
au-en-Iw
66
60
202
170
128
33
42
187
168
127
234
54
78
164
84
90
41
64
184
233
157
15
32
72
1471
1214
F-m-Wv a-\p-hn-s kn-m-

- ?
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS bYm--ap-J-sa--dn-bm a-\p-hn-s
kn-m---sf-s-m-Wv A-dn-tb--Xv. h-W-hy-h- P--
37
\m D-f-f-Xm-sW-v a-\p ]-d-bp-n-. I--am-Wv h-W-ns A-Sn-m-\w. h-hy-h- P--\m D-f-f-Xm-sW-n ]ns-n-\v I-a-hn-`-P-\w th-Ww? I-a-hn-`-P-\w A-\m-h-iy-ambn-o-cpw. {_m--W-\m-bm-tm-epw kz-[-w \n--ln-m ]-w iq{Z-\m-bn am-dp-sa-m-Wv ssh-Zn-I kn-m-w. C-c-n iq{Z-\m-bn-o--h-\pw kz-w sX-p-I Xn-cpn k--- {]m-b-n--am-bn sN-bv-Xm kz-h-Wn-te-v ho-pw a-S-n h-cn-I-bpw sN-mw. a-\p hy-n-bpsS a-ln-a-bpw am-\y-X-bpw I-n--Xv B hy-n-bp-sS Kp-Ws B-[m-c-am-n-bm-Wv. kz-I-w A-\p-k-cn-v h-cn-p-Xm-Wv h-W-sa-v bm-kv \n-cp--n ]-d-n-p-v-Xm\pw. B {]-kv-Xm-hw C-s\-bm-Wv h-tWm-hr-Wp-tX- (21-4) I-m-\p-km-c-am-Wv h-W-n-\v t]cpw a-pw e-`n--Xpw.
h-W-hy-h- I--n-eq-sS-bm-sW-v {]-Jym-]n--Xv thZ--fm-Wv. hn-Jym-X-am-b ]p-cp-j kq-w b-Pp-th-Z-n-ep-f-fXm-Wv. A-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-ev h-W--sf-Ip-dn-v ]-d-n-p-f-fXv. A-hn-sS {_-m-hn-s Aw-K--fn \n-v N-mXp-h-Wy-apm-sb-v ]-d
n-n-. {_m-W
- apJ-p-\n-pmsb-smpw A-hn-sS ]-d-n-tbn-. {_m--W A-Y-hm A-dnhph k-aq-l-n-s ap-J-am-sW-m-Wv ]-d-p-sh--Xv.
(39)
Cu hn-Jym-X-am-b a-{-n-\v Xm-WvUy {_m--W-n
Ir-Xy-am-b hym-Jym-\w sIm-Sp-n-p-v. "{_m--tWm a-\p-jymWmw ap-Jw' F-v Ir-Xy-am-bn -A-hn-sS ]-d-n-p-v. i-X-]-Y
{_m--W-n-epw Cmcyw Xp-d-p ]-d--Xv Im-Wp-I. "Aky-k-h-ky {_m--tWm ap-Jw-' (3/9/1/14)C-hn-sS-sbm-pw
{_m--W Pm-Xn-b- h-Ww am-{X-am-Wv.
a-sm-v amw-k-`--W-hpw ]-ip-b--hpw ]m-]-am-sW-
Im-gv-N-m-Sm-Wv th-Z-n-\p-f-f-Xv. a-sm-cp {]-[m-\-Im-cyw a-cn-p
t]m-b-h-v sN-p- ar-X-]nWvUs a-\p Aw-Ko-I-cn-n-cpn- F--Xm-Wv. Po-hn-n-cn-p-tm am-Xm-hn-\pw ]n-Xm-hn\pw B-Nm-cy-\pw {i--tbmsS \-Ip- tk-h-\-am-Wv ]n-Xr
b-w, C-Xn-\v c-p co-Xn-bp-v. X--Whpw {im--hpw. GXp I-w sIm-m-tWm tZ-h-am-pw A-Xm-b-Xv hn-Zzmam-pw Po-hn-n-cn-p- ]n-XrXp-ey-cm-b E-jn-am-pw F-mw
\-In Xr-]v-X-cm-p--Xv A-Xm-Wv X--Ww. {]-am-W-an--s\:
38
tb-\-I-a-Wm-hn-Zp-tjm tZ-hm E-jo

]n-Xrw--X-]-b-Xn X---Ww.
C-s
- \ hn-Zzm-am-pw ]n-Xr--pw Po-hn-n-cn-p-tm
{i--tbm-sS sN-p- tk-h-\w- {im--am-Ip-p-sh-pw E-jnam ]-d-bp-p. {]-am-W-an-Xm:
b-Xv tX-jmw {i--bm tk-h-\w
{In-b-tX X-Xv {im-w.
a-cn--h-pth-n C-h c-pw sN-bv-X-Xp-sIm-v H-cp ^-ehp-an-s-n-cn-s C-Xn-\v im-kv-{X ]n-p-W-bp-an-. ]n-Xr-
F--Xn-\v kw-kv-Ir-X-n ]n-X-cx -F-p ]-d-bp-p. F-mWv Cu i-_v-Z-n-\v A--sa-v tKm-]-Y {_m--Ww t\mn-bm Im-Wmw.
tZ-hmx hm G-tX ]n-X-cx (tKm-]-Yw 1/24)
kzn-jv-SIr-tXm ssh ]n-X-cx (tKm]Yw 1/28)
kp-J-ku-I-cy- {]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xv ]m-en-p--h-cpw Cjv-Sw km-[n-p- hn-Zzm-am-cpw ]n-Xr--fs{X-sb-v ap-I-fnse {]-kv-Xm-h--v A-w.
C-\n \-ap-v kv-{Xo-I-sf, kw-_-n-v a-\p-hn-\p-f-f A-`n{]m-b-sa-s-v ]-cn-tim-[n-mw.
(1) ""G-sXm-cp Ip-e-n kv-{Xo-I ]n{Xm-Zn-I-fm B-Z-cn-s-Sp-p-thm A-hn-sS tZ-h-X-I {]km-Zn--s-Sp-p.
F-hn-sS kv-{Xo-I B-Z-cn--s-Sp-n--tbm A-hn-sS sNp- bm-Km-Zn {In-b-I-sf-mw \n-jv-^-e-am-bn-tm-Ipw.'' (a\p 356) (40)
(2) Ip-e kv-{Xo-I Zp:Jn-m C-S-h-cp-Im-ew io-{Lw \-inp-t]m-Ip-p. C-h Zp:Jn-m-\n-S-h-cm- Ip-e--fn kZm k- - v , k- t m- j w Xp- S - n- b - h h- n- p h- c pp.(357) (41)
(3) "b-Ym-tbm-Kyw k-Xv-Im-cw In-m- Ip-ekv-{Xo-I, C-hn-Sw
ap-Sn-p-t]m-I-s-'sb-v GsXmcp Ip-e-s i-]n-p-pthm B Ip-ew Zp-t-h-X _m[n-Xp -t]m-se F-m X-cn-epw \m-i-a-S-bpw. (358) (42)
(4) "A-Xn-\m t-aw D-m-h-W-sa-v B-{K-ln-p- B-fpI -hn-hm-lw, D-]-\-b-\w Xp-S-n-b hntij A-h-k-c--
39
fn F-tm-gpw kv-{Xo-I-sf B-`-c-Ww, h-kv-{Xw, B-lm-cw

F-n-h \-In _-lp-am-\n-t--Xm-Ip-p." (359) (43)
(5) "G-Xp Ip-e-n `-m-hv `m-cy-bm k-p-jv-S-\pw `m-cy
`-m-hn-\m k-p-jv-S-bp-am-tWm B Ip-e-n F-pw
t{i-b-p-m-Ipw. Xo-."(a-\p 360)(44)
b-Pp-t-Z-n kv-{Xo-I-v th-Zm-[y-b-\-n-\pw D-]-\b-\-n-\pw A-h-Im-i-ap-s-v hy--am-bn ]-d-n-p-v.
"G-h-pw aw-K-fw sN-p- th-Z-hm-Wn-sb Rm {_m--W,
-{Xn-b, ssh-iy ip-{Z, `r-Xy, kv-{Xo-I Xp-S-n-b Fm-h-pw, A-Xn ip-{Z-m-p-t]m-epw D-]-tZ-in-p-p.' (bPp
thZw 26/2) (45)
a-\p kv-{Xosb-bpw ]p-cp-j-s\bpw X-n G-sX-n-epw X-cn-ep- ]--]m-X-tm-sS I-n-n-. t\-c-t \mw kv-{XoI a-t{m-m-c-Ww \-S-t--Xn-s-v Im-Wn-p sIm-p-ff a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se B-t-]- I-p. (266, 67) F-m
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn ]-e-bn-S-pw, th-Z--fn-epw kv-{Xo-I-v bw Xp-S-n-b [m-n-I-Im-cy--fn-epw th-Zm-[y-b-\-n-\pw
hn-[n-bp-s-v \-ap-v Im-Wmw. D-Zm-l-c-W-n-\v Pm-X-I
s Ipdn-nv ]-d-bp- `m-Kw t\m-p-I \m-ò-t-Z-\-n-\v
ap-]v in-ip-hn-s Pm-X-I-a kw-kv-Im-cw \-S-t--Xm-Wv. s\v, a-[p C-h-bn kz-Ww A-c-v a-{-]q-w sIm-Sp-t-Xpw A- t m- - s (a- \ p
229) (46)
b- P p- t h- Z - n kv - { Xo- I C- h n- s S Ip- n kv - { Xo- b m- fp-s-sS G-h-pw th-ZtWm, ]p-cp-j-\m-tWm F-- a-{w ]Tn-m-sa-pw sNm
t`Zw ]-d-bp-n-. "a-{-h-Xv m-sa-pw ]-d-n-cn-s kv{]m-i-\w Nm-ky' F- -H- kv- {Xo-I-fn \n-pw iq{Z-cn
- {- w am-n-sh-tXm-{Xw sIm-v a-t{m-m-c- \n-pw th-Za
Ws
a
pf
f
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnW-n-t\m a-{w tI-p-se
{]k
v
X
mh
- n-\v th-Zk
- mXn-t\m enw-K-t`-Zw ]-cn-K-Wn-n a- \ p- s h- v D- d - m- W v . A- [p-X-bn-. th-Z-am-Wv ]-ca
tXt]m-se c-mw A-ym-b- [--n-s t{km-X-s-v
n kv-{Xo-I-p-f-f \m-a- a- \ p X- s ]- d - n- c n- pI-c-W-s-p-dn-v ]-d-n-p- p. Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\ {]-nv. (233 t\m-p-I). \maI- ]v-X-am-sW-p Xo-.
40
cW -kw-kv-Im-cw b- hn-[m-\-tm-sS-bm-Wv sN-m-dv. Atm kv-{Xo-I a-{w tI--cp-sX-v a-\p I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-sn H-cn--epw C--c-n-ep-f-f H-cp hn-[m-\-s Ip-dn-v At-lw A-\p-im-kn-p-am-bn-cp-n-. A-Xn-\m kv-{Xo-I-v a{ \n-tj-[w sN-bv-Xp sIm-p-f-f tm-Iw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn
{]-n-]v-X-am-sWp -a-\-n-em-mw. Iq-Sm-sX a-{ hn-[m-\n hn-hm-l kw-kv-Im-c-sp-dn-v ]-d-bp- a-sm-cp tmIw Im-Wp-I.
b-t Xp hn-X-tX k-ay-Kv-E-Xzn-tP I-w Ip-h-tX
A-ew-Ir-Xy kp-Xm-Zm-\w ssZ-hw [aw {]-N-tX
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 328)
A-w: hn-kv-Xr-X-am-b b--n h-en-b h-en-b hn-Zzmamsc h-cn- ti-jw, B b--n I-aw sN-m\p hnZzm-am-cp-sS ap-]n sh-v h-kv-{Xw, B-`-c-Ww F-n-h AWn-bn-v kptim`nX-bm-n I-\y-I-sb \-Ip--Xm-Wv ssZ-hhn-hm-lw. tPym-Xn-jv-tSmaw Xp-S-n-b b---fn \-S-p hn-hm-l-sa-v ]-e hym-JyXm-fpw Cu tmI-ns\ hymJym-\n-n-p-v. E-XznpI-sf h-cn-v sN-p- hn-hm-l kw-kvIm-c-am-Wv C-hn-sS ssZ-h-hn-hm-l-sa-v {]-Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p-Xv. hn-hm-l-b--am-Wv -a-\p -hn-[n-n-p-f-f-Xv. Cu b--n
A-t\-Iw th-Z-a-{- I-S-p h-cpw. C-h kv-{Xo-bpw Iq-Snt-v sNm-t--Xpw {In-b-I-fn ]-p sIm-t--Xp-am-Wv.
A--s\ t\m-p-tm kv-{Xo hn-cp--\m-Wv a-\p F-n, a{- kv-{Xo-I sNm--cp-sX-- A-`n-{]m-b-m-c-\m-Wv a-\psh-n Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\ A-t-lw \-S-pI-bns-v D-d-v.
F-n-\v kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS AtyjvSn t]m-epw A-ntlm-{Xm-Zn
I---tfm-sS th-W-sa-v a-\p hn-[n-n-p-v t\mpI.
""Cu ap-sNm- B-Nm-c- ]m-en-p- kv-{Xo `-mhn-\p ap-s] a-cn-m [-a-a-dn-bp- hy-n b--]m-{X-ap]-tbm-Kn-v A-ntlm-{X hn-[n-tbm-sS A-h-fp-sS Zm-l-kw-kvIm-cw \-S--Ww. (5167)(47) C-sX-mw Im-Wn-p--Xv kv-{XoI a-{w tI--cp-sX- kv-ar-Xn h-N-\w {]-n-]v-X-am-sWp X-s-bm-Wv.
ho-pw kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS [--s-p-dn-v ]-d-bp-tm a-\p
kq-Nn-n-p--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. X-s kv-{Xo-v(`m-cy) [-\w kq-
41
n- p- I , [- \ w sN- e - h - g n, ho-Spw ]-cn-k-c-hpw ip- C-v Im-Wp- k- km[m-am-n-sh-, [- kw-_- c-W kw-kv-Ir-X km-ln-Xy-am-b A-\p-jvTm-\- A- -tf-m F-{X-tbm {]mXm-bX
- v A-ntlm-{Xw, k-y, No-\-am-Wv b-Ym--n-ep-kzm[ymbw -Xp-S-n-b-h sN-p- a-\pkvarXn. F-m \nhm-\pw (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 693 t\m- c-h-[n N-cn-{X-Im-c-am Cu
p-I) `--Ww ]m-N-Iw sN- Ir-Xn a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\p-ti, F-m Kr-tlm-]I
- c
- W
-
- - jw D-m-b-Xm-sW- [m-cfp-sS-bpw ta-t\m-w F-n-h- W ]-c-n. b-Ym--n
bp-sS-bpw Np-a-X-e \-I-Ww. ssh-Zn-I km-ln-Xy-n-se
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 911) (48). Iq-Sm-sX Nn-e Ir-Xn-I-p-f-f-Xn-t\kv - { Xo- p- Np- a - X - e - I m Im-e--g-w a-\p-kv-arA-w Iq-Sn hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p- Xn-p-s-v \-m-bn ]Tnn-S-v a-{m-[n-Im-cw hy-- m a-\-n-em-Ipw.
am-Ipw. k-m-\em-`w, A-ntlm-{Xw Xp-S-n-b [- Ir-Xy-, ]-cn-N-c-Ww, D--a-c-Xn,
]n-Xr--fp-sS-bpw X-s-bpw kz-K-{]m-]v-Xn C-h-sb-mw `m-cym[o-\-am-Ip-p.(a-\p 928) (49)
iq-{Z-sc-p-dn-v
iq{Z Akv]riy-cm-sW- [m-c-W a-\p-hn-\v D-m-bn-cp-Xm-bn \-ap-v tXm-mw. Zzn-Pm-Xn-I-sf tk-hn--em-Wv iq{Z-s
I--hy-sa-v a\-p ]-d-n-p-v.(a-\p 191)(50) F-gp-pw hmb-\-bpw A-dn-bm- aq-p h-W--fn G-sX-n-epw- Hcp hW-s kzo-I-cn-m X-m-dm-hm--h-\m-Wv iq-{Z-\m-bn-ocp--Xv. A-`n-hm-Z-\-n-\v A-\p-cq-]-am-bn {]-Xy-`n-hm-Z-\w sNm-Xn-cn-ph iq{Z-s\-tm-se-bm-Ip-p-sh-v ]-d--Xn
\n-v (a-\p 2126)(51). iq-{Z- k-ev]s-p-dn-v A-]w \-apv a-\-n-em-Ipw. -{i--m-hm t{i-b-kv-I-c-am-b hn-Zy-sb iq-{Z\n \n-p t]m-epw {K-ln-t--Xm-Ip-p. tam--[-w NWv-Umf-\n \n-p-t]m-epw {K-ln-mw. (a-\p 2238)(52) th-Z-fn iq{Z-cpw A-n-tlm-{Xw sN--W-sa-v \-ap-v Im-Wmw.
]- P-\mx a-a-tlm-{Xw Pq-j-[zw'' (E-tKz-Zw 10. 53 145)
\n-cp--n ]--P-\m F-Xn-\v {_m--W, -{Xnb, ssh-iy, iq-{Z, \n-cm-an-j-t`m-Pn-bm-b \n-jm-Z F-n-
42
-s\-bm-Wv A-w ]-d-n-cn-p--Xv.(\n-cp-w 3/2/7)

