MUC LUC

Chng 1: NHNG VAN E CHUNG VE THIET KE MAY CAT KIM LOAI 1.1. Cac ch tieu c ban cua may cat kim loai 1.1.1. o chnh xac cua may 1.1.2. o cng vng cua may 1.1.3. o tin cay va tuoi tho cua may 1.1.4. o ben va o mon cua may 1.1.5. o dao ong va anh hng nhiet 1.2. C s thiet ke may cat kim loai 1.2.1. Pham vi ieu chnh van toc cat va lng chay dao 1.2.2. Chuoi so vong quay 1.2.3. Xac nh cac thong so ong hoc c ban 1.2.4. Xac nh cong suat ong c Chng 2: THIET KE HOP TOC O 2.1. Khai niem

Trang 5 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 11 14 19 23 27 27 27 30 31 31 33 33 36 55 53 61 67 69 71 71 73 78 81 85 89

2.2. Thiet ke hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt 2.2.1. Chon phng an khong gian 2.2.2. Xac nh t so truyen cua hop toc o 1. Moi quan he gia cac t so truyen trong mot nhom banh rang di trt 2. Phng an thay oi th t 3. Li ket cau 4. o th so vong quay 2.2.3. Xac nh so rang cua banh rang 2.2.3.1. Phng phap tnh toan 2.2.3.2. Phng phap tra bang 2.2.4. S o ong va s o truyen lc 2.2.5. Kiem tra sai so vong quay 2.3. Thiet ke cac loai hop toc o khac 2.3.1. Hop toc o puli ai truyen 2.3.2. Hop toc o banh rang thay the 2.3.3. Hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi 2.3.4. Hop toc o co banh rang dung chung 2.3.5. Hop toc o dung ong c nhieu cap toc o 2.3.6. Hop toc o co chuoi so vong quay hon hp

Chng 3: THIET KE HOP CHAY DAO 3.1. Khai niem 3.1.1. ac iem 3.1.2. Yeu cau 3.2. Phng phap thiet ke hop chay dao thng 3.3. Phng phap thiet ke hop chay dao chnh xac 3.3.1. Sap xep bc ren thanh bang 3.3.2. Thiet ke nhom c s 3.3.2.1. Nhom c s dung c cau Norton 3.3.2.2. Nhom c s dung c cau banh rang di trt 3.3.3. Thiet ke nhom gap boi 3.3.3.1. Nhom gap boi dung c cau banh rang di trt 3.3.3.2. Nhom gap boi dung c cau Mean 3.3.3.3. Nhom gap boi dung c cau then keo 3.3.4. Thiet ke nhom truyen ong bu 3.3.5. Kiem tra sai so bc ren 3.3.6. Th du ve thiet ke hop chay dao chnh xac Chng 4: THIET KE TRUC CHNH VA O TRUC 4.1. Thiet ke truc chnh 4.1.1. Yeu cau oi vi truc chnh 4.1.2. Ket cau cua truc chnh 4.1.3. Vat lieu cua truc chnh 4.1.4. Tnh toan truc chnh 4.2. Thiet ke o truc 4.2.1. Yeu cau cua o truc 4.2.2. Thiet ke o trt 4.2.3. Thiet ke o lan Chng 5: THIET KE THAN MAY VA SONG TRT 5.1. Thiet ke than may 5.1.1. Yeu cau cua than may 5.1.2. Ket cau cua than may 5.1.3. Vat lieu than may 5.1.4. Tnh toan than may 5.2. Thiet ke song trt 5.2.1. Yeu cau cua song trt

95 95 95 95 96 100 101 102 102 105 107 107 109 111 112 114 114 129 129 129 130 131 131 141 141 142 149 156 156 156 156 160 161 169 169

5.2.2. Ket cau song trt 5.2.3. ieu chnh song trt 5.2.4. Bao ve va boi trn song trt 5.2.5. Vat lieu song trt 5.2.6. Tnh toan song trt 5.3. Thiet ke song lan 5.3.1. Ket cau song lan 5.3.2. Tnh toan song lan Chng 6 : C CAU MAY 6.1. C cau chuyen ong thang 6.1.1. C cau banh rang - thanh rang 6.1.2. C cau truc vt - thanh rang 6.1.3. C cau vt me - ai oc trt 6.1.4 C cau vt me - ai oc bi 6.1.5 C cau vi ong 6.2. C cau chuyen ong khong lien tuc 6.2.1. C cau banh coc - con coc 6.2.2. Ly hp mot chieu 6.2.3. C cau Maltit 6.3. C cau ao chieu 6.3.1. Yeu cau 6.3.2. C cau ao chieu bang c kh 6.3.3. C cau ao chieu bang ien 6.3.4. C cau ao chieu bang thuy lc 6.3.5. Tnh momen ao chieu 6.4. He thong ieu khien 6.4.1. Chc nang va yeu cau 6.4.2. Cac phan t trong he thong ieu khien 6.4.3. Cac c cau ieu khien bang c kh 6.4.3.1. He thong ieu khien rieng re 1. C cau quat rang thanh rang 2. C cau ngam gat 2. C cau vt me ai oc 6.4.3.2. He thong ieu khien tap trung 1. He thong ieu khien mot tay gat 2. He thong ieu khien dung cam thung 3. He thong ieu khien dung cam mat au

169 171 173 175 176 181 181 184 186 186 186 189 191 198 200 202 202 204 205 208 208 209 214 214 215 216 216 218 221 222 222 224 225 225 225 227 229

6.5 C cau an toan 6.5.1 C cau khoa lan 6.5.2. C cau han che hanh trnh 6.5.3. C cau phong qua tai Tai lieu tham khao

4. He thong ieu khien dung khp tuy ong 5. He thong ieu khien dung a lo

230 231 233 234 236 237 241

Chng 1

NHNG VAN E CHUNG VE THIET KE MAY CAT KIM LOAI

1.1. CAC CH TIEU C BAN CUA MAY CAT KIM LOAI 1.1.1. o chnh xac cua may 1. Khai niem o chnh xac la mot ch tieu quan trong cua may cat kim loai, quyet nh chat lng chi tiet gia cong t o chnh xac kch thc en sai lech hnh dang va sai lech v tr tng quan gia cac be mat tren chi tiet. o chnh xac cua may anh hng trc tiep en o chnh xac gia cong. Sai so cua may se chuyen toan bo hoac mot phan en chi tiet gia cong va bieu th qua cac dang: Sai so ban au cua may bao gom sai so hnh hoc va ong hoc. Sai so do che o lam viec cua may bao gom sai so an hoi, sai so ong lc hoc va sai so nhiet. Sai so do thi gian va ieu kien s dung may nh sai so do mon, bien dang ng suat d trong ket cau. Sai so do dung cu cat va sai so tao hnh. Theo TCVN 174275, may cat kim loai c phan thanh 5 cap chnh xac va c ky hieu bang cac ch cai E, D, C, B, A vi mc o chnh xac tang dan, trong o cap chnh xac E la cap chnh xac thong thng va c s dung pho bien nhat. 2. Bien phap nang cao o chnh xac gia cong tren may Chon qui trnh cong nghe gia cong sao cho o chnh xac cua may anh hng en chi tiet gia cong la t nhat. Trang b he thong o lng t ong e kiem tra tch cc, khong che kch thc, giam o sai lech gia cong. S dung he thong ieu chnh va bu tr sai so t ong. Han che anh hng xau cua bien dang an hoi nh tang cng o cng vng, dung phu. Kh khe h trong he thong va c cau truyen ong quan trong. Giam tac dung xau cua bien dang nhiet bang cach giam viec sinh nhiet va lan truyen nhiet. Giam ma sat trong o va trong nhng c cau truyen ong quan trong nh c cau dch chuyen te vi, c cau nh v chnh xac.

1.1.2. o cng vng cua may 1. Khai niem o cng vng cua mot he thong cong nghe (hay cua may) la kha nang chong lai ngoai lc lam cho no bien dang. o cng vng la ty so gia tai trong vi bien dang tai v tr chu tai: J=

P W

(1-1)

Trong o: P tai trong tai v tr kiem tra [KG]. W bien dang tai v tr chu tai [m]. Tang o cng vng la mot trong hai phng phap c ban nham lam giam rung ong cua may (ngoai tang o giam chan). 2. Phan loai Co 4 cach phan loai o cng vng:
Theo dang bien dang an hoi: o cng vng tnh tien (chuyen v tnh tien di tac dung cua lc F) va o cng vng xoay(chuyen v xoay di tac dung cua momen Mx). Theo cach xac nh o cng vng rieng cho tng chi tiet may: o cng vng bo phan va o cng vng tong cong. Theo phng phap o s bien dang bo phan so vi chi tiet c s cua may nh mong may, than may: o cng vng tng oi (o s bien dang tng oi gia hai chi tiet) va o cng vng tuyet oi (o s bien dang gia chi tiet vi chi tiet c s c xem la vat ran tuyet oi). Theo tnh chat tai trong: o cng vng tnh (neu tai trong khong oi theo thi gian) va o cng vng ong lc hoc (neu tai trong thay oi co qui luat hoac ngau nhien theo thi gian).

3. Bien phap nang cao o cng vng Viec xac nh o cng vng cho mot chi tiet may, mot bo phan may hoac ca may la mot van e rat phc tap. Viec tnh toan o cng vng cua mot chi tiet may nh truc chnh may, than may, song trt c giai quyet cu the cac chng sau. Tuy nhien thng ch co the tnh gan ung vi viec cho them nhng gia thiet ban au. Trong thc te, e xac nh o cng vng thng dung phng phap o lng thc nghiem vi hai thong so anh gia la tai trong va bien dang. Tang o cng vng luon i oi vi ph ton ln va nhieu khi ch co the at c ket qua vi s thay oi ket cau cua may. Cac bien phap chnh e nang cao o cng vng cua may:

 Bao am can bang hp ly ve o cng vng cua ca he thong, tranh dung cac chi tiet co o bien dang ln hoac ngc lai co o cng vng qua ln. Thng o cng vng tiep xuc cua cac moi ghep qua kem so vi o cng vng cua vo hop, than may. Phan bo cac o truc hp ly ve so lng, chung loai, khoang cach. Dung vat lieu che tao chi tiet co moun an hoi cao nh thep, gang grapht cau Chon hnh dang tiet dien ngang cua chi tiet hp ly, tnh toan kch thc am bao o cng vng. Co gang s dung ket cau chi tiet sao cho co kha nang chu keo va nen, co o cng vng cao hn nhieu so vi trng hp phai chu uon va xoan. 1.1.3. o tin cay va tuoi tho cua may
1. Khai niem

o tin cay ac trng cho kha nang cua may che tao ra nhng thanh pham lien tuc vi so lng va chat lng quy nh trong mot thi han lam viec nhat nh. o tin cay bao gom tnh khong hong hoc, tnh sa cha, tnh bao quan va tuoi tho. Tuoi tho cua may la s duy tr kha nang lam viec trong mot khoang thi gian hay hoan thanh mot khoi lng cong viec nao o trc khi en trang thai ti han e bao dng va sa cha. Tuoi tho cua may chu yeu co lien quan en hien tng mai mon cua nhng moi ghep ong, hien tng moi do tac dung cua tai trong ong , trong o o mon la yeu to quan trong anh hng ti kha nang duy tr o chnh xac ban au va han che tuoi tho cua may.
2. Cac nhan to anh hng en o tin cay cua may Moi trng lam viec va tai trong tac ong len may. Qua trnh hao mon cua may anh hng en o tin cay cua may. S bien ong cac ch tieu chat lng cua may theo thi gian. 3. Cac bien phap bao am o tin cay cua may

Nang cao o tin cay s dung cua may, bang cach:

Bao dng may theo ung qui trnh va thi gian. Kiem tra ve o chnh xac cua may theo nh ky e kp thi ieu chnh va Cong nhan ng may phai qua ao tao s dung may, tuan thu ung cac qui V tr at may va to hp may phai phu hp vi cong dung, cap chnh xac va

sa cha thch hp.

nh ve s dung va thao tac may. che o lam viec

 Nang cao o tin cay cua he thong thuy lc trong may, bang cach:
Bao am chat long trong he thong thuy lc phai u o sach. Gi cho dau s dung trong he thong khong b lao hoa. Gi cho nhiet o dau khong vt qua che o nhiet cho phep.

Nang cao o tin cay cua he thong ien trong may, bang cach tuan thu cac nguyen tac c ban khi thiet ke he thong ien:
Giam so lng thiet b trong s o ien, tieu chuan hoa va thong nhat hoa s o ieu khien.

cay cao.

Dung rle t ong dong ien yeu, thiet b bao hieu hong hoc ien co o tin Dung cac thiet b ien u chat lng, bao ve ng day dan.

1.1.4. o ben va o mon cua may

1. o ben cua may o ben la mot trong nhng ch tieu chu yeu e am bao trong suot thi gian s dung may khong b h hong. Cac dang h hong co lien quan vi o ben cua chi tiet may gom co: Pha huy moi: phat sinh do ieu kien tai trong thay oi theo chu ky. Tuy theo trang thai ng suat, co s pha huy moi va pha huy be mat cua cac chi tiet chu tai trong ln nh truc, banh rang, o lan Bien dang deo: phat sinh do chi tiet b qua tai sinh ra bien dang deo toan bo nh hien tng cong truc, keo dai truc hoac bien dang deo be mat nh mop thanh hoc tren ng lan o bi, song trt T bien: la qua trnh chi tiet co bien dang va ng suat thay oi theo thi gian di tac dung lau dai cua tai trong khong oi. Cac chi tiet bang chat deo va phi kim loai can phai chu y en hien tng nay. Pha huy gion: thng xay ra vi chi tiet bang vat lieu gion co ng suat d ln, ng suat tap trung hoac chu tai trong va ap. Cac bien phap nang cao o ben gom co: Thiet ke ket cau co o ben nh nhau trong suot chieu dai chi tiet. Bao am ng suat phan bo eu tren tiet dien ngang (khi b uon th nen dung chi tiet co ay day, thanh cao con khi b xoan nen dung ong thanh mong va khep kn). Giam ng suat tap trung nhng iem co o ben moi thap. Co gang phan bo lc va cong suat c truyen eu tren toan chi tiet.

 S dung chi tiet co cau truc lp be mat chu ng suat tot va c nang cao o ben e tranh b pha huy t be mat.
2. o mon cua may

Mon la ket qua cua s thay oi dan kch thc be mat lam viec cua chi tiet trong qua trnh ma sat. Qua trnh mon xay ra do s tng tac gia hai be mat, xuat hien s pha huy bang nhng hat rat nho va tang nhiet o tai mot so iem tiep xuc lam thay oi cau truc va tch chat c ly hoa cua lp be mat tiep xuc. Cac dang mon chu yeu Mon oxi hoa: la qua trnh pha huy dan be mat chi tiet chu ma sat di s tng tac gia lp be mat kim loai vi oxi trong khong kh hay trong dau boi trn. Mon hat mai: la qua trnh pha huy dan be mat chi tiet do co hat mai trong vung ma sat. Mon do moi lp be mat: la ket qua tac ong cua ng suat thay oi theo chu ky khi ng suat nay vt qua gii han an hoi. Mon do bien dang deo (hien tng troc dnh). Do co bien dang deo, tnh trang be mat cua chi tiet se thay oi, mang oxit va mang boi trn b pha huy, tren be mat cua chi tiet hnh thanh moi lien ket kim loai cuc bo. Khi ma sat trt vi toc o nho va ap suat rieng vt qua gii han chay, moi lien ket kim loai ay b pha huy lam bong tach hoac bam dnh cac hat kim loai len be mat tiep xuc. Mon do s an mon ien hoa: la qua trnh pha huy be mat cua chi tiet di tac dung hoa va ien hoa cua moi trng. Mon troc g: la qua trnh pha huy be mat ma sat khi ong thi co tac dung cua hien tng an mon va s di ong tng oi cua chi tiet tiep xuc, sinh ra dao ong vi bien o nho tai be mat tiep xuc.
Hnh 1-1 mo ta qua trnh an mon hoa hoc tren be mat chi tiet: Cac chat hoa hoc se an mon theo sn doc cua cac nhap nho theo chieu mui ten.

Nhap nho cu

Nhap nho mi

Hnh 1- 1 : Qua trnh an mon hoa hoc tren be mat chi tiet

Cac bien phap lam giam o mon gom co: Bo ma sat can c che kn e bao ve. Phan bo eu ap suat tren be mat ma sat, tranh ng suat tap trung, tang o cng vng cua chi tiet lap ghep. Giam tai trong cho nhng be mat b mon. Bao am tuoi tho nh nhau cho tat ca cac chi tiet co kha nang b mon. Giam bt cong ma sat oi vi nhng c cau ng dung s ma sat (dung bo ly hp ma sat nhieu a). Chon o nham toi u cho be mat chu ma sat tng ng vi dang ma sat. Dung vat lieu phu hp vi ieu kien lam viec. Be mat ma sat nen tao t quang hoac xe ranh e de lam nguoi.
1.1.5. o dao ong va anh hng nhiet

1. o dao ong Khi gia cong nhng vat lieu kho cat got hay cat got vi toc o cat cao, may cat kim loai thng xay ra hien tng dao ong. S dung cac bien phap n gian tren nhng may a co san nham lam tang o giam chan. Th du: Lam goi giam chan bang dau ep tren truc chnh may tien co the tang nang suat cat len gap oi ma khong gay anh hng ln bi dao ong, o cat vao cac hoc trong than may nham lam giam chan v.v 2. Anh hng nhiet Trong qua trnh gia cong, s thay oi hoac chenh lech nhiet o qua ln gia cac bo phan may lam anh hng rat ln en o chnh xac hnh hoc, o chnh xac chuyen ong, o cng vng Nguon phat nhiet thong thng la o truc, hop toc o, he thong dau ep, song trt, phoi nong, ong c ien e giam bt bien dang nhiet ngi ta a cac nguon phat nhiet ra ngoai may, s dung goi kh ep hoac dau ep thay cho song trt, at nghieng song trt e de thoat phoi
1.2. C S THIET KE MAY CAT KIM LOAI

Qua trnh thiet ke may cat kim loai gom co hai phan chnh: Thiet ke phan ong hoc cua may
Xac nh tnh nang ky thuat cua may nh hnh dang mot tap hp cac chi tiet c gia cong tren may, kch thc gii han ln nhat va nho nhat co the gia cong c tren may

10

 Xac nh cac chuyen ong cua may, chu yeu la cac chuyen ong tao hnh. La chon phng an thiet ke Lap s o ket cau ong hoc. La chon cac c cau truyen ong cu the. Xac nh cac thong so ong hoc c ban. Lap s o ong cua may.

Thiet ke phan ong lc hoc cua may

Xac nh lc va momen tac dung. Tnh cong suat ong c. Thiet ke ong lc hoc cua cac chi tiet va bo phan may bao gom xac nh ket cau, la chon vat lieu, tnh toan kch thc 1.2.1. Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay va pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao

Khi gia cong chi tiet, van toc cat va lng chay dao cua may thay oi tuy thuoc vao nhng yeu to chu yeu sau: Tnh chat c ly cua vat lieu gia cong (o ben, o cng ). Vat lieu lam dao cung nh cac thong so hnh hoc cua dao cat. Yeu cau va chat lng cua be mat chi tiet sau khi gia cong (o nham be mat, o chnh xac ve kch thc, hnh dang hnh hoc va v tr tng quan). Phng phap gia cong va ieu kien gia cong. Tuy theo tng trng hp gia cong cu the e tnh toan xac nh van toc cat va lng chay dao thch hp sao cho am bao chat lng cua chi tiet gia cong trong ieu kien kinh te nhat. Tren c s o, ieu chnh so vong quay (hay so hanh trnh kep) va lng chay dao cua may. 1. Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn a. oi vi may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong vong (quay tron) Chuyen ong quay c the hien bi so vong quay trong mot phut. Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn c tnh: Rn =
n max n min

(1-1)

Vi nmax so vong quay ln nhat cua chi tiet hay cua dao [v/ph] nmin so vong quay nho nhat cua chi tiet hay cua dao [v/ph] Ta a biet cong thc tnh van toc cat V: V= dn 1000 [m/ph] (1-2)

11

So vong quay ln nhat va nho nhat cua chi tiet c tnh t cong thc tren. Khi dung van toc vmin e gia cong chi tiet co ng knh dmax th so vong quay can thiet la nmin : nmin =
1000 Vmin d max

(1-3)

Khi dung van toc vmax e gia cong chi tiet co ng knh dmin th can so vong quay can thiet la nmax : nmax =
1000 Vmax d min

(1-4)

T (1-1), pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn: Rn = Vi : RV = Rd =

n max V d = max . max = RV . Rd n min Vmin d min

(1-5) (1-6) (1-7)

Vmax pham vi ieu chnh van toc cat. Vmin d max pham vi ieu chnh ng knh chi tiet. d min

Thong thng tr so trung bnh cua Rd = 4 8. ac iem cua pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay la ch phu thuoc vao gii han cua van toc cat va ng knh chi tiet gia cong. Vi mot so may van nang hien ai thng co pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay phu hp vi cong dung cua may (tham khao Bang 1-1). Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn 50 200 20 100 25 40 20 100 5 40

MAY May tien May phay May tien ng May khoan can May bao

12

b. Chuyen ong chnh cua may la chuyen ong thang kh hoi So vong quay cua truc chnh c thay bang so hanh trnh kep nhtk trong mot phut. Van toc cua hanh trnh lam viec V thng cham, con van toc hanh trnh chay khong V0 thng nhanh hn. Ty le gia V va V0 thng theo mot he so k nhat nh, tc la: V0 = k V vi (k >1) (1-8) Tong thi gian T cua mot hanh trnh kep bao gom thi gian thc hien hanh trnh lam viec t va thi gian cua hanh trnh chay khong t0 va bang: T = t + t0 = L L 1+k + = L. V kV kV (1-9)

Trong o: L chieu dai hanh trnh cat got [m]. So hanh trnh kep trong 1 phut: nhtk = 1 kV = T L (1 + k ) n htk max n htk min Vmax L max Vmin L min (1-10)

Pham vi ieu chnh so hanh trnh kep se la: Rn

htk

(1-11)

nhtk max , nhtk min la so hanh trnh kep gii han, c xac nh tng t nh cong thc (1-3) va (1-4). c. oi vi nhng may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong thang khong oi hng (nh may ca day, may anh bong thang) Van toc cat cua no c xac nh bang so vong quay n[v/ph] va ng knh D[mm] cua a, puli, hoac tay quay thc hien truyen ong, tc la: V= Dn 1000 [m/ph] (1-12)

Cach xac nh pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn cung tng t nh may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong vong. 2. Pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao Rs Pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao Rs c tnh: Rs =
s max s min

(1-13)

Co hai trng hp lien quan en hai loai lng chay dao: Trng hp 1: Chuyen ong chay dao co quan he vi chuyen ong chnh, lng chay dao c tnh tren mot vong quay cua truc chnh bang cong thc:

13

S = 1. i0 . is . t

[mm/ v]

(1-14)

Trong o: i0 ty so truyen co nh trong xch chay dao. is ty so truyen thay oi trong xch chay dao. t lng di ong tnh tien cua c cau chap hanh khi truc cuoi cung cua xch chay dao quay mot vong [mm/v]. Neu dung c cau bien oi t chuyen ong quay sang chuyen ong tnh tien la vt me ai oc th t = tx (tx la bc ren cua vt me). Neu dung c cau banh rang thanh rang th t = mZ (m la moun, Z la so rang cua banh rang trong c cau banh rang thanh rang). Lng chay dao nho nhat smin va ln nhat smax tng ng ty le vi t so truyen thay oi ismin, ismax. Pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao Rs la: Rs =
s max i smax = s min i smin

(1-15)

Lng chay dao ln nhat va nho nhat c xac nh tuy thuoc vao ieu kien cong nghe khi gia cong. Tr so thng dung la smax = 2 6 [mm/v], smin = 0,005 0,05 [mm/v]. Trng hp 2: Chuyen ong chay dao oc lap vi chuyen ong chnh (chuyen ong chay dao c thc hien bang ong c rieng co so vong quay la nc [v/ph]), lng chay dao c tnh bang cong thc: s = nc . is . t [mm/ph] (1-16) Trong o: is t so truyen t ong c en c cau chap hanh (xch chay dao). t lng bien oi t chuyen ong quay sang chuyen ong tnh tien. Pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao Rs la: Rs =
s max i smax = s min i smin

(1-17)

1.2.2. Chuoi so vong quay

Trong truyen ong phan cap, cac gia tr so vong quay khong phan bo mot cach bat ky ma tuan theo mot qui luat nhat nh e tao nen chuoi so vong quay hp ly trong pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay. Chuoi so vong quay dung trong may cat kim loai thng gom cac loai sau: 1. Chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan Chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan la chuoi so vong quay ma cac gia tr cua no la cac so hang cua mot cap so nhan co cong boi la . Neu mot hop toc o co Z cap toc o t so vong quay nho nhat nmin en so vong quay ln nhat nmax.th:

14

n1 = nmin n2 = n1 . n3 = n2 . = n1 . 2 nk + 1 = nk . = n1 . k nz = nz 1 . = n1 . Z 1 = nmax Khi o pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn c xac nh: Rn =
n max n . Z1 = 1 = Z 1 n min n1

M M

(1-18)

T (1-18), co the xac nh cong boi cua chuoi so vong quay (con c goi la he so cap van toc): = va so cap van toc Z: Z=
Ghi chu:
Z 1

Rn

(1-19)

lgR n +1 lg

(1-20)

So cap toc o Z tnh theo cong thc (1-20) thng khong phai la so nguyen, nen phai qui tron thanh so nguyen gan no nhat (tot nhat nen chon so nguyen ln hn e am bao cac gia tr nmin, nmax at yeu cau cua thiet ke). Ton that van toc cat tng oi V ch phu thuoc vao cong boi ma khong phu thuoc vao ng knh d cua chi tiet gia cong nhng v la hang so nen ton that nay cung khong oi. V[m/ph] T cong thc (1-2) tnh van toc cat V: dn =c.d 1000 n vi c = 1000 V= (1-21)
Vk+1 V0 Vk nZ = nmax nk+1 A A B n0 nk n3 n2 n1 = nmin O C d0 d [mm]

Neu bieu th chuoi so vong quay n trong he toa o [v d] th so vong quay n se la nhng ng thang i qua goc toa o, co dang nh hnh 1- 2.

Hnh 1- 2 : Bieu o chuoi so vong quay bat ky

15

Gia s can gia cong phoi co ng knh d0. Da vao cac ieu kien ve cong nghe va yeu cau ky thuat cua chi tiet, ta xac nh c van toc cat hp ly V0 . Qua o th hnh 1- 2, xac nh c so vong quay hp ly n0. Nhng v may dung truyen ong phan cap nen hau nh khong tm c mot gia tr so vong quay nao o trung vi n0 ma thng n0 trong khoang hai gia tr nk va nk+1 (nk < n0 < nk+1). Tng ng vi nk va nk+1 la hai van toc cat Vk va Vk+1 (Vk < V0 < Vk+1). e am bao tuoi ben cua dao, thng chon so vong quay nk e gia cong (khi o van toc cat Vk < V0). Nh vay se co ton that ve van toc cat (cung la ton that ve nang suat). Ton that tng oi ve van toc cat V c tnh nh sau: V =
Do V0 = V0 Vk V0
V . 100% = 1 k . 100% V0

(1-22)

d0 n0 d0 nk va Vk = 1000 1000

nen V =

V0 Vk V0

V . 100% = 1 k . 100% = V0

n 1 k . 100% n0

(1-23)

Ton that tng oi ve van toc cat at gia tr ln nhat Vmax khi V0 Vk+1 (n0 nk+1) va bang: Vmax = lim
V0 Vk+1

V 1 k .100% = V0

V 1 k .100% = Vk +1

n 1 k .100% n k +1

(1-24)

Neu chuoi so vong quay phan bo bat ky th ton that tng oi ve van toc cat Vmax cung se thay oi bat ky. T (1-24), muon gi cho Vmax luon luon khong oi th can phai am bao ieu kien:
nk = const n k +1 nk = const = . Bieu o chuoi so vong cap so nhan cho trong hnh 1-3. n k +1
V [m/ph] nZ = n1. n-1 n2 = n1. n1 V

(1-25)

Ch co chuoi so vong cap so nhan mi thoa man ieu kien (1-25), ngha la

Hnh 1-3 : Bieu o chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan

d [mm]

16

e tao thuan li cho ngi s dung khi tra so vong quay n neu a biet V va d, tren moi may co ve mot bieu o the hien so vong quay trong he toa o logarit. Muon the, phng trnh (1-21) c the hien trong he toa o logarit cua [v d] nh sau: lgV = lgd + lgc (1-26) No co dang y = x + a, la phng trnh cua nhng ng thang cat truc x va y mot goc 45o vi khoang cach a. n nen tr so c phu thuoc vao so vong quay n ma n lai c phan bo 1000 theo quy luat cap so nhan vi cong boi , nen: Do c = lgc1 = lg lgc2 = lg
M

+ lg n1 1000 + lg n 2 = lg + lg n1 + lg 1000 1000 + lgnk = lg + lgn1 + (k 1) lg 1000 1000

lgck = lg

1410

1000

Cac so vong quay cua chuoi cap so nhan se la nhng ng thang song song cach eu nhau mot khoang bang lg (trong thc te, ngi ta thng lay moi khoang tng trng cho gia tr cua). Bieu o chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan trong he toa o logarit co dang nh hnh 1- 4.
31,5 V [m/ph] 22,4 2000 d [mm] 710 250 180 500 355 125 63 90 6 45

100 8 6 4 2 10 10

8 100

200

8 1000

Hnh 1-4 : Bieu o chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan trong he truc logarit

2. Chuoi so vong quay cap so cong Chuoi so vong quay cap so cong la chuoi so vong quay ma cac gia tr cua no la cac so hang cua mot cap so cong co cong sai la a vi so hang au tien la nmin va so hang cuoi cung la nmax.

17

n1 = nmin n2 = n1 + 1.a n3 = n2 + a = n1 + 2.a

M

nZ = nZ1 + a = n1 + (Z 1).a n Z n1 (1-27) Z 1 Hnh 1- 5 bieu dien chuoi so vong quay cap so cong c ve trong he toa o logarit. Chuoi so vong quay cap so cong co cac tr so so vong quay thap cach xa nhau va cac so vong quay cao rat kht nhau, nen ton that van toc tng oi luon thay oi theo ng knh chi tiet gia cong va khong the han che c. V vay chuoi so vong quay cap so cong khong the thoa man cac yeu cau gia cong hp ly. Do o, no ch c dung mot so hop chay dao, nhng c cau truyen ong khong lien tuc nh c cau banh coc con coc cua may bao Suy ra: a=
V [m/ph] nZ n3 n2

n1

0
d [mm]

Hnh 1- 5: Bieu o chuoi so vong quay cap so cong trong he truc logarit

3. Chuoi so vong quay hon hp Co hai loai chuoi so vong quay hon hp: Chuoi so vong quay ket hp gia chuoi so vong quay cap so cong va cap so nhan, trong o cac gia tr so vong quay thap dung cap so cong con gia tr so vong quay cao dung cap so nhan. Chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan co 2 he so cap van toc 1 va 2 (vi 1 < 2), trong o cac gia tr so vong quay thap dung he so 1 con gia tr so vong quay cao dung he so 2. e tao chuoi so vong quay nay, trc het tao ra chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan co he so 1, sau o e cac so vong quay cao tha hn c sau moi so vong quay th bo i mot. Nh the cac so vong quay cao co he so 2 (hnh 1-6). Xem them v du minh hoa ve chuoi so vong quay co 2 he so cap van toc 1 va 2 trong muc 2.3.6.

18

Hop toc o dung chuoi so vong quay hon hp nay co ket cau phc tap hn, kho tnh toan hp ly nen cung t c dung.

V[m/ph]

nZ

n2 n1

2 1
Hnh 1- 6: Bieu o chuoi so vong quay hon hp co hai he so cap van toc

d[mm]

Ket luan: Trong cac loai chuoi so vong quay ke tren, chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan co nhieu u iem nhat nen thng c dung e thiet ke cac hop toc o, hop chay dao cua cac may van nang. Rieng oi vi may chuyen dung th khong nhat thiet phai dung chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan, v so vong quay cua may chuyen dung ch co mot hoac vai cap so vong quay phu hp nhat oi vi chi tiet gia cong. Hop chay dao cua cac may dung e cat ren th khong s dung chuoi cap so nhan cung nh chuoi cap so cong ma phai co phng phap thiet ke rieng (xem trong chng 3, phan thiet ke hop chay dao chnh xac) nham at c cac lng chay dao phu hp vi bc ren theo yeu cau. 1.2.3. Xac nh cac thong so ong hoc c ban

Ba thong so ong hoc c ban cua chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan la , Z va Rn, trong o he so cap van toc a c tieu chuan hoa. 1. Xac nh tr so tieu chuan e tao ra chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan vi cong boi th he so khong chon mot cach bat ky ma c tieu chuan hoa da tren nhng nguyen tac sau ay: a. Nguyen tac gap 10: la nguyen tac ma mot so hang bat ky trong day so eu co gia tr gap 10 lan gia tr cua so hang khac cach no x so hang, ngha la neu co chuoi so n1 , n2 , n3 , , nx , nx+1 , , nZ th nx+1 = 10 n1 (vi x la so nguyen). V chuoi so vong quay la mot day so cap so nhan, nen: nx+1 = n1 . x Suy ra: x = 10 hay = 10
x

(1-28)

Nguyen tac nay da tren thoi quen gap 10 trong chuoi so toi u cua ky thuat (chuoi so Renard e tao ra cac gia tr kch thc tieu chuan).