sXm-q-dn-\v ta h-b-p-f-f iq{Z Zzn-P-m-pw am-\ml-\m-Ip-psh-v a-\p X-s ]-d-bp-p-v. Im-Wp-I
tkmf-{X-a-\m-lx iqt{Zm- ]n- Z-i-aow -K-Xx (a-\p 2137)
iq-{Z\pw Zzn-P-\m-Im-sa- A-`n-{]m-b-m-c Iq-Sn-bm-Wv a-\psh-v a-\-n-em--Ww. (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9335)(53) a-\p-hn-s B
{]-kv-Xm-hw C--s\-bm-Wv. -ip--hpw ]-hn-{X-hp-am-b i-co-c-hpw
a-\-p-ap- X-t-m D-Ir-jv-S-am-b h-W-n-s--h-sc
tk-hn-p- a-[p-c-`m-jn-bm-b, A-l-m-c-c-ln-X-\m-b k-Zm {_m-W Xp-S-n-b aq-v h-W--fn-s--h-sc tk-hn-p-I-bpw sN-p- ip-{Z D--a {_- P-m--K-X-am-b Zzn-P hW-s {]m-]n-p-p. a-sm-cp X-c-n Zzn-P-\m-Ip- h-gn a\p X-s ]-d-bp-p-v ]-mw A-[ym-b-n (65 mw tm-Iw
t\m-p-I)
kz- \-cI
-
- a-\p-Zr-jvS- n-bn
Cu tem-I-n-\n-p `n--am-b H-cp-kz-tam \-c-I-tam Ds-v a-\p hn-iz-kn-p-n-. kpJw e`n-p-Xv kzw.
Zp:J-ap-m-Ip--Xv \-c-Iw. C-h c-pw Cu tem-I-n \np X-s In-p--Xm-Wv. a-\p kz-sa- hm-v D-]-tbm-Knp-tm Cltem-I-s kp-J-hpw tam kpJ-hp-amWv Dt-in-p--Xv. a-c-Wm-\--cw e-`n-p- H-cp tem-I-am-bn a-\p
H-cn--epw kz--s I-n-n-. aqmw A-ym-bw 79mw-tmI-n A--b kp-Jw A-Y-hm tam--sa- A--n
a-\p kz--sa- hm-v D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-v. kpJ-ns ]cymb-hmNn-bmbn ]e-bn-S--fnepw k-sa hmv D-]-tbm-Knn-p-f-f-Xn-\v sX-fn-hn-Xm:
(1) A-kzKyw Nm-Xn-t`m-P-\w (a-\p 2/57)
A-an-X `--Ww kz--{]m-]v-Xn-v hn-Lm-X-am-Wv.
(2) Zm-cm-[o-\--X-Ym kzx ]n-Xr-Wm-am--\- l
(a-\p 928)
`m-cym-[o-\-am-Ip-p X-s kz {]m-]v-Xn-sb--w.
(3) kz-m-bp-jy-b-i-kym-\n {]-hXm-\o-am-\n [m-c-tb-Xv
(a-\p 413)
43
[-a-\n-jvT\mb {_m--W kz-{hX- {]m-]Ihpw

B-bp-h--Ihpw b-i-kv-I-c-hp-am-b {hX- A-\p-jvTn--Ww.
(4) C-Z-a-\zn--Xmw kz-K-an-Z-am-\-y-an--Xmw (a-\p 684)
kz-w B-{K-ln-p--h-pw A-]-hw B-{K-ln-p-h-pw B-{i-bw th-Zw X-s.
a-c-Wm-\--cw kz-\-c-I--fn sN-s-p-sa-v a-\p hniz-kn-p--tX-bn-. a-dn-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 12mw mw-A-ym-bw 9,39
ap-X 52 hsc-bp tm-I--fn a-c-W-]-cy-w I-m-\pkm-cw hn-`n- tbm-\n-I-fn-sN-p ]n-d-p-sa-m-Wv ]-d-np-f-f-Xv.
\-c-I-I--\-bpw a-\p hn-cp--am-Wv. \-c-I-i-_v-Zw kz-Kn-\v hn-]-co-X-am-Wv. \-c-I i-_v-Z-n-\v \n-cp--n \In-b A-w Im-Wp-I. \-c-I-\y-c-Iw \o-ssN-K-a-\w C-Xnhm- Zp:Jw, A-[x]-X-\w, A-h-\-Xn F-n-h-bp-sS t]-cm-Wv \cIsa--w (\n-cp-w 1/3/11) a-c-Wm-\--cw Po-h-\v c-v
A-h--I-sf a-\p ]-d-bp-p-f-fq. H-v kw-km-c N-{I-n-se
m-h-c Pw-K-a tbm-\n-I-fn-ep-f-f P-w (t\m-p-I a-\p-kv-ar-Xn
6/63, 74 12/9 39, 52 F-o tmI-) c-m-a-t-Xv {_-
ssh-Zn-I-Im-e-n-\p-ti-jw {]m-]v-Xn (t\m-p-I 4/149, 6/
D-m-b ]-e Ir-Xn-I-fpw a- 81, 12/116, 125 ) A-Xn-\m \-c\p-kva
- r-Xn-sb B-{i-bn-m-Wv I-sa--Xv {]-tXy-I-am-b temF-gp-Xn-bn-cp--Xv. E-jn-ap-\n- I-tam tbm-\n-tbm A-s-v Dam-cpw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-sb B-{i- d-v. A-Xn-\m-X-s \m-emw
bn-v k-\m-X-\ {K--- c- A-[ym-bw 81, 87 ap-X 91 hNn-n-cp-p. Hu-j-[--fp-sS sc tm-I--fn ]-d-n-cnHu-j-[-am-Wv a-\p ]-d-- p- 21 \-c-I--sfp-dn-psX- m- s a- v ssX- o- c n- b f-f {]-kv-Xm-h-\ {]-n-]v-X-amkw-ln-Xt- b-tm-ep-ff
- {]m-No- sW-v D-d-n-mw.
\ ssh-Zn-I-{K-- kmt{]-X-ip-n F Im-gv-Nn ]-d-bp-tm-gm-Wv a-\pmSv a-\p ]-d--X-. t{]-Xhn\v {]m-No-\-Im-e-v `m-c-Xn-ep-m-bn-cp- a-ln-a \- ip-n AYhm ]p-e-bpw kq-XI-ip-n A-Y-hm hmembva Fap-v a-\-n-em-IpI.
n-h-bp-sS t]cn Cp \-S-
44
n-ep-f-f ]-e Im-gv-N-m-Sp-I-fpw a-\p-hn-\v kzo-Im-cy-a-. A--cn A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp- tm-I--sf-mw {]-n]v-X-am-bn IW-m-mw. A-ip-n D-m-bm i-co-ci
- p-n-v P-ew XpSnbh-bpw a-\:ip-n-v P-]w Xp-S-n-b-h-bp-am-Wv B-N-cn-t-sX-v a-\p ]-d-bp-p-v.
-{_--m-\w, X]v, A-n, B-lm-cw, ap-v, a-\-v, Pew, D-]-te-]-\w, hm-bp I-w, kq-cy, Im-ew F-n-h a-\pjy-v ip-n km-[-\--fm-Ip-p.
]-cm-]-Im-c-n-\p {]-Xn-Im-cw sN-m-sX -an-p--Xp-sImv ]-Wv-Un-X-am-cpw, A-hn-ln-X I-- sN-bv-X-h Zm\w sIm-pw, c-l-ky-am-bn ]m-]w sN-p--h P-]w sIm-pw
th-Z--am X-]-p-sIm-pw ip--cm-bn-o-cp-p.
hn-b-v, sN-fn ap-X-em-b-h-sIm-v A-ip--am-b A-h-b-h P-e-m ip--am-Ip-p. \n-jn--Nn--sIm-p Zp-jn-
a-\-v k-Xy-hm-Iyw sIm-pw, Po-hm-m-hv {_--hn-Zy-sIm-pw
X-]-p-sIm-pw, hn-]-co-X m-\w sIm-p Zp-jv-S-am-b _pn b-Ym- hn-j-b-m-\w sIm-pw ip-n t\-Sp-p. (a\p-kv-ar-Xn 5105,107, 109)(54) C-Xm-Wv ]-co--W-sa-n-cn-s A\y-am-bn tN--s- ]-e hn-]-co-X ho--W--fpw {]-n]vX- X-s-bm-Wv.
th-Zw sNm-m-Xn-cn-t--Xn-s\-p-dn-pw \n--n-jv-S k-a-bn-\p-f-fn th-Z-]T-\w I-gn- ti-jw th-Zm-[ym-b-\-ta \ndp-p-I Xp-S-n-b k----f-S-n-b \memw A-[ym-bw 95
ap-X 127 h-sc tm-I- {]-n]v-X-am-Wv. Im-c-Ww a-\p
th-Zm-[y-b-\w \n-Xy-I--n-em-Wv s]-Sp-n-bn-p-f-f-Xv. H-mw
A-[ym-b-n-se 88 ap-X 90 h-sc-bp-f-f tm-I- ]Tn-m
C-m-cyw hy--am-Ipw. th-Zmym-]-\w, th-Zm-[y-b-\w, bm-Kw
sN-, sN-n-, Zm-\w sN- Zm-\w kzo-I-cn-, C-h
{_m--W-cp-sS I--hy--fm-Ip-p. {]-Pm-]-cn-]m-e-\w, Zm-\w,
b-w C-h-bm-Wv Np-cp-n -{Xn-b-[--. A-h
hn-jb
- t- `m-K
- f
- n B-k
- c
- m-Ic
- p-Xv. tKm-c
- , Zm-\w, b-w,
th-Zm-[y-b-\w, hm-Wn-Pyw [-\-hym-]m-cw, Ir-jn C-h-bm-Wv sshiy-[-- (a\p: 1-- 88,89,90) C--d- I-- sN-m Zzn-P-m X--fp-sS I-a-n \n-v ]-Xn-X-cm-Ip-p. thZm-`ym-kw sN-m- Zzn-P iq-{Z-tIm-Sn-bn sN-p ]-Xn-pp-
45
sh-pw a-\p ]-d-bp-p-v. Im-Wp-I

th-Zm[y-b-\w sN-m-sX A--im-kv-{Xw Xp-S-n-b A-\y
im-kv-{X- A-[y-b-\w sN-p--h Po-hn-n-cn-p-tm Xs ]p-{X-]u-{Xm-Zn-I-tfm-sSm-w A-Xn-th-Kw iq{Z-Xz-s {]m]n-p-p.(a-\p 2 168)(55) th-Zm-[y-b-\w a-\p-hn-s a-X-a-\p-kcn-v \n-Xy-Zn-\-N-cy-bm-Wv. A-Xn-\m Cu ]-hn-{X-I-w H-cn-epw hn-p-I-f-b-cp-Xv. th-Zmw-K--fm-b in- Iev]w Xp-S-nbhbnepw \n-Xym-\p-jv-tT-b-am-b km-hn-{Xoa{ P-]-n-epw
tlm-a-a-{--fn-epw A-\-[ym-b-s B-Z-cn--cp-Xv. (a-\p 2105)
(56)
A-Xm-b-Xv H-cp Im-c-W-h-im-epw \n-Xy th-Z P-]-n-\v ap-Sw h-c-cp-sX-v km-cw. Hcp kw-h--c-sa-n-epw {]-Xn-Zn-\w hnln-Xmw-K--tfm-Sp Iq-Sn \n-b-tX-{nb-\m-bn G-Im-{K-Nn--\mbn kzm-[ym-bw A-\p-jvTn-p--h-s B kzm-[ym-bw ]m,
ssX-cv, s\-v, tX C-h-bm tZ-h-am-tc-bpw ]n-Xr--sf-bpw
{]o-X-cmpp. (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 2107)(57) am-{X-hp-a- ]q-am-e AWn- Zzn-P-\m-bm-epw {]-Xn-Zn-\w b-Ym-i-n th-Zm-[ym-b-\w
sN-p-s-n A-h B \-Jm-{Kw D-Ir-jv-S-am-b X-]-v
B-N-cn-p-p. (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 2167)(58) F-p-Iq-Sn hy--am-bn
]-d-p sh-n-cn-p-p. F-n-\v A-w I-S-v a-\p \-Ip D-]-tZ-iw C-v B-sc-n-epw sN-hn-sm-f-fp-p-m-Ip-tamsb--dn-bn-. th-Zm- hn-Nm-c-n-\v X-S--am-bn-p-f-f Kr-l-`c-WmZn-Im-cy--sf-mw sh-Snbp-I. kzm[ym-b-n\v hncp-- hn- J ym- X - a m- b ]p- c p- j kqa-m GsX-nepw D]m-b- w b-Pp-th-Z-n-ep-f-f-Xmn D]- P o- h \w km[nv Wv. A-hn-sS-bm-Wv \m-ev h\nXyw kzm-[ym-b X-Xv-]-c-\m- W--sf-Ip-dn-v ]-d-n-p-f-fbn-cn-p--Xv X-s-bm-Wv [- Xv. A-hn-sS {_-m-hn-s Aw-\n-jvT-\m-b Zzn-P-s Nm-cn- K--fn \n-v N-mXp-hXm--X (a-\p 417) (59) Iq-Sm- Wy-ap-m-sb-v ]-d-n-nsX \n-Xyw Nn-n-t--Xm-Wv . {_m--W apJ-p-\nssh-Zn-I X-Xz--sfpw a-\p pmsb- s m- pw A- h n]-d-bp-p. (a-\p 419)(60) {_- sS ]-d-n-tbn-. {_m- b-w \n-Xy-hpw sN-- W A-Y-hm A-dn-hph
Ww (a-\p 375) A--s\ \n- k- a q- l - n- s ap- J - a m- s Wc-h-[n -e--fn \n-Xy-hpw m-Wv ]-d-p-sh--Xv.
sN-p- th-Zm-[ym-b-\-s a-
46
\p Hm-an-n-p-p. Cu B-i-b-n-\p hn-cp--am-bn F-smv