19

b. Nguyen tac gap 2: la nguyen tac ma mot so hang bat ky trong day so eu co gia tr gap 2 lan gia tr cua so hang khac cach no y so hang, ngha la neu co chuoi so n1 , n2 , n3 , , ny , ny+1 , , nZ th ny+1 = 2 n1 (vi y la so nguyen).

V chuoi so vong quay la mot day so cap so nhan, nen: ny+1 = n1 . y Suy ra: y = 2 hay =
y

(1-29)

Nguyen tac nay dung e thoa man trong trng hp dung ong c ien co nhieu cap van toc, trong o cac so vong quay cua ong c nc tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan vi cong boi bang 2.
V tr so phai ong thi thoa man ca hai nguyen tac tren, cho nen:

= 10 =
x

(1-30)

Suy ra: y = x.lg2 = 0.30103x 0,3x Ngoai ra, ta con co ieu kien ve he so : 1< Ly do la v:
Chuoi so vong quay la cap so nhan tien nen > 1. May thiet ke can phai co ton that van toc cung nh ton that nang suat khong oi va khong vt qua gii han 50%. 1 Vmax = 1 100% 50% 2

(1-31)

(1-32) (1-33)

T o suy ra:

Trong pham vi ieu kien ve he so (1-31), chon cac tr so x va tnh tr so y tng ng, ngi ta xac nh c cac tr so tieu chuan cho trong bang 1 2. bang nay co nhng tr so = 1,41 va = 2 khong thoa man nguyen tac gap 10, tr so = 1,58 va = 1,78 khong thoa man nguyen tac gap 2, v x va y khong phai la so nguyen. Nhng tren thc te can thiet nhng tr so nay, e khoang cach gia cac tr so khong qua xa. Bang 1- 2: Bang tr so tieu chuan

1,06 40 12 5

1,12 20 6 10

1,26 10 3 20

1,41 20/3 2 30

1,58 5 3/2 40

1,78 4 6/5 45

2 2/6 1 50

10

x=
y

y=
vmax [%]

20

Pham vi s dung cac tr so tieu chuan nh sau:

= 1,06 : rat t dung v cac gia tr so vong quay qua kht. = 1,12 : dung cho cac may can ieu chnh chnh xac van toc cat (nham giam ton that ve van toc va nang suat) trong gia cong hang khoi hoac hang loat ln nh may t ong, na t ong. = 1,26 va 1,41 : dung cho cac may cong cu van nang. = 1,58 va 1,78 : dung cho cac may co thi gian chay khong ln (thi gian gia cong khong ln hn nhieu so vi thi gian chay khong) va nh the khong can phai ieu chnh chnh xac van toc cat. = 2 : rat t dung, ch co y ngha phu e tnh toan cac c cau truyen ong cua nhom khuech ai trong hop toc o hoac nhom gap boi trong hop chay dao.

Moi quan he gia cac thong so c ban , Z va Rn a biet cong thc (1-18). Khi thiet ke may, pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn c cho trc theo yeu cau, v vay so cap van toc Z t le nghch vi he so . Can phai la chon tr so va Z nh the nao e va co the va am bao giam ton that van toc, va am bao ket cau cua may khong qua phc tap, kho che tao, gia thanh cao (Z cang ln s phan bo cac cap van toc cang day, ton that van toc nho, nhng ket cau cua may se ln, phc tap hn). Sau khi chon c tr so thch hp, se de dang xac nh c so cap van toc Z. Trong trng hp thiet ke cac hop toc o co nhieu cap van toc Z vi tr so nho, e n gian ve mat ket cau cua hop, hien nay ngi ta thng dung ong c ien co 2 hoac nhieu cap van toc. So cap van toc Z can nen lay bang boi so cua 2 va 3, v truyen ong trong hop toc o thng do nhng khoi banh rang bac co 2, 3 hoac 4 = 2.2 banh rang thc hien. Do o, so cap van toc thng dung trong thc te la: Z = 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36. 2. Xac nh cac gia tr so vong quay T gia tr tieu chuan, ngi ta xac nh chuoi so vong quay tieu chuan. Chuoi so vong quay c s c lay vi so vong quay au tien la 1, tc la n1 = 1 v/ph vi tr so = 1,06. So vong quay tieu chuan bat ky nao cung se bang nZ = n1. Z1 = Z1. Chuoi so vong quay c s se co cac gia tr sau: 1 1,06 1,12 1,18 1,25 1,32 1,41 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2 2,12 2,24 2,36 2,5 2,65 2,8 3 3,15 3,35 3,55 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,75 5 5,3 5,6 6 6,3 6,7 7,1 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5. Tren c s chuoi so vong quay o, hnh thanh cac gia tr so vong quay tieu chuan cho trong bang 1-3. Cac tr so vong quay tieu chuan khac, tuy theo yeu cau ln hay be ma nhan hoac chia cac tr so tren vi 10, 100, 1000

21

Bang1-3: Bang so vong quay tieu chuan

He so He so 2 He so 1,06 1,12 1,26 1,41 1,58 1,78 2 1,06 1,12 1,26 1,41 1,58 1,78 2 1,06 1,12 1,26 1,41 1,58 1,78

1 1,06

10 10,6

10

10 11,2

10

10

100 100 100 106 112 112 118 125 125 125 125 132 140 140 150

100 100

1,12 1,12 1,18 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,32 1,41 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,9 2 2,12 2,24 2,24 2,36 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,65 2,8 2,8 3 3,15 3,15 3,15 3,35 3,55 3,55 3,75 4 4,25 4,5 4,5 4,75 5 5,3 5,6 5,6 6 6,3 6,3 6,3 6,7 7,1 7,1 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 9 8 8 8 8 6,3 5,6 5,6 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 3,15 2,8 2,5 2 2 2 2 1,8 1,6 1,41

11,2 11,2 11,8 12,5 12,5 12,5 13,2 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21,2 22,4 22,4 23,6 25 26,5 28 30 28 25 25 20 20 18 16 16 14

125

16

16 18

16

160 160 160 170 180 180 190 200 200 200 212 180

160 180

22,4 25

224 224 236 250 250 250 250 250 265 280 280 300 31,5 31,5 315 315 315 335 355 355 375 355 400 315 250

31,5 31,5 31,5 31,5 33,5 35,5 35,5 37,5 40 42,5 45 47,5 50 53 56 60 63 67 71 75 80 85 90 95 90 90 80 80 71 63 63 63 63 56 50 50 45 45 40 40 40

400 400 400 425 450 450 475 500 500 500 500 530 56 63 560 560 600 630 630 630 670 710 710 750 800 800 800 850 900 900 950 710

500 560 630

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

22

Ghi chu:

Can c vao he so , so cap toc o Z va gia tr so vong quay au tien n1 e tra bang xac nh chuoi so vong quay danh ngha cua may. Chuoi so vong quay tieu chuan cho trong bang 1-3 cung dung lam chuoi so hanh trnh kep cua nhng may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong tnh tien kh hoi nh may bao, may xoc. Ngoai ra, no con dung lam chuoi so lng chay dao cho nhng lng chay dao khong phu thuoc vao mot vong quay cua truc chnh ma c tnh bang lng chay dao tren mot phut, tc la s [mm/ph]. Cho phep lap mot chuoi so vong quay mi gom nhng tr so chuoi tieu chuan bo cach quang eu nhau. V du: lap chuoi so vong quay co he so = 1,26 va n1 = 14 v/ph. Cac gia tr cua chuoi so vong quay o lan lt la n1 = 14 v/ph, n2 = 18 v/ph, n3 = 22,4 v/ph, n4 = 28 v/ph, n5 = 33,5 v/ph Cac so vong quay nay cach nhau 4 khoang cach. o la do he so cap van toc cua chuoi so vong quay nay bang tr so c s co luy tha bang so khoang cach E, ngha la: = 1,06E = 1,064 = 1,26

(E = 4 vi E khoang cach chuoi c s) (E = 6)

Tng t, neu muon lap mot chuoi bat ky co he so cap van toc = 1,41 th:
= 1,06E = 1,066 = 1,41

Khi o, cac tr so vong quay trong chuoi nay cach nhau 6 khoang chuoi c s. Neu n1 = 14 v/ph th se co chuoi: 14 ; 20 ; 28 ; 40 ;
1.2.4. Xac nh cong suat ong c

Khi thiet ke may, can phai tien hanh xac nh cong suat ong c ien, e tao c s cho viec tnh toan ong lc hoc cua cac chi tiet may va bo phan may trong may. Thng kho xac nh chnh xac cong suat ong c ien cua mot may khi thiet ke mi. Ly do la v:
Cha the tnh chnh xac c lc cat va lc chay dao cua cac qua trnh cat got khac nhau khi gia cong chi tiet tren may, ac biet la trong qua trnh khi ong va ao chieu. Cha hieu ro cac ieu kien s dung may, ac biet la oi vi cac may van nang co nhieu cong dung. Kho xac nh chnh xac cac ton that ve ma sat trong cac khau truyen ong, nhat la khi lam viec van toc cao.

V vay trong thc te, viec xac nh cong suat ong c thng da vao kinh nghiem hoac so sanh vi cong suat may hien co. 1. Xac nh cong suat ong c truyen ong chnh Co hai phng phap tnh cong suat can thiet cua ong c ien:

23

a. Phng phap gan ung: tnh cong suat ong c theo cong suat cat Nc va hieu suat tong . Cong suat cat Nc c tnh tren c s lc cat ti han Pz [N] va van toc cat ti han V [m/ph]: P V [kW] (1-34) Nc = z 61200 e tnh chnh xac lc cat theo nguyen ly cat (bang 1-4), can phai chon che o cat theo che o th may hoac che o cong nghe cao (gia cong tho). Cong suat cat Nc thng chiem khoang 70 80% cong suat ong c ien, nen co the tnh gan ung cong suat ong c ien N theo cong thc sau: N Nc = c [kW] (1-35)
Trong o: = 0,7 0,85 dung cho may co chuyen ong chnh quay tron. = 0,6 0,75 dung cho may co chuyen ong chnh tnh tien. e xac nh chnh xac hn tr so , co the tm hieu suat tng khau i neu a nh xong c ket cau may, sau o tnh hieu suat tong cua toan xch truyen ong: = 1 . 2 . 3 =

i
1

(1-36)

b. Phng phap chnh xac: thng c s dung e tnh lai Nc sau khi a nh xong c ket cau may: Nc = Nc + N0 + Np [kW] (1-37) vi N0 la cong suat chay khong va Np cong suat tieu hao phu do hieu suat va cac nguyen nhan ngau nhien khac. Cong suat phu Np co the lay gan ung 10 15% Nc Cong suat chay khong N0 co the tnh theo cong thc thc nghiem sau: N0 = Km
d tb d n I + n II + n III ... + K tc tc n tc d tb 10 6

(1-38)

Trong o: Km he so phu thuoc chat lng che tao cac chi tiet va ieu kien boi trn, thng chon Km = 3 6. dtb ng knh trung bnh cua tat ca cac ngong truc cua may [mm]. nI , nII , nIII so vong quay cua tat ca cac truc (khong ke truc chnh) [v/ph]. dtc ng knh cua truc chnh [mm]. ntc so vong quay cua truc chnh [v/ph]. Ktc he so ton that rieng tai truc chnh (Ktc = 1,5 neu o truc chnh la o lan, Ktc = 2 neu o truc chnh la o trt).

24

Vat lieu gia cong Thep c x y z n c x y z Gang Hp kim ong n

Dang gia cong

Cong thc tnh lc PZ [N] va momen M [Nm]

Tien Bao = c t s (HB)

x y n

Pz Py Px 1 0,9 1,2 1 1,2 1,3 0,9 0,86 1,1 0,86 0,6 0,8 0,74 0,7 0,74 1 0,95 1 0,7 0,7 0,8 1 0,75 0,7 0,86 1,1 0,86 0,7 0,8 1 2 0,75 0,7 2000 1000 920 3160 4800 7000 3900 1 0,75 0,35* 0,75** 2 88,2 1,2 1 1,2 1,2 0,75 0,83 1,14 0,83 1 0,75 0,8 1 0,4 0,8 0,65 0,7 0,65 0,75 0,75 0,65 1 0,9 1,2 0,75 0,75 0,65 = c tx sy (HB)n 1500 800 620 1830 6800 8200 4700 22 344,2* 44,2** 0,31

279* 35,7** 0,027 0,21

0,35* 0,75** 0,2 1,5

63,5* 51,4** 0,45 0,51

2 2,4 1 1 0,9 1

0,55 1,3 1,1 0,55 1,3 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,83 1,14 0,83

Cat t

Pz Py

Bang 1-4: Bang cac cong thc tnh lc cat

Khoan

Ps = c Dz sy (HB)n M

Khoet, doa

Ps = c tx sy (HB)n M = c Dz tx sy (HB)n

Phay tru

Ps = c txszy ZBz Dn

Phay mat au

Ps = c txszy ZBz Dn

Phay nh hnh. Phay goc

Ps = c txszy ZBz Dn

Mai tru

Pz = cVz txsy

Chu thch: * khi HB 170 va ** khi HB > 170 t chieu sau cat [mm] ; D ng knh dao [mm] ; B chieu rong phay [mm] s lng chay dao [mm/v] ; sZ lng chay dao rang [mm/r]

25

2. Xac nh cong suat ong c chay dao Cong suat ong c ien dung thc hien lng chay dao thng c xac nh bang hai phng phap: a. Phng phap gan ung: lay cong suat ong c chay dao Ncs t le vi cong suat ong c thc hien chuyen ong chnh Nc. Ncs = K.Nc [kW] Trong o: K = 0,04 dung cho may tien, may Revolver, may khoan. K = 0,08 dung cho may tien nhieu dao t ong, na t ong. K = 0,15 dung cho may phay. K 0 dung cho may bao, may mai. b. Phng phap chnh xac: tnh cong suat ong c t lc chay dao Q: Ncs =
Q Vs 61200 s

(1-39)

[kW]

(1-40)

Trong o: Vs van toc chay dao [m/ph], c tnh t lng chay dao ln nhat. s hieu suat truyen ong c cau chay dao (thng s 0,15 0,2). Lc chay dao Q c tnh t cac cong thc thc nghiem tuy thuoc vao ket cau cua cac loai song trt khac nhau: Q = k.Fx + Fms [N] (1-41) vi: k he so lam tang lc ma sat do Px tao ra momen lat. Px, Py, Pz cac thanh phan cua lc cat [N]. Fms lc ma sat tren song trt [N]. Lc nay c tnh tuy theo cac loai song trt khac nhau (bang 1-5). Loai song trt Song trt lan tru va to hp (may tien) Song trt phang (may tien, may Revolver) Song trt uoi en (may phay) Ong truc chnh may khoan Lc ma sat Fms (Pz + G) f (Pz + Py + G) f (Pz + 2Py + G) f
2M x f d

He so k 1,1 1,4 1 f 0,15 0,2 0,15 1,15 0,15 0,18

Chu thch: G trong lng cac bo phan chuyen ong tnh tien [N].

f he so ma sat trt. d ng knh truc chnh may khoan [mm].

26

Chng 2
2.1. KHAI NIEM

THIET KE HOP TOC O

Hop toc o la mot trong nhng bo phan quan trong cua may cat kim loai dung e thc hien cac nhiem vu sau: Truyen chuyen ong va cong suat t ong c ien en truc chnh. Co kha nang thay oi toc o quay cua truc chnh hoac truc cuoi cung cua hop toc o nham at cac gia tr so vong quay theo yeu cau vi cong boi va vi so cap van toc Z. Vi cac thong so c ban ban au la Rn, va Z, co the co nhieu phng an thiet ke khac nhau ve ket cau hop toc o. V vay, ngi thiet ke can phai phan tch va la chon phng an thch hp da vao cac yeu cau sau: am bao thc hien ay u va tng oi chnh xac cac gia tr so vong quay t n1 nZ theo yeu cau.

Co xch truyen ong ngan, hieu suat truyen ong cao. Ket cau hop toc o phai n gian, tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec che tao va lap rap. Viec ieu khien phai nhe nhang va am bao an toan. ap ng c tnh kinh te.
Trong pham vi chng nay, chung ta ch nghien cu phng phap thiet ke hop toc o dung trong truyen ong phan cap. 2.2. THIET KE HOP TOC O DUNG C CAU BANH RANG DI TRT C cau banh rang di trt la c cau dung e thay oi toc o quay gia cac truc bang cach thay oi s an khp cua cac cap banh rang trong nhom di trt.
nI I nII II nIII III Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Nhom b Z1 Z2 Z3 Nhom a Z4 Z5

Hnh 2-1: C cau banh rang di trt

27

So cap toc o Z cua hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt c tnh bang cong thc sau: Z = pa . pb . pc pw (2-1) vi pa , pb , pc ,, pw la so t so truyen trong cac nhom banh rang di trt a, b, c, , w. e tao ieu kien cho tng cap banh rang an khp trong qua trnh di trt doc truc ma khong vng lan nhau, pi 3. Thong thng cac banh rang trong mot nhom di trt co cung moun m. Khi o, tong so rang cua tng cap banh rang an khp trong mot nhom di trt phai bang nhau: Z1 + Z1 = Z2 + Z2 = =

Z = const

(2-2)

e tang so cap toc o Z cua hop toc o, co the tang so t so truyen trong cac nhom banh rang di trt hoac tang so nhom banh rang di trt.
Z1 I II Z1 III Z4 IV Z5 Nhom c Z3 Z6 Z7 Z3 Z2 n0 Z3 Z 2 Nhom a Z5 Z4 Nhom b Z6 Z7

n0

Z1

Z2

Nhom a

Z6

Z7
Nhom b

Z5
II Z1 III Z3 Z2

Z8

Z9

Z5
IV

Z6

Z7
Nhom c

Z8 Hnh 2-2: Cac loai hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt

Z9

28

Hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt c s dung rat rong rai trong cac may cong cu van nang v co nhng u iem sau:

De dang at c t so truyen va so vong quay theo yeu cau. Co kha nang truyen c momen va cong suat ln vi kch thc tng oi nho Ch co banh rang ang lam viec (tham gia vao xch truyen ong) th mi an khp vi nhau, cac banh rang khac khong an khp nen t b mon. V vay, hieu suat truyen ong tang va ton that nang lng giam.
Tuy nhien, no cung co mot so nhc iem sau:

Viec thay oi toc o co kho khan, ac biet la khi quay vi van toc ln. C cau ieu khien phc tap neu so cap toc o Z ln. Kch thc chieu truc cua hop tng oi ln. Ch dung c banh rang thang, rat kho dung banh rang nghieng va khong dung c banh rang ch V.
Cac phng an to hp xch toc o cua may tien c gii thieu trong hnh 2-3.

HTC

HTC

a) May T616

b) May T616A

HT

HT

HT + HTC

HT + HTC

c) May T620

d) May T615

C Hnh 2-3: Cac phng an to hp xch toc o cua may tien

29

Khi thiet ke hop toc o dung banh rang di trt, trc tien can xac nh cac thong so c ban cua hop toc o:

Cac gia tr so vong quay tieu chuan ntc cua truc cuoi cung (truc chnh cua hop). So cap toc o Z cua hop. Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn. He so cap van toc .
Thiet ke ong hoc cho hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt can lan lt theo cac bc sau: 2.2.1. Chon phng an khong gian (PAKG) Phng an khong gian la phng an la chon va bo tr cac nhom truyen ong cua hop toc o e at c so cap toc o Z theo yeu cau. Bang 2-1: Cac phng an khong gian cua hop toc o dung banh rang di trt. Z 4 6 8 9 10 12 15 16 18 24 2x2 3x2 2x2x2 4x2 3x3 (5x2) 3x2x2 4x3 (5x3) 2x2x2x2 4x2x2 (4x4) 3x3x2 3x2x2x2 4x3x2 3x2x3 2x3x2x2 (3x4x2) (3x2x4) 2x3x3 (2x4x2) (2x2x4) (2x5) 2x3x2 (3x4) (3x5) (2x2x3) (2x4) 2x3 Phng an khong gian

Chu y : Cac phng an trong dau ngoac thng t dung. Chu thch:

ng vi moi so cap toc o Z cho trc, co the co nhieu PAKG khac nhau.

30

 Cac nhom truyen ong co nhieu t so truyen nen bo tr au xch truyen ong, nham muc ch lam cho kch thc cua hop toc o nho gon. o la v thong thng hop toc o co khuynh hng giam toc nen cang gan truc cuoi cung hay truc chnh th momen xoan cang ln, lam cho cac chi tiet truyen ong co kch thc cang ln. pa > pb > pc
2.2.2. Xac nh cac t so truyen cua hop toc o
1. Moi quan he gia cac t so truyen trong mot nhom banh rang di trt

Cac t so truyen cua cac cap banh rang trong mot nhom di trt va gia cac nhom di trt co moi quan he rang buoc. e tm moi quan he nay, hay xet mot hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt co Z = 12 nh hnh 2-4.
Z1 I II Z1 III Z4 IV Z5 Nhom c Z6 Z7 Z3 Z2 n0 Z3 Z 2 Nhom a Z5 Z4 Nhom b Z6 Z7

Hnh 2-4: S o ong cua hop toc o dung banh rang di trt co Z = 12 Neu thay oi lan lt v tr an khp cua cac banh rang trong cac nhom theo th t t tren xuong, tc la au tien thay oi t so truyen cua nhom a, sau o nhom b va cuoi cung la nhom c, chuoi so vong quay cua truc chnh c tnh nh sau: n1 = n0 . i1 . i4 . i6 n2 = n0 . i2 . i4 . i6 n3 = n0 . i3 . i4 . i6 n4 = n0 . i1 . i5 . i6 n5 = n0 . i2 . i5 . i6 n6 = n0 . i3 . i5 . i6 n7 = n0 . i1 . i4 . i7 n8 = n0 . i2 . i4 . i7 n9 = n0 . i3 . i4 . i7

31

n10 = n0 . i1 . i5 . i7 n11 = n0 . i2 . i5 . i7 n12 = n0 . i3 . i5 . i7 Chia tng ve cua cac phng trnh tng ng trong he 12 phng trnh tren se co: Nhom a : n1 : n2 : n3 = n4 : n5 : n6 = ... = i1 : i2 : i3 n1 : n2 : n3 = 1 : : 2

i1 : i2 : i3 = 1 : : 2
Nhom b : n1 : n4 = n2 : n5 = ... = i4 : i5 n1 : n4 = 1 : 3

(2-3)

i4 : i5 = 1 : 3
Nhom c : n1 : n7 = n2 : n8 = ... = i6 : i7 n1 : n7 = 1 : 6

(2-4)

i6 : i7 = 1 : 6

(2-5)

T cac cong thc (2-3), (2-4), (2-5), ngi ta nhan thay rang neu cac so vong quay cua truc chnh (hay truc cuoi cung cua hop toc o) tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan co cong boi la th cac t so truyen trong moi nhom truyen ong cung tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan co cong boi la X i (xi c goi la ac tnh hay lng m cua nhom truyen ong). Cu the la:

Nhom thay oi th nhat (ky hieu I) la nhom a (c goi la nhom c s): co cac t so truyen tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan vi cong boi la X i = 1 Nhom a co lng m xa = 1. Nhom thay oi th hai (ky hieu II) la nhom b (c goi la nhom khuech ai th nhat): co cac t so truyen tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan vi cong boi la X i = 3 Nhom b co lng m xb = 3. Nhom thay oi th ba (ky hieu III) la nhom c (c goi la nhom khuech ai th hai): co cac t so truyen tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan vi cong boi la X i = 6 Nhom c co lng m xc = 6.
Tong quat: Neu trong mot hop toc o co w nhom truyen ong va so t so truyen trong moi nhom theo th t la pa , pb , pc ... pw th lng m cua cac nhom truyen ong la:

Nhom c s: co lng m xi = 1 Nhom khuech ai th nhat: co lng m xi = pa Nhom khuech ai th hai: co lng m xi = pa pb .......................................

32

 Nhom truyen ong pw c goi la nhom khuech ai th (w-1): co lng m

xi = pa pb ... pw-1 (2-6) ngha la Lng m cua mot nhom truyen ong nao o bang tch cua cac so t so truyen cua cac nhom truyen ong a c thay oi trc no.
2. Phng an thay oi th t (goi tat la phng an th t PATT)

Phng an th t la phng an thay oi lan lt v tr an khp cua cac banh rang trong cac nhom truyen ong theo mot th t nao o.

Trong hop toc o co phng an khong gian Z = 3 2 2 cho trong hnh (24), vi cach thay oi theo th t nh tren: au tien la nhom a, sau o en nhom b va cuoi cung la nhom c, se co phng an th t I-II-III. Vi cach thay oi theo th t khac se co them cac phng an th t sau II-IIII, I-III-II, II-III-I, III-I-II, III-II-I. Lng m xi cua moi nhom truyen ong se thay oi theo tng phng an th t. So lng phng an th t c tnh bang cong thc:
vi w la so lng nhom truyen ong co trong hop toc o. q = w! (2-7)

Cong thc ket cau cua hop toc o co dang tong quat sau:
Z = pa [xa] . pb [xb] . ... pw-1[xw-1].
3. Li ket cau

(2-8)
n0 i1 i3 i4 i2 i5 i7 n1

Li ket cau la mot loai s o qui c, bieu th moi quan he ve ket cau cua cac nhom truyen ong trong hop toc o cung nh moi quan he gia cac t so truyen trong tng nhom truyen ong. Cach ve li ket cau:

II

III

Ve cac ng thang song song nam ngang (co the cach eu hay khong cach eu): bieu th cho cac truc trong hop toc o.

i6 n1

IV

Hnh 2-5: Li ket cau cua PATT I-II-III

Ve cac ng thang song song thang ng cach eu: bieu th cho cac so vong quay. Khoang cach gia cac ng thang nay la nhng quang bang nhau, co gia tr bang log (e n gian lay nhng quang cach o bang ). Ve cac tia noi lien gia cac truc: tng trng cho cac t so truyen gia cac truc. So lng tia noi gia cac truc bang so t so truyen cua nhom truyen ong gia hai truc o. Khoang cach m ra gia cac tia bang lng m xi cua nhom truyen ong.

33

 Do li ket cau c qui c ve oi xng nen so vong quay n0 cua truc I c chon v tr gia va cac tia c ve oi xng.
Cac dang li ket cau khac nhau tng ng vi cac phng an th t cua hop toc o co phng an khong gian Z = 3 2 2 cho trong hnh 2-6
PATT I-II-III: Z = 3[1]. 2[3]. 2[6] n0 i1 II i3 i4 i2 II i5 i7 n12 III i6 n1 PATT II-III-I: Z = 3[2]. 2[6]. 2[1] n0 i1 II i5 i7 n12 III i4 i6 n1 PATT III-II-I: Z = 3[4]. 2[2]. 2[1] n0 i1 II i5 i7 n12 III i4 i6 n1 i7 n12 i2 i5 i2 i5 i7 n12 i4 PATT II-I-III: Z = 3[2]. 2[1]. 2[6] n0 i1 i2

i3

i5 i7 n12

III

i6 n1

IV

IV

PATT I-III-II: Z = 3[1]. 2[6]. 2[3] n0 i1 i2

II

i3 i4 i6 n1

i3

III

IV

IV

PATT III-I-II: Z = 3[4]. 2[1]. 2[2] n0 i1 i2

II i4 III i6 n1

i3

i3

IV

IV

Hnh 2-6: Li ket cau cua cac PATT khac nhau

34

e anh gia va la chon phng an th t cung nh li ket cau hp ly, can phai: Th nhat, kiem tra pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri cua tng nhom truyen ong trong hop toc o vi pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen cho phep [Ri] (thc ra ch can kiem tra nhom truyen ong co Ri ln nhat, khi o cac nhom khac ng nhien thoa man yeu cau nay) theo cong thc: Ri [Ri]
i max i min

(2-9)

Pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri cua tng nhom truyen ong c tnh: Ri = (2-10)

vi imax va imin la t so truyen ln nhat va nho nhat cua nhom truyen ong ang xet. ong thi, neu mot nhom truyen ong nao o co p t so truyen (vi i1 = imin va ip = imax) va co lng m la xi , th: i1 : i2 : i3 : . . . : ip = 1 : X i : 2 X i : . . . (p 1) Xi T (2-10) va (2-11) Ri = ip i max = (p 1) Xi = i min i1 (2-11) (2-12)

tnh:

Pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen cho phep [Ri] cua mot nhom truyen ong c [Ri] =
[i max ] [i min ]

(2-13)

vi [imax]va [imin] la t so truyen ln nhat va nho nhat cho phep cua mot nhom truyen ong. Trong thc te, e kch thc cac banh rang khong qua chenh lech trong mot nhom truyen ong, t so truyen ln nhat va nho nhat cho phep cua mot nhom truyen ong thng dung tren may cong cu co gii han nh sau:

oi vi hop toc o:

1 i 2 4 [i ] 2 1 [Ri] = max = : = 8 [i min ] 1 4

(2-14)

(2-15) (2-16) (2-17)

oi vi hop chay dao:

1 i 2,8 5 [i ] 2 ,8 1 [Ri] = max = : = 14 1 5 [i min ]

Th hai, mot phng an th t c xem la tot neu lng m cua cac nhom truyen ong theo th t t tren xuong di co gia tr thay oi t t hay li ket cau co dang hnh re quat (cac tia ac trng cho cac t so truyen thay oi t t). T hnh (2-6), phng an th t I-II-III c xem la hp ly nhat.

35

4. o th so vong quay

Do li ket cau c qui c ve oi xng nen cha the hien c gia tr thc cua so vong quay va gia tr thc cua t so truyen. e the hien cac gia tr thc nay, ngi ta dung o th so vong quay. Cach ve o th so vong quay:
Ve cac ng thang song song nam ngang va cac ng thang song song thang ng (tng t li ket cau). Ve cac tia noi lien gia cac truc: bieu th cho gia tr thc cua cac t so truyen gia cac truc. Cac tia khong bo tr oi xng nh li ket cau ma bo tr thch ng vi gia tr t so truyen theo qui c nh sau: Tia thang ng bieu dien t so truyen i = 1 (ong toc). Tia nghieng trai bieu dien t so truyen i < 1 (giam toc). Tia nghieng trai mot o 1 1 1 co t so truyen i = , hai o co t so truyen i = 2 , ba o co t so truyen i = 3 . . . Tia nghieng phai bieu dien t so truyen i > 1 (tang toc). Tia nghieng phai mot o co t so truyen i = , hai o co t so truyen i = 2 , ba o co t so truyen i = 3 . . . Cac tia song song co cung mot gia tr t so truyen nh nhau.

T mot li ket cau, co the ve nhieu o th so vong quay khac nhau bang cach thay oi o nghieng cua cac tia, ngha la thay oi cac gia tr cua t so truyen (hnh 2-7).
I n0 i1 i2 i4 I i2 II i4 i5 n0 i1 i3

i3 i5

II

III
i6 i7

III

i6

i7

IV

n1

IV
Phng an 1 n12

n1

Phng an 2

n12

Hnh 2-7: Cac phng an o th so vong quay khac nhau

Vi phng an 1: i1 =

1
2

; i2 =

1 1 1 ; i3 = 1 ; i4 = 3 ; i5 = 1 ; i6 = 4 ; i7 = 2

36

Vi phng an 2: i1 =

1
2

; i2 =

1 1 1 ; i3 = 1 ; i4 = 2 ; i5 = ; i6 = 3 ; i7 = 3

Nguyen tac chung e chon t so truyen la: am bao cac gia tr cua t so truyen khong vt qua gii han cho phep cua no (c cho trong cong thc 2-14 hoac 2-16). Nen chon t so truyen i 1 e kch thc banh rang chu ong va b ong gan bang nhau, ieu kien lam viec tng oi ong eu va bo truyen nho gon. Tuy nhien, neu chon t so truyen i 1 th e at cac gia tr so vong quay thap cua hop toc o, xch truyen ong se rat dai va kch thc chung cua toan hop se ln. V vay nguyen tac nay ch phu hp cho cac nhom truyen ong au tien co yeu cau so vong quay ln.
I II i5 II i6 i3 i2 i9 n0 i4 i1 i8 i7

IV n1

Hnh 2-8: Cac phng an chon t so truyen hp ly

e at c gia tr so vong quay nho nhat nmin va ln nhat nmax t so vong quay n0 tren truc I, can phai bo tr nhieu t so truyen giam hay tang toc t t qua cac truc trung gian, tranh viec chon t so truyen giam hay tang ot ngot. Trong hnh 2-8, e at so vong quay n1 t so vong quay n0, chon cac t so truyen i1, i2, i3 la hp ly nhat Cac t so truyen phai c chon theo tr so tieu chuan (bang 2-2) cua day so Renard 40 (R40) c tnh theo cong thc: i = 1,06E
Bang (2-2)

(vi E la so nguyen) 4 5 6 7 1,5 20 8 9 10 11

(2-18) 12 2

E i E i

0 1 13

1,06 1,12 1,19 1,26 1,33 1,41 14 15 16 17 18 19 3

1,58 1,68 1,78 1,88 21 22 23 24 4

2,11 2,24 2,37 2,51 2,66 2,82

3,16 3,35 3,55 3,76

T o th so vong quay a ve, cac t so truyen c tnh theo cong thc sau: i = m (2-19) vi m la mot so bat ky, phu thuoc vao o nghieng cua tia c ve tren o th so vong quay (m = 0 vi tia thang ng, m < 0 vi tia nghieng trai va m > 0 vi tia nghieng phai). Cac t so truyen thong dung ng vi he so = 1,26 va = 1,41 cho trong bang (2-3)

37

Bang (2-3)
m

0 1 1

0,5

1,5

2 2

2,5

3 2

3,5

4 4

4,5

5,5

6 4

1,26 1,41

1,12 1,26 1,41 1,58 1,78 1,19 1,41 1,68

2,24 2,51 2,82 3,16 3,55

2,37 2,82 3,35

Do vay, khi ve o th so vong quay, khong nhat thiet phai ve cac tia nghieng ung vao v tr giao iem cua ng thang nam ngang va thang ng mien la cac t so truyen co gia tr tieu chuan (bang 2-2). Vi = 1,26, cac t so truyen trong hnh (2-9) la: i1 = i2 =
1

1 ,5

= =

1 1,26 1 ,5

1 = 1,41

n0

i1 i2

i3

1 0 ,5 1
2 ,5

1 1,26 0 ,5 1 1,26
1
2 ,5

1 1,12 1 1,78

II i4 i5

i3 = i5 = 0,5 = 1,12 i4 = i6 = =
=

III

i6

i7

1 4
2

1,26 4
2

1 2 ,51

IV

i7 = = 1,26 = 1,58

Hnh 2-9: Bo tr cac t so truyen

n1

n12

e anh gia va la chon o th so vong quay hp ly, can phai: Th nhat, kiem tra cac t so truyen i a c xac nh t o th so vong quay (thc ra ch can kiem tra t so truyen imin va imax, khi o cac t so truyen khac ng nhien thoa) vi t so truyen cho phep [imin] va [imax] theo cong thc: imin
[imin] va imax [imax]

(2-20) 1
4

Trong hnh (2-7), vi phng an 1 ch can kiem tra imin = i6 = imax = i7 = 2

[imin] =

1 va 4

[imax] = 2; vi phng an 2 ch can kiem tra imin = i6 =

1 3

[imin] =

1 va imax = i7 = 3 [imax] = 2. 4 Th hai, nen chon t so truyen sao cho so vong quay cua cac truc trung gian (la cac truc gia truc ong c va truc cuoi cung) cang ln cang tot. o la v khi truyen cung mot cong suat nh nhau, so vong quay cang ln th momen xoan cang nho, dan en kch thc cua bo truyen se nho. Cung v ly do o, nen chon so vong quay n0 cua truc I ln nhat co the c, sao cho va am bao cac ieu kien cua t so truyen trong hop toc o va am bao t so truyen cua bo truyen ai t ong c en truc I co gia tr i 1 e bo truyen ai co ket cau nho gon.

38

Trong trng hp kiem tra pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri hoac t so truyen i khong at, ngi ta co the dung mot hoac ong thi cac giai phap sau ay e khac phuc: Lam trung toc o. Them truc trung gian. Dung truyen ong phc tap. Cac giai phap nay se tao ra cac dang ac biet cua li ket cau va o th so vong quay, co nhng iem khac biet vi li ket cau va o th so vong quay a e cap tren. a. Lam trung toc o Lam trung toc o la giai phap co y cua ngi thiet ke vi hai muc ch sau: am bao pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri cua mot nhom truyen ong thoa man ieu kien cho phep: Ri [Ri]. am bao mot ieu kien ket cau va cong nghe cu the nao o cua may nh viec s dung ket hp vi xch cat ren khuech ai trong may T620. e am bao ieu kien ve Ri, phai giam lng m cua nhom truyen ong co Ri vt qua gii han cho phep (thng la nhom truyen ong cuoi cung). ieu nay lam cho may co mot so cap toc o b trung. V du: Thiet ke hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt co Z = 24, = 1,26. Chon phng an khong gian Z = 3 2 2 2 va phng an th t I-II-III-IV, cong thc ket cau la Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[6] . 2[12] (hnh 2-10). Pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri cua nhom truyen ong cuoi cung c tnh theo cong thc (2-12):
I

Ri = ( p1)x i = ( 31)6 = 12 = 1,2612 = 16 > [Ri] = 8

n0

II

III

IV

V n1

n24

Hnh 2-10: Li ket cau cua PAKG Z = 3 2 2 2 va PATT I-II-III-IV

39

e Ri at yeu cau, phai giam lng m cua nhom truyen ong cuoi cung t x = 12 xuong x = 9. Khi o Ri = 9 = 1,269 = 7,94 < [Ri] = 8 va co 3 toc o trung. Cong thc ket cau c viet lai nh sau: Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[6] . 2[9] Li ket cau va o th so vong quay sau khi giam lng m (hnh 2-11).
I

n0 i1 i3 i2 i4 i5

II

III

i6

i7

IV

i8

i9

V I

n1

n10 n11 n12 n0 i1 i2 i3

n21

II

i4
III

i5

i6

i7

IV

i8
V

i9

n1

n10 n11 n12

n21

Hnh 2-11: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua phng an lam trung toc o

40

Lu y: Neu ch e am bao so cap toc o Z theo yeu cau, ve nguyen tac co the giam lng m bat c nhom truyen ong nao. So cap toc o b trung phu thuoc vao lng giam cua lng m va v tr cua nhom truyen ong co lng m b giam. Hay xem xet cac trng hp giam lng m khac nhau cua PAKG Z = 3 2 2 va PATT I-II-III trong hnh 2-12. PA (a): khong lam trung toc o. Cong thc ket cau: Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[6] PA (b): giam lng m nhom c t xc = 6 xuong xc = 5, lam trung mot toc o. Cong thc ket cau: Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[5] PA (c): giam lng m nhom c t xc = 6 xuong xc = 4, lam trung hai toc o. Cong thc ket cau: Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[4] PA (d): giam lng m nhom b t xb = 3 xuong xb = 2. Mac du ch giam lng m mot gia tr nhng do v tr cua nhom truyen ong co lng m b giam khong phai la nhom cuoi cung nen co mot toc o b trung tren truc III va so cap toc o tren truc IV ch con Z = 10. Khi o, cong thc ket cau co dang: Z = 3[1] . 2[2] . 2[5]
I

n0 i1 i2

n0 i1 i3 i4 i5 i7 n11 i2

II

i3 i4

II

i5 i7 n12
III

III

i6 n1

i6 n1

IV

IV

(a)

(b)

n0 i1 i2 i3 i4 i5 i7 n10

n0 i1 i3 i4 i5 i7 n10 i2

II

II

III

i6 n1

III

i6 n1

IV

IV

(c)

(d)

Hnh 2-12: Li ket cau cua cac phng an lam trung toc o khac nhau

41

Mot v du na minh hoa ve bien phap lam trung toc o la xet hop toc o co PAKG Z = 3 3 2 va PATT I-II-III nh trong hnh (2-13). PA (a): khong lam trung toc o. Cong thc ket cau: Z = 3[1] . 3[3] . 2[9] = 18 PA (b): giam lng m nhom b t xb = 3 xuong xb = 2, lam trung hai toc o tren truc III va so cap toc o tren truc IV ch con Z = 14. Cong thc ket cau co dang sau: Z = 3[1] . 3[2] . 2[7]
I

n0

n0

II

II

III

III

IV

IV

n1

(a)

n18

n1

(b)

Z5 n14

Hnh 2-13: Li ket cau trong cac PA cha lam trung va a lam trung toc o

b. Them truc trung gian ay la giai phap them mot hoac mot so truc trung gian vao nhom truyen ong co Ri vt qua gii han cho phep, nham tach thanh hai ng truyen trc tiep va gian tiep. Khi o, do trong nhom truyen ong, cac ng truyen khong phai ch truyen chuyen ong gia hai truc nen khong b rang buoc bi ieu kien ve Ri. Them truc trung gian con la mot giai phap nham keo dai xch truyen ong e ha thap t so truyen gia hai truc. Khi them truc trung gian, phng an khong gian cua may b bien hnh t truyen ong n gian sang truyen ong phc tap. Hay xem xet trng hp hop toc o cua may tien T616 (hnh 2-16) vi so cap van toc Z = 12 va he so = 1,41. Hop toc o may tien T616 gom hai phan: hop giam toc va hop truc chnh. ong c noi vi hop giam toc qua bo truyen banh rang co t so truyen i0 va hop giam toc noi vi hop truc chnh qua bo truyen ai co t so truyen i. Cong thc ket cau co dang: Z = 1[0]. 3[1]. 2[3]. 1[0]. 2[6] Ghi chu: Cac nhom truyen ong ch co mot t so truyen se co lng m xi = 0.

42

Li ket cau cua phng an khong gian nay cho trong hnh 2-14. Pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen trong nhom truyen ong cuoi cung la: Ri =
i max i = 7 = 6 = 1,416 = 8 i min i6

Tuy trong trng hp nay, Ri at yeu cau nhng ca hai t so truyen i6 va i7 eu at

1 va i7 = imax = 2. e bo truyen co kch thc nho gon va 4 am bao ieu kien lam viec tot, ngi ta s n0 I

gia tr ti han i6 = imin =

dung truc trung gian V trong c cau Hacne tach truyen ong ra lam hai ng truyen: ng truyen trc tiep i t truc V sang truc VI vi mot t so truyen i7 = 1 va ng truyen gian tiep i t truc V sang truc trung gian V vi t so truyen i6a =
1

II III IV V

i0 i2 i4 i i6 i7 i1 i3 i5

2 ,5

roi i tiep t truc V en truc VI vi t

1 3 ,5

so truyen i6b =

. Do o may co phng
VI

an khong gian bien hnh nh sau: Z = 1. 3. 2. 1 (1 + 1. 1)

n1

n12

Hnh 2-14: Li ket cau cha co truc trung gian

Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua may T616 ng vi phng an khong gian bien hnh cho trong hnh 2-15. S o ong cua may T616 cho hnh 2-16.
I II III IV V V VI

n0 i0 i2 i1 i4 i i6a i7 i3 i5

I II III IV V V

n0 i0 i1 i4 i2 i3 i5 i i6a i6b n12 i7

n1

i6b

n12

VI n1

Hnh 2-15: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua phng an khong gian bien hnh

43

63
V

Bm 17 Cam

Hnh 2-16: S o ong may tien van nang T616

200
IV

27 22

55

VI

VII

L1 35

55

VIII

a c

58 m=2
XV

IX

35 39 26 39 39 26 26 39 39 14 tx = 6 mm 45 k=2 Truc vt me

22 24 48 b
X XI

52 24

36

Truc trn tx = 5 mm

27

30 26

21 27

52 26

39 52 39 52 39 52
XIII

60 39 55 15 L2 25
XVI

24 L3 47 38
XVII XVIII

27

50

33

40 47

13

45 200 71 48

38 31

58 42
N = 4,5 KW n = 1450 v/p

44

c. Dung truyen ong phc tap Truyen ong phc tap la loai truyen ong co hai ng truyen ong: ng truyen toc o nhanh va ng truyen toc o cham. Cong thc tong quat e the hien phng an bo tr khong gian cua truyen ong phc tap: Z = Z0 (Z + Z) = Z0Z + Z0Z Vi Z0 so cap toc o cua phan chung. Z0Z so cap toc o nhanh (phan truyen ong bo sung). Z0Z so cap toc o cham (phan truyen ong c ban). V du: Hop toc o Z = 18 c phan tch theo PAKG sau: Z = 2 (1 + 2.2.2) = 18 Z0Z= 2[1].1[0] = 2 (ng truyen toc o nhanh) Z0Z = 2[1].2[2].2[4].2[8] = 16 (ng truyen toc o cham)
I

(2-21)

n0

n0

n0 i1 i2

II

II

i3
III III

i4 i5 i6 i8 n18 i9

IV

IV

i7
V

n1

n18

n1

Hnh 2-17: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o co PAKG Z = 2 (1 + 2.2.2)

Muc ch cua viec dung truyen ong phc tap la e thoa man yeu cau ve pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen cho phep Ri [Ri]. Do c tach thanh hai ng truyen rieng biet nen lng m cua cac nhom truyen ong giam nho i va co kha nang at c yeu cau nay. Tr lai v du ve hop toc o co Z = 24, = 1,26 (hnh 2-10). Neu dung truyen ong n gian vi phng an khong gian Z = 3 2 2 2 , phng an th t I-IIIII-IV, cong thc ket cau la Z = 3[1] . 2[3] . 2[6] . 2[12] th ieu kien ve Ri khong at. V vay phai chon truyen ong phc tap co PAKG sau (hnh 2-18):

45

Z = 2.2 (2 + 1.2.2) = 24 trong o:

I

Z0Z= 2[1].2[2].2[4] = 8 va
n0

Z0Z = 2[1].2[2].2[4].2[8] = 16
n0

II

III

IV

VI I

n1

n16 n0 i1 i2

n24

II

i3
III

i4

i7

IV

i8 i9

i5

i6

i10
VI

i11

n1

n16

n24

Hnh 2-18: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o co PAKG Z = 2.2 (2 + 1.2.2)

46

Hop toc o may tien nang 165 dung truyen ong phc tap vi ket cau ac biet. PAKG cua may: Z = 3[2 +1.3(1 + 1.1)] ; = 1,26 ; nmin = 4 v/ph nmax = 800 v/ph co li ket cau, o th so vong quay cho trong hnh 2-19 va s o ong trong hnh 2-20.
I

n0 i1 i3 i2 i6 i6 i1

n0 i3 i2 i1

n0 i3 i2

II

III

i7
IV

i9 i8

i7 i8

i9

i4

i5

i11
V

i10

i12
VI

n1

n9

n10

n18 n19

n24

Hnh 2-19: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o may tien nang

47

1 1 1 , i2 = , i3 = , 1,94 1,54 1,22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 = , i5 = 1, i 6 = , i7 = , i8 = , i9 = 1,26, i 10 = , i 11 = , i12 = 9 = 2 2 2 2,52 3,16 1,58 1 1 = 9 8 1,26

Cac t so truyen thc te cua may co gia tr la: i 1 =

T so truyen i12 cua truyen ong cuoi cung trong hop toc o co gia tr vt qua gii han cho phep nhng v c thc hien bang an khp banh rang trong nen chap nhan c.

Hnh 2-20: S o ong hop toc o may tien nang 165

Ngoai ra, do yeu cau cua ket cau va ieu kien cong nghe, truyen ong phc tap van co the co mot so toc o c bo tr trung nh trong trng hp cua may T620. Theo s o ong cua hop toc o may T620 cho trong hnh 2-21, PAKG cua hop la: Z = 2.3 (1 + 2.2.1) = 30 Cong thc ket cau cua cac ng truyen toc o nhanh va cham la: Z0Z= 2[1].3[2].1[0] = 6 Z0Z = 2[1].3[2].2[6].2[12].1[0] = 24 Trong ng truyen toc o cham, nhom truyen ong th t khong at ve Ri (12 = 1,2612 = 16 > 8). Do yeu cau cua xch cat ren khuech ai tren may, lng m cua nhom nay c giam xuong con 6. Khi o cong thc ket cau se la: Z0Z = 2[1].3[2].2[6].2[6].1[0] = 18

48

260 56
I

24 51 L1 36 88
II III

60

XVIII

60 Phanh 60 60 22
IV

49

21 29 34 39 47 28 55 35

50 38 38 60 22 60 28 60
VII VIII

27 88 40 54 49
V VI XIX

38

42 42 64 95 42

44 35 35 L 35 L 56 28 36 40 45 28 48 3 2 25 26 26 IX XII 28 35 XI 32
X

28

L4
XV

tx=5 tx=12 30 Truc vt me Truc trn 37 30 26 10 60 66 60 L6 60 14 38 L5

XX XIX

97

50 35

48 28 36 L3 25 35 18

XIV

15
XIII XVI

28

25 28

28

56

56

k=6

XVIII

z=28
XVII

Ly hp mot chieu m=3

i=1 21 N=1KW

L8

42 64

44
XXI

L7

145

N=10KW n=1450v/p

Hnh 2-21: S o ong may tien ren vt van nang T620

49

Ngoai ra, gia ng truyen toc o nhanh va cham con co mot toc o trung nen so cap toc o cuoi cung cua may la Z = 23 (hnh 2-22).
I

n0

n0

II

III

IV

VI I

n1

n18 n0 i1 i2

n23

II

i4
III

i3

i5 i8

i7
IV

i9
V

i10 i6

i11
VI

n1

n18

n23

Hnh 2-22: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua may tien T620

50

Hnh 2-23: Ban ve khai trien hop toc o may tien 1K62

51

Hnh 2-24: Ban ve khai trien hop toc o may phay P623

52

Mot so lu y khi dung phng an truyen ong phc tap Vi mot so cap toc o Z cho trc theo yeu cau, co the phan tch thanh nhieu PAKG co s dung truyen ong phc tap. Sau khi tach cap toc o Z thanh hai ng truyen: ng truyen toc o nhanh (Z0Z) va ng truyen toc o cham (Z0 Z), can phai kiem tra ieu kien Ri

Neu Ri vt qua gii han cho phep, phai chon lai phng an khong gian khac. Neu Ri thoa man ieu kien (Ri [Ri] = 8), tien hanh ve li ket cau va o th so vong quay. Tuy nhien, co the co trng hp ch ve c li ket cau ma khong ve c o th so vong quay do o th so vong quay con b rang buoc ve ieu kien t so truyen i theo cong thc (2-14):
1 4

= [imin]

[imax] = 2

e thoa man ieu kien tren, trong o th so vong quay, gia tr t so truyen ln nhat trong cac t so truyen tang toc (tia nghieng phai) imax = n 2 va gia tr t so truyen 1 1 nho nhat trong cac t so truyen giam toc (tia nghieng trai) imin = m 4 trong o: n so o cua tia nghieng phai. m so o cua tia nghieng trai. Neu = 1,26 th n 3 va m 6, con neu = 1,41 th n 2 va m 4. e kiem tra nhanh o th so vong quay ve c hay khong, co the thc hien phng phap em o nh sau:
Bc 1: Tnh so lng o can thiet cho o th so vong quay ng vi so cap toc o Z yeu cau. Neu hop toc o can co Z toc o th o th so vong quay can co t nhat (Z 1) o. Bc 2: Tnh tong so lng o toi a T co the at c cua PAKG a chon Z = Z0 (Z+Z)

T = A + B + C (o) trong o: A so lng o co the at c cua nhom truyen ong chung Z0. B so lng o co the at c cua nhom truyen ong nhanh Z. C so lng o co the at c cua nhom truyen ong cham Z.

(2-22)

Vi nhom truyen ong chung Z0, do Z0 = Pa. Pb. Pc Pw nen A = (Pa. Pb. Pc Pw) 1. Vi nhom truyen ong nhanh Z, do Z = Pa1. Pb1. Pc1 Pw1 nen B = nmax. w1, trong o w1 la so lng nhom truyen ong ng truyen toc o nhanh. Vi nhom truyen ong cham Z, do Z = Pa2. Pb2. Pc2 Pw2 nen C = mmax. w2 , trong o w2 la so lng nhom truyen ong ng truyen toc o cham
Bc 3: Ket luan ve PAKG a chon.

53

 Neu T (Z 1) : ve c o th so vong quay, PAKG co the chap nhan c. Tuy nhien neu T qua ln so vi so o can thiet (Z 1), PAKG nay tao ra ket cau hop cong kenh, phc tap. Neu T < (Z 1) : khong ve c o th so vong quay v khong thoa man c ieu kien ve t so truyen i. Bien phap khac phuc trong trng hp nay la phai s dung PAKG bien hnh bang cach them truc trung gian e ha thap t so truyen gia hai truc. Thng ngi ta them truc trung gian vao ng truyen toc o cham nhng can lu y am bao chieu quay cua truc cuoi cung nh nhau trong ca hai ng truyen toc o nhanh va cham. Muon the, tong so lng nhom truyen ong trong ng truyen toc o cham w2 so vi tong so lng nhom truyen ong trong ng truyen toc o nhanh w1 phai bang hoac hn mot so nguyen 2, 4
V du: Thiet ke hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt co Z = 16, =1,41 Chon PAKG: Z = 2 (2 + 3.2) = 16 Z0Z= 2[1].2[2] = 4 (ng truyen toc o nhanh) Z0Z = 2[1].3[2].2[6] = 12 (ng truyen toc o cham) Kiem tra Ri ng truyen toc o cham: Ri < 8 nen thoa man yeu cau va co the ve c li ket cau. Trc khi ve o th so vong quay, can kiem tra kha nang ve c bang cach dung phng phap em o cho PAKG tren. Vi nhom truyen ong chung Z0, do Z0 = 2 nen A = Z0 1 = 1 o. Vi nhom truyen ong nhanh Z, do w1 = 1 nen B = nmax. w1 = 2 Vi nhom truyen ong cham Z, do w2 = 2 nen C = mmax. w2 = 4 1 = 2 o. 2 = 8 o.

Tong so lng o toi a T co the at c cua PAKG nay T = 11 o nho hn so lng o can thiet la 15 o nen khong at yeu cau. Va lai, trong PAKG nay cung khong am bao chieu quay cua truc cuoi cung nh nhau trong ca hai ng truyen toc o nhanh va cham. Bien phap khac phuc la them mot truc trung gian vao ng truyen toc o cham va PAKG bien hnh nh sau: Z = 2 (2 + 1.3.2) = 16 Z0Z= 2[1].2[2] = 4 (ng truyen toc o nhanh) Z0Z = 2[1].1[0].3[2].2[6] = 12 (ng truyen toc o cham) Tnh tong so lng o toi a T: A = Z0 1 = 2 1 = 1 B=2 C=4 1=2 3 = 12 (w1 = 1) (w2 = 3).

T = A + B + C = 15 o.
Vay o th so vong quay cua phng an khong gian nay ve c.

54

2.2.3. Xac nh so rang cua banh rang T o th so vong quay, co the xac nh c cac t so truyen trong xch truyen ong. Sau o can tien hanh tnh toan so rang cua cac cap banh rang. Neu gia hai truc co mot t so truyen co nh th viec xac nh so rang cua cap banh rang nay rat de dang. Nhng tren thc te gia hai truc thng co nhieu t so truyen phu thuoc lan nhau nen viec tnh toan co phc tap hn.
nI
I

Z1

Z2

Z3

Nhom a

i1
II

Z4

Z5

nIII
III

Z1

Z2

Z3 Z4 Z5

Nhom b

Hnh 2-25: C cau banh rang di trt

Co hai phng phap xac nh so rang la phng phap tnh toan va phng phap tra bang. 2.2.3.1 Phng phap tnh toan
1. Cac banh rang co cung moun m

Thong thng cac banh rang trong mot nhom di trt c chon co cung moun m e tao ieu kien thuan li cho viec thiet ke va gia cong.
a. Trng hp biet trc khoang cach truc A: o la khi thiet ke phai da vao ket cau cua mot hop may cu hoac b rang buoc bi khoang cach truc A cho trc. Ta co:

A= ma nen

1 m (Zj + Zj) 2 1 1 m (ij . Zj+ Zj) = m Zj (1 + ij) 2 2 ij 1 va Zj = 2A m 1+ i j m 1+ i j

(2-23) (2-24) (2-25) (2-26)

Zj = ij . Zj A=

T (2-25) suy ra Zj= 2A

b. Trng hp khong biet trc khoang cach truc A: o la khi thiet ke may mi hoan toan.

55

Gia thiet trong mot nhom truyen ong cac t so truyen i1, i2, i3, , in a c xac nh theo o th so vong quay, can tnh so rang Z1, Z2, Z3, , Zj va Z1, Z2, Z3, , Zj i1 = Zj Z Z1 Z . , i2 = 2 , i3 = 3 , , ij = Z1 ' Z2 ' Z3 ' Z j' (2-27)

Khoang cach truc A co the viet: A= Vi 1 1 1 1 m(Z1+Z1) = m(Z2+Z2) = = m(Zj+Zj) = m Z 2 2 2 2 (2-28)

Z : tong so rang cua cap banh rang truyen ong gia hai truc cua nhom truyen. Vay (Z1+Z1) = (Z2+Z2) = = (Zj+Zj) = Z (2-29) The 2A = m. Z vao cong thc (2-26), ta co:
Zj =

(1 + i j ) Z
Zj Z j' = fj gj

ij

va Zj =

1 1+ i j

) Z

(2-30)

Do tat ca cac t so truyen ij eu co the phan tch thanh: ij = (2-31)

trong o fj, gj la cac so nguyen khong cha tha so chung (hay noi cach khac la fj toi gian). phan so gj Thay (2-31) vao (2-30) se c:

fj .Z Z j = fj + g j gj Z ' = . Z j fj + g j (fj + gj). Nhng fj va gj khong cha tha so chung nen tong (fj + gj), ngha la:

(2-32)

V so rang Zj, Zj la so nguyen, nen fj. Z va gj. Z phai chia ung cho tong

phai chia ung Ej lan cho (2-33)

Z = Ej .(fj + gj)
Cung ly luan tng t cho cac t so truyen i1, i2, ta viet c:

= E1 (f1 + g1) = E2 (f2 + g2) = = Ej .(fj + gj) vi E1 , E2 , , Ej la cac so

nguyen. Ve mat toan hoc, neu mot so chia ung cho moi tong so th phai chia ung cho boi so chung nho nhat cua moi tong so o.

56

Goi K la boi so chung nho nhat trong moi tong so tren, ta tm c so chia ung cho E sao cho:

Z = K.E
Thay (2-34) vao (2-32):
fj . KE Z j = fj + g j gj Z ' = . KE j fj + g j

(2-34)

(2-35)

Tr so E khong phai la so nguyen tuy y, ma phai ln hn Emin nao o e banh Zmin). rang bat ky trong nhom phai ln hn banh rang gii han nho nhat Zmin (Zj Thng e tranh hien tng cat chan rang th Zmin = 17 rang. Chon Zmin = 17 e xac nh Emin Khi banh rang nho nhat Zmin trong nhom truyen ong nam tia giam toc, th no ong vai tro chu ong, nen tnh Zminc (chu ong) t cong thc (2-35) tng ng vi banh rang chu ong Zj Eminc = Z min ( f j + g j ) fj . K (2-36)

Va banh rang nho nhat Zmin nam tia tang toc th no ong vai tro b ong, nen tnh Zminb (b ong) t cong thc (2-35) tng ng vi banh rang chu ong Zj: Eminb = Z min ( f j + g j ) gj. K (2-37)

e xac nh banh rang nho nhat Zmin la chu ong hay b ong, can phai nhn vao hai tia ngoai cung cua nhom truyen ong trong o th so vong quay: tia nao co o nghieng nhieu nhat, o co banh rang nho nhat. Neu tia nghieng trai co o nghieng nhieu hn, th dung (2-36) e tnh Eminc. Ngc lai, tia nghieng phai co o nghieng nhieu hn, th dung (2-37) e tnh Eminb Tr so Emin c tnh ra thng la so le, nen phai lay so nguyen ln hn, e lam the nao cho tr so Z 90 120. oi vi hop toc o cua may cong cu, khoang cach A gia hai truc thng dung cac gia tr sau A = 36m, 45m, 60m (vi m la moun). T ay, ta co:

Z =

2A = 72, 90, 120 m

Nhng tr so nay thng dung v no co the phan thanh cac tha so 2, 3, 5

57

V du 1: Tnh so rang cua cac banh rang trong nhom truyen ong co 6 t so truyen vi = 1,26 nh sau:
Hnh 2-26: o th so vong quay cua nhom truyen ong co 6 t so truyen

i2 T o th tren, co cac t so truyen: i1 = i2 =

1 1 1,26 1 1,26
3 4

i3

i4

i5

i6

= =

= =

1 2 ,52 1 2

i3 = i4 =

1 1,26
2

1 1,58

i5 = 0 = 1 i6 = = 1,26

1
3

1 1 = 1,26

Phan tch cac t so truyen thanh cac phan so toi gian: i1 = i2 = i3 = i4 =

1 2 f = 1 2,5 5 g1 1 f2 = 2 g2 f 1 7 = 3 1,58 11 g 3 1 4 f = 4 1,26 5 g 4 f5 g5

nen f1 + g1 = 2 + 5 = 7 nen f2 + g2 = 1 + 2 = 3 nen f3 + g3 = 7 + 11 = 18 =2 . 32 nen f4 + g4 = 4 + 5 = 9 = 32 nen f5 + g5 = 1 + 1 = 2 nen f6 + g6 = 5 + 4 = 9 = 32

i5 = 1 = i6 =

1,26 5 f6 = 1 4 g6

Boi so chung nho nhat cua moi tong tren: K = 7 . 2 . 32 = 126 Nhan thay i1 co o nghieng ln nhat ma la tia giam toc nen banh rang nho nhat la banh rang chu ong. V vay dung cong thc Eminc e xac nh Emin: Eminc = Z min ( f j + g j ) fj . K = 17 ( 2 + 5 ) 17 = <1 126 2 36

58

Chon Emin = 1, do o:

Z = E.K = 1

126 = 126 > 120

Tong so nay ln hn so vi tong so rang cho phep trong hop toc o, do o phai ieu chnh lai bang mot trong hai cach: + Giam tr so K: Ttong cac tha so tao nen tr so K ln, tha so (f1 + g1) = 7 co tac dung nhieu nhat, can phai bien oi gan ung tha so nay sao cho co the phan thanh cac tha so 2 hay 3. V du bien oi: i1 = 1 31 1 = (sai so 1,5% < 5% la tr so cho phep) 2 ,5 77 2 ,484

Do o: f1 + g1 = 31 + 77 = 108 = 22 . 33 Cac t so truyen con lai khong can phai ieu chnh na va tr so K sau khi ieu chnh se la K = 108. Tren c s o tnh lai Emin Emin = 17( 31 + 77 ) 17 = <1 108 31 31 108 = 108
g1 77 = 108 = 77 f1 + g1 31 + 77

Chon Emin = 1, do o:

Z = E.K = 1
Z1 = E.K Z2 = 108

Tnh cac so rang cua banh rang chu ong va b ong, cu the la:
f1 31 = 108 = 31 f1 + g1 31 + 77

Z1= E.K Z2 = 108

1 = 36 1+ 2 7 = 42 Z3 = 108 7 + 11

2 = 72 3 11 Z3= 108 = 66 18 5 = 60 9 1 Z5= 108 = 54 2 4 Z6= 108 = 48 9 Z4= 108

4 = 48 4+5 1 = 54 Z5 = 108 1+1 5 = 60 Z6 = 108 4+5 Z4 = 108

+ Bo tha so ln:

e giam tr so K, co the bo tha so nao dan en gia tr ln cua K va sau o tnh K vi nhng t so truyen i con lai. So rang do t so truyen a bo ra co the dan en so le, nen phai qui tron va nhieu khi phai dung banh rang dch chnh.

59

 v du tren, tr so K ln la do t so truyen i1, co (f1 + g1) = 7. Ta bo tr so 7 va tnh lai K: K = 2 . 32 = 18 Do o: Emin = Chon E = 4 nen
17( f1 + g1 ) 17( 2 + 5 ) = = 3 ,3 K . f1 18.2

Z = E.K = 4

18 = 72

Tng t nh tren, tnh cac so rang cua cac t so truyen i2 i6. 1 So rang cua t so truyen bo ra i1 = c tnh t cong thc (2-30) 2 ,52 Z1 = Z1=
i1 (1 + i1 )

Z = 72

1 = 20,4 3 ,52 2 ,52 = 51,6 3 ,52

Z1 20 1 = = Z1' 52 2,6 Z1 20 1 = = Z1' 51 2 ,55

1 (1 + i1 )

Z = 72

So rang Z1 va Z1 b le, do o phai chon so chan Neu chon Z1 = 20 va Z1 = 52 th Z1 + Z1= 20 + 52 = 72. Va i1 = Neu chon Z1 = 20 va Z1 = 51 th Z1+ Z1= 20 + 51 = 71.Va i1 =

trng hp au, co the dung banh rang tieu chuan nhng t so truyen i1 kem chnh xac. Trong trng hp sau, t so truyen i1 chnh xac hn nhng phai dung banh rang dch chnh.
2. Cac banh rang khong cung moun

Trong mot nhom truyen ong, thng dung cac banh rang co cung moun. Tuy nhien trong mot so trng hp khi t so truyen cua cac cap banh rang khac biet nhau nhieu, dan en lc tac dung len cac cap banh rang chenh lech nhau qua ln, bat buoc phai dung cac moun khac nhau. Nhng cung khong nen dung qua hai moun trong mot nhom truyen ong ngoai tr cac banh rang di trt cua nhom c s trong hop chay dao may tien ren. Ga s trong mot nhom truyen ong co hai moun m1 va m2. ieu kien e cac cap banh rang nay lam viec c phai co cung khoang cach truc A:
1 1 ' A = 2 m1 Z i + Z i = 2 m1 Z i 1 1 A = m 2 Z j + Z'j = m 2 Z j 2 2

( (

) )

(2-38)

vi

Zi , Z j

la tong so rang cua cac cap banh rang co moun m1 va m2.