kv-ar-Xn-bn-ep-tm A-sX-mw {]-n-]v-X-am-bn-v Xy-Pn-m
I-gn-b-Ww.
{]m-b
- n-h
- pw a-\p-hpw
{]m-b-n- I---sf-p-dn-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xnbn H-cp Kth-j-Ww X-s \-S-m-hp--Xm-Wv. A-{X-tb-sd {]kvXm-h C-Xn-ep-v: "X-]m-Zn km-[-\m ]q-h-Iw In-ezn-j \n-hm-cWm-w Nn-w = \n--bw {]m-b-n-w' F-m-Wv {]m-bn--n-s t\-cm-b Aw. H-cp hy-n G-sX-nIp-e kv-{Xo-I Zp:Jn-m epw \n--\o-b-am-b Im-cy-C-S-h-cp-Im-ew io-{Lw \- tfm sN-m ]m-Sn-m--Xm-b
in-p-t]m-Ip-p. C-h Zp:Jn- Im-cy--tfm sN-bv-Xm a-\m-\n-S-h-cm- Ip-e--fn n Zp:Jw D- m- h pw. Ak-Zm k--v, k-tm-jw tm A-Xn-s\ Z-Wv-Un-p-
Xp-S-n-b-h h-n-p h-cp- co-Xn-bn kz-bw X-]w A-Yp.(357) "b-Ym-tbm-Kyw k- hm I-jv-S-X k-ln-m \n-Xv-Im-cw In-m- Ip-ekv-{Xo- bn-p-p. C-Xn-\v B-Zyw sNI, C-hn-Sw ap-Sn-p-t]m-I- t--Xv C-\n Cu sX-v Bs- ' sb- v GsXmcp Ip- e - h-n-n-s- Xo-cp-am-\-sas i-]n-p-p-thm B Ip- Sp--em-Wv. C-Xm-Wv b-Ym-
ew Zp-t-hX
- km[n-Xp t- ]m- {]m-b-n--sa--w. C-Xmse F-m X-c-n-epw \m-i- Wv a-\p-hn-s b-Ym- {]ma-S-bpw. (358)
b-n- ho--Ww. C-mcyw A-t-lw Xp-d-p ]-d-bp-Xv Im-WpI.
""Xm sNbvX ZpjvIr-Xs Hcp-hs a\v F{X-am{Xw
\nn-p-pthm AX-\p-k-cnv Ahs icocw A[-n
\nv ap-am-bn-o-cpp'' (a\p 11-229) (61) ""]m]w sNbvXnv
]m- - ] n- m B ]m]- n \nv ap- \ m- I p- p.
""taem Rm\n-s\ sNnm F \n-b-m Ah
ip-\m-bn-o-cp-p.'' (a\p 11-230)(62) Adntm Adn-bmsXtbm \ny-Iaw sNbvXm, AXn \nv tamN\w t\SW-sa-m-{K-ln-p--h Acw I- cm-aXp sNcp-Xv.'' (a\p 11.231) (63)
47
C-sXm-s B-bm-epw "\ tXz-h Ir-tXmf[-ax I-p-`-hXn \n-jv-^-ex' (4/173) F-v a-\p Xo-p ]-d-bp-p-v. AXm-b-Xv sN-bv-X A-[-w I-m-hn-\v X- ^-ew \-Im-sX
sh-dp-tX t]m-In-s--w.
a-\p-kva- r-Xn-bn-se kz-h

- I
- m-iw
a-\p-hn-s Im-gv-N-m-Sn a-I-\pw a-I-fpw am-Xm-hpw ]n-Xm-hpsa-mw kz-n-\v A-h-Im-i-ap-f-f-h-cm-Wv. A--\pw A--bpw
Po-hn-n-cn-p-tm kz-n-s-A-h-Im-iw A-h-m-sW-v a\p hn-iz-kn-p-p. am-Xm-]n-Xm--am-cp-sS a-c-W-ti-jw ktlm-Z-c-am H-cp-an-p Iq-Sn ]n-Xr kz-v k-a-am-bn `m-Kn-s-Spt--Xm-Ip-p. A--\--am Po-h-t\m-Sn-cn-p-tm a-v kz-n-ta D-S-a--X-bn-.(a-\p 9104) (64) A-X-s-n
aq- ]p-{X-\v, tPy-jv-S-]p-{X-\v c-m-I-m-sh- \n-e-bn
kz-v ssI-h-iw h-p sIm-v _m-n-bp-f-f-h-sc A--\--amsc-tm-se X-s kw-c-n-m-\pw A-[n-Im-cw D-v. _m-nbp-f-f-h tPy-jv-S-]p-{X-s\ A--s\-tm-se I-v B-Z-cn-p-Ibpw th-Ww. Cu I--hy-n hogvN hcp-n-bm tPy-jvS-]p-{X-\pw in-m-l-\m-Wv. ]n-o-Sv F-tm-sg-n-epw kz-p
`m-Kw shW-sa-v tXm-p-tm A-Xv hn-`-Pn--Ww. thsd ]m-m [-w h-n-p-sa-pw A--s\ kz-v `mKw sN- [-m-\p-kr-Xw X-s-sb-pw (a-\p 9112) F-s\-bm-Wv `m-Kw sh-Wsapw a-\p ]-d-bp-p.
-s]m-Xp-ap-X-en-s C-cp-]-Xn H-cp `m-K-hpw km-[-\--fn
hn-in-jv-S-am-b-Xpw aq- ]p-{X-\v e-`n-pw. \m--Xn-sem-v a[y-a-\pw, 80 H-v C-f-b a-I-\pw e-`n-pw. _m-n-bp-f-f-Xv Fm-h-pw k-a-am-bn `m-Kn--Ww. C--s\ A[nI-am-bn In-p kz-n-\v D-m-cw' -F-m-Wv ]-d-bp-I. F-Sp-p \o-n-sh F-m-Wv D-m-cw F- {]-tbm-K-n-\-w. A-Xn-\p
ti-j-ap-f-f-Xv F-m-h-cpw Iq-Sn Xp-ey-am-bn ]-n-Spw. Cu D-m-c`m-K-am-I-s C-f-b-h-sc th--t]m-se kw-c-n-m am-{X-ta
aq--h-p In-p-I-bp-f-fq. hm-kv-X-h-n C-f-bh-sc kw-cn-p- {i-a-n-\v In-p- {]-Xn-^-e-am-Wv Cu D-m-cw. A-bp-sS k-m-Zyw A-Xv s]-Ip-n-I-p-ff
- X
- m-Wv. (a-\p 9131)
A- a-cn-m A--bp-sS kz-v k-tlm-Z-c-am-cpw k-tlm-Zcn-I-fpw k-a-am-bn `m-Kn--Ww(a-\p 9192) F-n-\v a-cn- kv-
48
{Xo-bp-sS s]-a--fp-sS s]-a--p-Iq-Sn A-h-cp-sS {]oXn-m-bn am-Xm-a-ln-bp-sS kz-n \n-v b-Ym-tbm-Kyw A-ev]-sa-s-n-epw sIm-Sp--Ww (a-\p 9198) F-p Iq-Sn a-\p ]d-p sh-p. kv-{Xo-I-v kz-n A-h-Im-iw \-In-bns-v a-\p-hn-s\-Xn-tc-bp-f-f hn-a-i-\w sh-dp-sX-bm-sW-v CXn \n-pw a-\-n-em-mw. \-]pw-k-Iw, A-, _-[n-c,
aq-I, {`m-, ]q-W hn-I-emw-K Xp-S-n-b-h-sc a-p-f-f-h
kw-c-n--Ww. a-v k-tlm-Z-c-am [-\w kw-c-n-v ]q-W
c- \-In C-h-sc t]m-n h-f--Ww.(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9201
203) tam-jv-Sm-hv, Nq-Xp-I-fn-m, sIm-f-f-m-c F-n-h-smpw kz-n A-[n-Im-c-an-s-pw (a-\p 9214) a-\p hy--amp-p-v.
hn-hm-l {]m-bh
- pw a-\p-hpw
_m-ehn-hm-l-s A-\p-Iq-en-p-sh- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b B-tcm]-Ww a-\p-hn-s t]-cn-ep-v. A-X-\p-k-cn-v ]-e-Xpw C-hn-sS
\-S-n-p-ap-v. A-Xn-\p Im-c-W`q-X-am-b B {]-kvXmh\ \-apsm-p t\m-mw A-Xn--s\-bm-Wv.
{Xnw-i-Zz-tjm-Zz-tl-Xv I-\ym-w
lr-Zymw Zzm-Z-i hm-jn-Io-w
{Xy-jv-S-h-tjm,fjvSh-jmw
hm [-ta ko-Z-Xn k-Xz-cx
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 994)
A---an--s\ ap--Xp hb-p-f-f-h a-\-n-\n-W-n- {i--m-hm t{i-b-kv-I-c-am-b
b ]-{-p h-b-p-f-f I-\yhn- Z y- s b iq- { Z- \ n \n- p
I-sb th-t--Xm-Wv. C-cp- t]m-epw {K-ln-t--Xm-Ip]-n-\m-ep-Im-c F-p h-bp. tam--[-w N-Wv-Umfp-f-f-h-sf-bpw Kr-l--[- \n \n- p- t ]m- e pw {K- l n-n-\p tIm-w X-p-sa-p-Imw. (a-\p 2238) th-Z-m D-S-\-Sn hn-hm-lw sN-bv- fn iq{Z-cpw A-n-tlm-{Xw
Xp sIm-f-f-Ww.
sN- - W - s a- v \- a p- v ImF-m Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\ Wmw. ]- P-\mx a-a-tlma-\p X-s \n-cm-I-cn-n-p-v. {Xw Pq-j-[zw''
k-am-h--\ kw-kv-Im-c-s-
49
p-dn-v ]-d-bp-n-S-pw (a-\p 31, 2,3) hn-hm-l-s-p-dn-v

hn-h-cn-p-n-S-pw (3/4 ap-X 62 tm-I-) kv-{Xo [-s-p-dn-v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p-n-S-pw (5/147 ap-X 166 h-sc
tm-I- , 91 ap-X- 102 h-sc tm-I-) F-mw ap-I-fn-es {]-kv-Xm-h-\-v hn-cp--am-b \n-e-]m-Sm-Wv a-\p F-Sp-np-f-f-Xv. F-{Xtbm i-n-tbmsS a-\p-hn-s\ F-Xn-m-\pw hna-in-m-\pw F-Sp-v D--cn-p- H-cp tm-I-ap-v.
]n-Xm c--Xn Iu-am-tc `-m c--Xn bu-h-t\
c--n -hn-tc ]p-{Xm \ kv-{Xo kzm-X-{y-a-l-Xn
(a-\p 93)
Iu-am-c-n ]n-Xm-hpw bu--\-n `-m-hpw hm-Iy-n ]p-{X-am-cpw kv-{Xo-sb c-n--Ww. kv-{Xo A-\mY-bm-bn-cn-m ]m-Sn-. Cu-sbm-cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn X-s 12
h-b-kp-Im-cn-bpw F-p-h-b-p-Im-cn-bp-sam-s-bm-b Iu-am-cn-sb
hn-hm-lw I-gn-m ]-d-bp-p a-\p-sh-n ]-c-kv-]-cw hn-tcm[w C-hn-sS D-S-se-Sp-pw. A-Xm-b-Xv H-]-Xmw A-[ym-b-nse Cu tm-Iw {]-n-]v-X-am-sW-w. I-\y-I-bp-sS hn-hml{]m-b-s-p-dn-v a-\p-hn-s- bYm A-`n-{]m-bw F-msW-v C-hn-sS F-gp-Xmw. G-sd {]-k--am-b tm-I-am-Wn-Xv.
{Xo-Wn h-jm-Wyp-Zo-t-X Ip-am-cy EXp-a-Xo k-Xo
Du-zw Xp Im-em-tZ-X-kv-am-Zv hn-t-X k-Zr-iw ]Xnw
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9.90)
E-Xp-a-Xn-bm-b I-\y-I, X-s k-Zr-i-\m-b h-c\v ]n-{Xm-ZnI hn-hm-lw sN-bv-Xp sIm-Sp-p-hm aq-p h-jw Im-n-cnt--Xm-Wv. F-n-pw hn-hm-lw \-S-n-s-n, aq-p-sIm-n-\p-ti-jw A-h-v, k-Zr-i-\m-b h-c-s\ kz-bw kzo-I-cnm-hp--Xm-Wv.
B-bp-t-Zh
- pw hn-hm-lI
- m-eh
- pw
`m-c-Xo-b ]m-c--cy-a-\p-k-cn-v B-bp-t-Zw h-en-sbm-cp Pohn-X km-l-N-cyw kr-jv-Sn- im-kv-{X-im-J-bm-Wv. kp-{ip-Xm-Nmcy i-co-c-hrn-b--sf A-[n-I-cn-v \m-ev A-h--I Ds-v ]-d-bp-p. A-X-\p-k-cn-m-Wv hn-hm-l-n-s {]m-bw
\n--bn-n-cn-p--Xv. 16 h-b-p ap-X 25 h-sc i-co-c-hr-n.
25 h-b-p ap-X bu--\w. 40 bu--\w ]q-n-bm-Ipw. C-
50
Xn-\p-ti-jw i-co-c-n-se [m- Cu tem-I-n-\n-`n--amXp- -bn-m Xp-S-pw. b H-cp-kz-tam \-c-I-tam D(kp-{ip-Xw kq-{X-m-\w 35/ s-v a-\p hn-iz-kn-p-n25)(65) Cu bp-hm-h--bm-Wv . kpJw e`n-p-Xv kz
hn-hm-l k-a-bw. C-Xn-\v ap- w. Zp:J-ap-m-Ip--Xv \-c]v [m-Xp- A-]-Iz-am-bn-cn- Iw. a-\p kz-sa- hm-v
pw. _m-e-hn-hm-l-n, F- D- ] - t bm- K n- p- t m Cl
hn-sS ico-c-n [m-Xp-hn-Im- tem-I-s kp-J-hpw tam
kw X-S--s-Sppthm A-hn- kpJ-hp-amWv D-t-in-p--Xv.
sS K-` kw-_--am-bn \n-c- a-c-Wm-\--cw e-`n-p- H-cp
h-[n {]-iv-\- D-m-Im tem-I-am-bn a-\p H-cn--epw
C-S-h-cpw. K-`-ap-m-Im-Xn-cn- kz--s I-n-n-.
p-I, K-`-{km-h-ap-m-Ip-I,
K-`w A-e-kp-I, Zp--e-\mb k-m-\-ap-m-Ip-I, P-\n-p-tm-sg- Ip-n a-cn-p-I, A-kz-X-bp-f-f Ip-n D-m-hp-I Xp-S-n-b Im-cy--sfm-s kw-`hn-p-sa-v I-cp-Xn-b B-bp-t-Zw C-hn-sS ]pjv-e-am-bn-cnp-tm _m-e-hn-hm-lw t]m-sem-cp I-SpwssI-bvv a-\p A\p-hm-Zw sIm-Sp-n-s-v D-d-v.
kp-{ip-X-kw-ln-X-bn kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j-am-cp-sS k-mt\m
m-Z-\ ti-jn-sb-p-dn-v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p `m-Kw Iq-Sn tI-m
`m-c-Xo-b hn-hm-l-ho--Ww F-m-sW-v a-\-n-em-Ipw. t\mp-I]p-cp-j 25 h-b-n-\p ti-j-hpw kv{Xo 16 hb-n\p
tijhpw Xp-ey-ho-cyw A-s-n ]q-W-ho-cyw D-f-f-h-cm-Ipp-sh-v k-a--\m-b ssh-Zy a-\-n-em--Ww. A-Xm-b-Xv
A-tm am-{X-ta k-m-t\m-m-Z-\- tbmKyam-Ip-p-f-fq-sh-w. F-m ]p-cp-j-\v 16 h-b-n-\p ti-jw ip--hpw kv{Xo-v 12 h-b-n-\p ti-jw B--h-hpw D-m-hp-sa-n-epw
A-Xv A-:{km-h-am-b c--tm-Sp Iq-Sn-t-v i-co-c-n-s
Aw-K-{]-Xyw-K--sf {]-_-e-am-p-I-bpw ]p-jv-Sn-s-Sp-p-I-bpw
sN-p--Xm-Ip-p. A-Xp-sIm-v 25 h-b-n-\p Xm-sg-bp- ]pcp-j-\pw 16 h-b-n-\p Xm-sg-bp-f-f kv-{Xo-pw hn-j-b-n-tes-m A-Xv B-bp-n-s\ _m-[n-p-sa-v a-\-n-em--Ww.
am-{X-a- k-mt\m-m-Z-\-ap-m-bm A-Xn-pw A-m-bpm-bn-cn-pw. kp-{ip-X-s X-s h-N-\--fn--s\-bm-Wv.
51
]--hnw-ti X-tXm h-tj-]p-am \m-co-Xp tjm-U-ti