60

T (2-38), suy ra: Hay

m1 .

Zi
=

= m2 .

Zj
(2-39)

Zi = m 2 Z j m1

e2 e1

Vi e1 va e2 la cac so nguyen toi gian. T (2-39), co the viet lai: Hay

Zi = Z j
e2 e1

(2-40)

Muon cho cac t so nay la nhng so chan, cac t so phai la boi so cua mau so, tc la: Z i = k .e 2 vi k la so nguyen (2-41) Z j = k .e1

e tnh so rang, trc tien can chon tr so

Zi

= (Zi + Zi) nao o tng ng vi

t so truyen a cho, ong thi cung la boi so cua e2. Sau o xac nh k theo cong thc: k=

Zi
e2

(2-42)

(2-43) Z j = k.e1 Khi a biet Z i va Z j , s dung cong thc (2-32) e tnh so rang. Viec tnh toan nay thng gap nhieu kho khan v tr so Z khong nhng la boi va so cua (fj + gj) ma con la boi so cua e1, e2. Do o, muon at c s chnh xac ve t so truyen, th phai dan en Z > 120. e khac phuc ieu nay, bat buoc phai dung banh rang dch chnh hoac phai chap nhan t so truyen gan ung vi tr so yeu cau. V du 2: Tnh so rang cua cac cap banh rang trong mot nhom truyen ong (he so = 1,41) co 5 t so truyen vi 2 moun nh sau:

Vi m1 = 3,5mm, co cac t so truyen: 1 1 1 i1 = 3 = = 3 2 ,82 1,41

i2 =
1 2 1,412 1 1 i3 = = 1,41 1 0

1 2

Vi m2 = 2,75mm, co cac t so truyen:

i4 = = 1 ; i5 = = 1,41

61

Theo cong thc (2-39) va (2-41), ta co:

Zi = m 2 Z j m1
i1 = 1 2 ,82 17 48 65 27 38 65 18 51 69 29 41 70 21 59 80 32 45 77

Z i = k .e 2 = 11k 2 ,75 11 = va 3 ,5 14 Z j = k .e1 = 14 k

Dung thc logarit e tm cac tr so gan ung cua cac t so truyen va lap bang sau 22 62 84 34 48 82 23 65 88 37 52 89 26 73 99 39 55 94 27 76 103 41 58 99 28 79 107 42 59 101 29 82 111 44 46 hay 62 65 106 hay 111

Z1
i1 = 1 1,41

Z2

1 co f2 +g2 = 1 + 2 = 3 nen chon 2 99 3. Theo bang tren chon Z i = 99 va suy ra k = = 9. 11 Con t so truyen i2 = Do o :

sao cho chia het cho

Z j = 14k = 14
Z j = 14k = 14

9 = 126 > 120

Tr so nay hi ln hn gia tr cho phep nen phai chon lai tr so khac. Chon = 88 = 11 8 k = 8. Do o : 8 = 112 < 120

Zi

T o tnh ra so rang cua cac banh rang theo cong thc (2-32): * Vi nhom banh rang co moun m1 = 3,5
Z1 = f1 g1 23 65 . Z = 88 = 23 ; Z1' = . Z = 88 = 65 f1 + g1 23 + 65 f1 + g1 23 + 65 Z1 23 1 = = Z1' 65 2 ,83

Z1 + Z1 = 23 + 65 = 88 va Z2 =

1 2 . 88 = 29,4 29 ; Z 2 ' = . 88 = 58,4 58 1+ 2 1+ 2

Z 2 29 1 = = Z 2 ' 58 2

Z2 + Z2 = 29 + 58 = 87 va Z3 =

37 52 . 88 = 36,5 37 ; Z 3' = . 88 = 51,4 52 37 + 52 37 + 52

62

Z3 + Z3 = 37 + 52 = 89 va

Z 3 37 1 = = Z 3' 52 1,41

Khoang cach truc A cua nhom banh rang co moun m1 la: A= 1 3 ,5 m1 Z i = 88 = 154 mm 2 2

* Vi nhom banh rang co moun m2 = 2,75; th Z4 = Z5 = 1 . 112 = 56 = Z4= 56 1+1

Z j = 112 nen tnh c:

1,41 1 . 112 = 65,5 65 ; Z 5' = . 112 = 46,4 46 1,41 + 1 1,41 + 1

Z 5 65 = = 1,41 Z 5' 46

Z5 + Z5 = 65 + 46 = 111 va

Kiem tra lai khoang cach truc A cua nhom banh rang co moun m2 la: A= 1 2 ,75 m2 Z j = 112 = 154 mm 2 2

Ghi chu: Cac t so truyen i2, i3 va i5 phai dung banh rang dch chnh.

2.2.3.2 Phng phap tra bang Phng phap tra bang c ap dung cho trng hp cac banh rang trong mot nhom truyen ong co cung moun m. ay la phng phap n gian, de thc hien va rat nhanh chong. Lay lai v du 1 tren nhng ap dung phng phap tra bang. i1 = i2 =
1 1 1,26 1 1,26 3
4

= =

= =

1 2 ,52 1 2

i3 = i4 =

1 1,26
2

1 1,58

i5 = 0 = 1 i6 = = 1,26

1 1 = 1,26

Cac bc thc hien nh sau: Da vao bang chon banh rang , chon cac hang co cac t so truyen a cho. Cu the ay ch can chon 5 hang tng ng vi 5 t so truyen: 1 ; 1,26 ; 1,58 ; 2 ; 2,52. Vi cac t so truyen giam toc i < 1, sau khi xac nh c so rang cua cac banh rang, ch can hoan oi v tr t va mau cua banh rang chu ong va b ong. Lan lt tm gia tr

trong hang au tien cua bang sao cho co cha tat ca

cac t so truyen a cho. Trong trng hp nay, chon

Z = 108.

63

Bang 2-4: Bang chon banh rang

43 22 21 22 20 19 19 19 18 17 16 17 15 15 14 14 13 13 12 12 13 14 13 14 14 15 15 15 14 15 16 16 16 16 16 15 16 16 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 16 17 18 18 18 16 17 18 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 19 20 18 19 20 21 21 20 21 20 20 19 19 19 18 19 20 21 22 19 20 21 22 23 23 22 22 21 22 21 21 20 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 23 24 23 24 23 22 23 22 21 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 28 27 26 22 23 27 28 29 30 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 25 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 33 32 31 30 29

Z 40

41

42

20

21

1,06

20

1,12

19

1,19

1,26

18

1,33

17

18

1,41

17

1,50

16

1,58

16

1,68

15

1,78

15

1,88

14

14

2,11

2,24

13

2,37

2,51

12

2,66

2,82

3,16

3,35

3,55

3,76

64

Bang 2-4: Bang chon banh rang (tt)

70 35 34 33 32 31 31 29 28 27 26 25 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 17 16 16 15 15 16 16 17 17 16 17 18 18 17 17 16 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 19 18 18 17 16 17 20 20 21 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 22 21 20 19 19 18 22 23 23 24 24 25 24 23 22 21 21 20 19 18 18 17 23 24 24 25 26 25 26 27 26 27 28 28 29 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 17 18 26 25 24 23 27 27 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 28 28 29 30 30 31 32 32 33 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 33 32 31 30 29 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 20 19 18 30 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 30 31 30 29 28 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 39 38 37 37 36 35 35 34 33 33 32 31 32 31 30 29 33 34 34 35 35 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 41 34 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 41 40 40 39 38 38 37 37 36 35 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 43 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 45 43 42 41 41 40 45 44 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

Z 67

68

69

34

1,06

33

1,12

32

1,19

31

1,26

30

1,33

29

1,41

28

28

1,50

27

27

1,58

26

1,68

25

26

1,78

24

25

1,88

23

24

23

2,11

22

22

2,24

21

2,37

20

20

2,51

19

2,66

19

2,82

18

18

17

17

3,16

16

3,35

16

3,55

3,76

65

Bang 2-4: Bang chon banh rang (tt)

97 49 47 46 44 43 42 40 39 38 36 35 34 33 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 20 21 21 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 25 24 23 22 21 26 27 27 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 23 22 21 27 28 28 29 28 29 29 30 30 29 28 29 28 27 26 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 26 25 24 23 22 25 24 23 22 22 29 30 30 31 31 32 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 33 32 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 35 34 32 31 30 31 30 29 30 29 28 29 28 27 26 27 26 25 24 23 26 25 24 23 25 24 23 23 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 37 35 34 37 36 34 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 36 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 42 40 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 44 42 41 39 38 36 35 35 34 34 33 33 32 30 29 28 27 26 27 26 25 24 26 25 24 25 24 38 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 46 44 43 41 40 38 37 43 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 48 46 45 43 42 40 39 37 36 36 35 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 29 35 39 44 44 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 45 45 46 46 47 48 49 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 51 50 49 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 52 50 46 47 47 48 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 48 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 56 54 52 51 49 47 46 44 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 59 59 60 58 56 54 53 51 49 48 46 44 43 41 40 38 37 35 34 34 33 37 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 60 58 57 55 53 52 50 48 46 45 43 42 40

Z 94

95

96

47

48

1,06

46

46

47

1,12

44

45

45

1,19

43

44

1,26

42

1,33

40

41

41

1,41

39

40

1,50

38

38

1,58

37

37

1,68

35

36

1,78

34

34

1,88

33

33

32

32

2,11

30

31

2,24

29

2,37

28

28

2,51

27

27

2,66

26

26

2,82

25

25

24

24

3,16

23

23

3,35

22

22

3,55

21

21

3,76

20

20

66

19

19

19

 Giao gia hang (bieu th cho t so truyen nao o) va cot (co cha tr so

c chon) la so rang Zj cua mot banh rang trong cap banh rang co t so truyen tng ng. So rang con lai trong cap banh rang c xac nh: Zj = Z Zj i1 = Z1 Z' 1

=
=

Z Z 31 1 36 1 42 1 = = ; i 3 = '3 = = ; i 2 = '2 = 77 2 ,483 Z 2 72 2 Z 3 66 1,571

i4 =

Z4 Z'4

Z Z 48 1 54 1 60 1,25 = ; i 5 = '5 = = ; i 6 = '6 = = 60 1,25 1 Z 5 54 1 Z 6 48 i [i]

i tt i tc % i tc

Kiem tra lai cac t so truyen theo ieu kien sai so cho phep: (2-44) Sai so ve t so truyen i : i = (2-45)

vi itt t so truyen thc te sau khi co c so rang cua cac banh rang. itt t so truyen tieu chuan. Sai so ve t so truyen cho phep [i]: [i]= 10 ( 1) % Th kiem tra sai so ve t so truyen cua i1 : 1 1 2 ,483 2 ,52 100% = 1,41% < [i] = 2,6% nam trong gii han cho phep i = 1 2 ,52 2.2.4. S o ong va s o truyen lc S o ong la mot s o bieu th cach bo tr cac c cau truyen ong ben trong cua hop toc o. Tren c s o, ngi ta co the xac nh so cap toc o Z, biet c cac t so truyen i, so rang cua cac banh rang, tnh c gia tr so vong quay n cua cac truc S o truyen lc la s o bieu dien cach thc hien cac t so truyen (tc la bieu dien v tr an khp cua cac banh rang) e tao nen so vong quay theo yeu cau. Cach ve s o truyen lc nh sau: Cac ng song song nam ngang the hien cac truc cua hop toc o. V tr an khp cua cac banh rang e thc hien cac t so truyen c the hien bang cac truc thang ng tai v tr cua banh rang co nh trong cap banh rang an khp. ng truyen ong qua v tr an khp en cac truc c the hien bang net am goi la ng truyen lc va moi ng nh the ac trng cho mot so vong quay. (2-46)

67

V du: Ve s o ong va s o truyen lc cua hop toc o co 12 cap van toc (theo o th so vong quay trong hnh 2-9). Z1
I

Z2 Z2 Z3 Z6 Z6 Z4 Z5

Z1 Z3

II

III IV

Z7 Z7

Z4

Z5

n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n10 n11 n12

Hnh 2 -27 : S o ong va s o truyen lc

68

2.2.5. Kiem tra sai so vong quay Trong qua trnh xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang trong hop toc o, do co sai so ve t so truyen nen so vong quay thc te cua may co khac biet so vi so vong quay tieu chuan. V vay can kiem tra lai sai so ve so vong quay n. quay cua ong c nc, qua t so truyen ai (neu co) va cac bo truyen banh rang e en truc cuoi cung (dung so rang thc cua cac banh rang a tnh c bc trc e the hien t so truyen cua bo truyen banh rang). chuan ntc theo cong thc sau:
n =

Tnh tat ca cac so vong quay thc te ntt . Khi tnh ntt, phai xuat phat t so vong

Tnh sai so n gia so vong quay thc te ntt cua may so vi so vong quay tieu

nt t nt c nt c

100 %

(2-47)

Lap bang anh gia sai so vong quay: ien cac gia tr a tnh vao bang. n1 ntt [v/ph] ntc [v/ph] n2 n3 n4 nZ

n[% ] Kiem tra sai so vong quay cho tat ca cac so vong quay t n1 en nZ :
n

[n]

(2-48) (2-49)

vi [n] sai so vong quay cho phep, c tnh: [n] = 10 ( 1) [%] Co the lay tr so trung bnh [n] = 3%. Neu co gia tr so vong quay nao khong thoa man ieu kien ve sai so vong quay th can phai chon lai so rang cua cap banh rang nao o co anh hng en so vong quay b sai so. Tat nhien khi o s thay oi nay lai tac ong en mot so so vong quay khac. Trng hp trong mot chuoi so co vai tr so vt qua gii han cho phep tren, ma ng ve mat ket cau rat kho thay oi, th cung co the chap nhan nhng tr so ay. Mot so van e can lu y khi thiet ke hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt

e tranh hien tng v banh rang khi co nhieu cap banh rang an khp ong thi, cac kch thc chieu truc cua nhom truyen ong phai am bao ieu kien sau (hnh 2-28):

69

Nhom di trt co 2 cap banh rang: L > 4b + 3c Nhom di trt co 3 cap banh rang: L > 7b + 6c Vi b be rong banh rang. c khe h gia cac banh rang. Z1 Z2 Z1
A

c Z1 Z1

Z3 Z2

c c Z2
A

Z3 b L > 4b+3c
a)

b L > 7b+6c
b)

Z2

Hnh 2-28: Kch thc chieu truc cua nhom banh rang di trt

e am bao khi di trt, cac banh rang khong vng vao nhau (vi nhom di trt co 3 cap banh rang), so rang cua cac banh rang trong khoi di trt phai chu rang buoc bi mot ieu kien nhat nh.
Gia s kch thc cua cac banh rang ln dan t Z1, Z2, en Z3 nh hnh 2-28b. Khoang cach truc A = 1 m (Z3 + Z3) 2 1 m Z2 + m 2 1 m Z3 + m 2

Ban knh nh cua cac banh rang Z2 va Z3 lan lt la r2 va r3: r2 = r3 =

Muon cho 2 banh rang Z2 va Z3khong cham nhau khi di chuyen khoi banh rang 3 bac sang trai th can phai am bao ieu kien: r2 + r3 < A tc la ( 1 1 1 m Z2 + m) + ( m Z3 + m) < m (Z3 + Z3) 2 2 2 1 1 m (Z2 + Z3 + 4) < m (Z3 + Z3) 2 2

70

T o:

(Z3 Z2) > 4 rang

(2-50)

Nh vay, ieu kien e cac banh rang khong cham nhau khi di chuyen la hieu so rang gia banh rang di trt ln nhat (Z3) va banh rang di trt nho hn va gan vi no nhat (Z2) phai ln hn 4. ay la ieu kien khong de at c v s chenh lech hn 4 rang se dan en s thay oi ln ve cac t so truyen trong nhom truyen ong. e co the giam s chenh lech nay xuong con 2 rang, phai bo tr hai banh rang di trt nho nhat va ln nhat at cach xa nhau mot khoang u ln (hnh 2-27). Z3 Z1 Z2

Hnh 2-29: Bo tr banh rang di trt

Z1

Z3 L > 9b

Z2

2.3. THIET KE CAC LOAI HOP TOC O KHAC

2.3.1. Hop toc o dung puli ai truyen Hop toc o dung c cau puli- ai truyen la loai c cau n gian, de s dung va c dung rong rai trong may hien ai vi nhng ly do sau:

Truyen ong rat em. Ket cau n gian, de che tao Truyen chuyen ong gia hai truc kha xa Co kha nang phong qua tai
Tuy nhien no cung co mot so nhc iem c ban sau:

Khong am bao t so truyen chnh xac v co hien tng trt ai va do anh hng cua cac thong so hnh hoc nh : ng knh puli, be day cua ai truyen Khong thc hien c nhieu t so truyen. Muon tang so t so truyen se dan en kch thc chieu truc tang. Gia tr t so truyen khong ln do han che ve goc om cua banh ai nho. Vi khoang cach truc a cho, can thiet mot day ai co o dai nhat nh.
e ket cau c n gian khi thc hien nhieu t so truyen ta can phai lam the nao s dung mot ai cho tat ca cac cap puli.

71

o dai cua ai c tnh da vao s o sau: A

C
d

Hnh 2-30: S o truyen ong puli ai truyen .

o dai cua ai bang nhng phan tiep xuc vi 2 puli va 2 oan thang, tc bang: L = AB + BC + CD + DA L= D D d d +2 + 2 + 2Acos 2 2 2 2 Dd 2A (2-50)

Vi sin =

Neu goc rat be 0, cos 1, th cong thc (2-50) co the tnh gan ung:

(D 2 D1 ) 2 L = 2A+ (D1 + D 2 ) + 2 4A
Cong thc (2-51) co the s dung khi

(2-51)

30 va tng ng se co A = 10 (D d).

n0

i1 i2
II Hnh 2-31: S o hop toc o puli ai truyen va o th so vong quay .

i3

72

e dung c mot ai truyen cho nhieu cap puli co ng knh khac nhau th o dai ai cua tng cap puli phai nh nhau va c tnh theo cong thc gan ung sau: L=

(D1 + d1) + 2A = (D2 + d2) + 2A = (D3 + d3) + 2A. 2 2 2

(2-52)

Tc la: D1 + d1 = D2 + d2 = D3 + d3 = = D + d = const

Cho nen, ieu kien can thiet e s dung mot ai cho nhieu cap puli co ng knh khac nhau la tong cac ng knh cua tng cap puli phai bang nhau. Vi ieu kien tong ng knh cac cap puli la mot hang so va vi t so truyen a cho tren o th so vong quay, co the tnh c ng knh cua puli: D + d = C va i = T ay ta co: va D = id = d= C 1+ i D d (2-53) (2-54)

iC , hoac D = C d 1+ i

Lu y: Tren thc te, t so truyen c tnh toan t ng knh puli khong that chnh xac. Gia t so truyen thc te va t so truyen tnh toan co sai so v nhng nguyen nhan sau: ai truyen khong phai cho van toc chu vi nh nhau tren be mat ngoai cua puli, ma van toc chu vi ch nh nhau tren lp trung hoa cua ai khi cang. Vi viec tang them ng knh puli bang o day cua ai, lam cho t so truyen thay oi. Tren thc te, do khong ke en o day ai khi tnh t so truyen nen dan en sai so ve t so truyen. Do s bien dang va hien tng trt, nen van toc chu vi cua hai puli khong giong nhau. Hien tng trt t le thuan vi tai trong va luon luon lam giam so vong quay cua truc b ong. t so truyen i > 1, hien tng trt tang (v i co tr so am), i < 1 th sai so giam. Do o, neu khong ke en o day cua ai, th khi tang toc co tac hai xau hn khi giam toc. Thong thng, hop toc o dung puli 3 bac, nhieu nhat la 4 bac. V tang so lng puli, se tang kch thc chieu truc cua hop. Muon tang them so cap vong quay, thng hop toc o ai truyen c phai ket hp them mot nhom truyen ong phan hoi (xem phan hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi). 2.3.2. Hop toc o dung banh rang thay the Hop toc o dung banh rang thay the la loai hop dung banh rang thay the e thc hien viec thay oi t so truyen va qua o thc hien cac so vong quay khac nhau.

73

Loai hop nay thng dung trong cac may cong cu s dung trong dang san xuat hang loat hoac hang khoi nh may tien t ong, ban t ong hay may chuyen dung do co nhng u iem sau:

Co kch thc nho gon, ac biet la kch thc chieu truc. Ket cau n gian, de che tao. Co the thc hien nhieu t so truyen khac nhau va cac t so truyen o phu hp vi yeu cau ve van toc cat.
Tuy nhien loai hop nay co nhc iem la thi gian thay oi banh rang ln. Do khoang cach truc cua banh rang thay the khong oi nen tong so rang cua cap banh rang thay the phai la hang so (const). e giam bt so lng banh rang thay the, mot cap banh rang a va b cho 2 t so truyen nghch ao: Mot t so truyen giam toc igt = Mot t so truyen tang toc itt = a . b b . a

Gia hai t so truyen tang toc va giam toc cua cap banh rang thay the, ngi ta thng bo tr mot t so truyen ong toc (it =1, hay cap banh rang co so rang bang nhau).
I

II

III

III

II

a
Hnh 2-32: S o ong hop toc o dung banh rang thay the .

Nh vay: neu dung hai cap banh rang thay the th co 3 t so truyen, ba cap banh rang thay the co 5 t so truyen, bon cap banh rang thay the co 7 t so truyen Ve nguyen tac, co the tao ra vo so t so truyen tng ng vi nhng cap banh rang co so rang khac nhau. Do o so cap toc o Z la khong han che. Tuy nhien pham vi ieu

74

chnh t so truyen Ri lai b han che v gii han cua t so truyen imax = 4,5 va imin = ngha la: Ri =
i max 20 i min

1 , 4 ,5

Pham vi ieu chnh t so truyen Ri nh the la tng oi nho nhng cung u cho cac may chuyen dung hay may t ong. o th so vong quay cua hop toc o dung banh rang thay the co dang oi xng nhom truyen ong banh rang thay the. V du: Hop toc o nh s o ong trong hnh 2-32 dung 3 cap banh rang thay the. Ta co: PAKG: Z = 5 x 1. PATT I-II : Z = 5[1]x1[0]. o th so vong quay cho trong hnh 2-33. n0 I i1
II

i5 i2 i3 i4

Hnh 2-33: o th so vong quay cua hop toc o dung banh rang thay the

n1 n5 e tang so cap toc o Z cua hop toc o, co the ket hp dung banh rang thay the va c cau banh rang di trt. Khi o, nhom banh rang thay the c xem nh la mot nhom khuech ai vi lng m c tnh tng t nh trong c cau banh rang di trt
I

II

Hnh 2-34: S o ong cua hop toc o dung ket hp banh rang thay the va c cau banh rang di trt

III

V du: Thiet ke hop toc o cua may chuyen dung ket hp gia c cau banh rang di trt va banh rang thay the co cac thong so sau: So cap banh rang thay the: 2 So vong quay cua truc chnh: nmin= 25 v/ph, nmax = 1120 v/ph. Cong boi cua chuoi so vong quay: = 1,12.

75

1. Xac nh cac thong so ong hoc c ban cua hop toc o. * Pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay: Rn =
n max 1120 = = 44,8 n min 25

* So cap van toc cua truc chnh Z: Z= lg R n lg 44 ,8 = + 1 = 34,6 lg 1,12 lg (vi n1 = nmin = 25 v/ph)

Lay tron: Z = 35. So vong quay ln nhat cua truc chnh: nmax = n1. Z1 = n1. 34
34

nmax = 25.1,12 =1250(v/f).

Tra cac so vong quay tieu chuan, ta co: n1 = 25 v/ph ; n2 = 28 v/ph ; n3 = 31,5 v/ph ; ; n34 = 1120 v/ph ; n35 = 1125 v/ph 2. Chon phng an khong gian V Z = 35 khong the phan tch c nen chon Z = 36 roi lam trung mot toc o. PAKG Z = 2.3(1.1.2 + 1.2.2). * ng truyen toc o nhanh: Z0Z= 2.3.1.1.2 = 12 PATT: I-II-III-IV-V: Z0Z= 2[1].3[2].1[0].1[0].2[6]. * ng truyen toc o cham: Z0Z = 2.3.1.2.2 = 24 PATT: I-II-III-IV-V: Z0Z = 2[1].3[2].1[0].2[6].2[12].
I II III IV V VI

Kiem tra: Ri = 1,1212 < 8 thoa. n0

n0

n1
Hnh 2-35: Li ket cau cua hop toc o dung banh rang thay the

n35

76

Kiem tra PAKG tren co ve c o th so vong quay hay khong bang cach tnh o. V so o ln hn 35 nen co kha nang ve c o th so vong quay (hnh 2-36). o th so vong quay:
I II III IV V VI

n0 i1 i3 i6 i7 i4 i2 i5 i11 i8 i10 i12 i14 i13 n35

i9 n1

Hnh 2-36: o th so vong quay cua hop toc o dung banh rang thay the

Z1

Z2 Z2
I II III

a Z1 b Z7 Z8 Z6 Z9 Z7

Z6

Z11

Z11 Z10

Z12
IV

Z13

Z14 Z12

Z8 Z9 Z10 Z13 Z14

VI

Hnh 2-37: S o ong cua hop toc o dung banh rang thay the

T o th so vong quay, co the xac nh cac t so truyen:

77

i1 =

1 1 1 1 1 ; i2 = 2 = ; i3 = 2 = ; i4 = 1 ; i5 = 2 = 1,26 ; 1,41 1,26 1,26 1 1 1 1 ; i8 = = 1,12 ; i9 = 9 = = 1,58 ; i6 = i7 = 5 = 1,76 2,82

3

i10 = i11 = i13 = 3 = 1,41; i12 = 4 = 1,58 Kiem tra ieu kien ve t so truyen: imin =
1 1 = > 1,4 8 2,475 1,12 imax = 5 = 1,125 = 1,7623 < 2

Vay phng an la chon at yeu cau. 2.3.3. Hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi Hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi (con goi la c cau Hacne) la s to hp cua c cau ly hp vi mot so t so truyen cua banh rang hoac mot khoi banh rang di trt. ac iem cua c cau phan hoi: nhom truyen ong co 3 truc la I, II, III, trong o truc chu ong I va truc b ong III ong tam vi nhau con truc II la truc trung gian. Co t nhat mot trong hai truc I va III phai la truc rong. Cac ng truyen trong c cau phan hoi: ng truyen trc tiep: khi ong ly hp sang phai, truc I va truc III noi thanh mot truc co t so truyen ong toc (itt = 1). ng truyen gian tiep: khi ong ly hp sang trai, chuyen ong truyen t truc I Z qua truc II vi t so truyen giam toc i1 = 1 va t truc II qua truc III vi t so truyen Z1' Z giam toc i2 = 2 . T so truyen chung cua ng truyen gian tiep la igt = i1 . i2 < 1 Z2' Z2 Ly hp Z1
I III

II

Z1

Z2

I II

n1 i2

n2 = n0 i1

III

n1 n2
Hnh 2-38 : S o ong va o th so vong quay cua c cau phan hoi

78

o th so vong quay cua hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi co iem khac so vi hop toc o bnh thng: + Truc chu ong I va truc b ong III ong tam nen bo tr tren cung mot ng thang. + T so truyen ong toc trong ng truyen trc tiep itt = 1 c the hien bang mot iem ch khong phai la mot tia. + T so truyen giam toc trong ng truyen gian tiep igt c the hien bi hai tia nghieng trai va phai dung mui ten e ch chieu chuyen ong. Tia th 1 the hien t so truyen giam toc i1 ve nghieng trai t n0 tren truc I xuong truc II va tia th 2 the hien t so truyen giam toc i2 c ve nghieng trai t truc II len lai truc III e cuoi cung at so vong quay n1. e tao ra so cap toc o Z ln, phai dung ket hp gia c cau banh rang di trt va c cau phan hoi. Khi o, c cau phan hoi c xem nh mot nhom truyen ong co hai t so truyen va nen bo tr cuoi xch truyen ong. Z3 Z1 Z
2

Z4
II

Z2

Z1
III

Z3
V

Z4

Z5

Z6
IV

Z7

Z7

Hnh 2-39 : Hop toc o dung ket hp banh rang di trt vi c cau phan hoi

V du: Thiet ke hop o dung c cau phan hoi co Z = 12 (hnh 2-39).

79

Chon PAKG Chon PATT I-II-III: Chon n0 = n11 Cac t so truyen i1 =

1

Z = 3.2.2 Z = 3[1]x2[3]x2[6]
I

n0 i1 i3 i5
V

; i2 =
1

1 ; ; ; i7 =
1

II

i2 i4

i3 = 1; i4 = i5 = ; i6 =

III

i7
IV n1

i6 n12

Hnh 2-40 : o th so vong quay cua c cau phan hoi .

Ngoai ra, c cau phan hoi co the bo tr co 3 t so truyen theo 2 ng truyen bang cach dung khoi banh rang di trt 2 bac: ng truyen trc tiep: co mot t so truyen ong toc, itt = 1 (ly hp ong sang phai e noi truc I va truc III). Z2 Z1 Z3 III n2 n3=n0 n1 I I i2 i3 II i1 II Z1 Z2 Z3

Hnh 2-41 : Hop toc o phan hoi vi khoi banh rang di trt 2 bac

ng truyen gian tiep: co hai t so truyen giam toc khi ly hp ong sang trai

i gt1 = i1 . i 3 i gt 2 = i 2 . i 3
Hop toc o dung c cau phan hoi thng s dung trong hop truc chnh cua may tien ren vt van nang nh 1A62, T616, e thc hien mot so cap van toc cao (ng truyen trc tiep) va mot so cap van toc thap (ng truyen gian tiep). C cau phan hoi

80

c xem nh mot nhom khuech ai cuoi cung trong xch truyen ong. u iem c ban cua loai hop nay la giam c so truc va so banh rang. Neu dung ket hp vi cac loai ly hp ien t, ly hp ma sat th co the s dung banh rang nghieng hoac banh rang ch V va co the thay oi toc o ma khong can phai ngng may. 2.3.4. Hop toc o co banh rang dung chung Muc ch: nham giam bt so banh rang can thiet va lam gon kch thc trong hop toc o, ngi ta dung vai banh rang dung chung (con goi la banh rang lien ket). ac iem: banh rang dung chung co the an khp vi hai banh rang khac nhau hai nhom truyen ong lan can khac nhau. ieu kien e mot banh rang dung chung co the thay the cho hai banh rang la khi hai banh rang ay nh nhau, tc la cung co so rang nh nhau, modul nh nhau va cung lap tren mot truc. Khi lap, lu y bo tr banh rang dung chung lap co nh tren truc (khong lap di trt). u iem chnh cua hop toc o co banh rang dung chung la giam bt so lng banh rang, dan en kch thc chieu truc giam, ket cau hop nho gon. Nhc iem cua loai hop nay la banh rang dung chung do lam viec nhieu nen mau mon hn cac banh rang khac. Hnh 2-42 va 2-43 la s o ong cua hop toc o co 1 va 2 banh rang dung chung. Trng hp co 3 banh rang dung chung, tren thc te khong dung en, v so vong quay se khong am bao la chuoi cap so nhan. Trng hp co 1 banh rang dung chung, viec tnh toan ong hoc kha n gian. Xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang trong nhom truyen ong th nhat theo phng phap a biet. Sau o, khi tnh cho nhom truyen ong th hai ch can lu y ieu kien: So rang cua Z4 chnh bang so rang cua Z2 a biet. Z1
I

Z2 Z3

Z1
Hnh 2-42 : S o ong cua hop toc o co mot banh rang dung chung II

Z4
III

Z2 = Z4 Z3

e am bao kch thc hng knh nho, tch cua hai t so truyen do banh rang dung chung thc hien hai nhom truyen ong nen lay gan bang 1, tc la neu t so truyen nhom au tien tang toc, th t so truyen nhom sau la giam toc va ngc lai.