k-a-Xyw-K-X ho-cyu-Xu-Pm\o-bm Ip-i-tem-`n-j-Iv
(kp-{ip-X-kwln-X- kq-{X-m-\w 3515)
kp-{ip-X kw-ln-X-bn im-co-cm-\-v a-sm-cp Im-cyw ]d-bp--Xn-s\-bm-Wv. ""]-Xn-\m-dv h-b-n Ip-d-hp-f-f -kv-{Xo-sb
25 h-b-n Ip-d-hp-f-f ]p-cp-j {]m-]n-v K-`w [-cn-m B
K-`w h-b-n \n-p X-s \-jv-S-am-Ip--Xm-Wv. A-Y-hm Ipn P-\n-m-epw A-[n-I-Im-ew Po-hn-n-. Po-hn-m C-{n-b-_e-an-m--h-\m-bn-cn-pw. A-Xn-\m h-f-sc sN-dp--n K`-[m-c-W-{In-b sN--cp-Xv. (kp-{ip-X, kw-lnX, i-co-c m-\w,
10.58) C-Xn \n-s-mw 12 h-b-p-Im-cn-sb th-m a-\p
]-d-bn-s-p-d-v.
hn-`n- a-\p-jy-`m-h
-
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS c-mw A-[ym-bw 115 ap-X 131 h-sc \op In-S-p- tm-I- ]Tn-m \-ap-v E-jn, tZ-h-X, ]nXr- F-n-h-sc-p-dn-s-mw a-\-n-em-mw. B-cm-Wn-h-scms F- kw-i-bw \-ap-p-m-hmw. G-sX-n-ep-sam-cp hn-Zybp-sS km-m {Z-jv-Sm-hm-b hn-ti-j hy-n-sb-bm-Wv E-jn
F-p ]-d-bp--Xv. Zn-hy-Kp-W- B-N-cn-p- {]-[m-\ hnZzm-am-sc tZ-h-X F-p hn-fn-mw. ]-cn-]m-en-p t]m-p- kz`m-h-Kp-W--fp-f-f h-tbmhr--sc-bpw am-Xm-]n-Xm--sf-bpw Kpcp-P-\--sf-bpw ]n-Xr--sf-p hn-fn-mw. C-sX-mw kz-`m-hw,
I-w F-n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-m-\-n-em-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-Xv. tZ-h\
- m-aw Zn-hy-kz-`m-hw, {][m\w sNp-X
- n \nmWv
Dm-hp-Xv. CtX-t]mse Akp-c, K, cm-k,
]nimNv Fn-h-sbmw kz-`m-hw, kw-kv-Im-cw, {]-hr-n Fn-h-bp-sS A-Sn-m-\-n-em-Wv th-Xn-cn--s-n-cn-p--X.v
B-cm-Wv E-jn-am?
-"E K-Xu' F- [m-Xp-hn \n-m-Wv E-jn-i-_v-Zw \n-jv-]-am-Ip--Xv. m-\w, K-a-\w, {]m-]v-Xn F-n--s\ aq-v
A--am-Wv K-Xn i-_v-Z-n-\p-f-f-Xv Cu A-w a-\-n-embm E-jn G-hpw t{i-jvT-\m-b hn-Zzm-\m-sW-v a-\-n-emIpw. th-Z-a-{m-w Z-in--h, [-w, Cu-iz-c, F-n-hsb km-m-Xv--cn--h C-h-scm-s E-jn-I-fm-Wv. A-h-v
52
th-Z-hn-Zy-bp-sS \n-Kq-V-am-b A-dn-hv I-s-m-\p- I-gn-hpv. \n-cp--Im-c A-Xn-\m E-jnx Zi\m-Xv kv-tXm-a ZZ-i C-Xyu-]-a-\y-h (\n-cp-w 211) sh-v ]-d-bpw. A-Xm-bXv Ejn th-Zm---sf-bpw hn-Zy-I-fp-sS c-l-ky--sf-bpw {]Xy--n Im-Wp--h-\m-Wv. Hu-]-a-\y-h F- B-Nm-cys A-`n-{]m-b-n a-{ {Zjv-Sm-hv E-jn-bm-Wv. Iq-Sm-sX \n-cp-n-s a-sm-cn-S-v km-m-Xv-Ir-X [-amWx E-jtbmx-_`q-hpx (\n-cp-w 120) A-Xm-b-Xv E-jn [-a-t-bpw
Cu-iz-c-s\-bpw km-m-Xv-I-cn--h-\m-sW--w.
{_m--W--fn-epw E-jn-v C-tX hn-ti-j-Ww X-s-bm-Wpf-f-Xv. (66)
B-cm-Wv tZ-h-am ?
tZ-h-X c-p {]Imc-n-ep-v. H-v P-U-hpw, a-sm-v tN-X\-bpw. i-X-]-Y-{_m--W-n H-cp {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-v. c-p
e--W-fp-f-f a-\p-jy-v c-p kwRvP-I-fp-v. tZ-h-s\pw, a-\p-jy-s\-pw. A-hn-sS k-Xy-hpw A-k-Xy-hp-am-b cp Im-c-W--fm-Wp-f-f-Xv. k-Xyw ]-d-bp-I-bpw, am-\n-p-I-bpw
k- A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sN-p--h- tZ-h-am,
I-f-hn-s\ kzo-I-cn-p-I-bpw I-f-fw sN-p-I-bpw sN-p--h-sc
a-\p-jy-sc-pw hn-fn-p-p. BcmtWm I-f-f-s am-n k-Xys {]m-]n-p--Xv A-h tZ-h-Pm-Xn-bm-Ip-p.(67) C-Xp Iq-SmsX hn-Zzm-am-cm-b a-\p-jy-sc
A- a-cn-m A--bp-sS tZ-h-am-sc-p hn-fn-p-p
X-]-Y {_m--Ww 376
kz-v k-tlm-Z-c-am-cpw k- (i-(68)
tlm-Z-cn-I-fpw k-a-am-bn `m- 10) . \n-cp--n tZ-h-i-_vKn--Ww(a-\p 9192) F-n- Z-ns \n-cp-n C--s\-bm\v a-cn- kv-{Xo-bp-sS s]- Wv. "tZ-thm Zm-\m-Zzm, Zo-]-\m
a--fp-sS s]-a--p- Zzm, tZym-X-\m-Zzm Zyp-m-t\m
Iq-Sn A-h-cp-sS {]o-Xn-m-bn `-h-Zo-Xn-hm. tbm tZ-hx k tZam- X m- a - l n- b p- s S kz- n h-Xm' (\n-cp-w 715) Zm-\w
\n-v b-Ym-tbm-Kyw A-ev-]- \-Ip--h-\pw {]-Im-in-psa-s-n-epw sIm-Sp--Ww -h-\pw, {]-Im-in-n-p--h(a-\p 9198) F-p Iq-Sn a- \pw, Zznm- \ - n- c n- p- h\pw tZh-\-\m-Wv. tZh-s\\p ]-d-p sh-p.
s tZhX Fp hnfn-p-
53
p. CX-\p-k-cnv hnZy-bm {]Im-in-p--h\pw hn-Zym-Zm\w sN-p--h-\pw, Zn-hy-Kp-W--fpw D--amN-cW--fp-w D-ff-h-cpw tZ-h-X-I-fm-Wv. am-Xr tZ-thm `-h, ]n-Xr tZ-thm- `-h, BNm-cy tZ-thm-`-h A-Xn-Yn tZ-thm `-h F-n--s\-bp- tZ-hX-I-sf-mw C--s\-bm-Wv a-\-n-em-t-Xv. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bpw
Cu Zri hnZzm-am-sc tZ-h-X F-p X-s-bm-Wv hn-fn-p-Xv. Im-Wp-I
X-e-ap-Sn \-c--Xp-sIm-v am-{Xw H-cp-h hr--\m-Ip-n-.
bp-hm-sh-n-epw hn-Zzm-\m-b-h-s\ hr--s\-v tZ-h-am I-cpXp-p. (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 2156) (69)
tZ-h-i-_v-Z-n-\v ]-c-am-m-hv F-pw A--ap-v. Im-cWw k- tZ-h-X-I-fp-sS-bpw tZ-h-\m-Wv ]-c-am-m-hv . P-U-tZh-X-I D-]-tbm-Kn-m-\p-f-f-Xm-Wv, D-]m-kn-m-\p-f-f-X-. tNX-\m tZ-h-am-cm-b hn-Zzm-am-cpw am-Xm-]n-Xm--fpw, B-Nmcyam-cpw k-m-cw, tk-h-\w F-n-h sIm-v {]-k--cm-tI-h-cm-Wv. th-Z-hpw \n-cp--hp-sam-s Aw-Ko-I-cn-p- C-tX
Im-gv-N-m-Sm-Wv a-\p-hn-\pw D-f-fsX-p Im-Wmw. "k- tZ-h-XI-fpw B-m-hp X-s. k--hpw B-m-hn n-Xn sN-pp. k- Po-h-am-pw I-a-_-w G-s-Sp-p--Xpw
Bm-hp X-s' (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 12119). "Nn-e Cu ]-ca-]p-cpj-s\ A-n-sb-pw Nn-e a-\p{]-Pm-]-Xn F-pw, Nn-e C-{s\-pw Nn-e {]m-W-s\-pw a-p Nn-e im-iz-X-{_--sa-pw
]-d-bp-p' (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 12123). C-tX-Im-cyw E-tKz-Z-n-epw
(10164/46) b-Pp-t-Z-n-epw (321) \-ap-v Im-Wmw. D-]m-ky\m-bn Cu A--c {_--s--s Im-W-W-sa-pw a-\p ]d-bp-p-v. (27678 101, 102,103, tm-I
- t\m-p-I.)A-tm
tZ-h-Xm A-`y--\w Fp ]-d-bp-n-S-v ]-c-ta-iz-tcm-]m-k-\bm-Wv ]-d--sX-v a-\-n-em--Ww. Cu D-]m-k-\tb-bm-Wv
{_--b-w A-Y-hm k-tym-]m-k-\ F-p ]-d-bp--Xv. Antlm-{X-s tZ-h-b--sa-m-Wv ]-d-bp-I.
C-\n \-ap-v P-U-tZ-h-X F-m-sW-p t\m-mw. kq-cy,
A-n, hm-bp, ]r-Yn-hn A--co-w, Zy-tem-Iw, N-{, \-{Xw, Z-i-{]m-W-\pI, {]m-W, A]m\, hym-\, D-Zm-\-\,
k-am-\, \m-K, Iq-, Ir-I-e, tZ-h-Z-, [-\RvPb, 12 am-k-- C-h-sb-mw P-U-tZ-h-X-I-fm-Wv. C-h-sc-mw
H-cp X-c-n-e-s-n a-sm-cp X-c-n Zm-\w, Zo-]-\w, tZym-X-
54
\w, F-n-h sN-p--h-cm-Wv. P-U-tN-X-\m cq-]-n 33 tZ-hX-I-fp-s-v i-X-]-Y {_m--Ww ]-d-bp-p. F-p h-kp,
G-Im-Z-i-cp-{Z-am, Zzm-Z-im-Zn-Xy-am, C-{, {]-Pm-]-Xn Fn--s\ tZ-h-X-I 33 B-Wv.
a-\p-kva- r-Xn-bn-se ]n-Xr-- Bcv?

a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS au-en-I-ho--W-n ]n-Xr- B-cmsWv ]cn-tim-[n-mw. B-lm-cw, hn-Zy Xp-S-n-b-h \-In
\-s ]m-en-p-I-bpw c-n-p-I-bpw sN-p--h-sc ]n-Xr-
F-p hn-fn-mw. tKm-]-Y {_m--W-n ]n-Xr i-_v-Z-s
\n--Nn-n-cn-p--sX--s\-sb-v t\-c-t Nq-n-m-n-bncn-p-p. i-X-]-Y-{_m--Wn D-d-n-v ]-d-bp-p-v
E-Xp-a-Xn-bm-b I-\y-I, X- Po-hn-n-cn-p- a-\p-jy-cm-Wv
s k-Zr-i-\m-b h-c\v ]n- ]n-Xr- a-cn--h-c- F-v
{Xm-Zn-I hn-hm-lw sN-bv-Xp B {]-kv-Xm-hw Im-Wp-I.
sIm-Sp-p-hm aq-p h-jw
Im-n-cn-t--Xm-Wv. F- a-Xymx ]n-X-cx (i-X-]-Yw 2/
n-pw hn-hm-lw \-S-n-s- 1/3/4)
a-\p-kv-ar-Xnbn-epw C-mn, aq-p-sIm--n-\p-ticyw
\-ap-v Im-Wmw.
jw A-h-v, k-Zr-i-\m-b
h-c-s\ kz-bw kzo-I-cn-ma-l-jn ]n-XrtZ-hm-\mw Khp--Xm-Wv.
Xzm--Ww(a-\p 4. 257) F-
{]-kvX
- m-hw A-Xm-Wv Im-Wn-p
Xcp--Xv. ]p-t{Xm-Xv-]m-Z-\w
sImv ]nXr--fpsS I-Sw ho-p--Xv Pohn-n-cn-p--h-cp-ambn _--s-p X-s-bm-Wv. _m-e-\pw hn-Zzm\p-am-b "Aw-Knck X-t-m {]m-b-ap-f-f Xs C-f-b--am-sc ]Tn-n-p.
m-\w \-In-b-Xp-sIm-v Aw-Kn-c-k A-h-sc ]p-{Xmx Fv hn-fn-p (a-\p 2126). ]n-Xr-, tZ-h-am, a-\p-jy Fn-h-v th-Zw k-\m-X-\-NphmWv. am-Zi-I-am-Wv thZsa--w (a-\p 1294). ]n-Xr- Po-hn-n-cn-p--h-cm-Wv.
A-h 12 X-c-n-em-sW-v im-kv-{X- ]-d-bp-p. A-h {I-an-se-gp-Xmw.
1) tkm-a-k-Zx
: tkm-a-b--n ss\-]p-Wyw t\-Snb-h
55
2) A-n-jzm-Zv
3) _-lnj-Zx
: A-nhn-Zy ssI-h-cn--h
: i-aw, Z-aw, k-Xy-hn-Zy Xp-S-n-b Kp-W-fp-f-f-h
4) tkm-a-]mx
: tkm-a-c-kw -]m-\w sN-p--h-cpw sN-np--h-cpw
5) l-hn-`p-Px
: A-n-tlm-{Xw sN-bv-Xv hm-bp, P-ew, Xp-Sn-bh ip--am-p--h
6) B-Py-]mx
: s\-v t]m-ep- kv-\n-Kv-[ h-kv-Xp--fpw
hn-m-\-hpw Zm-\w sN-bv-Xv c-n-p-h
7) kp-Im-en-\x
: Cu-iz-c, k-Xy-hn-Zy Xp-S-n-b-h D-]-tZin-p--h
8) b-a-cm-P
: ]--]m-Xw sh-Sn-v k-Zm- k-Xy hy-h-bn \n-p--h
9) ]n-Xr-]n-Xm-a-l :
{]-]n-Xm-a-l
: A--s ]n-Xm-a-l Ah-cp-sS-bpw ]nXm-a-l F-pw 24 h-jw {_--Ncyw ]m-en-p -hkp ]n-Xm-a-l-\m-Wv. 44
h-jw {_--N-cyw ]m-en- cp-{Z {]]n-Xm a-l-\m-Wv.
10) am-Xr]n-Xm-a-lo{]-]n-Xm-a-ln
11) k-tKm-{Xm
: A-Sp--_-p-
12) B-Nm-cm-Znkw-_-n-\x : B-Nm-cw sIm-v e-`n-p- _-p-.
C--s\ Po-hn-n-cn-p--h-cm-Wv ]n-Xr-.
B-cm-Wv A-kp-c-am
tZ-h-am-cm-Wv kp-c-am. kzm--X sh-Sn- ssh-c XymKn-I-fm-b A-h ]-tcm-]-Im-cn-bpw ]-c-ln-X-X-]-c-cp-am-Wv. XymKw, k-ln-jv-Wp-X, Xp-S-n-b-hbv-v D-S-a-I-fm-b A-h tZ-ham-cm-Wv. Cu Kp-W-an-m--h A-kp-c. kz-tZ-l-t-bpw
{]m-W-t\-bpw ]p-jv-Sn-s-Sp-n kzm-- t\--n-\m-bn h-\ F-n-h D-]-tbm-Kn-p--h-cm-Wv A-kp-c-am. a-\p-jy-s
A-h--bm-Wn-sX-mw. C-m-cyw \n-cp--hpw (3.7) i-X-]-Y
56
{_mW-hpw (11181) ]Tn-m a-\-n-em-Ipw.
B-cm-Wv K---am?
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn I-S-p-h-cp- "K--' F-m a-\pjy-\-m- G-tXm-hn-ti-j kz-cq-]-am-sW-p-I-cp-Xp--h-cm-Wv
`q-cn-]--hpw. K---i-_v-Z-n-s hyp-]-n t\m-n-bm
Cu [m-c-W sX-m-sW-v t_m-[y-s-Spw. "Kmw [m-c-Xo-Xn K-x' F-m-Wv Cu hm-n-s \n-jv-]-n. A-Xm-b-Xv ]m-mIp- D--a-hm-Wn ssI-h-i-ap--h-\m-Wv K--. \r-w,
\m-Syw, hmZ\w, \r-Xyw Xp-S-n-b {]-Xn-`-bp-h-sc \-ap-v K- F-p-hn-fn-mw. ir-wKm-c-{]n-b-cpw, Im-ap-I lr-Z-b-ap-h-cp-sam-s Cu K-W-n-s-Spw. C-m-cy-sam-s i-X-]Yw, sF-X-tc-bw Xp-S-n-b {_m--W--fn ]-d-p-sh-n-pv. (70)
cm-k
- -am a-\p-jy X-s
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn ]-d- cm--k-am-cpw a-\p-jy- X-sbm-Wv. bm-kvI \n-cp--n ]-d- A-w \-ap-v t\mmw. [-\-hpw {]m-W-\pw B-cn \n-v c-n-t-W-tam Ah cm--k-am-cm-Wv. X-\n-p- th-f-bn D-]-{Z-hn-p--hcpw cm-{Xn-bn sIm--bpw I-h--bpw hy-`n-Nm-c-hpw \-S-p-h-cpw cm--k-am-cm-Wv. (71)
]n-im-Np-f- pw a-\p-jy X-s