81

Trng hp co hai banh rang dung chung Z1 va Z2 nh trong s o ong cua hnh 2-43, viec tnh toan se phc tap hn trng hp tren. Khi tnh so rang cho nhom truyen ong au th Z1 va Z2 se c xac nh. Vi Z1 va Z2 a biet, phai tnh toan banh rang cua nhom th hai vi cac ieu kien sau: am bao t so truyen i3 va i4 theo yeu cau, phai cung mot moun m va khoang cach truc nh nhau. Z1
I

Z2
I

n0

Z1 = Z4

n0 i1 i2

II

Z3 Z2 = Z3

II

II

i3
III III

i4 n2 n3 n4

III

Z4

PATT II-I: 2[2].2[1]

n1

Hnh 2-43: Hop toc o co hai banh rang dung chung

at i1 =

Z1 Z Z Z ' Z Z ' ; i2 = 2 ; i3 = 3 = 1 ; i4 = 4 = 2 Z3 ' Z3 ' Z4 ' Z4 ' Z1' Z2'

(2-55)

Trng hp nay e am bao kch thc hng hng knh th nen chon banh rang dung chung sao cho tch cua hai t so truyen co banh rang dung chung trong hai nhom truyen ong cang gan bang nhau cang tot, ngha la i1 . i4 i2 . i3 hay noi cach khac s dung banh rang dung chung Z1(vi Z1 = Z4) va Z2 (vi Z2= Z3). Ky hieu u la t so truyen tong cong gia 3 truc cua hop toc o nham thc hien tng so vong quay t n1 n4 . T o th so vong quay ta co: u1 = i1 . i3 ; u2 = i1 . i4 ; u3 = i2 . i3 ; u4 = i2 . i4 (2-56) Va tnh cac t so truyen khac phu thuoc vao i1, u1 va nh sau: i2 = i1 . 2 ; i3 =
.u1 u1 ; i4 = i3 . = i1 i1

(2-57)

V cac banh rang trong hop toc o phai cung mot moun nen theo hnh 2-43, co the viet:
Z1 + Z1 ' = Z 2 + Z 2 ' Z1 ' + Z 3 ' = Z 2 ' +

Z 4 '

(2-58)

Lay cac banh rang dung chung Z1 va Z2 lam tha so chung:

82

Z1

Z ' Z1 + 1 = Z2 ' 2 + 1 Z ' Z ' 1 2 + 1

=

Z3 ' Z1 ' Z ' 1

Z ' Z2 ' 4 Z ' 2

+ 1

(2-59)

Thay cac t so truyen t cong thc (2-55) vao (2-59), ta co: Z1 ( i1 + 1 ) = Z2 ( i2 + 1) Z1 ( 1 1 + 1) = Z2 ( + 1) i3 i4

Chia hai ve phng trnh tren cho nhau se c: i1 + 1 i 2 + 1 = 1 1 1+ 1+ i3 i4 Thay cac tr so (2-57) vao (2-60) va giai phng trnh tren, ta co: i1 = (2-60)

+1 u1

(2-61)

Vi tr so a cho, can chon u1 nh the nao e t so truyen i1 nam trong gii han 1 cho phep, tc la i1 2 va tong so rang cua cap banh rang an khp nhau la be 4 nhat. Co the tnh toan va lap bang da vao s bien thien cua u1 e tnh ra cac gia tr cua i1, i2, i3, i4 (theo 2-61 va 2-57) va cac banh rang tng ng. Gia s = 1,26, lan lt chon u1 e tnh cac t so truyen i va lap bang sau: u1 0,3 0,35 0,4 i1 0,72 0,6321 0,5424 i2 1,1376 0,998 0,8570 i3 0,4166 0,5537 0,7374 i4 0,5249 0,6976 0,9291

Co the chon u1 = 0,35 va suy ra cac he so kZ cua cac banh rang trong hop (ay la he so the hien moi tng quan gia cac banh rang vi banh rang co so rang nho nhat). V vay muon co so rang that cua cac banh rang, can phai chon so rang cho banh rang co so rang nho nhat (thng Zmin = 16 20 rang) va lan lt nhan vi cac he so kZ e xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang con lai. Chon banh rang co so rang nho nhat la Z1 = 17 co he so k Z1 = 1 va cac he so tng ng vi cac banh rang khac e at cac t so truyen i1, i2, i3, i4 la:

83

Zi He so kZ Gia tr tnh toan Gia tr qui tron Tong so rang

Z1 1 17 17 44

Z1 1,58 26,86 27

Z2 1,29 21,93 22 44 1

Z2 1,29 21,93 22

Z3 1,29 21,93 22 62
1 1,81

Z3 2,32 39,6 40

Z4 1,58 26,86 27 65
1 1,41

Z4 2,26 38,5 38

T so truyen i

1 1,588

e am bao khoang cach truc A gia hai truc II va III, nhom truyen ong th hai phai dung banh rang dch chnh. Co nhieu phng phap e tnh so rang trong hop toc o co banh rang dung chung. Hay xem xet phng phap tra bang qua v du sau: Tnh toan hop toc o co hai banh rang dung chung vi Z = 12, = 1,26 theo s o ong trong hnh 2-44. Chon PAKG: Z = 2 Z1 Z2
I

2 = 12. PATT II-I-III: Z = 2[3].3[1].2[6]

I

n0 i1 i2 i5 i7 n12

Z4 Z2=Z3

Z1=Z5

II

II

i3
III

i4

III

Z5 Z4 Z3

Z6

Z7 Z7

i6
IV n1

IV

Hnh 2-44: S o ong va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o co 2 banh rang dung chung

T s o ong, chon 2 banh rang Z1 va Z2 lam banh rang dung chung (vi Z1 = Z5 va Z2= Z3). Cac gia tr cua t so truyen: i1=
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; i6 = 4 = ; i2 = i5 = 1; i3 = 2 = ; i4 = ; i7 = 2 = 1,58 = 2 1,26 1,58 2,5

84

Tra bang tm he so kZ cua cac banh rang trong hop theo quan he t so truyen u gia truc I va III: n nI uI-III = = 10 = 1 (2-62) n II Im ax n10 u
0,891 1 1,12 1,26 1,41 1,58 1,78 2

Zi

k Z1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

k Z1 '
1,785 2 2 2 2 2 2 2,24

k Z2
1,47 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

k Z2 '
1,31 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

k Z3
1,31 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

k Z3 '
2,16 2,50 2,74 3 3,32 3,67 4,06 4,55

k Z4
1,58 1,78 1,76 1,75 1,72 1,71 1,92

k Z4 '
1,98 2,22 2,48 2,75 3,45 3,85 4,32

k Z5
2 2 2 2 2 2 2,24

k Z5 '
2 2,24 2,5 2,82 3,16 3,55 4

1,785 1,785

1,735 3,085

1,525 1,715 1,715

Chon banh rang co so rang nho nhat la Z1 = 17 co he so k Z1 = 1 va cac he so tng ng vi cac banh rang khac e at cac t so truyen i1, i2, i3, i4, i5 la:
Thong so

Zi

Z1
1 17 17 51

Z1
2 34 34

Z2
1,5 25,5 26 52 1

Z2
1,5 25,5 26

Z3
1,5 25,5 26 68

Z3
2,50 42,5 42

Z4
1,78 30,2 30 68

Z4
2,22 37,7 38

Z5
2 34 34 68 1

Z5
2 34 34

k Zi Gia tr tnh toan Gia tr qui tron Tong so rang

T so truyen i

1 2

1 1,61

1 1,26

Ghi chu: Viec chon banh rang dung chung nam trong nhng t so truyen cua 2 nhom lan can co tch gan bang 1 nh tren la hp ly. Cac banh rang trong 2 t so truyen i6 va i7 khong co banh rang dung chung nen tnh toan nh bnh thng. 2.3.5. Hop toc o dung ong c nhieu cap van toc 1. ac iem Muon ket cau hop toc o c n gian, kch thc nho gon, tiet kiem vat lieu ma van thc hien c nhieu cap toc o, ngi ta dung ong c ien co nhieu cap van toc e thc hien truyen ong.

85

Thng dung ong c ien co 2 hoac 3 cap van toc. ong c co 2 cap van toc: hay ong c co 3 cap van toc: nc1: nc2 = 750 : 1500 [v/ph] = 1500 : 3000 [v/ph] nc1 : nc2 : nc3 = 750 :1500 :3000 [v/ph]

Cac so vong quay nc1, nc2 ncn cua ong c co nhieu cap van toc tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan vi cong boi la 2. Nhc iem cua ong c nhieu cap van toc la co hieu suat thap hn, kch thc ln hn va gia thanh cung at hn ong c co mot cap van toc cung cong suat. 2. Nguyen tac thiet ke e tang so cap toc o Z cua truc chnh, phai ket hp ong c nhieu cap van toc va hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt. ong c nhieu cap van toc c coi nh la mot nhom truyen ong (goi la nhom ong c) co cong boi:

xi = E = 2 hay =
Neu = 1,26: Neu = 1,41:
E E

(2-63)

E la lng m cua nhom ong c, cung la bac khai can cua cong boi .
2 = 1,26 E = 3 2 = 1,41

E=2

Do lng m cua nhom ong c E 1 nen nhom ong c khong the la nhom c s ma ch co the la mot nhom khuech ai trong xch truyen ong. Xet trng hp ong c co y cap van toc va trong hop toc o ch co mot nhom banh rang di trt co x t so truyen. Khi o, so cap toc o Z cua truc chnh la: Z=y.x (2-64) Vi so vong quay nc1 cua ong c, truc chnh se co x toc o vi day so vong quay co gia tr: n1 , n2 , , nx. Vi so vong quay nc2 cua ong c, truc chnh se co x toc o khac vi day so vong quay co gia tr: 2n1 , 2n2 , , 2nx (v nc2 = 2 nc1). Vi so vong quay nc3 cua ong c, truc chnh se co x toc o khac vi day so vong quay co gia tr: 22n1 , 22n2 , , 22nx (v nc3 = 22nc1). Tng t, vi so vong quay cuoi cung ncy cua ong c, truc chnh se co day so vong quay co gia tr: 2(y-1)n1 , 2(y-1)n2 , , 2(y-1)nx Do cac so vong quay cua truc chnh phai la mot cap so nhan vi cong boi nen cac day so vong quay co gia tr tren ng vi cac so vong quay khac nhau cua ong c phai xep lien tiep e tao thanh mot cap so nhan vi cong boi chung duy nhat : n1 , n2 , , nx , 2n1 , 2n2 , , 2nx , , 2(y-1)n1 , 2(y-1)n2 , , 2(y-1)nx (2-65)

86

V la mot cap so nhan nen hai tr so ke tiep nx va nx+1 = 2n1 phai thoa ieu kien: nx . = 2n1 ma nx = n1 .
(x-1)

(2-66)

nen nx+1 = nx . = n1 . (x-1) . = 2n1 hay x = 2

(2-67)

T cong thc 2-63 va 2-67, ta co so t so truyen x cua nhom banh rang di trt (ong vai tro cua nhom c s): Ket luan: x=E (2-68)

ong c nhieu cap van toc c coi nh la mot nhom khuech ai (goi la nhom ong c) luon luon co lng m xi = E, vi E c tnh: = E 2 Nhom banh rang di trt (ong vai tro cua nhom c s) co so t so truyen khong phai la mot gia tr tuy y ma phai bang E. e m rong pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay tc la tang so cap toc o Z, co khi can phai them mot hoac nhieu nhom banh rang di trt na ke tiep sau no va ong vai tro la nhom khuech ai. Trnh t thiet ke hop toc o dung ong c nhieu cap van toc tng t nh hop toc o dung ong c mot cap van toc. Tuy nhien can lu y mot so van e tren khi la chon phng an khong gian va phng an th t cua hop.
V du: Thiet ke hop toc o dung ong c nhieu cap van toc vi Z =12, = 1,41 , nmin = 45 v/ph. Giai
Bc 1: Xac nh cac gia tr so vong quay cua truc chnh

n1 = 45 ; n2 = 63 ; n3 = 90 ; n4 = 125 ; n5 = 180 ; n6 = 250 ; n7 = 355 ; n8 = 500 ; n9 = 710 ; n10 = 1000 ; n11 = 1410 ; n12 = 2000 [v/ph]
Bc 2: Chon phng an khong gian

Do = 1,41 nen

2 = 1,41 E = 2. Nhom ong c co lng m E = 2

Trng hp 1: Chon ong c 2 cap van toc: Co 2 PAKG sau ay e co Z = 12, trong o nhom au la nhom ong c: Z=2.3.2 Z=2.2.3 a. Vi PAKG Z = 2 . 3 . 2 , co the co 2 phng an th t * PATT I-II : Z = 2 . 3[1] . 2[6] Khong s dung c phng an nay v nhom c s phai co so t so truyen bang E (E = 2).

87

* PATT II-I : Z = 2 . 3[4] . 2[1] Kiem tra Ri = 1,418 > 8, nen khong s dung c phng an nay. b. Vi PAKG: Z = 2 . 2 . 3 * PATT I-II : Z = 2 . 2[1] . 3[4] Ri khong at, nen khong s dung c phng an nay. * PATT II-I : Z = 2 .2[6] . 3[1] Do nhom c s co so t so truyen la 3 (khac E = 2) nen khong s dung c phng an nay. Trng hp 2: Chon ong c co 3 cap van toc. Khi o ch co mot PAKG: Z = 3 . 2 . 2 va hai PATT a. PATT I-II : Z = 3 . 2[1] . 2[6] Kiem tra Ri = 6 < 8 : at yeu cau. b. PATT II-I : Z = 3 . 2[6] . 2[1] Kiem tra Ri cung at yeu cau. Tuy nhien, PATT nay co lng m thay oi ot ngot, co so vong quay ti han cua truc trung gian nho, kch thc hop se ln nen khong chon phng an nay. Ket luan: Ch co the dung ong c 3 cap van toc vi PAKG la: Z = 3 . 2 . 2 va PATT I-II.
Bc 3: Ve li ket cau va o th so vong quay I

n01

n02

n03

n01 i1 i2

n02

n03

II

II

i3
III n1 III n1

i4 n12

n12

Hnh 2-45: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o dung ong c 3 cap toc o Bc 4: Tnh cac t so truyen

i1 =

1 1,41
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 ; i2 = = ; i3 = 4 = = ; i4 = 2 = 1,412 = 2 4 1,41 2 4 1,41

88

Kiem tra i: 1 i 3 = i min = 4 at yeu cau i 4 = i max = 2 Chon n01 = n7 = 355, n02 = n9 = 710, n03 = n11 =1410 v/ph Vi ong c 3 cap van toc nc = 750/1500/3000 v/ph, t so truyen cua bo truyen ai t ong c en truc I la: i = n 01 355 71 106 D d = = = = n c1 750 150 225 D '

trong o Dd va Dd la ng knh banh ai chu ong va b ong. Sau o tnh tiep cac bc con lai nh hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt. 2.3.6. Hop toc o co chuoi so vong quay hon hp Qua thc te, de thay rang cac so vong quay ti han (ln nhat va nho nhat) t khi c s dung. V vay, e tang pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay ma khong can qua nhieu cap toc o Z, ngi ta dung chuoi so vong quay cap so nhan hon hp co hai he so cap van toc: toc. a. He so 1 nho danh cho cac so vong quay trung bnh e giam ton that ve van

2 b. He so 2 ln (2 = 1 ) danh cho cac so vong quay ti han (so vong quay ln nhat va nho nhat) e tang pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay Rn.

e thiet ke mot hop toc o co so cap toc o Z va 2 he so cap van toc 1 va 2, lan lt thc hien cac bc sau: 1. Thiet ke mot hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt co so cap toc o x vi he so 2 ln (bao gom chon phng an khong gian, phng an th t, ve li ket cau va o th so vong quay). Moi tnh toan c thc hien nh a biet tren. So cap toc o x cua hop c tnh nh sau: x= Z vi y la t so truyen cua nhom khuech ai y (2-69)

2. Them mot nhom khuech ai vao au xch truyen ong cua hop toc o o vi cac chu y sau ve nhom khuech ai:

Co y t so truyen. Co lng m E c tnh E 2 = 1 e khi thay oi t so truyen cua nhom khuech ai se tao ra cac gia tr so vong quay mi xen ke vi cac gia tr so vong quay 2 cu tao thanh mot chuoi so vong quay co 2 he so 1 va 2 (vi 2 = 1 ).

89

 Co the s dung ong c nhieu cap van toc ong vai tro la nhom khuech ai e ket cau hop nho gon.
V du: Xem xet hop toc o cua may tien van nang Studturn (ai Loan) dung c cau banh rang di trt co cac yeu cau sau:

So cap van toc cua truc chnh: Z = 16 So vong quay cua truc chnh: n = 35 2000 v/ph Cong boi cua chuoi so vong quay: 1 = 1,26 va 2 = 1,58
Bc 1: e ket cau hop nho gon, chon nhom khuech ai la ong c co 2 cap van toc (y = 2) vi so vong quay cua ong c la nc1 = 720 v/ph va nc2 = 1440 v/ph. Nh 16 vay, so cap toc o cua hop la x = = 8. 2 Bc 2: Thiet ke hop toc o co so cap toc o x = 8 va he so 2 = 1,58

Chon phng an khong gian x = 4 2 va phng an th t I-II: x = 4[1].2[4] = 8

I

Li ket cau va o th so vong quay: n01

n01 i1 i4 i2 i5 i3 i6

II

II

III n1

n2

n8

III n1

n2

n8

Hnh 2-46: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cua hop toc o co x=8 va 2 = 1,58

Kiem tra Ri = 4 = 1,584 = 6,23 < 8. at yeu cau ve Ri Xac nh cac t so truyen: i1 = i3 = 0,3 = 1,580,3 = 1,2 ;
1

1,7

1 1,58
1,7

=
1

1 ; 2,4

i2 = 1
3,1

1
0,7

i4 = 1,3 = 1,8 ;

i5 =

3,1

1,58

1 = ; 4

1 1,58
0 ,7

1 ; 1,3

i6 = 0,9 = 1,4

Kiem tra at yeu cau ve t so truyen i imax = i4 = 1,3 = 1,8 < [imax] = 2 va imin = i 5 =

1 = [imin] 4

90

Bc 3: Do ong c 2 cap van toc c xem nh la mot nhom khuech ai cua hop toc o nen phng an khong gian trong trng hp nay la:

Z = y x = 2 4[1] 2[4] = 16 Cac so vong quay cua ong c tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan co cong boi bang 2, ngha la co lng m xi = E vi E 2 = 1 = 1,26 E = 3. Nh vay, t o th so vong quay tren, ch can them toc o n02 cach toc o n01 mot khoang bang lng m xi = 3. Sau o, t n02 lan lt ve cac tia song song vi cac tia trc o se co c o th so vong quay mi co 16 cap toc o. Trong o, cac gia tr so vong quay trung bnh t n2 n15 co he so 1 = 1,26 va cac so vong quay ti han n1 n2 va n15 n16 co he so 2 = 1,58 n02 n01 I i4 i1
II

i3 i2

i5

i6

III n1

n2

6 7

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

n16

Hnh 2-47: o th so vong quay cua hop toc o co Z=16 va 1 = 1,26, 2 = 1,58

Chon n01 = 375 v/ph nen t so truyen cua bo truyen ai la: n D 375 1 100 i = 01 = = = ' = n c1 720 1,92 D 192
Bc 4: Xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang

S dung phng phap tra bang e xac nh so rang cua cac banh rang vi ieu kien cac banh rang trong mot nhom truyen ong co cung moun m. i Zi : Zi
i1 = 1 2,4 i2 = 1 1,3

i3 = 1,2 47 : 38 85

i4 = 1,8 55 : 30

i5 =

1 4

i6 = 1,4 66 : 46 112

25 : 60

37 : 48

22 : 90

91

Bc 5: Ve s o ong va s o truyen lc

S o truyen lc ch can the hien cho 8 so vong quay gom n1, n2, n4, n6, n8, n10, n12 va n14. Cac so vong quay con lai se at c khi ong c chuyen t nc1 sang nc2
Z3=47 Z1=25 Z2=37 Z4=55 Z6=66 Z5=22 i

II
Z3=38

III
C

Z1=60

Z4= 30 Z2=48 Z6= 46

Z5=90

n1 n3 n2 n5 n4 n7 n6 n9 n8 n11 n10 n13 n12 n15 n14 n16

Hnh 2-48 : S o ong va s o truyen lc

92

Bc 6: Kiem tra sai so vong quay

Tnh tat ca cac so vong quay thc te ntt.

n tt1 = n c1 . n tt 2 = n c1 . n tt 3 = n c2 . n tt 4 = n c1 . n tt 5 = n c2 . n tt 6 = n c1 . n tt 7 = n c2 . n tt 8 = n c1 . n tt 9 = n c2 . D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' D D ' .i1 .i 5 = 720. 100 25 22 . . = 38,1 v / ph 192 60 90 100 37 22 . . = 70,6 v / ph 192 48 90 100 25 22 . . = 76,4 v / ph 192 60 90

.i 2 .i 5 = 720.

.i1 .i 5 = 1440. .i 3 .i 5 = 720.

100 47 22 . . = 113,3 v / ph 192 38 90 100 37 22 . . = 141,3 v / ph 192 48 90

.i 2 .i 5 = 1440. .i 4 .i 5 = 720.

100 55 22 . . = 168 v / ph 192 30 90 100 47 22 . . = 226,7 v / ph 192 38 90

.i 3 .i 5 = 1440. .i1 .i 6 = 720.

100 25 66 . . = 224,2 v / ph 192 60 46 100 55 22 . . = 336 v / ph 192 30 90

.i 4 .i 5 = 1440. .i 2 .i 6 = 720.

n tt10 = n c1 . n tt11 = n c2 . n tt12 = n c1 . n tt13 = n c2 . n tt14 = n c1 . n tt15 = n c2 .

100 37 66 . . = 414,7 v / ph 192 48 46 100 25 66 . . = 448,4 v / ph 192 60 46

.i1 .i 6 = 1440. .i 3 .i 6 = 720.

100 47 66 . . = 665,4 v / ph 192 38 46 100 37 66 . . = 829,4 v / ph 192 48 46

.i 2 .i 6 = 1440. .i 4 .i 6 = 720.

100 55 66 . . = 986,4 v / ph 192 30 46 100 47 66 . . = 1330,9 v / ph 192 38 46

.i 3 .i 6 = 1440.

93

n tt16 = n c2 .

D D '

.i 4 .i 6 = 1440.

100 55 66 . . = 1972,6 v / ph 192 30 46

So vong quay thc te cho tren bang hng dan cua may nh sau:
n1 35 n9 330 n2 70 n10 415 n3 75 n11 450 n4 110 n12 665 n5 140 n13 830 n6 165 n14 1000 n7 220 n15 1330 n8 225 n16 2000

chuan ntc theo cong thc (2-47) sau:

n =

Tnh sai so n gia so vong quay thc te ntt cua may so vi so vong quay tieu

nt t nt c nt c

100 %

Lap bang anh gia sai so vong quay: ien cac gia tr a tnh vao bang.
n1 ntt [v/ph] ntc [v/ph] 38,1 35 8,8 n9 ntt [v/ph] ntc [v/ph] 336 330 1,8 n2 70,6 70 0,8 n10 414,7 415 0,07 n3 76,4 75 1,8 n11 448,4 450 0,3 n4 113,3 110 3 n12 665,4 665 0,06 n5 141,3 140 0,9 n13 829,4 830 0,07 n6 168 165 1,8 n14 986,4 1000 1,36 n7 224,2 220 1,9 n15 1330,9 1330 0,06 n8 226,7 225 0,7 n16 1972,6 2000 1,3

n[% ]

n[% ]

Nhan thay ch co mot gia tr vt qua gii han cho phep nhng neu thay oi se co anh hng en cac so vong quay khac. Mac khac, s sai khac nay khong anh hng ln en ton that ve nang suat nen co the chap nhan c.
Bc 7: Tnh toan ong lc hoc cac chi tiet trong hop toc o.

Da vao kien thc a hoc trong mon hoc Chi tiet may e xac nh kch thc cua cac chi tiet nh banh rang, truc, o lan, then

94

Chng 3
3.1. KHAI NIEM 3.1.1. ac iem

THIET KE HOP CHAY DAO

Hop chay dao cung la mot bo phan quan trong cua may cong cu, dung e thc hien chuyen ong chay dao va am bao qua trnh cat c thc hien lien tuc. So vi hop toc o, hop chay dao co nhng ac iem nh sau: Co cong suat truyen ong nho, khoang 5 10% cong suat truyen ong chnh. Co toc o lam viec cham hn nhieu so vi hop toc o. Do o, trong hop chay dao dung cac c cau giam toc nhieu va hieu suat thap nh vt me ai oc, truc vt banh vt hoac phai dung nhieu cap banh rang noi tiep nhau e giam toc. Co the thc hien chuyen ong lien tuc, ong thi vi chuyen ong chnh (oi vi may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong vong nh: may tien, may phay ); hoac co the thc hien chuyen ong chay dao gian oan, khong cung luc vi chuyen ong chnh (oi vi may co chuyen ong chnh la chuyen ong tnh tien kh hoi nh: may bao, xoc). Lng chay dao va t so truyen cua hop khong phu thuoc vao kch thc cua chi tiet gia cong, nen khong can gi cong suat khong oi khi thay oi van toc. V vay co the s dung ong c ien mot chieu ieu chnh vo cap co tac dung am bao momen xoan khong oi. 3.1.2. Yeu cau Tuy theo cong dung cua may ma hop chay dao can co nhng yeu cau khac nhau, bao gom: am bao so cap chay dao Zs theo yeu cau cua thiet ke. am bao pham vi gii han cua ty so truyen ieu chnh lng chay dao R iS : R iS = i s max 2,8 = = 14 1 i s min 5 (3-1)

1 5

is

2,8 ; cung nh pham vi

am bao o chnh xac can thiet cua chuyen ong chay dao. Trong xch cat ren cua may tien, xch bao hnh may phay lan rang , khong the dung cac c cau truyen ong nh ai truyen, ly hp ma sat. Vi xch cat ren chnh xac, ng truyen ong can phai cang ngan cang tot, v sai so cua tng t so truyen se dan en sai so ln cua lng chay dao, anh hng en o chnh xac cua bc ren.

95

 Phai am bao u cong suat e thang thanh phan lc cat doc truc Px, truyen ong em, co kha nang ao chieu. Ngoai ra, trong mot so trng hp can phai co xch chay dao nhanh e giam thi gian phu va cong sc cua cong nhan trong qua trnh ieu chnh. am bao cac yeu cau ve cong nghe oi vi hop chay dao (tng t nh vi hop toc o). a so cac hop chay dao khong co mat chuan e xac nh v tr tng ho gia dao va chi tiet gia cong. Do o cac sai so ve mat che tao va lap rap khong phan anh trc tiep en o chnh xac gia cong nh o con, ovan, o nghieng o chnh xac e che tao hop chay dao ch anh hng en tuoi tho cua no va anh hng en o bong be mat gia cong khi van toc cua chuyen ong chay dao khong eu. Phng phap thiet ke hop chay dao se rat khac nhau vi cac loai hop chay dao khac nhau. Trong pham vi chng nay ch e cap en phng phap thiet ke hop chay dao dung truyen ong phan cap. Cac loai hop chay dao vo cap dung truyen ong ien, kh nen hoac thuy lc se c trnh bay trong cac giao trnh tng ng. 3.2. PHNG PHAP THIET KE HOP CHAY DAO THNG Hop chay dao thng la loai hop chay dao am bao s di ong cua dao hay cua phoi trong qua trnh cat vi mot gia tr lng chay dao cho trc nhng khong oi hoi at o chnh xac cao cho gia tr nay. Co the co sai so nhat nh gia lng di ong thc te va lng chay dao cho trc. V du: hop chay dao cua may khoan, may phay e tan dung kha nang cat hp ly, day cac gia tr lng chay dao cua hop chay dao nay tuan theo qui luat cap so nhan. Th nguyen cua lng chay dao co the la [mm/ph] neu chuyen ong chay dao oc lap va la [mm/v] neu chuyen ong chay dao phu thuoc vao chuyen ong chnh. C cau truyen ong trong hop chay dao thng la c cau banh rang di trt. Do o, cach thiet ke hop chay dao thng c tien hanh tng t nh cach thiet ke hop toc o dung c cau banh rang di trt (a trnh bay chng 2). Lu y: Trc khi thiet ke loai hop chay dao nay, can chuyen cac gia tr lng chay dao s1, s2, , sn thanh chuoi so vong quay cua c cau chap hanh ns1, ns2, , nsn e bai toan thiet ke giong vi qua trnh thiet ke hop toc o. Tuy thuoc vao c cau bien oi cuoi xch chay dao ma co cach tnh toan khac nhau. Xet xch chay dao cua may phay van nang (hnh 3-1). Hop chay dao co t so truyen is truyen chuyen ong t ong c chay dao en ban may. C cau bien oi chuyen ong quay thanh chuyen ong tnh tien ay la c cau vt me ai oc, co bc tx [mm]. Phng trnh xch chay dao co dang: nc . is . tx = s [mm/ph] (3-2)

96

Trong trng hp nay, hop chay dao c xem nh la hop toc o co so vong quay n0 cua truc vao (truc I) la so vong quay cua ong c nc [v/ph] va so vong quay ns cua truc ra c tnh: ns = nc . is =

s tx s Ban may

(3-3)

is C tx
Hnh 3-1: S o ket cau ong hoc xch chay dao cua may phay van nang

Do lng chay dao thay oi s1, s2, , sn nen:

n s1 = s1 s s ; n s2 = 2 ; ; n sn = n tx tx tx

(3-4) iv

Xet xch chay dao cua may khoan ng (hnh 3-2). Do chuyen ong chay dao phu thuoc vao chuyen ong chnh va c cau bien oi chuyen ong quay thanh chuyen ong tnh tien la c cau banh rang thanh rang nen phng trnh xch chay dao co dang: 1vtc . is . mZ = s [mm/v] (3-5) vi: m va Z moun va so rang cua banh rang. So vong quay n0 cua truc vao (truc I) trong hop chay dao co the chon la so vong quay nho nhat cua truc chnh may khoan nmin [v/ph] va so vong quay ns cua truc ra c tnh:
n s1 = s1 s s ; n s2 = 2 ; ; n sn = n mZ mZ mZ

is

V
Hnh 3-2: S o ket cau ong hoc cua may khoan

(3-6)

Tren c s o, hoan toan co the thiet ke hop chay dao theo phng phap a biet. Hnh 3-3 va 3-4 la ban ve lap khai trien cua mot so hop chay dao loai nay. Ngoai ra, e ket cau hop chay dao n gian va kch thc nho gon, ngi ta con dung hop chay dao ket hp gia c cau banh rang di trt va banh rang thay the. Phng phap thiet ke loai hop chay dao nay tng t nh hop toc o dung banh rang thay the.

97

Hnh 3-3: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao cua may bao

98

Hnh 3-4: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao may tien Revolve 1365

99

3.3. PHNG PHAP THIET KE HOP CHAY DAO CHNH XAC

Hop chay dao chnh xac la loai hop chay dao am bao ty so truyen chnh xac gia dao va phoi nh hop chay dao cua may tien ren vt van nang. Gia tr lng chay dao ay chnh la cac bc ren can tien (a c tieu chuan hoa). V the day so lng chay dao khong phai la cap so cong, cung khong phai la cap so nhan. Neu ty so truyen thc te cua hop chay dao co sai so so vi ty so truyen tnh toan, sai so o se phan anh trc tiep ti o chnh xac cua bc ren c cat. Do o, ty so truyen cua hop chay dao loai nay yeu cau phai that chnh xac. Hay xem xet hop chay dao cua may tien ren vt van nang. Mac du may tien co hai chc nang: tien trn va tien ren nhng khi thiet ke hop chay dao, ngi ta ch chu trong am bao chc nang tien ren. Khi thiet ke xong, ngi ta tnh lai cac gia tr lng chay dao e tien trn. Cac gia tr nay co the trung nhau, gan kht nhau hoac hi b cach quang xa nhau. Tuy nhien tren thc te, ieu nay khong quan trong lam v cac lng chay dao nay noi chung la kha day ac nen nhng cho cach quang hau nh t gay ra ton that ve nang suat gia cong. Neu may ch dung e cat mot loai ren th viec chon t so truyen se n gian hn nhieu. Thc te may tien thng c thiet ke e cat nhieu loai ren khac nhau (ren Quoc te, ren Anh, ren moun, ren Pitch ). Trong trng hp o, neu bc ren c cat va bc vt me nam trong hai he thong o lng khac nhau th trong phep tnh t so truyen xuat hien mot tha so ac biet va viec tnh toan tr nen phc tap hn. Phng trnh c ban cua xch cat ren nh sau: 1 vtc . ib . is . tx = tp tp hay i s = ib . tx

(3-7)

vi: tx bc ren cua truc vt me. tp bc ren can cat tren phoi. ib t so truyen cua nhom truyen ong bu, bao gom t so truyen cua bo banh rang thay the itt va t so truyen co nh ic e bu tr cho s sai khac gia hai he thong o lng vao xch truyen ong. ib = itt . ic is t so truyen cua hop chay dao. Hop chay dao cua may tien thng c chia thanh hai nhom sau: Nhom c s (co t so truyen ics): dung e gia cong mot day cac bc ren c s. Nhom c s thng s dung cac c cau sau: C cau Norton nh trong may tien T620. C cau banh rang di trt nh trong may tien T616.