a-\p-jy-kz-`m-h
- n-s a-sm-cp ]-cn-WX
- n-bm-Wv ]n-im-Np-.
A-m-sX -`qX-t{]X]n-im-Np--sf- -A-Zr-iy-am-b {]-tXy-I hkv-Xp--sfm-p-a- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn I-S-p-h-n-cp- ]n-imNp-.
tb ]n-in-Xw hm amw-kw cp-[n-cm-Zn-Iw
BN-a-n `--b-n tX ss]-im-Nmx
A-w: {]m-Wn-I-fp-sS amw-k-hpw c--hpw B-lm-c-am-p-h-cpw sIm-p--h-cpw Zp-cm-Nm-cn-I-f-pam-Wv ]n-im-Np-. Ah Ip-kw-kv-Im-c-n-s h-m--fm-bn-cn-pw. AXym-Nm-cn-Ifpw A-\m-Nm-cn-I-fp-am-b a-\p-jy X-s-bm-Wv ]n-im-Np-.
57
B-cm-Wv Z-kyp?
th-Z--fn-epw kw-kv-Ir-X km-ln-Xy-n-epw a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnep-sam-s Z-kyp i-_v-Zw ]-e-X-h-W I-S-p h-cp--Xp-Im-Wmw.
Bcm-Wv Z-kyp-sh-v a-\p hy--am-bn ]-d-bp-p-v. th-Z-fn a-\p-jy-sc c-m-bn- X-cw Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p. B-cy-s\-pw
Z-kyp-sh-p-am-Wv Cu hn-`-P-\w. B-cy-s\-m t{i-jvT-s\pw Z-kyp-sh-m A-t{i-jvT-s\-p-am-Wv A-w. a-\p-hns A-`n-{]m-b-n B-cy kw-kv-Im-c-ap--h \m-ev h-W-fn D-s-Sp-p. h-W-n-\v ]p-d-p--h-cpw [-w ]men-m--h-cp-am-b Nm-Xp-hWy -_m-ly-cm-Wv Z-kyp-
(a-\p 10.57). ip-Ì
- -a
- sIm- B-lm-cw, hn-Zy Xp-S-n-b-h
v o-Wn-p-h
- c
- pw ip-Ì
- - \-In \-s ]m-en-p-Ia--v hn-Lv-\w h-cp-p-I- bpw c-n-p-I-bpw sN-pbpw sN-p--h-sc Z-kyp-- -h-sc ]n-Xr- F-p hnsf-p-hn-fn-m-sa-v bm-kv-Ia- fn-mw. tKm-]-Y {_m--Wl-jn \n-cp--n ]-d-bp- n ]n-Xr i-_vZ
- s
- \np.(72) a-\p-hpw C-tX A-`n-{]m- - N n- n- c n- p- - s X- - s \b-m-c-\m-Wv.
sb-v t\-c-t Nq-n-m"N-Xp-h-Wn-Ifn {In-bm- n-bn-cn-p-p. i-X-]-Y-{_mtem-]w sIm-v G-sX-mw _m- -W-n D-d-n-v ]-d-bply-Pm-Xn-I D-tm A-h, p-v Po-hn-n-cn-p- a-\pt-`m-j kw-km-cn-p--h- jy-cm-Wv ]n-Xr- a-cn--htcm B-cy-`m-j kw-km-cn-p- c-
-h-tcm B-h-s, A-h-sc-mw
Z-kyp- F--dn-b-s-Sp-p (54) (a-\p 10.45). A-tm Z-kyp `m-c-X--n-se B-Zn-a \n-hm-kn-I-fm-sW- Im-gv-N-m-Sv a\p-hn-\n-s-v a-\-n-em-mw.
B-cy- A-\m--cy-am
\m-ev h-W--fn G-sX-n-epw H-cp h-W-n Zo-n-Xcm-b, t{i-jvT kw-kv-Im-c-ap- k-kz-`m-hn-I-fpw B-Nm-c
-]n-p-S-cp--h-cp-am-bh-sc-bm-Wv B-cy-am F-p-]-d-bp--Xv.
C-Xn-\v hn-]-co-X-am-bn h-n-p--h A-\m-cy-cm-Ip-p. hW-Zo--bn-m- AYhm h-_-ln-jvIr-X\pw ImWptm t{ijvT-ambn tXmp-sa-nepw t{ijvT-e--W--fn-
58
m A-\m-cy-\pw, Zp-jv-S-kw-kv-Im-c-ap- hy-n-I-v P-\n Zp-jv-S {]-Ir-Xn-bpw kw-kv-Im-c-hpap--h-s\ A-h-s I-w

sIm-v Xn-cn--dn-tb--Xm-Ip-p. t{i-jvT-I-a--sfm-pw sNm-sX A-t{i-jvT-am-b I-a- am-{Xw sN-p--h A-\m-cy\m-Ip-p(55) (a-\p 10.57). Zp-jv-S-kw-kv-Im-cw sIm-m-Sn [-m\p-Iq-e-am-b B-Nm-c--fn H-pw cp-Nn-bn-m-sX h-W-Zo-
F-Sp-m-sX Po-hn-p-tm kz-`m-hn-I-am-bpw B hy-n-bn
A-t{i-jv-TX-bpw, {Iq-c-X-bpw, `-b-an-m-bv-a-bpw D-m-Ip-p. [man-Im-N-c-W--tfmSpw A--c-m-v D-t]--tb D-m-Ip. Cu
Zr-i hy-n-I-fm-Wv A-\m-cy-cpw Z-kyp--fpw. A-m-sX C-hscm-pw {]-tXy-I P-\-hn-`m-K-tam h-K-tam H-p-am-bn-cp-n-
a-\p-hn-s Im-e-v. h-Wm-{i-aw P-a-\m B-bn-cp-n-. Iaw sIm-m-bn-cp-p Cu A-h--I-sf-mw k-aq-l-n Dm-bn-cp--Xv.
a-\p-kva- r-Xn-bn-se A-ym-b hn-`P

- \
- w
a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se A-ym-b--fp-sS hn-`-P-\w au-en-I-a-.
A-Xm-b-Xv B hn-`-P-\w \-S-n-b-Xv a-\p-h-s--w. a-\p-kvar-Xn ]-c--c-bn-s- B-tcm sN-bv-X-Xm-W-Xv. hn-j-b-s B[m-c-am-n-b- Cu hn-`-P-\w. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS c-N-\m-ssi-en
Xn-I-pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv. G-Xp hn-j-bw sN-p-tm-gpw A-Xns Xp-S--n-epw H-Sp-hn-epw B hn-j-b-s-Ip-dn-v a-\p -]-dbp-p-v. Nn-e tm-I--fn B-Zy-]-m-Z-n D- hn-j-bw
]-d-p-I-gn-p-sh-pw c-mw ]m-Z-n C-\n C- hn-jbw ]-d-bm t]m-hp-I-bm-sW-pw A-Xv tI-p-sh-pw a-\p]-d--Xv Im-Wmw. A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s A-ym-b hn-`-P-\-ns {]-k-n \-jv-S-s-Sp-p C-Xn-s\m-cp D-Zm-l-c-Ww F-gpXmw.
G-X-tZzm `n-ln-Xw k-hw
hn-[m-\w ]m--b-n-Iw
Zzn-Pm-Xn ap-Jy-hr-o-\mw
hn-[m-\w {iq-b-Xm-an-Xn
(a-\p 3/286)
A-p-a-lm-b---tf-p-dn-pw A-Xn-s k-a-kv-X-hn-[m\--fpw \n--v ]-d-p-X-p-I-gn-p. C-\n Zzn-Pm-Xn-I-fpsS ap-Jy-Po-hn-X-hr-n-I tI-p-sa--w.
59
]- - a - l m- b - - - f p- s S
th- Z - - f n a- \ p- j y- s c ck-am-]v-Xn-sb-p-dn-m-Wv B-Zym-bn- X-cw Xn-cn-n-cn-ps h-cn-I-fn C-hn-sS kqp. B-cy-s\-pw Z-kyp-shNn-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Zzn-Pm-Xn-Ip-am-Wv Cu hn-`-P-\w. Bfp-sS ap-Jy Po-h-t\m-]m-b-
cy-s\-m t{i-jvT-s\-pw
tI-p-sh-m-Wv _m-n cZ-kyp-sh-m A-t{i-jvTp-h-cn-I-fn ]-d-bp--Xv. Cs\-p-am-Wv A-w. a-\p-s\ A-[ym-b- kz-bw
hn-s A-`n-{]m-b-n Bhn-`-Pn-X--fm-Wv. km-[m-c-W
cy kw-kv-Im-c-ap--h \m-ev
{]-`m-j-W-ssi-en-bn c-Nn-h-W--fn D-s-Sp-p.
s- {K-
- -v C-Xp-Xs
- h-W
- n-\v ]p-d
- p-h
- c
- pw
bm-Wv D--aw.
[-w ]m-en-m-h
- c
- p-am-b
C-v e-`y-am-b a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- Nm-Xp-h-Wy -_m-ly-cm-Wv
bn H-v, c-v, F-v, H-]-Xv Z-kyp-
A-[ym-b--fn hn-j-b hn-`P-\w I-W-n-se-Sp--Xm-bn
Im-Wp-n-. Cu Hm-tcm A-[ym-b-n-epw c-v ap-Jy-hn-j-b I-S-p-h-cp-p. H-mw A-[ym-b-n kr-jv-Sn D-]n-bpw [-tm-Xv-]-n-bpw ]-d-p-Im-Wp-p. c-mw A-[ymb-n-em-sW-n kw-kvI
- m-c{- In-bI
- f
- pw {_-N
- c
- ym-{i-ah
- pw N-sN--s-Sp-p. aq-mw A-[ym-b-n-em-I-s hn-hm-l-kw-kvIm-c-hpw ]--b---fpw hn-j-b-am-bn I-S-p-h-cp-p-v. Hmw A-[ym-b-n-se hn-j-b- k-am-]n-p--Xv c-mw A[ym-b-n-se 25mw tm-I-n-em-Wv. kr-jv-Syp-]-n-pw [tm-]-n-pw X-n _--ap-v. A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv C-h-cpw H-mw A-[ym-b-n I-S-p-h--Xv. [-tm-]-n
P-K-n-s\ B-{i-bn-m-W-tm C-cn-p--Xv. A-Xp-sIm-v BZyw P-K-n-s D-]-n-tbp-dn-pw ]n-o-Sv 108mw tm-Iw
ap-X c-mw A-[ym-bw 25 h-sc tm-I--fn [--s-pdn-pw ]-d-p. C--s\ H-v c-v hn-j-b--fpw H-n-m-Wv
a-\p k-am-]n-n-p--Xv. Im-Wp-I.
G-jm [-a-ky-thm tbm-\nx k-am-tk-\ {]-Io-n-Xm
kw-`-h-m-ky k-h-ky h-W-[-am-Wn t_m-[-I
(a-\p 2.25)
C--s\ [-tm-Xv-]-n-bpw P-K-Xv-kr-jv-Sn-bpw Np-cp-n--
60
d-p. C-\n h-W-[---sf-p-dn-v tI-q-sh-v tmI

Xm-Xv-]-cyw. A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s H-mw A-[ym-bw C-S-bv-v-shv 119mw tm-I-n A-h-km-\n-n--Xv hn-j-b-hn-`-P-\-n-\v
F-Xn-cm-Wv. [-tm-]-n F hn-j-bw ap-dn-v c-v A[ym-b--fn Nn-X-dn-tm-sb--Xpw hn-`-P-\-tZm-j-am-Wv. C-\n
\-ap-v F-mw A-[ym-b-n-te-v h-cmw. cm-P-[--n h-cp 18 X-c-n-ep- k-am-lm-c-Xo-cp-am-\--sf-p-dn-p--Xm-Wv
C-Xn-se hn-j-bw. Cu hn-j-bw ]-cy-h-km-\n-p--Xv H-]Xmw A-[ym-b-n-se 250mw tm-I-n-em-Wv. F-n-em-I-s kv{Xo kw-{K-l-Ww h-sc-bp- 15 hy-h-lm-c--tf-p-dn-v am-{Xta N--sN-bv-Xp-q. Cu hn-`-P-\-hpw km-t-Xn-I-ssi-en-v
A-\p-Kp-W-a-. F-m A-[ym-b-hn-`-P-\w sN-bv-X-bm kzw \n-e-v H-cp {]-n-]v-X tm-Iw F-gp-Xn-tN-v A-[ym-bw
k-am-]n-p- Im-gv-N-bm-Wv Im-Wp--Xv. (t\m-p-I a-\p-kv-arXn 8.420) _m-n aq-p-hy-h-lm-c- N--sN-p--Xv H-]Xmw A-[ym-b-n-em-Wv. 325mw tm-Iw h-sc A-Xp-\o-fp-p. CXp-ap-gp-h cm-P-[--am-Wv. hn-j-b-s A-[n-I-cn-m-Wv A[ym-b hn-`-P-\w h-cp--sX-n F-mw A-[ym-b-n G-Xmv 700 tm-I- D-m-Ipw. H-]-Xn-em-I-s ]-Xn-s\m-v tmI--tf I-S-p-h-cp. hn-j-b-s A-[n-I-cn-v A-[ym-b hn-`-P\w h-m a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn 14 A-[ym-b--v km-[y-X-bpv. a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se hn-j-b--sf B-[m-c-am-n-bp- H-cp
]-n-I {]-kn- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b s{]m-^. kp-tc-{Ip-am F-gp-Xn-bn-p-v. A-Xn--s\-bm-Wv. (]-nI cv)
{Ia\-
1.
2.
apJy hnj-b-ns t]cv
tmI-koa
`qanI
krjvSyp-nbpw
[tm]-nbpw
1.1 apX 1.4hsc
3.
4.
kwkvImcw
{_-Nm-cym-{iaw
2.26 apX 2.68 hsc

2.69 apX 2.249
hsc
5.
6.
Krlm--KXhnhmlw
Krl-m--KX
]-a-lm-b hn[n
3.1 apX 3.66 hsc

3.67 apX
3.286 hsc
1.5 apX 2.25 hsc
61
7.
8.
Krlm-KXhrn-I
Krl-m--KX kv\mX-IcpsS
{hX-
4.1 apX 4.13 hsc

4.14 apX
4.260 hsc
9
10
Krlm-m-KX `ym-`yw
Krlm-KX ipn hnjbw
11
Krl-m--KX kv{Xo[aw
12
13.
14.
15.
16.
hm\{]m-{iaw
kw\ymkm{iaw
cmP-[w cmP-kn-nbpw
Ihyhpw
cmP-[w 18 hyh-lm-c-
cmP-[w temI-hy-h-lm-c-
5.1 apX 5.56 hsc

5.57 apX 5.146
hsc
5.147 apX
5.189 hsc
6.1 apX 6.32 hsc
6.33 apX 6.97
17.
sshiy-iq-{Z-m-cpsS Ihyw
18.
19.
20.
21.
D]-kw-lmcw
{]mb-n--hn-[m\w
I-^-e-hn-[m\w
I-^-e-hn-[m-\m-K-X-amb
\nxt{i-b-kvc I--fpsS
h\
7.1 apX 7. 226 hsc

81, 3 apX 9.250
9.251-252 apX
9.325
9.326 apX 336
hsc
10.1 apX 20.131
11.44 apX 11.265
12.1 apX 12.82
12.83 apX 12.116
hsc
62
Aymbw \mev
]-al
- m-b
-
- fpw
tjmU-i{- In-bI
- fpw
k\m-X\ BNm-c
-
k-\m-X-\ [-n-I A-\p-km-\w sN-t- B-Nm-c A-\pjvTm-\- F-sm-s-bm-sW-v a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn ]-d-bp-pv. {]-Xn-Zn-\w B-N-cn-t- \n-Xy-I-a--fpw km-l-N-cy--\p-k-cn-v sN-t- ss\-an-n-I-I---fpw D-]m-k-\-Ifpw F-s-m-am-sW-v a-\p- Nq-n-m-p-p-v. aq-mw A[ym-b-n 67 ap-X 286 h-sc \o-p-In-S-p- tm-I--fnse 41 tm-I--fn ]--a-lm-b--hn-[n-sb-p-dn-v hn-i-Zam-bn--s a-\p N--sN-p-p-v. B hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww C-hnsS tN-mw.
Kr-l- kz-Kr-tlym--am-b km-bw {]m-X-tlm-am-Zn-Ifpw {]-Xn-Zn-\w A-\p-jvTn-t- ]--b--n-\v B-h-iy-amb ]-N-\fpw hn-hm-l-n-\v Pz-en-n- A-n-bn sN-t-Xm-Ip-p. A-Sp-v, A-c-I-v, Nq-ev, D-c-ev, \o-Ip-Sw F-n-h-bpw Kr-l--\v lnw-km-m-\--fm-Wv. A-h-sb D-]-tbm-Knp--Xp-sIm-v A-h-\v ]m-]w G-s-Sp-p. (kq\ F-m
ar-K--sf -sIm-p- m-\w) ap-I-fn--d- F-m kq-\mtZm-j--fp-sS-bpw {I-a-{]-Im-c-ap- ]-cn-lm-c-n-\m-bn Kr-l \n-Xy-hpw A-p a-lm-b-- A-\p-jvTn-t--XmsW-v a-\zm-Zn a-l-jn-am \n--bn-n-cn-p-p. th-Zw ]Tn-epw ]Tn-n--epw, k-ym-h--\m-Zn- D-]m-k-\ Xp-S-n-b-Xv
{_--b-w. A- A- Xp-S-n-bh-v A--]m-\o-b-
\-Ip--Xv ]n-Xr-b-w, cm-hn-se-bpw ssh-Ip-t-c-hpw A\p-jv-Sn-t-, tlm-aw A-n-tlm-{X-sa- tZ-h-b-w. ]-nar-Km-Zn P-p--p-th-n \-Ip- _-en-ssh-iztZ-h-bw, A-Xn-Yn-I-v t`m-P-\-hpw k-m-c-hpw \-Ip--Xv
A-Xn-Yn-b-w, Cu Av a-lm-b---sf sh-Sn-bm-sX bYm-i-n sN-p--h Kr-l-n h-kn-m-epw lnw-km tZmjw sIm-v I-f-n-X-\m-Ip-n-. tZ-h-X-I-pw A-Xn-Yn-Ipw `r-Xy-m-pw ]n-Xr--pw X-\n-pw Cu A-p-t]-
63
pw A-m-Zn-I \-Im--h izm-tkm-zm-kw sN-p-psh-n-epw Po-h-\p-f-f-h-\-. A-lp-Xw, lp-Xw, {]-lp-Xw, {_my-lp-Xw, {]m-in-Xw F-n--s\ a-p a-l-jn-am ]--b-n-\v a-p-t]-cp- ]-d-bp-p. {_-b--sa-m P]s
]d-bp-p, lp-Xw tZ-h-b--sa- tlm-aw. {]-lp-X-sa-m
_-en-ssh-iz-tZ-h-b-w, {_m-y-lp-X-sa-m a-\p-jy-bw. {]min-X-sa-m ]nXr-b-w. ]nXr-bw \n-Xy-{im-am-Wv. \n-Xy-hpw {i--tbm-sS \-S-t--sX--w. Zm-cn{Zym-Zn-tZm-jw sIm-v A-Xn-Yn-t`m-P-\m-Zn-Ir-Xy- F-pw sNm I-gn-n-s-p h-m-tm-epw {_--b-w \n-Xy-hpw
sN-t--Xm-Ip-p. A-tX-t]m-se tZ-h-b--sa- A-n-tlm{X-tlm-a-hpw Zn-h-k-hpw A-\p-jvTn-t--Xm-Ip-p. Im-c-Ww,
ssZ-h-I--n \n-jvT-bp--h N-cm-N-cm--I-am-b Cu temI-s ]m-en-p-p. b-P-am-\ b-Ym-hn-[n A-n-bn A-np- lhn-v B-Zn-Xy-s\ {]m-]n-p-p. A-Xv B-Zn-Xy-\n
\n-v kr-jv-Sn-cq-t]-W `q-an-bn ]-Xn-p-p, kr-jv-Sn-sIm-v
B-lm-c-]-Zm-- hn-f-bp-p, I-gn-p- B-lm-cw c-w,
tc-X-v F-o cq-]--fn ]-cn-W-an-v Po-hn-I P-\n-p-p.
k--{]m-Wn-I-fpw {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-s\ B-{i-bn-v Po-hn-pw-t]mse k-hm{ian-I-fpw Kr-l--s\ B-{i-bn-v Po-hn-p-p. {_-Nm-cn-bpw hm-\{- ]-n-bpw k-\ym-kn-bpw th-Zh
- ym-Jym-\w sImpw A--Zm-\w sIm-pw \n-Xy-hpw Kr-l-\m am{X-amWv
cn--s-Sp--Xv. AXp-sImv Krl- t{i-jvT-am-b B{ia-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\-s{X. A-\--am-b Ip-lp, A-\p-a-Xn Fo
tZ-h-X-I-pw {]-Pm-]-Xn-pw Zym-hm]r-Yn-hn-I-pw H-Sp-hn
kzn-jv-S-Irn-\pw kz-lm-Imcw l-hn-kv tlm-an-t--XmWv. C--s\ b-Ym-hn-[n tlm- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-se A-ym-baw \-S-n, In-g-v C-{-\pw ]- -fp-sS hn-`-P-\w au-en-I-acn-P\
-
- -pw, sX-v b-a\
- pw . A-Xm-b-Xv B hn-`-P-\w
b- a - ] p- c p- j - a m- pw, ]- S n- \- S - n- b - X v a- \ p- h - s - m-dv h-cp-W-\pw h-cp-Wm-Nm- w. a- \ p- k v - a r- X n ]- c - - c cy-am-pw hSv tkma\pw bn-s- B-tcm sN-bv-X-Xmtkm]-cnhmc-pw k-h- W-Xv. hn-j-b-s B-[m-c-amZn-n-epw {]-Z-n-W-am-bn _- n-b- Cu hn-`-P-\w.
en A-n-t--Xm-Ip-p. a-
64
cp-tZ-h-X-I-v hm-Xn--Sn-bn-epw. P-e-tZ-h-X-I-v P-e-nepw h-\-kv]-Xn-I-v apke-n-epw D-eq-J-n-epw _-en-bn-t--Xm-Ip-p. hm-kv-Xp-]p-cp-j-s in-tcmtZi-am-b h-S-pIn-g-p-Zn-n {io-tZ-hn-bpw A-t-l-n-s ]m-Z-tZ-i-am-b sXp-]-Sn-m-dv `-{Z-Im-fn-bvpw, {_--tZ-h-\pw hm-kv-tXm-jv-]Xn-pw Kr-l-a-[y-n _-en A-n-t--Xm-Ip-p. hn-tijtZ-h-X-I-pw Zn-hm-Nm-cn-I-pw \-wNm-cn-I-pw Kr-lmIm-i-n _-en A-n--Ww. (h-kp, k-Xy, {I-Xp, Z-,
Im-e, Im-a, [r-Xn, Ip-cp, ]pcqc-hm-hv, am-{Z-hm-hv F-n-h-bmWv hn-iz-tZ-h-am). Kr-l-n-\p-ap-I-fn-ep- ap-dn-bn km--`qXn-v _-en-b-n--Ww.
ta-d _-en-sb-mw I-gn-v _m-n-h-cp- A-w Zn-W-Zn-n ]n-Xr--m-bn A-n-t--Xm-Ip-p. thsd A--sa-Sp-v ]-Xn-X-pw iz-]-N-pw ]m-]-tcm-Kn-Ipw izm--pw Im--I-pw Ir-an-I-pw a-p-am-bn sas `q-an-bn _-en \-tI--Xm-Ip-p. (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn aq-mw
A-[ym-bw 84mw tm-Iw ap-X 92 -h-sc-bp- tm-I--fp-sS
A-w) kz-K-kp-J-hpw \n-Xy-am-b eu-In-I-kp-J-hpw B-{Kln-p--h {]bXv\n-v Km-l-kv-Yyw A-\p-jvTn-t--XmIp-p. C-Xv C-{n-b \n-b-{-W-an-m--h-\v I-gn-bp--X-. Ejn-I-fpw ]n-Xr--fpw tZ-h-am-cpw, `qX-fpw (N-cm-N-c-)
A-Xn-Yn-I-fpw Kr-l--\n \n-v X--Ww B-{K-ln-p-p.
A-Xn-\m im-kv-{X-a-dn-bp- Kr-l- A-h-tcm-Sp- I-hy- \n-h-ln--Ww. kzm-[ym-b-m E-jn-I-tf-bpw
tlm-a-m tZ-h-am-tc-bpw {im--m ]n-Xr--tf-bpw Am AXn-Yn-I-sfbpw _en-ssh-iz-tZ-h-m Ncm-N-c-sfbpw Krl-\m-Y th-hn-[-n An-t--Xm-Ipp. Aw, P-ew, o-cw aq-ew, ^-ew C-h-bn Fs-n-epw
sIm-v b-Ym-i-n {]-Xn-Zn-\w ]n-Xr--fp-sS {]o-Xn-m-bn-v {imw sN-t--Xm-Wv. (C-Xv Po-hn-n-cn-p- ]n-Xr--sf D-tin-m-Wv. a-cn--h-c- ]n-Xr--sf--w). (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn aq-mw
A-[ym-bw 67mw tm-Iw ap-X 82 h-sc tm-I--fp-sS A-am-Wn-Xv). Xp-S-v ho-pw a-\p ]--b---tf-p-dn-v ]-dbp--Xv tI-p-I. ""ssh-iz-tZ-h-b--n-\v ]m-Iw sN-bv-X
A-w {_m--W Xm-sg ]-d-bp- tZ-h-X-I-m-bn kz-Krtlym--am-b co-Xn-bn A-n-bn b-Ym-hn-[n Zn-\w {]-Xn
65
tlm-aw sN-t--Xm-Ip-p. B-Zyw A-tb kzm-l- tkmamb

kzm-lm F-v \n-c-t]--tZ-h-X-I-m-bn c-p-tlm-aw sN-bvX ti-jw A-n-tjm-am-`ymw kzm-lm F-v k-a-kv-X tZ-h-XI-m-bn tlm-aw sN--Ww. ]n-s hn-tiz-tZ-h-am-pw, [\z--cnpw l-hn-kv -\-I-Ww. `--Ww \-Im--h-sc-pdn-m-Wv Cu ]-d--Xv. t\-cw ssh-In kq-cy A-kv-X-an-p.
A-Xn-\m kz-w ho-n t]m-Im I-gn-bm- A-Xn-Yn Blm-c-k-a-b-tm A-Xp-I-gn-tm-h-m-epw A-lm-cw I-gn-msX Xm-a-kn-m Kr-l-\m-Y h-gn-sh--cp-Xv (a-\p 3.105). AXn-Yn-v sIm-Sp-m--sXm-pw Xm I-gn--cp-Xv. A-Xn-Yn ]qP-sIm-v [-\-k-ar-n- am{Xa b-i-pw, B-bp-pw h-npw. kzK {]m-]v-Xn-D-m-Ip-I-bpw sN-pw (a-\p 3.106). A-XnYn t`m-P-\-]-cy-w ssh-iz-tZ-hw \n--ln- ti-jw a-sm-cp
A-Xn-Yn h-cp- ]-w -A-t-l-n-\v th-sd A-w b-Ym-in ]m-Iw sNbvXv \-tI--Xm-Wv. (a-\p 3.108) {]o-Xn-tbm-sS
`m-cy-tbm-sSm-w ho-n h-cp- A-\y-kp-lr-p- Xp-S-nb-h-tcbpw k-Xv-m-c-]q-w b-Ym-i-n `--Ww I-gn-n-Ww ( a-\p 3114). ]p-Xp-Xm-bn hn-hm-lw sN-p--h, I-\y-II, tcm-Kn-I, K-`n-Wn-I F-n-h-v A-Xn-Yn-I-v apt] X-s Xo--bm-bpw `--Ww \-tI--Xm-Wv (a-\p 3.114).
hn-Zzm-am-cm-b A-Xn-Yn-I `--Ww I-gn--ti-jw X-s tkh-I-am-s-mw sIm-Sp--ti-jw A-h-ti-jn-p-Xv `m-cy`-m--am `p-Pn-t-A-Sp-v, A-c-I-v, Nq-ev, D-c- Xm-Wv (a-\p 3.116). Zn-hy-Kp-Wev, \o-Ip-Sw F-n-h-b-pw k-cmb hn-Zzm-am-pw,
- -m-Kr-l
\
- v lnw-km-m-\
- - hn-Zy-bp-sS {]-Xy-I
fmb
Ej
nI
pw,
km-[m-cfm-Wv. A-hs
- b D-]t- bm-Kn-pW
a\
pj
y
pw
Poh
-t\m-sS-Xp-sIm-v A-h-\v ]m-]w
G-s-Sp-p. F-m kq-\m-tZm- bn-cn-p- A--\--am-pw
j--fp-sS-bpw {I-a-{]-Im-c-ap- ho-n-se Cu-iz-co-b Znhy-Kp-W ]-cn-lm-c-n-\m-bn Kr-l- -pw (a-\p 3.84mw Iq-Sn
\n-Xy-hpw A-p a-lm- t\m-p-I) b-m-lp-Xn-I
b-- A-\p-jvTn-t- \-In Kr-l-\m-Y kw-c-n-Xm-sW-v a-\zm-Zn a-l- - s - t S- A- - c m- b - h jn-am \n--bn-n-cn-p-p. pw, A-\m-Y-pw, Ip-jvT
tcm-Kn-I-pw `r-Xy-pw `-
66
-Ww \-In-b ti-jw, A-Xn-\p-ti-jw am-{Xw `--Ww I-gnp--h-\m-bn Kr-l-\m-Y am-d-Ww (a-\p 3.117) ho-Sv ho-Sm-bno-cp- Cu A-Xn-Yn-b--s-p-dn-v a-\p ]-d-bp--Xv tIp-I. _-en-ssh-iz-tZ-h-b-w sN-bv-Xp-I-gn-v B-Zyw A-XnYn t`m-P-\w \-I-Ww. A-Xn-Yn-sb Du-p-I-tbm ho-n `n-bv-s-n-b {_--Nm-cnsb -hn-[n-bmwh-w `n--\-Ip-I-tbm
th-Ww (a-\p 3.94). Iq-Sm-sX h-s-n-b A-Xn-Ynsb hy-hmlm-tcm-Nn-Xamb hn-[n-bv--\p-k-cn-v k--cn-n-cp--Ww. Ah-v C-cn-n-S-hpw Ip-Sn-m P-e-hpw I-gn-m A--hpw
\-I-Ww (a-\p 3.99). C-cn-n-S-tam, In-S-m-\p- ]m-b-tbm,
Ip-Sn-m-\p- P-e-tam k-m-c-bp--am-b a-[p-c-am-b hm-tm
t{i-jv-Tcm-b hy-n-I-fp-sS ho-n C-m-Xn-cn-n- (a-\p. 3.10).
hn-Zzm-\m-b H-cp hy-n H-cp cm-{Xn-am-{Xw ho-n X-p-tm-gmWv A-Xn-Yn-bm-Ip--Xv.
\n-Xy-hpw C-m--Xp-sIm-pw h-cp--Xn-s Im-cy-n XnYn t\m-mXp sIm-p-am-Wv B hy-n-sb A-Xn-Yn-sb-v
hn-fn-p--Xv (a-\p 3.102). G-sXm-cp-h-s Kr-l-n `m-cybpw A-n-t{]m-z-e-\-hpw \Spp-tm, A-Xm-b-Xv `-W-ap-mp-p-tm A--c-n kz-{Km-a-n h-kn-p an-{X-hn-Zzm-am ho-n h-m A-Xn-Yn-bm-bn I-W-mm-\m-hn- (a-\p 3.103). Kr-l--\m-bn-cp-n-pw A-\y-s -hon t]m-bn `--Ww I-gn-m B-{K-ln-p- _p-n-lo-\am-cm-b Kr-l- A-Sp- P-a-n B tZm-j-m A-Zm-\w sN-p--h-cp-sS ho-n ar-K--fm-bn h-p-]n-d-mw
(a-\p 3.104). Cu Zn-hy Kp-W--fp-sS B-sI-p-I-sb Kr-l-tZh-X, Ip-e-tZ-h-X F-sm-s hn-fn-mw. kz-w h-b-dp-\n-d-bvm th-n am-{Xw `--W-ap-m-p-h tI-h-ew ]m-]s-bm-Wv D-p--Xv. Im-c-Ww Cu {]-hr-n-bn kzm-w
Xp-S-n-b ]m-]-`m-h-\ h-f-cp-p. Im-c-Ww ap-I-fn--d- b--v ti-j-ap- A--am-Wv k--\--fp-sS A--sa-dn-bpI. C-Xn-\p-hn-]-co-X-am-bn b--`m-h-\-bn-m- `-Ww I-gn-p--Xv A-k-p--fm-b-h-cm-Wv (a-\p 3.118). Kr-ln-I {]-Xn-Zn-\w hn-LkamWv D-t--Xv. A-Yhm A-arXp-th-Ww Kr-ln-I I-gn-m. A-Yn-Xn, an-{X- Xp-Sn F-m-h-pw `--Ww \-In-b-ti-jw, Z-i ]u-W-amtkjvSn-I sN-bv-X-ti-jw I-gn-p--Xm-Wv hn-L-kw-. b-
67
]nI aqv
kwkvmcw
kwkvmcfpsS
Dt-iyhpw hn[nbpw
a\p-ka
v r-Xn-bn
kwkvm-c{- Inb
hWn-p tmIw
K`m-[m\
kwkvmcw
km-\-{]m-]vXnbvv
sNt BZy {Inb.
K`-m-]-\w, CXv
tlmam-Nm-c-tmsS
thWw
a\p 2.27 Kt`x