100

 Nhom gap boi (co t so truyen igb): dung e khuech ai khi gia cong cac bc ren khac co t le gap 2, 4, 8 lan day cac bc ren c s. Nhom gap boi thng s dung cac c cau sau: C cau banh rang di trt nh trong may tien T620. C cau Me an nh trong may tien T616. C cau then keo nh trong may tien 1330. Ve nguyen tac, nhom c s va nhom gap boi co the oi cho cho nhau va co the nam tai mot v tr bat k tren xch chay dao. Tuy nhien, thng nhom c s c bo tr pha trc va nhom gap boi nam lien ke theo sau trong hop chay dao. Do o, t so truyen is cua hop chay dao gom: is = ics . igb (3-8) e gia cong cac loai ren he met (ren Quoc te, ren moun), s dung ng truyen chu ong cua xch chay dao (tc la nhom c s trang thai chu ong). Ngc lai, khi gia cong cac loai ren he inch (ren Anh, ren Pitch), s dung ng truyen b ong cua xch chay dao (tc la nhom c s trang thai b ong) Qua trnh thiet ke ong hoc hop chay dao chnh xac cua may tien co the theo cac bc sau: Bc 1: Sap xep bc ren can cat thanh bang e tao thanh nhom c s va nhom gap boi. Bc 2: Thiet ke nhom c s. Bc 3: Thiet ke nhom gap boi. Bc 4: Thiet ke nhom truyen ong bu. Bc 5: Kiem tra bc ren. Sau khi xac nh c s o ong cua hop chay dao, can tnh toan phan ong lc hoc e xac nh kch thc cu the cac chi tiet truyen ong trong hop.
3.3.1. Sap xep bc ren thanh bang

Da vao yeu cau tien c cac loai ren khac nhau va gia tr cac bc ren can cat ma sap xep cac bc ren can cat thanh bang. Tuy thuoc vao so loai bc ren, can co so lng bang tng ng. Trng hp phc tap nhat la may co kha nang tien c ca 4 loai ren (ren Quoc te, ren Anh, ren moun, ren Pitch). Khi sap xep, can tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau: So hang: bieu th so lng t so truyen cua nhom c s. Tuy thuoc vao so lng cac bc ren can cat ma quyet nh so hang, thng khong qua 10 hang. So hang cang t cang tot. Neu so hang qua ln, so banh rang trong nhom c s se nhieu, khoang cach gia hai goi se ln, lam cho o cng vng cua nhom nay kem.

101

 So cot: bieu th so lng t so truyen cua nhom gap boi. V nhom gap boi ch nen co 4 t so truyen nen thng sap xep cac bc ren theo 4 cot. Do t so truyen nhom gap boi tuan theo quy luat cap so nhan vi cong boi gb = 2 nen gia tr bc ren trong cac cot cua cung mot hang cung phai tuan theo quy luat cap so nhan vi cong boi gb = 2. Ren Quoc te (co bc tp) c sap xep theo th t gia tr tang dan t tren xuong di va t trai qua phai. Ren Anh (co so ren n trong 1 inch) c sap xep theo th t gia tr giam dan t tren xuong va t trai qua phai. Ren moun (co moun m) c sap xep theo qui luat nh ren Quoc te. Ren Pitch (co ng knh Pitch DP) c sap xep theo qui luat nh ren Anh. Lu y: e am bao so lng banh rang trong nhom c s la t nhat, cac o co v tr tng ng trong cac bang phai t le vi nhau theo mot hang so co nh.
3.3.2. Thiet ke nhom c s

1. Nhom c s dung c cau Norton Z4 Z2 Z3 Z1 Z5 nI

I

Chot gai
I

Z0 nII
II

Z0

II

ZA

ZA
Hnh 3-5 : S o c cau Norton

C cau Norton gom khoi banh rang hnh thap co so rang khac nhau Z1, Z2 Zn lap co nh tren truc I. Chuyen ong c truyen t truc I en truc II nh banh rang trung gian Z0, co the an khp vi bat ky banh rang nao cua khoi banh rang hnh thap va cung di ong vi banh rang ZA tren truc II. e am bao o cng vng can thiet, so lng banh rang cua khoi hnh thap khong nen qua 10. So rang cua cac banh rang trong khoi banh rang hnh thap thng la ZN = 24 60 (trng hp ac biet co the lay ZN = 18 75).

102

u iem

V dung banh rang trung gian Z0, nen tong so rang cua banh rang chu ong va b ong (e thc hien cac t so truyen khac nhau) khong can la mot hang so. Do o, s la chon so rang ZN se de dang hn khi khoang cach gia hai truc khong oi. So lng banh rang can thiet trong c cau t, neu can n ty so truyen th ch can (n + 2) banh rang. Kch thc hop tng oi nho, v cac banh rang at kht nhau. Ton that cong suat nho do khong co nhng banh rang chay khong.
Nhc iem

o cng vng kem do dung banh rang trung gian. Kho dung c banh rang nghieng. Cac banh rang trong khoi banh rang hnh thap can mong e han che kch thc ve chieu dai. Nhiem vu thiet ke la phai tnh toan so rang ZN cua cac banh rang trong khoi banh rang hnh thap sao cho hop chay dao cat c nhieu loai ren khac nhau. Hay xet cac trng hp cu the sau:
a. Cat ren Quoc te

Khoi banh rang hnh thap ong vai tro chu ong va t so truyen cua nhom c s Z (cung chnh la cua c cau Norton) ics = iN = N . ZA Gia s cac bc ren Quoc te can tien la: tp1 , tp2 , tp3 , , tpn [mm]. Phng trnh xch chay dao e cat mot bc ren tpi bat ky la: Do iN =
ZN , nen phng trnh (3-9) co the viet lai: ZA Z tpi = 1vtc . ib . N . igb . tx = C . igb . ZN ZA 1 = const Vi C = ib . tx . ZA

tpi = 1vtc . ib . iNi . igb . tx

(3-9)

(3-10)

Nh vay ta co: tp1 = C . igb . Z1 tp2 = C . igb . Z2 tp3 = C . igb . Z3 ............ tpn = C . igb . Zn Suy ra: tp1 : tp2 : tp3 : : tpn = Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : : Zn (3-11)

103

Ket luan: Cac bc ren Quoc te can cat t le thuan vi so rang cua c cau Norton. b. Cat rang Anh

Khoi banh rang hnh thap ong vai tro b ong va t so truyen cua c cau Norton Z ics = iN = A . ZN Gia s cac ren Anh can tien co so ren n tren 1 inch la: n1 , n2 , n3 , , nn. Bc 25,4 cua ren Anh c qui oi theo he met la: tpi = [mm]. ni Tng t nh tren, phng trnh (3-9) c viet lai nh sau:
Z 25,4 = 1vtc . ib . A . igb . tx ni ZN

hay: Vi C =

ni =

1 1 25,4 . ZN = C . . ZN . i b .Z A .t x i gb i gb

(3-12)

25,4 = const. i b .Z A .t x n1 = C . n2 = C . n3 = C . 1 i gb 1 i gb 1 i gb . Z1 . Z2 . Z3

Nh vay ta co:

1 . Zn nn = C . i gb Suy ra: n1 : n2 : n3 : : nn = Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : : Zn (3-13)

Ket luan: Cac bc ren Anh can cat cung t le thuan vi so rang cua c cau Norton. c. Cat rang moun: Tng t nh khi cat ren Quoc te, khoi banh rang hnh thap ong vai tro chu ong.

Bc cua ren moun tp = . m (m la moun). Ta co: m1 : m2 : m3 : : mn = Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : : Zn. (3-14)

Ket luan: Cac bc cua ren moun can cat cung t le thuan vi so rang cua c cau Norton.

104

d. Cat rang Pitch: Tng t nh khi cat ren Anh, khoi banh rang hnh thap ong vai tro b ong. 25,4 Bc cua ren Pitch: tp = (DP : ng knh Pitch). Dp

Ta co: DP1 : DP2 : DP3 : : DPn = Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : : Zn. 2. Nhom c s dung c cau banh rang di trt
a. ac iem:

(3-15)

Ket luan: Cac bc cua ren Pitch cung t le thuan vi so rang cua c cau Norton.

Khac vi c cau banh rang di trt trong hop toc o, e kch thc hop chay dao nho gon, c cau banh rang di trt trong nhom c s cua hop chay dao ch bo tr hai truc. e am bao so t so truyen ln gia hai truc (thng t 5 en 8 t so truyen) khong the dung khoi banh rang di trt nhieu bac ma phai tach ra thanh nhng khoi di trt 1 va 2 bac. Tuy nhien, do khoang cach truc khong oi va e am bao t so truyen chnh xac cua cac cap banh rang an khp, ngi ta phai s dung cac moun khac nhau cho cac cap banh rang va thng phai la banh rang dch chnh. Z3 Z5 Z1 Z4 Z2 Z6
I

II

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4

Z5

Z6

Hnh 3-6 : S o ong c cau banh rang di trt dung trong nhom c s u iem:

Z1

o cng vng cua c cau tot. Cong suat truyen ln. ieu khien n gian.
Nhc iem: Kch thc chieu truc dai.

e khac phuc nhc iem nay, co the s Z2 Z3 dung banh rang dung chung (hnh 3-7). e tao ra 2 t so truyen, ch can 3 banh rang trong o Hnh 3-7 : S o banh rang dung chung banh rang dung chung Z1 co the an khp vi 2 banh rang khac nhau. Tat nhien hieu so rang (Z2 Z3) khong the qua ln, vt ra ngoai kha nang dch chnh, thng (Z2 Z3) 3.

105

b. Phng phap tnh toan:

Xac nh cac t so truyen cua nhom c s ics

T cong thc (3-7), suy ra:

ics =

tp i b .i gb .t x

tp C

(3-16)

Vi C = ib . igb . tx . e tnh C, phai chon trc ib, igb va tx . Thong thng chon igb = 1, tx = 6mm hoac 12mm. Con vi ib = itt . ic, da vao mot so loai may hien co chon 30 trc itt (chang han chon itt = ), thng ic = 1. 36

Da vao bang sap xep bc ren, chon mot cot co ay u cac bc ren lam day cac bc ren c s (tp1, tp2, ) tng ng vi igb = 1. Tnh cac t so truyen cua nhom c s ics va bien oi chung di dang toi gian ics1 =
t p1 C = t p2 t pn A1 A A ; ics2 = = 2 ; ; icsn = = n B1 B2 Bn C C icsi = t pi C =
Ai Bi

A : B

Tong quat:

(3-17)

Tnh tong so rang ZTi cua tng cap banh rang an khp trong c cau banh rang di trt theo cong thc:
ZTi = 2A mi (3-18)

vi: A khoang cach truc (tham khao cac may hien co, v du chon A = 78mm hoac 84 mm). mi moun cua banh rang, co the s dung nhieu moun khac nhau e tao nhieu tong so rang khac nhau. V du cho mi bien thien nh sau mi = 2 ; 2,25 ; 2,5 ; 2,75 ; 3 ; 3,5 ; 4

Tnh he so ki = Ai + Bi , vi Ai va Bi la t so va mau so cua cac icsi Tnh cac so nguyen ai theo cong thc ai =
Z Ti . Neu ai khong phai la so ki

nguyen nhng sai khac khong nhieu th co the qui tron gan ung. Trong trng hp s sai khac qua ln so vi cac so nguyen gan nhat th co the bo trong gia tr o.

Tnh so rang cua cac cap banh rang theo nguyen tac sau:
icsi =
Zi Z 'i = ai . A i a i . Bi (3-19)

106

 Lap bang tnh so rang theo mau va lan lt ien cac gia tr a co
Bang 3-2: Bang tnh so rang cua nhom c s

icsi = Ai/Bi ics1 ZTi ZT1 ZT2 ZTn ki mi m1 m2 mn k1 ics2 k2 icsn kn

Da vao bang tren e chon so rang cho cac cap banh rang trong nhom c s. Tuy nhien can chu y mot so van e sau: Khong nen chon qua nhieu loai moun khac nhau v nh the se lam cho qua trnh gia cong hop chay dao them kho khan. Co gang tan dung phng phap banh rang dung chung e giam kch thc chieu truc cua hop bang cach chon nhng o nam tren mot hang ngang co cung t so hoac mau so e ghep chung thanh mot oi. oi o ch co 3 banh rang nhng co the tao ra hai t so truyen khac nhau (v co 1 banh rang dung chung). Neu khong the chon c banh rang dung chung nao, co the thay oi mot trong so cac tr so chon trc nh t so truyen itt hoac khoang cach truc A e co c mot loat cac gia tr icsi mi va lap lai qua trnh tnh toan nh tren cho en khi at ket qua mong muon.
3.3.3. Thiet ke nhom gap boi

Nhom gap boi thng co 4 t so truyen vi cong boi = 2. Hai day so igb thng s dung cho nhom gap boi co gia tr la: igb = 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 ; ; ; hoac igb = ; ; ; 4 2 1 1 8 4 2 1

1. Nhom gap boi dung c cau banh rang di trt u iem: Co o cng vng cao, ton that cong suat nho. Vi 4 t so truyen igb cua nhom gap boi, co the dung hai nhom banh rang di trt, moi nhom co hai cap banh rang va at tren 3 truc nh hnh 3-8.

107

a) III

Nhom b

Z4

Z3
III

b)

Z4

Z3

Z3
II II

Z3

Z1 Z2
I

Z4

Z1= Z4 Z2
I

Z1

Z2

Nhom a

Z1

Z2

Hnh 3-8: Nhom gap boi dung c cau banh rang di trt a) Khong co banh rang dung chung b) co banh rang dung

Phng an khong gian va phng an th t nh sau: PAKG: 2 x 2 PATT I-II: 2[1]x2[2]

I

Li ket cau va o th so vong quay cho trong hnh 3-9. n0 n0

I

n0 i1 i2

a)
II

b)
II

i1 i2 i4

c)
II

i3
III III

i3
III

i4

igb1

igb2

igb3

igb4

1/4

1/2

1/1

2/1

1/8

1/4

1/2

1/1

Hnh 3-9: Li ket cau va o th so vong quay nhom gap boi dung banh rang di trt

Da vao o th so vong quay, xac nh cac t so truyen i1, i2, i3, i4 va tnh lai cac 1 1 1 2 igb. V du trong trng hp s dung day igb = ; ; ; (hnh 3-9b) th: 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 igb1 = = i1. i3 = . = 4 2 2 4

108

igb2 =

1 1 1 = i2. i3 = 1 . = 2 2 2 1 2 . =1 2 1 2 =2 1

igb3 = 1 = i1. i4 =

igb4 = 2 = i2. i4 = 1 .

Tnh so rang cua cac banh rang trong nhom a va b: Nhom a: Cac ieu kien e tnh so rang: Z1 + Z1 = Z2 + Z2 = 2Z0 = const i1 = i2 =
Z1 1 = Z1 ' 2 Z2 1 = Z2 ' 1

(3-20) (3-21) (3-22)

Chon trc tong so rang 2Z0 sao cho co the chia het cho 3 va cho 2, ngha la 2Z0 phai chia het cho 6. Sau o tnh ra so rang cua cac banh rang nhom a. Nhom b: Tnh tng t nh nhom a vi ieu kien: Z3 + Z3 = Z4 + Z4 = 2Z0 = const i3 = i4 =
Z3 1 = Z3 ' 2 Z4 2 = Z4 ' 1

(3-23) (3-24) (3-25)

Lu y: e tao thuan li cho viec gia cong, can chu y cac iem sau:

Cac banh rang trong ca 2 nhom di trt nen co cung moun. Nhom gap boi cung nen thiet ke co banh rang dung chung (hnh 3-8b). Do o, khi tnh so rang cua 2 nhom di trt a va b nen chon cung mot tr so 2Z0. Tam cua cac truc nhom gap boi nen lay trung vi tam cua cac truc cua nhom c s. Do o, khi tnh nhom c s va nhom gap boi can lu y ti viec chon khoang cach truc A. 2. Nhom gap boi dung c cau Mean
a. Cau tao:

Mean la mot c cau truyen ong co ba truc I, II va III. Tren hai truc I va II lap nhng khoi banh rang 2 bac Z1-Z2 giong nhau, trong o ch co khoi banh rang au truc chu ong I c lap co nh vao truc con cac khoi khac lap long khong va luon an khp vi nhau. Chuyen ong truyen en truc III nh banh rang trung gian Z0 va banh

109

rang di trt ZA. Tuy theo v tr cua banh rang di trt tren truc III ma c cau Mean thc hien nhng t so truyen khac nhau (hnh 3-10). u iem Kch thc theo chieu truc nho. Pham vi ieu chnh lng chay dao ln. Che tao n gian v cac khoi banh rang eu giong nhau. Nhc iem Hieu suat truyen ong kem v tat ca cac banh rang eu quay. Banh rang trung gian lam cho c cau kem cng vng, cong suat truyen khong ln. Tuy nhien, do nhom gap boi ch can 4 t so truyen nen trong thc te ngi ta bo banh rang trung gian (hnh 3-11). Khi o, banh rang di trt ZA ch co the an khp vi cac banh rang ln trong khoi banh rang 2 bac. Z2 Z1
I

II

Z0

III

ZA

b. Phng phap tnh toan

Hnh 3-10 : S o ong c cau Mean

Hay xem xet nhom gap boi cua hop chay dao may tien T616. Cac t so truyen igb Z Z 2 gom: igb4 = 1 . 3 = Z4 ZA 1 igb3 =
Z 2 Z3 1 . = Z3 Z A 1

110

igb2 = igb1 =

1 Z2 Z 4 Z2 Z3 = . . . Z 3 Z1 Z 3 Z A 2
Z 2 Z 4 Z 2 Z 4 Z 2 Z3 1 = . . . . . Z 3 Z1 Z 3 Z1 Z 3 Z A 4

e n gian trong tnh toan, chon Z1 = Z4 va chon trc ZA. T o tnh ra so rang cua cac banh rang trong nhom. Z1
I

Z2

Zc Zc

Z3
II III

Z4 ZA igb4 igb3 igb2 igb1 Zc

Hnh 3-11: Nhom gap boi dung c cau Mean khong co banh rang trung gian

3. Nhom gap boi dung c cau then keo

Z1
I

Z2

Z3

Z4

Zc Zc

Z4
II

Z3 Z2

Z1
a. Cau tao:

Zc

Hnh 3-12 : S o c cau then keo

Ket cau cua c cau then keo gom mot so banh rang lap co nh tren truc chu ong I va mot so banh rang khac cung an khp lap long khong tren truc b ong II. Tuy theo v tr cua then keo ma mot trong nhng banh rang long khong se c co nh vi truc va thc hien truyen ong gia hai truc tao ra cac t so truyen gap boi.

111

Theo thc te, then keo lap tren truc b ong se lam cho banh rang cung nh bac t mon hn la lap tren truc chu ong. Ngoai ra, e then keo de lot vao ranh then cua banh rang, nen che tao nhieu ranh then tren lo cua banh rang (2 4 ranh). u iem Kch thc nho gon v banh rang lap rat sat nhau, ch can mot o h nho. Co the dung banh rang nghieng. Nhc iem o ben va o cng vng kem nen khong the truyen momen ln, ac biet la vi chi tiet truc rong can co ranh e at then. o mon cua banh rang ln, hieu suat truyen ong thap v banh rang khong lam viec van an khp. Khong the dung banh rang co ng knh ln.
b. Phng phap thiet ke

Khi thiet ke hop chay dao co nhom gap boi dung c cau then keo, can am bao cac ieu kien sau: Z1 + Z1 = Z2 + Z2 = Z3 + Z3 = Z4 + Z4 = 2Z0 = const igb = 1 1 1 2 ; ; ; 4 2 1 1 (3-26) (3-27)

e giai c he phng trnh tren phai chon trc 2Z0. Theo yeu cau 2Z0 phai la mot so chia het cho 2, 3, 5 ngha la phai chia het cho 30. Cac gia tr at yeu cau o la: 2Z0 = 60; 90; 120; 180 Tuy nhien, khi chon 2Z0 can phai lu y khoang cach truc trong nhom gap boi phai trung vi khoang cach truc nhom c s, e tao ieu kien thuan li viec gia cong hop chay dao.
3.3.4. Thiet ke nhom truyen ong bu

Nhom truyen ong ib bu gom: Bo banh rang thay the: itt. Cac cap banh rang co nh: ic. V vay: ib = itt . ic (3-28) Ta a biet, e gia cong cac loai ren he met (ren Quoc te, ren moun), s dung ng truyen chu ong cua xch chay dao va tng ng vi ng truyen nay can co mot t so truyen co nh ic1. Ngoai ra, e tao ra hai loai ren khac biet nay (ren Quoc te va ren moun), trong xch truyen ong can co 2 bo banh rang thay the khac nhau itt1 va itt2.

112

Ngc lai, khi gia cong cac loai ren he inch (ren Anh, ren Pitch), s dung ng truyen b ong cua xch chay dao va tng ng vi ng truyen nay can co mot t so truyen co nh ic2. Tng t, cung can co 2 bo banh rang thay the khac nhau cho hai loai ren nay. e ket cau n gian, tan dung lai 2 bo banh rang thay the itt1 va itt2 tren. Tom lai: e tien ren Quoc te: dung xch chay dao co ib1 = ic1 . itt1 e tien ren moun: dung xch chay dao co ib2 = ic1 . itt2 e tien ren Anh : dung xch chay dao co ib3 = ic2 . itt1 e tien ren Pitch: dung xch chay dao co ib4 = ic2 . itt2 Trc khi tnh ib, nen lap s o ong cua toan xch chay dao, trong o can xac nh cach bo tr ket cau cua hop, v tr cua cac bo banh rang co nh va cac ly hp can thiet. T cong thc (3-7), suy ra: i b = i c .i tt = tp i cs i gb t x (3-29)

e tnh ib1 can cho may cat th mot bc ren nao o cua ren Quoc te. Vi tx c chon trc, ong thi da vao bang xep ren co the xac nh ics , igb tng ng vi bc ren o va ap dung cong thc (3-29) e xac nh ib1. Co ib1, ch can chon trc ic1 se tnh c itt1. Do tien ren moun cung dung cung mot t so truyen ic1 nen ch can cho may cat th mot bc ren nao o cua ren moun th tnh c itt2. Cuoi cung e xac nh ic2, cho may cat th mot bc ren nao o cua ren Anh va tnh toan tng t. Khi tnh toan t so truyen, do s khac biet gia hai he o lng nen xuat hien mot tha so ac biet va co the chon gia tr tng ng theo bang di ay sao cho sai so la nho nhat ong thi bo truyen cung khong qua ln. Phan so tng ng 1 = 25,4mm Sai so % 127 5 0 47 127 4 5 95 0,0005 40 40 7 9 0,013 19 21 127 +0,004 18 24 17 +0,046 12 127 97 5 +0,021 11 30 13 0,061 22 7 +0,04 157 50 0,05

= 3,14159
Sai so %

113

3.3.5. Kiem tra sai so bc ren

Do co sai so trong bc tnh toan tren, can tien hanh kiem tra sai so cac bc ren ve mat thiet ke. Tat nhien sai so thiet ke nay phai nho hn nhieu sai so thc khi gia cong ren do con co anh hng cua cac yeu to khac trong qua trnh che tao va lap rap may cung nh trong qua trnh gia cong ren. Can kiem tra cho tng loai ren rieng biet, nhng moi loai ren ch can kiem tra mot bc la u. Neu sai so cua mot bc ren trong loai ren o at yeu cau th cac bc ren con lai cung se at. Cach kiem tra nh sau:

Vi moi loai ren, can chon mot bc e kiem tra. Tng ng vi bc ren a chon, xac nh t so truyen ic , itt , ics , igb The vao phng trnh xch cat ren e tnh tp :
1vtc . ic . itt . ics . igb . tx = tp.

Tnh sai so bc ren tp:

tp = tp tp.

So sanh: tp

[tp]

Vi [tp] sai so cho phep cua bc ren, co the lay [tp] = 0,1 d0.
d0 : dung sai cua ng knh trung bnh cua ren (tra trong so tay c kh).

Trong thc te, ngi ta co the so sanh sai so bc ren cua may thiet ke vi mot may co san cung cap chnh xac e anh gia ket qua tnh toan.
3.3.6. Th du ve thiet ke hop chay dao chnh xac

Thiet ke hop chay dao cua may tien van nang e tien cac loai ren sau:

Ren Quoc te co: tp = 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 [mm]. 25,4 = 30 28 24 22 20 19 Ren Anh co so ren tren 1 inch (1): n = tp
18 16 15 14 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 2 1 1 2 2. 2 4 1 1 1 3 54 4 3 32 2 2 2 4

= 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 7. 25,4 Ren Pitch co: Dp = = 56 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 22 20 tp 18 16 14 12 11 10 9 8.

Ren moun co: m =

tp

114

1. Sap xep bc ren thanh bang Ren Quoc te Ren moun

2 2,25

4 4,5

8 9

0,5

2 2,25

4 4,5

1,25

0,75

1,25

2,5 2,75 3 3,5

5 5,5 6 7

10 11 12 14

2,5 1,25 3 3,5

5 5,5 6 7

1,5 1,75

1,5

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2
Ren Anh

Ren Pitch

30 28 24 22 20 19 18 16 1/4

15 14 12 11 10

7 6 5 5
1 2

3 3
1 2 1 2

56 48 44

28 24 22 36

14 12 11 18

40

9 8 1/2

4 4 1
1 2

2 2

36 32 1/4

18 16 1/2

9 8 1

2. Thiet ke nhom c s

Do bang sap xep bc ren co 8 hang nen ve nguyen tac can co 8 t so truyen ics. Tuy nhien qua bang sap xep bc ren, ta nhan thay do ch v cat ren Anh co n = 30, 15 va 19 ma nhom c s phai co them 2 t so truyen ics na. e ket cau nho gon, co the bo i 2 hang nay. Khi o, nhom c s ch con 6 t so truyen ics. e tien c ren Anh co n = 30, 15 va 19, phai dung banh rang thay the.

115

a. Nhom c s dung c cau Norton e tnh so rang ZN cua cac banh rang hnh thap trong c cau Norton, chon mot cot co ay u nhat cac bc ren lam day cac bc ren c s (thng chon cac cot co igb = 1/1).

Khi cat ren Quoc te:

V 24 ZN

Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = tp1 : tp2 : tp3 : tp4 : tp5 : tp6 = 4 : 4,5 : 5 : 5,5 : 6 : 7

60, nen nhan cac bc ren tren vi mot hang so bang 8: Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = 32 : 36 : 40 : 44 : 48 : 56 Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = m1 : m2 : m3 : m4 : m5 : m6 = 2 : 2,25 : 2,5 : 2,75 : 3 : 3,5

Khi cat ren moun:

Nhan cac gia tr tren vi mot hang so bang 16 Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = 32 : 36 : 40 : 44 : 48 : 56

Khi cat ren Anh:

Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = 4 : 4

1 1 :5:5 :6:7 2 2

= 32 : 36 : 40 : 44 : 48 : 56

Khi cat ren Pitch:

Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = 8 : 9 : 10 : 11 : 12 : 14 = 32 : 36 : 40 : 44 : 48 : 56

Cuoi cung, so rang cua cac banh rang hnh thap trong c cau Norton la: Z1 : Z2 : Z3 : Z4 : Z5 : Z6 = 32 : 36 : 40 : 44 : 48 : 56 b. Nhom c s dung c cau banh rang di trt

Xac nh cac t so truyen cua nhom c s ics

Da vao mot so may a co e chon trc:

Bo banh rang thay the itt = Bc vtme: tx = 6 [mm] ic = 1 igb = 1/1

30 36

Day cac bc ren c s tp = 4; 4,5; 5; 5,5; 6; 7

Thay vao cong thc (3-16): ics = icsi = tp i b .i gb .t x = tp C = tp 5

A 4 9 1 11 6 7 ; ; ; ; = i ; 5 10 1 10 5 5 Bi

116

 Tnh tong so rang ZTi cua tng cap banh rang an khp trong c cau banh rang 2A di trt theo cong thc (3-18): ZTi = mi
Da theo may tien 1A616, chon khoang cach truc A = 78 mm.

Vi m = 2, co: Vi m = 2,25: Vi m = 2,5: Vi m = 2,75: Vi m = 3: Vi m = 3,5: Vi m = 4: Tnh ki = Ai + Bi . ics1 = ics2 =

ZT = 2 x

78 = 78 2

ZT = 69,3 70 ZT = 62,4 62 ZT = 57,08 57 ZT = 52 ZT = 44,57 45 ZT = 39 k1 = 4 + 5 = 9 k2 = 9 + 10 = 19 k3 = 1 + 1 = 2 k4 = 11 + 10 = 21 k5 = 6 + 5 = 11 k6 = 7 + 5 = 12

4 , 5 9 , 10

1 ics3 = , 1 11 ics4 = , 10
ics5 = ics6 =

6 , 5 7 , 5

Lap bang tnh so rang

Tnh cac so nguyen ai theo cong thc ai =
Z Ti . Khi qui tron ai thanh so nguyen ki

gan nhat, ch chap nhan tr so ai o neu no lam cho tong so rang cua cap banh rang tnh c khong sai khac so vi gia tr ZT qua 2 rang. Ch trong khoang chenh lech nho ve so rang nh the mi co the dung banh rang dch chnh c. Ap dung cong thc (3-19), tnh so rang cac banh rang ics ng vi nhieu moun khac nhau va ien vao bang sau:

117

icsi = Ai/Bi ics1 = ZTi 78 70 62 57 52 44 39 ki mi 2 2,25 2,5 2,75 3 3,5 4 4 9 ics2 = 5 10 k2 = 19 36 40 ics3 = 1 11 6 ics4 = ics5 = 1 10 5 k4 = 21 k5 = 11 42 35 ics6 = 7 5

k1 = 9

k3 = 2 39 39 35 35 31 31 29 29 26 26 22 22 20 20

k6 = 12

32 40 28 35

33 30

42 30 35 25

27 30

30 25 24 20

24 30 20 25

22 20

18 20

Da vao bang tren, chon c so rang cac banh rang cua c cau banh rang di trt nhom c s vi lu y sau:

So rang toi thieu Zmin

17

u tien chon banh rang tieu chuan. Neu khong c, mi chon banh rang dch chnh. Co gang chon cac o hang ngang co cung mau so hoac t so e ghep thanh mot oi co banh rang dung chung (ch can 3 banh rang nhng tao ra c 2 t so truyen khac nhau). Khong nen chon qua nhieu moun khac nhau cho cac cap banh rang, dan en qua trnh che tao hop chay dao them phc tap.
Ket qua chon cuoi cung nh sau:

4 = 5 11 = ics4 = 10
ics1 =

32 9 18 ; ics2 = = ; ics3 = 40 10 20 6 24 22 ; ics5 = = ; ics6 = 20 5 20

20 1 = 1 20 7 42 = 5 30

118

3. Thiet ke nhom gap boi

a. Dung c cau banh rang di trt Chon 4 t so truyen cua nhom gap boi gom: 1/4, 1/2, 1/1, 2/1. Tnh so rang cua cac banh rang trong hnh 3-8.

Nhom a: Chon trc 2Z0 = 84

Suy ra: i1 = i2 =
Z1 1 28 = = Z1 ' 2 56 Z2 1 42 = = Z 2 ' 1 42 Z3 1 28 = = Z3 ' 2 56 Z4 2 56 = = Z4 ' 1 28

Nhom b: cung chon 2Z0 = 84 e co cung khoang cach truc

i3 = i4 =

V Z1 va Z4 lap tren truc II eu co cung so rang la 56 nen co the s dung banh rang dung chung. b. Dung c cau Mean Chon trc so rang cua banh rang di trt ZA = 26 va chon Z1 = Z4. Theo hnh 311, tnh so rang cua cac banh rang nh sau: igb4 = igb3 =
Z Z1 Z 3 2 . = 3 = Z4 ZA ZA 1 Z2 Z3 Z 1 . = 2 = Z3 Z A ZA 1

Z3 = 2ZA = 2 26 = 52 Z2 = ZA = 26

Tong so rang Z3 + ZA = 52 + 26 = 78. e khoang cach truc A gia 2 truc I va II bang khoang cach truc A gia 2 truc II va III th: Z1 + Z4 = Z3 + ZA = 78 78 ma Z1 = Z4 nen Z1 = Z4 = = 39 2 c. Dung c cau then keo Chon trc 2Z0 = 90, so rang cua cac cap banh rang trong c cau then keo la: igb1 =
Z Z1 18 1 Z Z 30 1 45 1 60 2 = = , igb2 = 2 = = , igb3 = 3 = = , igb4 = 4 = = Z1 ' 72 4 Z 2 ' 60 2 Z 3 ' 45 1 Z 4 ' 30 1

119

4. Thiet ke nhom truyen ong bu

Trc khi thiet ke nhom truyen ong bu, can lap s o ong cua toan xch chay dao nh hnh 3-13.

ic itt2 itt1 L1
I

Hnh 3-13: S o ong cua hop chay dao dung c cau Norton va banh rang di trt

ZA III

L2

Z4

Z3 VI Z3 V Z2

L3 tx
VII

ic1
II

Z0 Z1= Z4 IV

ZN

ics

ic2

Z1

Z2

igb

Theo s o ong hnh 3-13, e thc hien ng truyen chu ong cua xch chay dao, phai m ly hp L1 va chuyen ong truyen t truc I, sang truc II roi thong qua c cau Norton en truc III.
e tnh ib1, cho may cat th bc ren Quoc te tp = 5mm. Chon trc bc vitme tx = 6mm, banh rang di trt cua c cau Norton tren truc II co ZA = 28. Theo bang xep ren, t so truyen nhom gap boi la igb = 1/1 va banh rang ZN = 40 cua khoi hnh thap an Z 40 khp vi banh rang ZA nen ics = iN = 3 = ZA 28 T cong thc (3-29), tnh c ty so truyen bu: i b1 = i c1 .i tt1 = tp i cs i gb t x =

7 5 = 40 1 12 . .6 28 1 25 th 36

Da theo may hien co, chon trc ic1 = itt1 =

i c1 ib

7 36 42 . = 12 25 50

120

42 cung dung e cat ren Anh nhng v cat ren Anh thc 50 hien tren ng truyen b ong cua xch chay dao nen can phai tnh them ic2. Muon thc hien xch b ong nay, phai ong ly hp L1 va chuyen ong truyen trc tiep t truc I sang truc III roi en truc II. Chuyen ong truyen en nhom gap boi qua t so truyen co nh ic2.
Bo banh rang itt1 =
Chon cat th ren Anh co n = 8 ren/1, tc la tp = 25,4/8. Da vao bang xep ren, Z 1 28 biet c igb = , va ics = iN = A = . Do o: 2 Z1 32 ic2 = tp i cs .i gb .i tt1 .t x
25,4 36 8 = = 28 1 42 25 . . .6 32 2 50

e tnh t so truyen itt2 khi cat ren moun, dung ng truyen chu ong cua xch chay dao vi ic1 a biet. Cho may cat th ren moun co m = 3, tc la tp = m = 22 48 . Do o: 3. Da vao bang xep ren co: igb = 1/1; ics = 7 28
itt2 = tp i cs .i gb .i c1 .t x
22 .3 33 66 7 = = = 48 1 25 25 50 . . .6 28 1 36

ong cac ly hp L1, L2 va L3 khi can tien ren chnh xac.