]Z-n. IqSmsX
a\p 2.27
]pwk-h\
kwkvmcw
kv{Xobn K`w
a\p 2.27 hcp
Dm-bn--gn-m
K`-]Zw
cntem aqmw amkntem Ipn-bpsS
Bbp-p-ambn _sv sNt--Xv.
tlmam-Nm-c-tmsS
thWw {Inb
koa-tm-b\
kwkvmcw
K`w Dmbn \memw a\p 2.27

amk-n K`-n-cX, ]pjvSn, kv{XobpsS
BtcmKyw Fnh
IW-n-se-Spv
tlmam-Nm-c-tm-sSbp {Inb
PmX-Ikw-kvmcw
Ipn P\n-p-tm
Ipn-bpsS \mhn
kzW-tX-\n apn
Hmmcw Ipdn-
\ma-I-cW
kwkvmcw
P\nv 10 apX 12 Znh- a\p 2.30-33 hsc

k--fn \ Znhkw
t\mn \ t]cp
sImSp-pI
a\p 2.29
68
\njv{I-aW
kwkvmcw
\mev amk-n-\Iw
Ipnsb hoSn\v ]pdp-sIm-p-sh-p
NSv
a\p 2.34
A-{]m-i\ Bdmw-am-k-n
kwkvmcw Ipnbvv tlmam-Nm-ctmsS tNmdqWv
a\p 2.34
apWvU\w
Htm, aqtm hjAYhm
n Ipn-bpsS apSn
NqUm-Iw hSn-s-Sp-p {Inbbm-WnXv
a\p 2.35
D]-\-b\
kwkvmcw
Ipnsb Kpcp-Ip-en hnv Kpcp-hn\m \S-p

btm-]-ho-X-[m-c-Wam-Wn-Xv.
a\p 2.36 apX 43

hsc
thZm-cw`
kwkvmcw
thZ-]-T-\-ns
Bcw-`-am-WnXv
a\p 2.44-224 hsc
tIim
kwkvmcw
Ir]m-h--bpsS Bcw`-n-ep tIi-I\-am-WnXv

thZm-[y-b-\hpw hnZym`ym-khpw Ignv
Krl-m-{iaw kzoI-cnm Kpcp-Ipew hnSptm \Ip
tbmKy-Xm-]-cn-]mSn
Krl-m-{ia {]th-i\-n\v kv{Xo ]pcp-jm-cpsS kwKaw (25-mw
hIp-n) hnhm-l-]cyw Krl--[w
]menv km-t\mev]n \S-p-I.
a\p
kam-h\
kwkvmcw
hnhmlw&
Krl-m{ia
kwkvmcw
a\p 3.1 apX 3

hsc
a\p-kvarXn 3.64
apX 286 hsc
(\mepw Apw
Aym-b--fn
Krl--[aw XpScp-p)
hm\-{]w
Ipn-I Imcy-{]m]vXn a\p 6.2 apX 32

ssIh-cn-m 50
hsc
hjw Bbpn
hoSns\ ImSmn X]n apgp-Ip--Xn-\p
kwkvm-cw. hm\-{]-Zo
kw\ymkw
kmwkm-cnI t`mKw
XpS-nb Fm `mh-\Ifpw Dt]-nv
]qW sshcm-Kn-bm-bn,
]tcm-]-Im-cmw
Zo FSpv
kw\ymkw kzoI-cnp NSv
acn--tijw ico-cn\v sNt
Zml-Iw
AtyjvSn
69
a\p 6.33 apX 97

hscbpw 12.82
apX 125 hscbp tmI-
a\p 5167
ti-jw _m-n-h-cp--Xv A-ar-Xm-sW-v a-\p-X-s ]-d-n-pv (3.117,118). C-hn-sS ]--a-lm-b--, Z-iw, ]u-Ww
Xp-S-n-b C-jv-Sn-bp-am-Wv A-\p-jv-Sm-\--fm-bn ]-c-am-in-n-p-Xv. k-\m-X-\-[-n-bp-sS ss\-an-n-I I--, A-Xm-bXv km-lN
- c
- y- D-m-Ip-tm A-\p-jvTn-t- I-
- ,
G-sXm-s-sb-pw a-\p \n-t-in-p-p-v. H-p-Iq-Sn ]-cntim-[n-mw. A-h tjmUi-{In-b-I-fm-Wv. A-sXm-cp ]-n-I-bmbn C-hn-sS Ip-dn-mw. (]nI aqv)
C-s
- \ t\m-p-tm ssh-Zn-I[
- -m-\p-Nm-cn A-\p-k
- m\w sNt \n-Xy-I---fpw ss\-an-n-I I---fpsamw ssh-Zn-I-am-bn--s a-\p kzo-I-cn-n-p-v. C-p-Im-Wp ]-e B-cm-[-\-co-Xn-I-tf-pdnpw a-\p H-pw ]-d-p ImWmI-bm H-p-In A-h ssh-Zn-I-a-s-tm A-s-n Ah A-Sp--Im-e-v cq-]-s-ph--tXm BsW-t a-\-n-emm I-gn-bp.
D-]m-k-\m-Zn-hn-j-b--fn a-\p \n-t-in-p--Xv Hm-m-c
70
km-[\
- b
- m-Wv. C-Xm-Is
- {_-b
-
- n-s `m-Ka
- m-Wp-Xm-\pw.
A-Im-cw Nm-]yp-Im-cw N a-Im-cw N {]-Pm-]-Xnx
th-Z-{X-bm-\n-c-Zr-l-Zv `q`p-hx kz-cn-Xo-Xn N
A-w: A-Im-cw, D-Im-cw, a-Im-cw F- Hm-m-c-h-b-h-tf-bpw `q, `p-h, kzx F- aq-v hymlr-Xn-I-tf-bpw {_-m-hv
b-Ym-{I-aw E-Iv, bPpkv, km-aw F-o th-Z--fn \nv
krjvSnp (a-\p 2.76)
G-XZ--c-ta-Xmw N P-] hymlrXn ]q-hn-Im-av
k-y-tbm-th-Z-hn-Zv hn-t{]m-th-Z ]p-tWy-\ bp-Py-tX
(a-\p 2.78)
A-w: Cu Hm-m-c-t-bpw Cu {X-n]-Z-am-b km-hn-{Xnsbbpw hymlr-Xn-{X-b-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn km-bw {]m-Xx k-y-I-fn
P]np- hn-{]-\v th-Z-{X-bw A-[y-b-\w sN-bv-Xm D-m-Ip ]p-Wyw e-`n-p-p.
Xp-S-n c-m-a-[ym-b-n a\p Hm-m-c-km-[-\-bp-sS Xm-Xv]-cyw ]-e-bn-S-m-bn F-Sp-p-]-d--Xp-Im-Wmw. C--s\ t\mp-tm k-\m-X-[-n-I ]--a-lm-b---fpw tjmVi
{In-b-bpw X--fp-sS B-Nm-c--fm-bn-sIm-p \-S--W-sa-mWv a-\p D-]-tZ-in--sX-v Im-Wmw.
1. th-tZmf-Jn-tem [--aq-ew (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 2/6)

2. \m-kv-Xn-tIm th-Z \n--I (a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 2/11)
3. `K-hm ..........-[m t\m hpalkn
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 1.2)
4. a\p ssh-bXv InwNm hZXv XZv t`jPw
(XmWvUy {_m-Ww 2316.7)
5. Ahn-ti-jW ]p{Xm-Wmav Zmbw `-hXn [aX:
anYp-\m-\mav hnkKmZu a\px kzmbav`pthmf{_hoXv
(\ncp-w 3/4)
71
6. bssY-hmm XYm ]p{Xx ]pt{XW Zpln-Xm-kam

Xkym-amm\n XnjvT-ymav IY-at\ym [\w ltcXv
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9.130)
7. P\-\ymav kwn-Xm-bmav Xp kaw kth-k-tlm-Zcmx
`tP-c-am-XrIw cnIvYw `Kn-\y k\m`bx
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9.192)
8. {iqbtX a\p\m KoXu tmIu Ncn-{X-h--eu
(hmevaoIn -cm-am-b-Ww. InjvInWvUm Im-WvUw).
9. alm-`m-cXw BZn]w 73/89, imn]w 36/3, 56/33
10. thZm--kq{X-`m-jyw. 1.3.28, 36, 2/1/1, 22; 3/1/14, 3/4/38, 4/
2/6
11. IuSn-eys A imkv{Xw {]. 1/A.1, {]. 20/A.1
12. kzm-bw-`p-thm-a-\p-[o-am-\n-Zw im-kv-{X-aIev]-b-Xv
(a-\pkvarXn 1.102)
13. G-Xm-\n-b-Xn ]m-{Xm-Wn a-\px kzm-bw`p-thm {_-ho-Xv
14. Z-i-m-\m-\n ZWvU-ky a-\px kz-mbw`p-thmf{_ho-Xv
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 8.126)
15. k-ssXx ]r-jv-SkvXYm k-ay-K-an-X-u-Pm a-lm--`nx
{]-Xyp-hm-Nm-y Xm k-hm a-l-jo
{iq-b-Xm-an-Xn
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 1.4)
16. k-c-kz-Xo Zr-j-Zz-tXym tZ-h-\-tZym b-Z--cw
Xw tZ-h \n-n-Xw tZ-iw {_-m-h-w {]-N--tX.
17. X-kv-an tZ-ti b B-Nm-cx ]m-c--cy {I-am-K-Xx
h-Wm-\mw km--cm-fm-\mw k k-Zm-Nm-c D-Ny-tXx
18. Ip-cp-t-{Xw N a-ym- ]-m-emx iq-c-tk-\-Imx
G-j {_--jn-tZ-tim ssh- {_-m-h-mZ-\--cx
19. G-X-t-i {]-kq-X-ky k-Im-im-Z-{K-P--\x
kzw kzw N-cn-{Xw in-t-c ]r-Yn-hymw k-h-am-\-hmx
(a-\pkvarXn 2.18,19,20)
72
20. a-\p-ssh-h-kz-tXm cm-Pm C-Xym-l X-ky-a-\p-jym hn-ix