66 42

ic itt2 itt1
I 252

Hnh 3-14: So rang cua cac banh rang trong hop chay dao dung c cau Norton va banh rang di trt

L1

28 III 56

252

L2

28

56 VI 28

281,5 L3

50

50

ic1
II

Z0 32 36 40 44

362 56 V 42 42

tx= 6
VII 561,5

362

ics

48

ic2

IV 252 28

igb

121

5. Kiem tra sai so bc ren

Sau cac bc thiet ke tren, can tien hanh kiem tra cac bc ren c cat. Moi loai ren ch can kiem tra mot bc.

oi vi ren Quoc te:

Cat th ren Quoc te tp = 3mm co: ics = The vao phng trnh cat ren: 1vtc .

25 48 42 ; igb = 1/2; icd1 = ; itt = ; tx = 6. 28 36 50

42 25 48 25 36 1 . . . 6 = tp = 3 mm. . . . 50 36 28 36 25 2

Vay khi cat ren Quoc te khong co sai so.

oi vi ren Anh:
Cat th bc ren n = 5 ren/1, tc la tp = ics = 25,4 = 5,08 mm co: 5

28 42 36 ; igb = 1; itt1 = ; icd2 = ; tx = 6. 40 50 25

The vao phng trnh cat ren: 1vtc.

42 28 36 . . . 1 . 6 = tp = 5,08032 mm. 50 40 25

Sai so: tp = 5,08032 5,08 = 0,00032 mm.

oi vi ren moun:
Cat th bc ren co m = 1, tc la tp = .m = 3,1416 mm co: ics =

32 1 25 66 ; icd1 = ; igb = ; itt2 = ; tx = 6. 50 2 36 28

66 25 32 1 . . . . 6 = tp = 3,14285 mm. 50 36 28 2

The vao phng trnh cat ren: 1vtc.

Sai so: tp = 0,00125 mm.

oi vi ren Pitch:
Cat th bc ren co Dp = 32, tc la tp = ics = 25,4 25,4 3,1416 = = 2,49364 mm co: Dp 32

28 36 1 66 ; itt2 = ; icd2 = ; igb = ; tx = 6. 4 50 32 25

The vao phng trnh cat ren:

122

1vtc.

66 28 36 1 . . . . 6 = tp = 2,4948 mm. 50 32 25 4

Sai so: tp = 0,00124 mm.

Ket luan: Qua kiem tra bc ren cua may thiet ke, ta thay rang do sai so cua viec chon tr so va 25,4 dan en bc ren sai so nhng do co gia tr rat nho, nen phng an thiet ke co the chap nhan c.

Di ay la mot so s o ong va ban ve lap khai trien hop chay dao cua cac may tien ren vt van nang thong dung.

ic itt2
I

Hnh 3-15: S o ong cua hop chay dao dung c cau banh rang di trt va c cau Mean

itt1 L1
III

L2

1
ZA Z4

2
VI

L3

II

ic2 ic1 ics

V Z3 IV Z1 Z2

VII

igb

123

Hnh 3-16: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao dung c cau banh rang di trt

124

Hnh 3-17: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao may tien 1K62

125

Hnh 3-18: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao may tien 1624M

126

Hnh 3-19: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao may tien T616

127

B-B

Hnh 3-20: Ban ve khai trien hop chay dao may tien Revolve 1330

128

Chng 4

THIET KE TRUC CHNH VA O TRUC

4.1. THIET KE TRUC CHNH 4.1.1. Yeu cau oi vi truc chnh Truc chnh la chi tiet quan trong trong he thong truyen ong, dung e truyen chuyen ong va momen en dao cat hoac chi tiet gia cong. o chnh xac cua may phu thuoc rat ln vao o chnh xac chuyen ong, o cng vng va o on nh chong rung cua truc chnh. V vay, truc chnh can thoa man cac yeu cau sau: 1. o chnh xac quay tron cao, the hien qua o ao hng tam va hng truc cua phan au pha trc cua truc chnh. Cac gia tr nay a c tieu chuan hoa cho hau het cac loai may cong cu tren c s o chnh xac yeu cau cua chi tiet gia cong. 2. o cng vng cua truc chnh cao, the hien qua o vong au truc pha trc cua truc chnh di tac dung cua cac lc khac nhau trong qua trnh lam viec. e tang o cng vng cua truc chnh, thng dung cac bien phap sau ay: Tang ng knh truc ong thi vi viec rut ngan chieu dai gia hai goi truc. Dung cac goi truc trung gian (cung la e rut ngan khoang cach gia hai goi truc). ng e momen uon trc tiep tac dung len truc chnh bang cach lap puli tren truc ong cai then vi truc chnh. at cac chi tiet truyen ong tren truc chnh gan cac goi va so lng cac chi tiet nay cang t cang tot. 3. o rung ong thap: Truc chnh cua may can phai chuyen ong em, khong b rung. o rung ong se lam giam tuoi tho cua c cau may va dao, phan anh trc tiep len o bong be mat cua chi tiet gia cong. Yeu cau nay ac biet quan trong oi vi nhng may gia cong chnh xac va cum truc chnh quay cao toc. 4. o chu mai mon cao: Yeu cau nay chu yeu oi vi cac phan truc co lap cac bo phan di trt, cac co truc, cac be mat di ong theo hng truc (nh truc chnh may khoan, may xoc rang ). Vi nhng bo phan quan trong, can co cac c cau e ieu chnh khe h. Nhng yeu cau tren oi vi truc chnh c giai quyet bang viec la chon ket cau cua truc chnh va o thch hp cung nh chon vat lieu va phng phap nhiet luyen cho truc chnh. T cac yeu cau tren, ieu kien ky thuat cua truc chnh bao gom: a. Sai so cho phep ve hnh dang nh o tron, o tru (0,003 0,006) va v tr tng quan gia cac be mat nh o ong tam, o ao (0,005 0,02).

129

b. o cng cua be mat truc chnh: c chon theo so vong quay cua truc chnh. Neu so vong quay n > 1000 v/ph th HRC = 54 60. Neu so vong quay n = 300 1000 v/ph th HB > 220. Neu so vong quay n < 300 v/ph, khong can co ieu kien ky thuat ve o cng. c. o nham cua be mat truc: thng chon nh sau: Be mat co truc chnh: chon o nham cap 9 khi quay trong o trt va cap 8 khi quay trong o lan (vi may cong cu thong dung). Rieng oi vi may mai th chon cao hn mot cap. Be mat lap ghep vi cac chi tiet khac: chon o nham cap 6, cap 7. Cac be mat con lai khong lap ghep: chon o nham cap 4, cap 5. d. o chnh xac cac kch thc lap ghep cua truc chnh: chon t cap 5 6 4.1.2. Ket cau cua truc chnh Ket cau cua truc chnh phu thuoc vao cac yeu to sau:

Kieu va cong dung cua may cong cu mang truc chnh. Ket cau o cua truc chnh, kch thc va loai cua o .
banh rang, banh ai, mam cap

V tr, ac tnh va phng phap lap cua cac chi tiet lap tren truc chnh nh Cac phng phap ieu chnh theo hng truc va hng tam cua truc chnh. Phng phap che tao, nhiet luyen va lap rap truc chnh.

Hnh 4-1: Ket cau chung cua cum truc chnh Mot so cac nguyen tac c ban khi xac nh ket cau cua truc chnh la: gia cong, kiem tra truc chnh.

Can co gang thiet ke hnh dang truc chnh n gian e tao thuan li cho viec

130

dan dau i qua.

Truc chnh thng c thiet ke rong e cho phoi, dao, cac c cau kep, ong Hnh dang va kch thc cua au truc chnh dung e lap dao, lap mam cap

eu c tieu chuan hoa. Do o, cac lo con Morse, cac g, cac lo chot tren au truc chnh cua may tien, khoan, phay, mai eu lay theo tieu chuan.

Cac kch thc ng knh truc nen lay theo tieu chuan e tranh dung nhieu dung cu cat va dung cu o.
vi bo phan may c de dang. Neu tren truc chnh lap nhieu chi tiet khac nhau th hnh dang cua truc chnh thng co ng knh nho dan ve mot hoac ca hai au. khac. Chon o con la 1:10 vi nhng oan hnh con lap bac cua o trt ieu chnh; o con la 1:15 neu tren oan con ay co lap banh rang va o con la 1:30 oan con lap o lan co vanh trong hnh con.

Can phai am bao viec thao lap cac chi tiet tren truc chnh cung nh truc chnh

Can co nhng oan hnh con tren truc chnh nhng v tr lap vi cac chi tiet

suat va tranh rang nt khi nhiet luyen. Neu can thiet, chi tiet lap tren truc cung can phai thay oi hnh dang. 4.1.3. Vat lieu cua truc chnh 1. Thep

nhng cho thay oi ng knh can phai co goc ln u ln e giam ng

Vi truc chnh lap tren o lan, o chnh xac trung bnh va khong co yeu cau ac biet ve o cng: co the s dung thep 45, 50 va toi at o cng HRC = 22 28. Trng hp nay khong can thiet s dung thep hp kim v thc te moun an hoi cua cac loai thep la gan nh nhau. Vi truc chnh lap tren o trt, co yeu cau ve o cng cua be mat co truc e chong mon: co the s dung thep 20X tham than roi toi at o cng HRC = 56 62. Truc chnh cua may chnh xac cao thng c che tao t thep 40XA va 18XT hoac thep 35XMA co tham nit e at o cng Vickers HV = 850 1000. 2. Gang Truc chnh co kch thc ln cua nhng may ln co the s dung gang xam C21 40 hoac gang cai bien MC3252. 4.1.4. Tnh toan truc chnh Tnh toan truc chnh tren c s am bao o ben, o cng vng va o rung ong cua truc chnh. Trong o, yeu cau ve o cng vng thng co tnh chat quyet nh. 1. Tnh o ben cua truc chnh Phng phap tnh toan nh tnh truc trong mon hoc Chi tiet may.

131

Thong thng, truc chnh cua may cong cu chu tac dung cung mot luc cua momen xoan va momen uon. Ngoai ra, mot so truc con co tac dung cua lc keo va lc nen, nhng hai loai ng suat nay thng rat nho so vi hai ng suat xoan va uon nen co the bo qua. a. Vi truc ch co momen xoan tac dung Neu nh truc phai truyen cong suat N [kW] vi so vong quay n [v/ph], th momen xoan tren truc c tnh: N Mx = 9,55 106 [Nmm] (4-1) n

ng xuat xoan sinh ra trong truc: M x = x W0

[N/mm2]
[mm3]

(4-2)

d3 0,2 d3 16 T cong thc (4-2), co the xac nh ng knh truc d:

ay: W0 momen chong xoan cua truc, W0 =

d=

Mx 9,55.10 6 N N =3 =C3 0,2[ x ] 0,2[ x ] n n

[mm]

(4-3)

vi: C he so tnh toan phu thuoc vao ng suat xoan cho phep. oi vi thep 35, 40, 45 hoac CT5, CT6 co the lay C = 130 110
b. Vi truc co momen uon va momen xoan tac dung

oi vi thep, ng suat tng ng t gia ng suat uon va ng suat xoan :

t = 2 + 4 2

[N/mm2]

(4-4)

Vi truc tiet dien tron, t c tnh theo cong thc: t = M2 + M2 u x W = M2 + M2 u x 0,1 d

3

0,1 d 3

M t

(4-5)

Vi: M t = M 2 + M 2 la momen tng ng. u x ng knh truc d: d=

3

M t 0,1 t

[mm]

(4-6)

oi vi truc rong co ng knh ngoai la d, ng knh trong la d0, th momen chong uon la: (d 4 d 4 ) d 3 d4 0 W= = (1 0 ) [mm3] (4-7) 4 d 32 d 64 2

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Khi thiet ke truc rong, can chon trc t so do/d . Thong thng chon do/d = 0.5. oi vi gang, ng suat tng ng c tnh theo cong thc:

3 5 t = + 2 + 4 2 8 8 hoac: 0,1d 3 t = 3 5 Mu + M2 + M2 u x 8 8

(4-8) (4-9)

ay cung la cong thc e tnh ng knh truc d. ng suat tng ng co the lay theo gia tr sau: Thep 35, CT5 50 45, CT6 60 40X 70

t [N/mm2]

ng suat uon xuat hien trong truc chnh luon luon thay oi, v momen truyen en truc chnh thay oi tuy thuoc vao ac iem cua phoi cat, cua lng d va ca en ac iem ket cau cua dao. Do o nhng cong thc tnh toan tren c s ng suat khong oi nh tren khong the nao cho mot ket qua chnh xac, ma ch co the dung e xac nh ng knh mot cach s bo. Khi tnh toan o ben cua truc chnh may cong cu hien ai, can xac nh tr so an toan tren gii han moi, can kiem tra tra o ln cua cac ng suat trong nhng tiet dien nguy hiem, cung nh can lu y en ac iem ket cau truc. Vi nhng yeu cau tren, ng knh ngoai cua truc chnh thng c tnh theo cong thc cua Atserkan nh sau:
[k (1 + c1 )M uc ] + ( 1 + k .c2 )M xc s (1 4 ) '1 n
2 2

d = 2,17 3

(4-10)

ay: t so gia hai ng knh trong do va ngoai d cua truc. Trng hp truc ac: do = 0 th = do/d = 0 n he so an toan, tr so trung bnh thng dung n = 1,5 3 c he so phu thuoc vao ac iem cua qua trnh cat. c1 c2 0: nguyen cong mai. c1 c2 0,05 0,1: nguyen cong tien lo va tien bang dao hp kim. c1 c2 0,1 0,2: nguyen cong tien lo, tien tinh, khoan, khoet. c1 c2 0,25 0,3: nguyen cong phay. c1 c2 = 0,5: cho gia cong tho.

133

 1 ng suat gii han chay, vi thep: 1 (0,4 0,5) b

[N/mm2]

s ng suat gii han moi

hoac : 1 (0,25 0,06)( b + s ) +50 [N/mm2] vi b : ng suat ben k , k he so phu thuoc vao hnh dang, kch thc anh hng en ng suat cua truc. oi vi truc chnh cua may cong cu k k = 1,7 2
M uc = M xc = M u max ; ay : M u max :momen uon ln nhat (1 + c1 ) M x max ; ay : M x max momen xoan ln nhat (1 + c 2 )

Trong cong thc tren, neu th nguyen cua momen la [Nmm] cua 1 la [Nmm2] th d se la [mm] 2. Tnh o cng vng cua truc chnh Tnh o cng vng cua truc chnh la xac nh o vong va goc xoay cua truc chnh tai cac tiet dien quan trong va so sanh vi o vong va goc xoay cho phep.
a. S o tnh toan

Khi tnh o cng vng cua truc chnh, can n gian hoa he thong truc chnh bang cach thay s o truc chnh bang s o tnh toan tng ng (hnh 4-2).
S o truc chnh

S o tnh toan

a) P c P
M0

b)

c)

d)

P
y1
y1 + y 2 2

Hnh 4-2: S o tnh toan cua he thong truc chnh

y=

y2

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Hnh 4-2a: hai o truc la hai o lan, s o tnh toan c coi gan ung nh mot dam at tren hai goi ta. Hnh 4-2b: o truc pha trc co hai o lan (hoac nhieu hn), co the coi nh tiet dien lap o truc, truc chnh khong b xoay. Truc c coi nh mot dam at trong mot ngam an hoi. Hnh 4-2c: o truc pha trc la o trt, no se tao nen mot momen phan M0 co tr so khoang 0,3 0,35 momen uon cua au truc (M = P.c). Hnh 4-2d: hai goi eu la o trt, o vong cua au truc chnh co the lay tr so trung bnh cua trng hp (a) va (b).
b. Xac nh o vong va goc xoay

Thong thng, xac nh o vong va goc xoay la xac nh s chuyen v cua ng tam truc chnh tai nhng tiet dien lap banh rang, tai o truc va nhng au mut pha trc cua truc chnh. Di tac dung cua lc, truc chnh b bien dang. V o vong cua au truc chnh anh hng trc tiep en o chnh xac cua chi tiet gia cong, nen ay ch e cap en o vong au truc chnh theo s o hnh 4-3. l c P

y
30% 70%

Hnh 4-3: S o bien dang truc chnh

Neu chia o vong cua au truc chnh ra thanh tng phan, ta co the bieu th nh hnh (4-4). Khi o, o vong cua au truc chnh gom co 2 phan: o vong y1 c tao nen do o an hoi cua ban than truc chnh at tren 2 goi ta hoan toan cng vng, thng o vong nay chiem 70% tong o vong cua au truc chnh. hoi. o vong y2 c tao nen do truc hoan toan cng vng at tren 2 goi ta an Sau ay lan lt xet en moi quan he gia cac thong so trong tng trng hp.

135

y1

y2 y1

y2

Hnh 4-4: S o phan bo o vong cua truc chnh

Tnh o vong y1 cua truc chnh do s an hoi cua ban than truc

o vong au truc chnh (hnh 4-3) co the xac nh theo cong thc: Pc 2 (l + c) [mm] 3JE Vi: J momen quan tnh oc cc [mm4] y1 = E moun an hoi [N/mm2] Goc xoay tai goi truc pha trc: Pcl 3JE [rad] (4-12) (4-11)

Neu the hien o vong bang o an hoi f1 th: f1 = y1 c 2 (1 + c) = P 3JE [mm/N] (4-13)

Tnh o vong y2 (ao) cua truc do goi truc an hoi

Neu nh truc hoan toan cng vng at tren hai goi truc an hoi, co o cng vng cua o trc la s1 [N/mm] va cua o truc sau la s2 [N/mm], th o vong (o ao) cua au truc chnh co the viet nh sau: y2 = va o an hoi la: f2 = y2 1 (l + c) 2 c 2 = 2 + P s2 l s1 [mm/N] (4-15) P (l 2 + c 2 ) c 2 + s2 l 2 s1 [mm] (4-14)

o cng vng cua o truc phu thuoc vao ket cau cua o truc, chat lng cua o lan dung lam o truc, cung nh o chnh xac lap ghep cua o lan trong o truc. Co the chon o cng vng cua o trong khoang s = (500 1250).103 N/mm

136

e giam o ao, phai lam tang o cng vng cua o truc bang cach:

Bo tr o truc sao cho tai trong hng knh khong tao thanh momen uon. Chon che o lap ghep cua o lan sao cho tao ra mc o chat toi a cho phep.
T cong thc (4-10) va (4-13), tong o vong cua au truc chnh: y = y1+ y2 = P (l 2 + c 2 ) c 2 Pc 2 (l + c) + + 2 3JE s2 l s1
(4-16)

1 2c c 2 1 1 c 2 (l + c) = P 1 + + 2 + + [mm] l l s1 s 2 3JE s1 Va o an hoi cua au truc chnh: f= y 1 2c c 2 = 1 + + 2 P s1 l l

1 1 + s 1 s2 c 2 (l + c) + [mm/N] 3JE

(4-17)

c. o vong va goc xoay cho phep

o vong cho phep [y] cua au truc chnh c chon theo cap chnh xac cua may, thng lay theo o ao hng tam cho phep cua truc chnh. [y] = 0,3 o ao hng tam cho phep cua truc chnh = 0,01 0,02 mm Goc xoay cua truc cho lap banh rang e s an khp cua cac banh rang c am bao bnh thng la: [] 10 5 b 2 C.P1 [rad] (4-19) (4-18)

Va goc xoay cho phep o truc e o lan lam viec bnh thng la: [ ]

10 3 P250 / 5000

C.P2

[rad]

(4-20)

vi: P1, P2 lc tac dung len rang hoac tai trong cua o truc [N] b be day rang [mm] P250/5000 tai trong hng tam cho phep cua o truc khi so vong quay la 250v/ph va tuoi tho cua o truc la 5000 gi . C he so quyet nh goc xoay cho phep cua truc, phu thuoc vao ac iem phan bo tai trong tren be mat lam viec cua rang hay o truc (lay theo bang 4-1). Trong thc te, co the chon [y] = (0,0001 0,0002) l va [ ] = 0,001 rad

137

Bang 4-1: He so C quyet nh goc xoay cho phep cua truc

Dang phan bo ap suat

q max = q min

q max =6 q min

q max =3 q min

q max =2 q min

Ghi chu

Banh rang O ua tru loai nhe va trung bnh O ua con loai nhe

13 16

9 12

6,5 8

4,2 5,5

Tr so ln dung cho Z nho va b ln. Tr so nho dung cho Z ln va b nho Tr so ln dung cho loai trung. Tr so nho dung cho loai nhe Thong thng tr so ln chnh xac hn

24 26

16 18

12

12 17

8 12

6 8,5

4 5,5

Cac bien phap e am bao o cng vng khi thiet ke truc chnh la:

Co gang giam o cong xon cua truc chnh en mc co the, ac biet oi vi may co truc dai mang dung cu nh may doa, may mai lo. Co gang dung o truc co o cng vng cao, nhat la oi vi o truc trc, ong thi can dung truc co momen quan tnh ln. Neu hai kha nang nay khong the thc hien cung mot luc, th nen dung truc co momen quan tnh ln, v thong thng khi truc co ng knh ln th o truc lap no cung co o cng vng ln.
3. Tnh rung ong cua truc chnh Tnh rung ong cua truc chnh c ap dung oi vi nhng truc chnh co so vong quay ln (n > 1500v/ph). Rung ong sinh ra trong qua trnh lam viec va co the xay ra hien tng cong hng neu tan so dao ong rieng cua truc chnh bang vi tan so dao ong cua nhng chan ong tuan hoan ben ngoai. Hien tng cong hng co the lam gay truc, lam chong mon va h hong o truc. e phat sinh hien tng cong hng, tan so dao ong rieng cua truc chnh phai at gia tr tan so ti han th. Neu truc chnh khong co khoi lng ln lap cuc bo va co van toc quay 0, co the s dung phng phap o th e xac nh th (hnh 4-5). ng an hoi cua truc chnh yI di tac dung cua khoi lng ban than truc chnh va ng an hoi cua truc chnh yII di tac dung cua lc ly tam Ax tai moi mat cat x c xay dng nh hnh ve. Neu truc chnh quay vi van toc goc 0 th Ax c tnh: Ax = Fx.. 2 .yx 0 (4-21)

138

vi: Fx dien tch mat cat ngang cua truc chnh.

mat o cua vat lieu truc chnh.

yx o vong tai mat cat khao sat. Neu hai ng an hoi cua truc chnh yI va yII t le tng t moi mat cat, ngha yI la = const th tan so dao ong ti han th cua truc chnh c tnh bang cong thc: y II

th = 0

y II yI

(4-22)

Muon tranh hien tng cong hng, tan so dao ong ti han th can khac tan so quay cua truc chnh khoang 25 30%, hay: th 0,25 0,3 (4-23) V truc chnh co nhieu so vong quay khac nhau, nen chon la van toc quay ln nhat cua truc chnh.

Hnh 4-5: S o tnh toan tan so dao ong rieng cua truc chnh

139

4. Kiem nghiem ranh then va then hoa Ngoai nhng tnh toan c ban noi tren, can phai tien hanh kiem tra ap suat be mat p cua nhng phan co ranh then hoac then hoa cua truc chnh theo s o hnh 4-6. Ap suat nay phai thoa ieu kien ap suat cho phep [p]: p b h ro [p] (4-24)

a)

b)

Hnh 4-6: S o tnh toan ap suat ranh then va then hoa tren truc

a. oi vi ranh then (hnh 4-6a): Ap suat p tac dung len be mat ranh then la:
p= M x max ro .h.l

[N/mm2]

(4-25)

vi: Mxmax momen xoan ln nhat truyen en truc [Nmm] r0 khoang cach t tam truc en tam ranh then [mm] h, l chieu cao va chieu dai cua ranh then [mm] b. oi vi then hoa (hnh 4-6b): Ap suat p tac dung len mat ben cua then hoa la:
p= M x max 8M = 2 x max 2 D+d Dd lz (D d )lz 4 2

[N/mm2]

(4-26)

vi: D, d ng knh ngoai va trong cua truc then hoa [mm] Z so then l chieu dai then, vi moi ghep then co nh chon l/d = 1 va moi ghep then di trt chon l/d = 1,5 2

he so ke en s tiep xuc khong ong eu tren be mat gia truc then hoa va lo then hoa do sai so che tao, thng chon: = 0,75 0,9.

140

oi vi then hoa co dang than khai, ap suat be mat c tnh theo cong thc:
p= 2M x max d 1 hlz

[N/mm2]

(4-27)

vi: d1 ng knh trung bnh cua truc [mm] h o sau an khp cua rang [mm] Ap suat be mat cho phep [p] phu thuoc vao ac iem noi truc, tnh chat be mat va ieu kien lam viec cua then, c chon theo bang (4-2).
Bang 4-2: Ap suat be mat cho phep [p]

ac iem lap truc Lap co nh Lap ong, khong tai Lap ong, khong tai

Tnh chat mat then Khong toi Toi Khong toi Toi Khong toi Toi a 35 50 40 70 15 20 20 35 3 3 10

ieu kien lam viec b 60 100 100 140 20 30 30 60 4 5 15 c 80 120 120 200 25 40 40 70 5 10 20

ieu kien lam viec a: Cac ieu kien ky thuat lap then noi chung khong tot nh co tai trong thay oi ca hai hng v rung ong co bien o va tan so ln, boi trn khong tot, vat lieu mem, gia cong khong chnh xac, cac chi tiet trt len nhau kho khan. ieu kien lam viec b: Cac ieu kien ky thuat lap then at mc trung bnh. ieu kien lam viec c: Cac ieu kien ky thuat lap then tot.
4.2. THIET KE O TRUC

O truc cua truc chnh co vai tro quyet nh oi vi he thong truc chnh may cong cu: o cng vng cua he thong truc chnh, o chnh xac cua chuyen ong, o on nh chong rung va nhieu yeu to khac.
4.2.1. Yeu cau cua o truc

am bao s chuyen ong chnh xac theo hng truc va hng knh di tac dung cua lc va tai trong thay oi v o ao cua truc chnh anh hng en o chnh xac gia cong chi tiet. am bao tuoi tho cao en mc co the. Vi o trt, thi gian phuc vu khoang 8000 104 gi, con o lan khoang 5000 gi.

141

 am bao tnh on nh chong rung cua o truc. Yeu cau nay ac biet quan trong oi vi truc chnh lam viec vi so vong quay cao. O lan co o chnh xac cao, cung nh o trt boi trn vi che o ma sat t thoa man c yeu cau nay. Co cau tao n gian, de che tao va lap rap, de ieu chnh khe h.
4.2.2. Thiet ke o trt

1. Ket cau cua o trt

a. Bac lot tru: co mat trong va ngoai eu la mat tru

s d l
Hnh 4-7: Bac lot nguyen khoi

Hnh 4-7 la loai bac lot nguyen khoi.

ac iem:

Khong the ieu chnh khe h. Ket cau n gian va a c tieu chuan hoa.
nho.

Ch dung lam o trt truc chnh cua may chnh xac quay cham va co tai trong T so gia chieu dai l va ng knh d co the lay
l = 1 3. Chieu day bac lot d

thng lay bang: s = (0,035 0,05)d + 2,5

[mm]

Co nh bac lot vao than may bang vt hoac ng knh ngoai phai lap chat vi H kieu lap . m
Hnh 4-8 la loai bac lot hai na. Na 1 c co nh vi than may nh vt 3. Co the ieu chnh khe h hng knh cua bac lot bang cach dch chuyen na 2 nh vt 4, lo xo 5 va chot 6. Vt 7 e co nh chot 6 sau khi a ieu chnh. Trong mot so o trt, bac lot co the gom nhieu phan hn va c ieu chnh khe h t nhieu hng. 4 2 6 5 7

Hnh 4-8: Bac lot tru, ieu chnh khe h hng knh

142

b. Bac lot co mat trong la mat tru, mat ngoai la mat con

Loai nay (hnh 4-9) co the ieu chnh khe h gia o truc va bac bang cach di ong bac theo hng truc. Loai bac lot nay thng c dung trong o trt cua may mai. mat ngoai cua bac 1 co xe hai hoac nhieu ranh va co mot ranh b xe t, tao thanh bac lot co kha nang an hoi. Khi ieu chnh, van ai oc 2 au bac lot, lam cho mat con siet chat vao thanh may, bac lot se bien dang va mat tru ben trong cung bien dang. Do o, ieu kien lam viec cua o truc khong c tot va mau mon. e giam bt nhc iem nay, ranh lam thanh mot mat nghieng va at hai mieng nem 3 vao ranh ay. Khi ieu chnh, van ai oc 2 au bac lot ong thi van vt 4 lam cho ranh nghieng c m rong, mat ngoai cua bac ep sat vao than o trt, va nh the giup cho mat trong cua bac gan giong vi mat tru. 4 2

Hnh 4-9: Bac lot co mat ngoai con, ieu chnh khe h hng truc c. Bac lot co mat trong la mat con, mat ngoai la mat tru

Loai nay (hnh 4-9) co o cng vng cao hn loai bac co mat trong la mat tru, mat ngoai la mat con co xe ranh. Khi ieu chnh khe h thch hp, truc nam v tr co nh, van hai ai oc hai au bac lot lam di ong bac theo hng truc.

Hnh 4-10: Bac lot co mat trong con, ieu chnh khe h hng truc

143

V o con cua nhng loai bac nay nho, khoang 1:30 en 1:10. Do o, tren truc chnh cung van can nhng o chan e kh lc hng truc. Nhc iem cua loai bac nay la: be mat lam viec co o con, nen van toc cua cac iem tren mat con co truc khong giong nhau. Do o, o mai mon gia hai be mat khong eu. Ngoai ra, khi co truc qua nong, de b ket trong bac, do o he so dan n cua hai vat lieu khac nhau (he so gian n cua ong thanh gan bang 1,5 lan he so gian n cua thep). V the, khi thiet ke phai e o h hi ln hn so vi trng hp co truc la mat tru, lam cho truc chnh chuyen ong kem chnh xac hn. oi vi o truc chnh may chnh xac, nen dung o trt trong la mat tru.
d. O trt nhieu mat ta

e nang cao o chnh xac cua truc chnh, ngi ta thng dung nhng o trt ac biet co nhieu iem ta, tan dung c nhieu mat tru cung chu tai trong. u iem:

Kha nang chu tai ln, ac biet la kha nang chu tai ong. De am bao boi trn ma sat t, ngay khi truc chnh co so vong quay nho. Co the s dung trong pham vi ieu chnh so vong quay ln. Co kha nang giam chan va lam viec em.
Ket cau o trt nhieu mat ta Mackensen c trnh bay hnh 4-11. Khi ieu chnh, bac lot co thanh mong se bien dang, lam cho cac khe h hng tam nho xuong, nhng cho e cho dau luan chuyen tang len. Di tac dung cua nhieu be mat tiep xuc vi truc, nhiet o co cao hn o truc bnh thng, nhng vi dau lam nguoi c luan chuyen trong o trt th co the can bang c.

Hnh 4-11: Ket cau cua o trt nhieu mat ta Mackensen

144

Loai o trt co nhieu mat ta c dung rong rai va co hieu qua la o trt co nhieu goi em nh hnh 4-12. o chnh xac chuyen ong cao v truc chnh c nh tam bang mang dau thuy ong. Loai o trt nay thng dung truc chnh cua may mai.

Hnh 4-12: Ket cau cua o trt thuy ong nhieu goi em

Ngoai nhng o trt chnh yeu noi tren , trong thi gian gan ay nhieu nc a dung o trt t boi trn. Bo phan chu yeu cua o trt nay la bac lot c che tao t bot ong, bot thiec vi grapht co hat rat mn. Hon hp cac loai bot kim loai noi tren c em ep vi ap suat t 250 400 N/mm2 va nung ket dnh. Loai vat lieu c che tao bang phng phap tong hp tinh the nay co he thong cac lo nho ben trong. Cac lo nay c tham dau va c boi trn di tac dung hut cua co truc khi quay. 2. Vat lieu bac lot Cac nguyen tac e chon vat lieu bac lot gom:

Can phai tiet kiem kim loai mau: Neu ieu kien lam viec cho phep, nen dung gang hp kim co t kim loai mau. e tiet kiem kim loai mau, bac lot thng dung hai lp: Lp ngoai lam bang thep, lp trong dung ong thanh. O trt loai nay tiet kiem c khoang 60 80% kim loai mau, gia thanh ha khoang 40 60%, tuoi tho cao hn 2,5 3 lan so vi bac lot lam toan bo bang ong thanh. o day cua lp ong thanh trong o trt dung 2 lp khong qua 4 5mm. Sau khi gia cong xong con lai khoang 0,8 1mm.