(i-X-]-Y-{_m--Ww 13.4.3.3)
21 C-Zw im-kv{Xw Xp Ir-Xzm-ku -amta-h kz-b-am-ZnXx
hn-[n-h-Zv-{Km-l-bmam-k a-co-NymZow-kv-Xz-lw -ap-\o\v
(a-\p-kv-arXn 158)
22. GX-tZzmfbw `rKpx im-kv{Xw {im-h-bn-jy-Xy-ti-jXx
GX-n a-tm-f[nP-tK k-htatjm-fJn-ew ap-\nx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 159)
23. {Xnwi-ZztjmZz-tlXv I-\ymw- lrZymw Zzm-Z-i
hmjnIo-av.
{Xy-htjmf-hjmw hm [-ta koZ-Xn k-Xz-cx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 994)
24. am-Xpemw ]n-Xrhymw iz-ip-cm-\rXzntPm Kp-cq\v
A-km-h-l-an-Xn {_q-bm-Xv {]-Xypm-b b-ho-bkx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2.130)
am-Xr-jz-km am-Xp-em-\o iz-{iq-c-Y ]n-Xr-jzkm
kw-]qPym Kp-cp-]-Xv-\o-h--am-kv-Xm Kp-cp`m-cybm
{`m-Xp-cv `m-tcym]kw{Kmlym kh-Wmfl-\y-l-\y]n
hnt{]m-jy Xq-]-kw-{Kmlym m-Xn kw-_ntbm-jnXx
25. A-tlm-ct{X hn-`P-tX kq-tcym am-\p-j-ssZ-hntI
cm-{Xnx kz-]v-\m-b `q-Xm\mw tNmssb I--Wm-alx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 1.65)
26. ]n-t{Xy cm-{Xyl-\o am-kx {]-hn-`m-K-kv-Xp ]--tbmx
I-a-tN-m-ky-lx Ir-jv-Wx ip-x kz-]v\m-b i-hco
(a-\p-kv-arXn 1.66)
27. ssZ-th cm-{Xyl-\o h-jw {]-hn-`m-K-kv-X-tbmx ]p\x
A-l-kvX-t{XmZ-K-b-\w cm-{Xnx kym-ZvZ-n-Wm-b\av
(a-\p-kv-arXn 1.67)
73
28. tbm b-ky [-taym hW-ky KpWtZm-ju-N

b-ky bu X-Zz k-hw {]-h-ym-an {]k-th N
Kp-Wm-Kp-Wm\v
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.22)
29. {_-m-Zn-jp hn-hm-tl-jp N-Xp-tjzhm-\p-]q-hix
{_--hcv-Nkzn-\x ]p{Xm Pmb-t in--k--Xmx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.39)
cq-]-k-zKptWmt]-Xm [\-htm b-i-kzn\x
]-cym-]vX-t`m-Km [-an-jvTm Poh-n N i-Xw k-amx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.40)
C-Xtc-jp Xp in-t-jp \r-iwkm\r-XhmZn-\x
Pmb-t Zp-hn-hm-tl-jp {_--[-a-Zzn-jx kp-Xmx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.41)
A-\nn-ssXx kv-{Xo-hnhm-ssl-c-\nym `h-Xn {]-Pm
\nn-ssX \n-n-Xm \rWmw X-kv-am-n-ym-\zn-h-PtbXv
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.42)
30. hP-tb-[p amw-kw N Kw ameyw c-km\v -kv-{Xnbx
ip-m-\n bm-\n k-hmWn {]m-Wn\mw ssN-h
lnw-k-\av
31. \m-IrXzm {]m-Wn\mw lnwkmw amw-k-ap-Xv-]-Zy-tX
Iz-NnXv \ N {]m-Wnh-[x kz-Ky-kv-X-kv-am-\v-amw-kw
hn-h-P-tbXv
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5.48)
kap-Xv-]nw N amwk-ky h-[_-u N tZ-ln-\mav
{]-k-ao-y \n-htX k-h-amwk-ky `--WmXv
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5.49)
\ `-b-Xn tbm amw-kw hn[nw lnXzm ]n-im-N-hXv
k tem-tI {]n-bXmw bm-Xn hym-[n`n \ ]o-UytX
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5.50)
74
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
A-\pa-m hn-i-kn-Xm -\nl-m {I-b-hn-{Ibo

kw-kv-I-m tNm-]-lm N Jm-Z-I-t-Xn Lm-X-Imx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5.51)
h-tj h-tj-fiztat[\ tbm btP-X i-Xw k-amx
amwkm-\n N \ Jm-tZ-Zvb-kv-X-tbmx ]pWy^-ew k-aav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5.53)
\-th-\m--n-Xm ly-ky ]-ip-l-thy-\ Nm-bx
{]m-Wm-t\-hm-p-an-n \-hm-man-jK-[n\x
(a-\p-kv-arXn 4.28)
A]mw k-ao-t]- \n-b-tXm ss\-Xy-Iw hn-[n-am-nXx
km-hn-{Xn-a-]y-[o-boX KXzm-cWyw k-am-lnXx
ss\xt{i-b-k-an-Zw Ia -b-tYm-Zn-X-a-ti-jXx
am-\-h-kym-ky im-kv-{X-ky c-l-ky-ap-]-Zn-iytX
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 12.107)
tim-Wn-Xw bmh-Xx ]mw-kq\v- kw-Kr-lv-Wm-Xn a-lo-Xte
Pn-Lmwk-bm {_m-W-ky \c-Iw {]-Xn-]-ZytX
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 11.207)
Aa-{nIm Xp Imtcybw kv{XoWm-am-hr-Z-ti-jXx
kwkvm-cmYw ico-cky bYm-Imew bYm-{Iaw
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2.66)
km-bw Xz-ky kn-ky ]-Xv-\y-a{w _-enw-l-tcXv
ssh-iz-tZ-hw ln \m-ssa-X-m-bw {]m-X-hn-[o-btX
\mhn-kv]-jvS-a-[o-bo-X \ iq{Z-P-\-k-n[u
\ \nimt ]cn-{imtm {_m-[o-Xy -]p\x kzt]Xv
(a-\p-kvarXn 4.99)
{_m-tWmfky ap-J-am-ko-Zv _m-lp-cm-P\yx IrXx
Du-cp-XZ-ky b-ssZziyx ]-Zv-`ym-Mv-iq-t{Zm A-Pmb-X
(]p-cp-j-kq-w, b-Pp-th-Zw 3111)
b-{X \m-cy-kv-Xp ]q-Py-t ca-t X-{X tZ-h-Xmx
ssb{XX-mkvXp -\ ]q-Py-t kcvhmkv-X{Xmêmx
{In-bmx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 356)
75
41. timN-n Pmatbm b-{X hn-\-iy-Xym-ip X-Xv-Ip-eav

\ timN-n Xp b-ss{X-Xm h[-t X-n k-hZm
(a-\p-kv-arXn 357)
42. Pm-atbm bm-\n tK-lm-\n i-]-y-{]-Xn-]q-Pn-Xmx
Xm-\n Ir-Xym-l-Xm\o-h hn-\-iy-n k-a-Xx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.58)
43. X-kv-am-tZXmx k-Zm ]qPymx `q-j-Wm-m-Z-\m-i-ss\x
`q-XnIm-ssa-\-ssc-\nXyw k-Xv-I-tc-jq--th-jp N
(3.59)
44. k-ptm `m-cy-bm `-m `m{Xm `mcym X-ssY-h N
b-kv-ant-h Ip-te \n-Xyw I-eym-Ww X-{X ssh {[phav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3.60)
45. b-tYamw hm-Nw Iym-Wn am-h-Zm-\n P-t\`y
{_--cm-P-\ym-`ymw iq-{Zm-b Nm-cymb N kzm-b
Nm-cWm-b N
(b-Pp-th-Zw 262)
46. {]m-Mv \m-`n-h-[-\m-Xv ]pwtkm Pm-XI-a hn-[o-btX
a-{-h-Xv-{]mi-\w Nm-ky lnc-Wy- a-[p-k]n-jmav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 229)
47. Ghw-hrmw khWmw kv{Xow ZznPmXnx
]qh-am-cnWow Zml-tb-Z-n-tlm-t{XW
b-]m-ss{X [a-hnXv
(a-\p-kv-arXn 3167)
48. AY-ky kw-{K-tl ssN\mw hy-tb ssN-h
\n-tbm-P-tbXv iu-tN [-ta-f ]-Iv-Xymw N
]-cn-Wm-ly-ky th-tW
(a-\p-kv-arXn 911)
49. A]Xyw [-a-Im-cv-bm-Wn ip-{iq-jmc-Xn-cp-am
Zm-cm[o-\ kvX-Ym kz-Kx ]n-Xr-Wm-am--\- l
(a-\p-kv-arXn 928)
50. G-Ita-h Xp iq-{Z-ky {]-`px I-a k-amZn-iXv
G-tX-jm ta-h h-Wm\mw ip-{ip-jm-a-\-kq-bbm
(a-\p-kv-arXn 1.91)
76
51. tbm \ th-y-`n-hmZ-ky hn{]x {]-Xy-`n-hm-Z-\av

\m-`nhmZyx k hn-Zp-jm b-Ym iq-{ZkvXssY-h kx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2126)
52. {i--[m-\x ip`mw hn-Zym-am-ZZo-Xm-h-cm-Z]n
A-ymZ-]n ]-cw [-aw kv-{Xo-c-Xv-\w Zp-jv-Ip-emZ]n
53. ip-Nn-cp-Xv-Ir--ip-{iq-jp-ar-Zp hm-K-\-lw-IrXx
{_m--Wm-Zym{itbm \n-Xy-ap-Xv-Irmw Pm-Xn-a-iv-\ptX
(a-\p-kv-arXn 9. 335)
54. m-\w Xt]mfn cmlm-tcm ar-t\m
hmcyp]mRvP\av
hm-bp I-am Im-eu N ip-tx I-Xr-Wn tZ-ln-\mav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5105)
mym ip-y-n hn-Zzmwtkm Zm-t\-\m-Imcy Im-cnWx
{]---]m-]m Pt-]y-\ X]-km th-Z-hn-amx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5107)
A-Zv-`n-Km-{Xm-Wn ip-[y-n a-\x k-tXy-\ ip-[yXn
hn-Zym-X-t]m-`ymw `q-Xm-m _p-n-mt\-\ ip-[yXn
(a-\p-kv-arXn 5109)
55. tbmf\[o-Xy ZzntPm th-Z-a-\y-{X Ipcp-tX {i-aaav
k Po-ht-h iq-{Z-Xz-amip K-Xn km-\zbx
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2168)
56. th-tZm-]-Ic-tW ssN-h kzm-ym-tb ssNh ss\-XytI
\m\p-tcmt[m-fkv-Xy-\-[ym-tb tl-ma-a-t{-jp ssN-h ln
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2105)
57. bx kzm-[ym-b-a-[o-tX-f-w hn-[n-\m \n-b-Xx -ipNnx
X-ky-\nXyw -c-tXy-j ]tbm Z-[n-Lr-Xw a-[pav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2107)
58. B sslh k \-Jm-t{K`yx ]c-aw X-]ytX X]x
bx {k-Kv-hy-]n ZzntPm-f[otX kzm-[ym-bw
i-n-tXm-f\z-lav
(a-\p-kv-arXn 2167)
77
59. k-hm-\v-]-cn-Xy-tP-Z-Ym-\v- kzm-[ymb-ky hn-tcm-[n\x

b-Ym X-Ym-[ym-]-bw-kv-Xp km ly-ky Ir-X-Ir-XyXm
(a-\p-kv-arXn 417)
60. _p-n-hr-n Icm-Wymip [-\ym-\n N ln-Xm-\n N
\nXyw im-kv-{Xm-Wy-tht-X \n-Kamwssh ssh-ZnIm\v
(a-\p-kv-arXn 419)
61. b-Ym b-Ym a-\-kvX-ky Zp-jv-Ir-Xw I-a K-lXn
X-Ym X-Ym i-co-cw X-t-\m [ta-W ap-NytX
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 11229)
62. Ir-Xzm-]m-]w ln kw-X]y- X-kv-am-Xv ]m-]m-Xv {]-ap-NytX
ss\-hw Ip-cymw ]p-\-cn-Xn \n-hrym ]qb-tX Xp kx
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 11230)
63. G-hw kw-Nn-y a\-km t{]-Xy I-a^tem-Z-bav
at\m hm-Mv-aqXn-`n\nXyw ip-`w I-a k-am-N-tcXv
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 11 231)
64. Du[zw ]n-Xp am-Xp- k-ta-Xy {`mX-cx k-aav
`-tP-c\v-ss]-Xr-Iw cnIv-Y a-\o-im-kv-tX ln Po-h-tXmx
(a-\p-kv-ar-Xn 9 104)
65. N-X-t{km A-h-mx i-co-cky hr-nx, bu-h-\w, k-qW-Xm, Inw-Nn-Xv ]-cn-lm-Wnx tN-Xn. B-jm-k-im-Xv hrnx B ]--hnw-i-tXx bu-h-\w, B-N-Xzm-cnw-i-Xx kq-W-Xm, X-Xx In-n-Xv ]-cn-lm-Wnx tN-Xv
(kp-{ip-Xw kq-{X-m-\w 35 /25)
66 tbm ssh-m-tXm \q-Nm-\x E-jn cm-tj-bx
(i-X-]-Yw 43419)
G-tX ssh hn-{]m-b-Zr-j-bx (i-X-]-Yw 1/4/2/7)
67. Zz-bw hm C-Zw \ Xr-Xo-b-a-kv-Xn k-Xyw ssN-hm-\r-Xw-N
k-Xy-ta-h tZ-hm A-\r-Xw a-\p-jymx C-Z-a-l a\r-Xm-Xv
k-Xyap-ss]-ao-Xn X-a-\p-tjy-`y tZ-hm-\p-ss]-Xn
(i-X-]-Yw 11145)
78
68. hn-Zzmw-tkm-ln- tZ-hmx (i-X-]-Yw 37610)

tb {_m--Wmx ip-{ip-hmw tkm-f\q-Nm-\m-kv-tX
a-\p-jy-tZ-hmx (i-X-]-Yw 24314)
k-Xy kw-ln-Xm ssh tZ-hmx (sFX-tc-bw 116)
69. \ tX\ hrtm `hXn tb\mky ]enXw incx
tbm ssh bphm-]y-[o-bm-\kvXw tZhm hncw hnZpx
(a-\p-kvarXn 2.156)
70. cq-]-an-Xn K--hmx (i-X-]-Yw 105220)
tbm-jn-Xv-Im-am ssh K--hmx (i-X-]-Yw 3243)
kv-{Xo-Im-am ssh K--hmx (sF-X-tc-bw 1/277)
71. c-x c-n-X-hy-a-kv-am-Zv, c-l-kn--tWm-Xo-Xn-hm, cm-{Xu
\--t{X C-Xn hm.
(\n-cpw 418)
72. Z-kyp Z-ky-tXx -bm-.......................D-]mZm-k-b-Xn
I-am-Wn
(bm-kv \n-cp-w 7.23)
79
]pXnb ]pkvX-I-
ln-p-[-
- c-lk
- yw
t]Pv 222, hne : 150 cq]
]-tm-fw ]-Xn-p-I- hn-p-I-gn- {]-i-kv-X {Kw. k-

-
- m-hp-If- p-sS-bpw Ip-et- Z-hX
- b
- p-sS-bpw
c-l-kyw ap-X- b-n ]-\-bn-em-b I-Y-bpw l-cn\m-a Io---\-n-s c-l-ky-hpw C-Xn- hm-bnmw. K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS c-l-ky-hpw {io-N-{Iw F-
A-Zv-`p-X D-]m-k-\m ]--Xn-bpw e-fn-X-cq-]-n-
A-hX
- c- n-n-n-cn-p-p.
Chemistry In Agnihotra
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lnp-hns BN-cW
-
-
t]Pv 128, hne : 100 cq]
\- H-cp Ip-n-sb P-\n-n-p--Xn-\p- E-jn-amcp-sS c-l-ky-]-Xn ap-X- D-]-\b-\w h-scbpw

hn-hm-lw ap-X- i-h-kw-kv-m-cw h-sc-bp-ap-
{In-b-I- B-Zy-am-bn a-e-bm-f-n-
80
]pXnb ]pkvX-I-
amIvkvap-
kXyhpw anYybpw
t]Pv 48, hne : 30 cq]
thZ- BZy-ambn Cwo-jn-tev hnh\w

sNbvX amIvkv apsd B[p-\nI Ejn Fv
]ecpw hnti-jn-n-p-h-cp-p. Fm Fn-\mbn-cpp amIvkvap- thZw Xa sNbvXXv?
At-l-ns bYm ey-sa-m-bn-cpp?
Fp-sImv {_n e--W-n\p cq]
amIvkv ap-dpsS thZ-`mjyw {]kn-o-I-cn-m
Nne-hmn? Gsd N sN-s-Sm-Xpw clky-amn shn-cn-p--Xp-amb KqVm-tem-N-\bpsS Npcp-fp-I Agn-p IrXn.
`mKy-kqw
wyk-l-c mXhZtp-nl
t]Pv 48, hne : 30 cq]
tI-c-f-n-se t-{X--fnepw Xm-{n-I {In-b-Ifnepw k-

- k
- m-[m-cW
- a- m-bn D-]t- bm-Kn-p sshZn-Ik
- q-a- m-Wv `m-Ky-kqw. B `m-Ky-kq-s
am-{X-am-bn D-]m-kn-p-h
- c- p-apv. A-h- s- -mwth-n kz-cn-p sNm-m-\p- A-w, hymJym\w,
Ejn, tZ-hXm, O-v F-n-h-tbm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-Wv
k-a-{Kam-b Cu ]p-kvX-Iw ]p-d-n-d-p-Xv.
tImn-Iv _-s-SpI:
sI.-hn.-B.-F^v ]n-t-j
{ioI-WvtT-izc tdmUv, tImgn-tmSv 673 001, t^m: 0495 2723181

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a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpw

BNmcy Fw.- B. cmtPjv

a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpw

a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpw

BNmcy Fw. B. cmtPjv

a\p-kvarXn: kXyhpw anYybpw

First Edition : January 2012

MANUSMRITHI: SATHYAVUM MIDHYAUM

Acharya M.R. Rajesh

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k-s I-jv-Ww I-jv-Wa

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