145

 o cng cua co truc can cao hn o cng cua bac lot (v thong thng truc at hn bac lot), ong thi bac lot can kha nang giam mon, chong dnh, he so ma sat thap, dan nhiet tot Neu o trt lam viec vi ma sat t, yeu cau ve vat lieu cua bac lot va co truc thap hn so vi trng hp ma sat na t.
Nhng vat lieu dung lam bac lot cua o truc chnh may cong cu thng la:
a. ong thanh: la vat lieu dung pho bien nhat, gom co:

ong thanh thiec pO 10-1, pOC 10-10: co the lam viec tot trong pham vi ieu chnh toc o va cong suat ln. No chu c ap lc cao, va ap ln, nhng v co nhieu thiec nen at tien. ong thanh ch pC30 (khong co thiec): thng dung lam bac lot cua o trt chu tai trong thay oi. Loai nay co sc ben moi cao, co the uc. Dung ong thanh ch lam o lot, co truc phai co o cng cao (co truc nhat thiet phai toi). ong thanh sat-nhom pA9-4: Loai nay co the lam bac lot cho co truc khong toi.
b. Babit

Babit la hp kim co thanh phan chu yeu la thiec hoac ch, tao thanh mot nen mem co xen cac hat cng antimon, ong, niken Babit la vat lieu giam ma sat, giam mon va chong dnh rat tot. Nhng do c tnh thap, nen babit ch dung e trang mot lp mong, khoang vai phan mi mm len bac lot lam vat lieu co sc ben cao hn nh ong thanh, thep hoac gang.
c. Gang chu ma sat

Gang chu ma sat thng lam bac lot o truc chnh la AC1 va AC2. Gang chu ma sat chu yeu dung cho o truc lam viec vi van toc thap, che o lam viec gian oan. Bac lot bang gang re hn bac lot bang ong thanh, nhng tnh giam ma sat kem hn, chu va ap kem hn, lam mon co truc nhieu hn. Do o, khi dung gang lam bac lot can phai am bao boi trn tot, be mat tiep xuc gia co truc va bac phai gia cong chnh xac.
d. Hp kim chu ma sat

Hp kim nhom Alcusi (Al-Cu-Si) la loai dung thch hp cho o trt truc chnh may cong cu, v no co gia thanh re hn ong thanh. Nhieu o trt truc chnh may tien loai nang a dung loai vat lieu nay lam o lot. Trong trng hp nay, co truc nhat thiet phai toi (thng can HRC = 45 50) va cac be mat tiep xuc phai gia cong chnh xac. Khi tnh toan bac lot dung Alcusi, phai lay khe h gia co truc va bac ln hn trng hp dung ong thanh, v he so gian n nhiet cua hp kim nhom ln hn. o day cua bac dung t 3 8mm va ty so l/d > 1.

146

Cac vat lieu tren co the dung e lam o trt truc chnh vi cac tr so cho phep ve ap suat be mat p[ N ], van toc quay v [m/s] va che o lam viec p.v[ N . m ] nh s mm 2 mm 2 Bang 4-3: Vat lieu
ong thanh: p O10-1 va pO10-05 p OC5-5-5 p OC6-6-3 p OC4-4-17 p A p C 30 Batit: 83 va 89 16 Hp kim:

[p]

[v]

[p.v]

15 8 5 10 15 20 25 15 2 1,2 0,05 9 0,1 6

10 3 3 4 4 12 60 12 5 2,5 2 0,2 3 0,75

15 12 10 10 12 20 20 10 5 3 0,1 1,8 0,3 4,5

Alcusi
AM 10-5 Gang:

AC-1 AC-2

3 .Tnh toan o trt Khi thiet ke o trt, can am bao o lam viec vi che o ma sat t. ieu kien e hnh thanh ma sat t gia hai be mat cua co truc va bac lot la: hmin k(RZl + RZ2) (4-28) vi: hmin be day nho nhat cua lp dau. k he so phu thuoc vao o khong chnh xac cua che tao va lap ghep, thong thng k = 2 3. RZl , RZ2 chieu cao nhap nho trung bnh cua be mat co truc va bac lot, phu thuoc vao cap o nham be mat (chon theo tieu chuan).

147

S hnh thanh lp dau gia hai be mat cua co truc va bac lot c trnh bay tren hnh 4-13. P e hmin n O1 O2 d hmin D RZ1

Pmax

a)

b)

Hnh 4-13: S o hnh thanh lp dau trong o trt

Theo ly thuyet thuy ong hoc, ngi ta thanh lap c quan he gia chieu day chem dau h va o h S cua lap ghep lo va truc nh sau: .n.d2 l hS= 1010 [m2] (4-29) 1 83600p l + d Vi o nht tuyet oi cua dau boi trn [Ns/m2]. n toc o quay tng oi gia truc va bac [vg/ph]. d ng knh danh ngha cua moi ghep [mm]. l chieu dai be mat lap ghep [mm]. p ap suat trung bnh tren be mat lap ghep P 106 [N/m2] p= ld P phu tai tac dung len o [N]. Tr so hmin c tnh theo cong thc sau: 2 l 1010 hmin = .n.d 183600p l + d [Smax + 2 (RZ1 + RZ2)] [m] (4-30)

(4-31)

vi Smax la o h ln nhat cua lap ghep gia lo va truc (a c chon trc). Neu hmin tnh c khong thoa man bat ang thc (4-34) th can phai:

Giam o h Smax, ngha la phai chon mot kieu lap khac co Smax nho hn Tang o nht cua dau. Nang cao o nhan be mat gia cong, nang cao o cng vng truc chnh. Tang kch thc truc, tren c s o lam giam ap suat be mat p.

148

4.2.3. Thiet ke o lan

1. La chon o lan Trong may cong cu dung rat nhieu loai o lan nh: o bi, o ua, o ua con, o kim vi cac mc o chnh xac cua o lan khac nhau. Do o, can phai la chon loai o va cap chnh xac phu hp vi ieu kien lam viec cu the cua bo phan may.
a. Chon loai o lan

Khi hng cua tai trong thang goc vi truc (nh o lan cua truc lap banh rang tru rang thang): dung o bi , o ua tru, o kim. Khi hng cua tai trong tac dung doc truc: dung o chan. Neu lc hng truc ch tac dung mot chieu th dung mot o chan. Neu lc hng truc co chieu thay oi th dung hai o chan. Neu o ln cua lc hng truc hai chieu khong giong nhau th ch can mot o chan e kh lc hng truc co gia tr ln, vi chieu con lai dung o bi chan. Khi tai trong tac dung len truc ca theo phng hng knh lan hng truc (nh o truc chnh cua may tien, may khoan, phay ): tuy thuoc theo o ln cua lc hng truc ma dung: To hp gia o bi, o ua tru hoac o kim vi o chan, neu nh lc hng truc ln hn lc hng knh. ay la trng hp pho bien nhat. Dung nhng o bi chan hoac o ua con, neu lc hng truc bang lc hng knh Dung nhng o bi chan vi vong cang, neu lc hng truc nho hn lc hng knh.
b. Chon cap chnh xac cua o lan

Cap chnh xac cua o lan cung la mot yeu to can phai quan tam khi chon o lan. O lan co cap chnh xac cang cao th truyen ong cang chnh xac nhng gia thanh cang at. Neu lay gia thanh cua o lan co cap chnh xac 0 la mot n v, th gia thanh tng oi cua o lan vi cac cap chnh xac khac nh sau: 0 1 6 1,3 56 1,7 5 2 45 3 4 4 24 7 2 10

Truc chnh cua may cong cu thng dung cac loai o lan theo cap chnh xac sau:

O lan co cap chnh xac bnh thng 0: dung lam o truc chnh cua may khong yeu cau chnh xac cao nh may khoan, may gia cong tho. O lan co cap chnh xac kha cao 6: dung cho nhng truc phan o. O lan co cap chnh xac cao 5 va rat cao 4: dung cho phan ln o truc chnh cua may cong cu.

149

 O lan co cap chnh xac ac biet cao 2 dung cho truc chnh cua cac may cong cu rat chnh xac.
Muon xac nh cap chnh xac cua o lan cho hp l, trong thc te can tnh o ao hng knh cua au truc chnh do o lan gay ra, c xac nh theo s o hnh 4-14. + c2 a+l = c1 + c 2 l a a hay = c1 1 + + c 2 l l vi c1, c2 o ao hng knh cua o truc pha trc Neu goi la dung sai o ao hng knh cua truc chnh th: Hnh 4-14: S o xac nh o ao au truc chnh = 3 a a va gia thiet o ao hng knh cua hai o truc nh nhau: c1 1 + = c 2 th: l l va c2 = (4-32) c1 = a a 6 61 + l l
Vi tr so a biet, tnh c c1 va c2. Can c vao tr so c1 va c2, se chon c cap chnh xac cua o lan theo bang (4-4). Trc tien phai chon cap chnh xac cho mot o (o trc hoac o sau), sau o tnh o chnh xac cua o kia. Cap chnh xac o sau nen chon thap hn mot cap so vi o trc.
Bang 4-4: Chon cap chnh xac o lan

ng knh truc [mm] en 30 Tren 30 50 " 50 80 " 80 120 " 120 180 " 180 250 " 250 315 " 315 400

o ao hng knh c [mm] 0 0,013 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030 0,040 0,050 0,060 6 0,010 0,012 0,016 0,020 0,024 0,032 0,040 0,048 5 va 56 0,010 0,010 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,020 0,024 0,030 4 va 45 0,005 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,010 0,012 0,015 2 va 24 0,003 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006

150

2. Ket cau o lan truc chnh

a. O truc chnh dung o bi

O truc chnh cua may cong cu dung o bi thng co cac ket cau sau: Loai dung o bi : ket cau nay ch dung trong trng hp lc hng knh va lc doc truc eu nho nh o truc chnh may mai lo. Loai dung o bi chan mot day: dung trong trng hp lc doc truc ln hn loai tren nh o truc chnh may tien ban t ong va t ong (hnh 4-15).

Hnh 4-15: O truc dung nhieu o bi chan

Loai dung o bi chan hai day: o bi chan hai day co khe h gia bi va vong lan rat nho nen o cng vng cao hn va kha nang giam chan tot hn loai o bi chan mot day. Ket cau nay c dung cho o truc chnh co so vong quay ln nh o truc chnh cua nhieu loai may mai, may doa kim cng. e tang o cng vng cua o truc, co the s dung cac bien phap sau: Ghep nhieu o bi ong thi. Tao ra lc cang ban au trong o lan e giam khe h gia bi va cac vong lan nh mai mat au cua vong trong (hnh 4-16a), lap hai vong cang co o dai khac nhau vao gia hai o lan (hnh 4-16b), hoac dung lo xo (hnh 4-16c)

Hnh 4-16: Phng phap tao ra lc cang ban au trong o bi

151

b. O truc chnh dung o ua tru

O ua tru ch chu c lc hng knh, nhng ln hn so vi o bi cung c. Trong trng hp co lc doc truc tac dung, th ngoai o ua tru ra, truc chnh can phai them o chan. Thng o ua truc c dung lam truc chnh cho nhng may co tai trong hng knh ln, nh truc chnh cua may phay ngang.
c. O truc chnh dung o ua con

O ua con c dung rat rong rai trong o truc chnh may cong cu v: De ieu chnh o h va de lap rap. Chu c lc doc truc tng oi ln (co the t 0,7 1,3 lan lc hng knh). Co hai cach lap o ua con nh sau: Lap hai o ua co au con nho quay vao nhau: ket cau cng vng hn, nhat la khi khoang cach giua hai o truc nho. Do o kieu lap nay c dung pho bien. Lap hai o ua co hai au con ln quay vao nhau: ieu chnh o truc de dang hn v ch can di ong vong ngoai cua o theo chieu truc. Trong thc te, o truc chnh cua may cong cu thng dung phng phap to hp cac loai o bi chan, o ua tru, o ua con va o chan vi nhau.

Hnh 4-17: O truc chnh cua may tien 1A62

Hnh 4-18: O truc chnh cua may tien 16K20

152

Hnh 4-19: Truc chnh cua may doa ng

4. Tnh toan o lan truc chnh He so kha nang lam viec C cua o lan chu tac dung cua lc hng knh R va lc doc truc A c tnh theo cong thc: C = (kR + m.A)(n.h)0,3 k.kv.kn [N] Vi: n so vong quay ln nhat cua truc chnh [v/ph] h tuoi tho cua o lan, thng chon h = 5000 gi (4-33)

153

k he so phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua tai trong: Tai trong tnh khong oi, khong va ap (nh may mai): k = 1. Tai trong va ap nhe, qua tai ngan han va ti 125% tai trong tnh toan (nh may tien, may khoan ): k = 1 1,2 Tai trong va ap va, qua tai ngan han va ti 150% tai trong tnh toan (nh may phay): k = 1,3 1,8. Tai trong va ap manh va rung ong, qua tai ngan han va ti 200% tai trong tnh toan (nh may bao, may xoc ): k = 1,8 2,5. Tai trong va ap rat manh va rung ong, qua tai ngan han va ti 300% tai trong tnh toan (nh may dap, may can tho ): k = 2,5 3. kv he so phu thuoc vao tnh chat lam viec cua vong lan: Vong trong quay: kv = 1 Vong ngoai quay: kv = 1,33 kn he so phu thuoc vao so vong quay thiet ke n va so vong quay ti han n cua o lan. n 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,4 3 n' kn 1 0,92 0,38 0,75 0,68 0,55 0,43 0,33 0,19 0,1

k, m he so phu thuoc vao lc tac dung len o. oi vi o bi: neu A 0,25R th k = 1, m = 0 A (1 1,2)R th k = 0,75; m = 1 0,6R k = 1, m = 0 0,3R th k = 1, m = 0 neu 0,25R

oi vi o bi chan: neu A oi vi o ua con: neu A

neu A > 0,6R th k = 0,55; m = 0,75 neu A > 0,3R th k = 0,6; m = 1,4 1,55 Vi he so kha nang lam viec C cua o lan a tnh, tra bang tieu chuan e chon o lan co he so kha nang lam viec cho phep [C] ln hn gia tr tnh toan.
Xac nh lc cang s bo o lan

Lc cang s bo cua o lan lam tang o cng vng cua truc. Nhng vi gii han nao o, viec tang lc cang khong lam tang them o cng vng, ma ch lam tang them tai trong cua o truc, va lam giam tuoi tho o truc. Do o, can xac nh lc cang toi thieu A0 can thiet trong o lan theo cong thc: A0 = kR 0,5A [N] (4-34)

154

Vi: k he so phu thuoc vao loai o. O bi , k = 0,5 0,6. O bi chan, k = 0,65 0,8. Dau (+) c dung trong trng hp lc A0 lam giam tai trong doc truc A cua o truc va dau () trong trng hp lc A0 lam tang tai trong doc truc cua o truc.
4.2.3. Cac loai o truc khac

1. O truc thuy tnh O truc thuy tnh khac vi o trt cho: thc hien che o ma sat t vi moi van toc cua truc chnh ke ca luc mi khi ong. Loai o nay ngay cang c dung rong rai trong mot so may hien ai, nhat la may mai, may co tai trong lam viec ln hoac co so vong quay thap. O truc thuy tnh co nhieu buong dau bo tr eu xung quanh o (hnh 4-20). Dau co ap suat cao c a vao tng buong thong qua cac van tiet lu e ieu chnh ap suat gia cac buong sao cho am bao o ong tam cua truc. Dau co the i ra ngoai qua mat au cua o theo hng doc truc hoac qua cac ranh thoat nam gia cac buong. So vi o trt hoac o lan, o truc thuy tnh co nhng u iem sau: Cac be mat cua truc va bac khong tiep xuc vi nhau, nen khong b mon.
Hnh 4-20: O truc thuy tnh

o chnh xac chuyen ong cao, o ong tam, o cng vng cao va khong phu thuoc vao so vong quay. Co tac dung lam nguoi o truc rat tot. Tuy nhien, o truc thuy tnh cung co nhc iem nh phai co he thong truyen ong thuy lc phc tap, gia thanh cao. 2. O truc kh nen Ngoai o truc thuy tnh, o truc kh nen cung c dung cho cac truc chnh co tai trong nho, nhng so vong quay ln va yeu cau o chnh xac cao nh tren truc chnh cua may mai lo (truc ong c ien cung ong thi la truc chnh). O truc kh nen co the lam viec rat tot vi van toc 100 200 m/s trong khi neu dung o lan ch co the at toi a 30m/s. Ap suat khong kh a vao o (sau khi a loc va on ap) khong qua 3 4 kG/cm2. u iem chnh cua loai o nay la do ma sat cua khong kh nho, nen lng nhiet toa ra nho va viec dan nhiet ra khoi o truc cung de dang (ch can quat gio).

155

Chng 5

THIET KE THAN MAY VA SONG TRT

5.1. THIET KE THAN MAY 5.1.1. Yeu cau cua than may Than may la mot chi tiet quan trong cua may, dung lam chuan e lap at cac bo phan khac nh hop toc o, hop chay dao, ban may o chnh xac, o cng vng cua than may anh hng ln en qua trnh lam viec cung nh o chnh xac gia cong cua may. Do o, khi thiet ke than may can am bao cac yeu cau sau: 1. am bao ay u o cng vng va o giam chan La chon vat lieu va phng phap gia cong than may thch hp tranh bien dang do noi lc gay ra. La chon hnh dang than may thch hp e am bao sai so cua chi tiet gia cong nam trong pham vi cho phep di tac dung cua tai trong ln nhat. am bao thoat phoi de dang, tranh phoi nong tac dung trc tiep vao bang may nham han che bien dang nhiet. Bo tr thanh, vach sao cho nang cao o cng vng nhng phai tiet kiem vat lieu nhat. 2. am bao ay u tnh cong nghe Tnh cong nghe ve uc: o day cua cac thanh may khong e qua chenh lech de gay rang nt. Lu y cac ieu kien cong nghe e co the hnh thanh cac thanh, vach, hoc, lo va e tao thanh nhng cho ng dung cu, at ong c, bo tr he thong dung dch lam nguoi Lu y nhng ieu kien ve cong nghe e gia cong than may: may moc hien co, kha nang lap rap 5.1.2. Ket cau cua than may Ket cau cua than may co nhng dang rat khac nhau, tuy thuoc vao tng loai may. Thng phai can c vao cac lc phat sinh trong qua trnh gia cong tac dung vao than may (lc cat, lc kep chat, lc quan tnh ); ong thi chu y ti cac bo phan at tren than may; kch thc, hanh trnh cua nhng bo phan chnh ma la chon than may phu hp. Than may co dang nam ngang va dang thang ng (tru may). Ve c ban co the phan lam hai loai: Loai thanh, dam: than may tien, may khoan ng Loai khung (h hoac kn): than may bao ging, may phay, may t ong nhieu truc

156

Cac than may loai khung thng c che tao rieng tng bo phan va ghep lai bang bulong. e tao o giam chan tot, cac mat tiep xuc can gia cong nhan va khong c noi hai chi tiet co vat lieu khac nhau. Loai dam va khung h de che tao, de lap rap va de sa cha hn khung kn, nhng o cng vng lai kem hn (hnh 5-1).

Hnh 5-1: Ket cau than may h (a) va kn (b)

157

Cac dang mat cat ngang cua than may nam ngang thng c chon nh trong hnh 5-2.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 5-2: Tiet dien cua than may ngang Hnh 5-2a: cau tao gom 2 vach, phoi hoac nc lam nguoi thoat ra theo hng thang ng. Hnh 5-2b: s dung vach nghieng, viec thoat phoi de dang hn. Hnh 5-2c: thng dung cho nhng may nam ngang co cha dau ben trong. Hnh 5-2d: thng dung vi nhng may nang, co nhieu ban dao. Mat cat ngang cua than may tien nang 1660 cho trong hnh 5-3.

Hnh 5-3: Tiet dien cua than may tien nang1660 e tang o cng vng cho than may, ngi ta dung cac loai he thong ng gan noi lien hai vach than may nh hnh 5-4 (hnh chieu bang). Hnh 5-4a (he thong ng gan song song): de che tao nhng o cng vng kem va khong chu c tac dung cua momen xoan ln nen dung cho loai may c nho. Hnh 5-4b (he thong ng gan cheo): o cng vng cao hn nhng kho che tao. Dung cho loai may c trung bnh va ln.

158

Hnh 5-4: He thong ng gan cua than may Than may co the uc hoac han t thep tam. Nhng thanh vach chnh hay song trt han len than may can o day 15 20mm, con thong thng s dung thep tam co o day t 3 8mm vi he thong ng gan tang cng cng vng. Bang 5-1: Be day thanh may va ng gan Vat lieu Nhe Gang Trung bnh Nang Thep tam Than may co nhieu ng gan Than may co t ng gan Loai than may Be day thanh may [mm] 12 15 18 22 25 35 38 10 20 Be day ng gan [mm] Nho hn be day cua thanh may 35 5

Vi thanh may chu tac dung lc keo nen ln, be day can lay ln hn thanh ch chu nen. Ban knh goc ln cua ng gan khoang 1/3 1/4 be day thanh may. Bang 5-2: So sanh kha nang chu uon va chu xoan cua cac tiet dien than may STT 1 2 Dang tiet dien Mu [ u ] = const 1 1,2 [y] = const 1 1,15 [ ] = const 1 43 Mx [ ] = const 1 8,8

1,8

4,5

1,9

1,4

1,6

38,5

31,4

159

Qua bang 5-2, loai tiet dien hnh ch nhat rong chu tai trong uon va xoan tot nhat. Neu ch xet rieng ve kha nang chu xoan th nen chon loai vanh khuyen. 5.1.3. Vat lieu than may 1. Gang xam: Hau het cac than may c che tao t gang xam. Neu tren than may co thiet ke lien vi song trt th kha nang chu mai mon la mot yeu to quyet nh e chon loai gang cho than may.

u iem De uc, de gia cong, chu c lc nen cao. o giam chan ln. Nhc iem Thi gian che tao dai (t 3 6 thang). Gia thanh lam khuon mau ln, oi vi san xuat hang loat nho va n chiec th khong kinh te. Phe pham nhieu hn thep va nhng khuyet tat cua vat uc ch c phat hien trong thi gian gia cong c kh. Neu than may khong u cng vng th khong the sa cha c. Lng d can ln, gia cong ton nhieu thi gian. Cac loai gang thng dung: Gang C32 52: co sc ben va o chu mon cao, chu c ap suat be mat p 2 N/mm2. Dung lam than may co song trt chu tai trong ln (may tien revolver, may tien t ong v.v). Gang C21 40: co sc ben trung bnh, dung lam than may co song trt cho hau het cac loai may cong cu.
10 N/mm2.

Gang C15 32: dung cho cac loai than may co yeu cau sc ben uon u

Gang C12 28: dung lam than may, vo hop khong co yeu cau ac biet ve sc ben va o bien dang. Ngoai ra, con dung mot so loai gang sau: Gang hp kim Cr Ni: nang cao c o cng va o mai mon, t b nt khi thanh vach chenh lech nhau, dung lam than cac loai may mai. Gang cai bien MC38 60 hay MC28 48: o chu mon tang 2 3 lan so vi gang xam, sc ben cung cao hn. Dung lam than may, ban dao va nhng chi tiet khac co yeu cau chu mon cao.
2. Thep

160

Bang cach s dung thep tam CT3 CT5 han lai vi nhau e lam than may thay cho gang xam, lam cho viec che tao than may nhanh hn. Co the dung vat lieu khac nhau e lam song trt, than, lng d co the nho. ac tnh c cua thep cao hn gang, nen than may lam t thep dung t vat lieu hn, trong lng than may giam khoang 25 50% so vi lam bang gang. Nhc iem ln nhat cua thep so vi gang la tnh giam chan kem hn, nhng co the khac phuc c bang he thong ng gan e tang o cng vng. 3. Cac loai vat lieu khac Ngoai gang xam, thep con co the dung gang hp kim co the nit hoa co cha lng nhom va crom. o cng vng at c rat cao sau khi nit hoa nhiet o 5000C trong 24 60 gi. Tuy nhien loai than may nay gia thanh rat at. Vat lieu re va n gian nhat la betong hoac betong cot sat nhng ch dung nhng may n gian, t di chuyen. 5.1.4. Tnh toan than may e tnh toan cho than may, thay than may bang mot mang dam co hnh dang n gian. Sau o, phan tch hng va o ln cac lc tac dung len than may, tnh cac loai bien dang va ng suat uon, xoan (theo tai lieu mon Sc ben vat lieu). Tnh toan than may co the tien hanh theo o ben hoac o cng vng. Thong thng tnh theo o cng vng v o cng vng la ch tieu quan trong nhat e anh gia kha nang lam viec cua than may. Tnh than may theo o cng vng gom cac bc:

La chon s o tnh toan cua than may. Xac nh cac lc tac dung len than may. Tnh toan o bien dang cua than may. anh gia ket qua at c va hoan thien cac thong so ket cau cau than may nham nang cao o cng vng.
1. S o tnh toan cua than may Dang n gian cua than may, tru may la dam hoac khung nh hnh 5-5. Hnh 5-5a: S o tnh toan than may tien, ac trng bang mot dam at tren hai goi ta co o dai tnh toan l (l khoang cach gia cac e cua than may, hoac gia cac iem at may v tr nam ngang). Hnh 5-5b: S o tnh toan may khoan ng, ien hnh cua khung h; co cac o dai tnh toan la phan cong xon l1 va chieu cao chu bien dang cua tru l2. Hnh 5-5c: S o tnh toan cua may phay ging, ac trng bang khung sieu tnh.

161

2. Xac nh lc a) May tien

A yA xA G c ZA a Py Pz d l b B yE ZE xE Btg Mud B

a)

Mu ng b) Mx ng

Hnh 5- 6: S o lc va momen tac dung tren may tien Hnh 5-6a: Cac phan lc trong mat phang thang goc vi truc chi tiet gia cong. Hnh 5-6b: Momen uon va xoan mat phang ngang. Lc cat phat sinh khi tien gom co Px, Py, Pz Lc tac dung len u ng A va len u ong B.

162

Tai trong nguy hiem nhat xuat hien khi gia cong chi tiet co chieu dai bang khoang cach ln nhat gia hai mui tam va dao tien cat phan gia chi tiet. Mat cat ngang chi tiet coi nh khong oi doc theo chieu dai cua no nen trong lng G chi tiet gia cong co the at gia va phan lc do no tao ra hai mui tam bang G/2.

Lc tac dung len u ng A:

ZA = PZ

b G b d ; YA = Py + Px ; A = l 2 l 2l

Z A 2 + YA 2

(5-1)

Lc tac dung len u ong B:

a G a d ; YB = Py Px ; B = l 2 l 2l Trong o: d ng knh chi tiet gia cong.

ZB = PZ

Z B 2 + YB 2

(5-2)

Lc chieu truc XA, tac dung len u ng: XA = Px + Atg + K Trong o: Px lc cat. Atg lc chieu truc cua phan lc tai mui tam. K lc kep chi tiet gia hai mui tam (K 0,25 Px). Lc chieu truc XB: tac dung len u ong, thay oi trong qua trnh cat. Thanh phan PX lam giam tai chi mui tam u ong nen lc kep K giam. Do o phai lay gia tr ln nhat cua XB: XB = Btg + K (5-4) Lc tac dung len ban dao, truyen qua than may va lam cho no b uon, xoan bi cac momen: Mu = Px.c Mx = Py.c Trong o: c khoang cach t tam chi tiet en dam. b) May khoan can Tai trong cua tru, ong xoay cung nh can may at tr so ln nhat neu nh can may nam v tr cao nhat cua tru, va hop toc o v tr xa nhat tren au ngoai cua can. Momen xoan cua can Mx1 Mx1 = P.e [Nmm] (5-6) Trong o: P lc chay dao. e khoang cach t truc mui khoan en ng trong tam cua can trong mat phang thang goc vi can.
(5-5)

(5-3)

163

 Goc xoan 1 cua can di tac dung cua momen xoan Mx1 Goc xoan tren 1 n v chieu dai cua mot dam co tiet dien vong xuyen (hoac ch nhat rong) c tnh:
1 = M x1 . K 2(Fn + Ft )Fg .s G [rad] (5-7)

Trong o: K chu vi trung bnh cua tiet dien vong xuyen [mm]. Fg tiet dien gii han bi chi vi trung bnh [mm2]. Fn, Ft dien tch c tao nen bi vong ngoai va vong trong cua xuyen [mm2]. s be day vong xuyen [mm]. G modul an hoi trt cua can [N/mm2].

Neu Mx1 tac dung len can khoang cach tam tru may la dx th goc xoan d1 = 1.dx
M K dx Hay: 1 = x1 G r 2(Fn + Ft )Fg s
1

[rad]

(5-8)

Coi nh ong xoay quanh tru khong b xoan nen co the lay tch phan t gii han ban knh r va truc cua mui khoan.

164

 Momen uon cua tru tren mat phang thang goc vi truc cua can: Mu1 = P.l1 Momen uon cua can tac dung len tiet dien nguy hiem nhat: Mu = Gc.l3 + Gh.l2 P(l r) Trong o: Gc trong lng cua can. Gh trong lng cua hop toc o. Lc tac dung xuong e may: Theo kinh nghiem, o bien dang cua e may khoan can se a en 1/3 o lech v tr cua truc chnh (2/3 do tru va can gay ra). Di tac dung cua lc chay dao P, e may chu tac dung cua lc nen. Cac momen P.l1 va P.l co xu hng tach tru ra khoi e, lam cho e chu tac dung uon. 3. Tnh o bien dang Di tac dung cua ngoai lc, than may b bien dang uon va xoan trong hai mat phang toa o. Neu than may co tiet dien ngang la bien kn, tnh toan bien dang nh cac phng phap trong mon Sc ben vat lieu. Vi than may co tiet dien ngang la bien dang h, can lu y en anh hng cua cac sn ngang noi lien cac thanh may (hnh 5-8). (5-10) (5-9)

Hnh 5-8a cho thay anh hng cua sn ngang oi vi o uon cua than may tren mat phang ng khong ang ke. Khi tnh toan bien dang uon, co the lay momen quan tnh Jy theo truc y y. Trai lai, oi vi o cng vng cua mat phang ngang th sn ngang co tac dung quan trong (hnh 5-8b). Neu khong co sn ngang, momen quan tnh tnh theo truc z z cho o cng vng thap. Neu co sn ngang, momen quan tnh tnh theo truc z z.

165

Anh hng cua sn ngang en o uon cua than may c tnh vi he so kinh nghiem ku (bang 5-3). Momen quan tnh dung e tnh toan co the lay theo cong thc: Jt = ku.Jz
Bang 5-3: he so kinh nghiem ku

(5-11)

Dang sn Sn vuong ku kx 0,1 0,2 0,08 0,2 Sn ch U 0,3 0,45 0,15 0,3 Sn cheo 0,4 0,5 0,25 0,4

Vi than may dai, chon gia tr nho va than may ngan chon gia tr ln. e tnh chnh xac, a than may ve dang khung (vi sn vuong) hoac he thong dam (sn cheo) va tai trong cua than may c tap trung thanh mot lc at gia he thong sieu tnh (Hnh 5-8c). o bien dang (o vong) tai tiet dien quy c (JE)q c tnh theo cong thc: y=

Pl t 3 48( JE) q

(5-12)

Trong o: y o bien dang ln nhat cua than may trong mat phang ngang.
lt chieu dai tnh toan gia hai goi .

Tr so (JE)q phu thuoc dang sn ngang:

Sn ngang vuong:

(JE)q = S1.Jt.E Trong o: Jt momen quan tnh do uon cua mot thanh. th S1 = 8.

(5-13)

S1 he so phu thuoc so sn ngang n (n cang ln th S1 cang ln). Vi n =1

Sn cheo:

(JE)q = S2.Fn.lt2.E Trong o: Fn dien tch tiet dien ngang cua thanh. S2 he so phu thuoc vao n, tnh theo cong thc: S2 =
sin . cos 2 F 12 n + a sin 3 F u

(5-14)

(5-15)

166

Trong o: phan na goc sn cheo. Fu dien tch tiet dien ngang cua sn ch U. a he so phu thuoc vao so sn n (lay theo Bang 5-4).
Bang 5-4: Tnh he so a theo so sn n

n a

2 1

4 3

6 6,3

8 11

10 17

Tnh bien dang xoan c tien hanh theo cong thc oi vi bien dang thanh mong, tuy thuoc tiet dien co bien dang kn hay h (Hnh 5-9).

Vi tiet dien ngang co bien dang kn (hnh 5-9a), goc xoan tren suot chieu dai lt cua than may c tnh theo cong thc:
=
M x .l t 4GF
2

[rad]

(5-16)

Trong o: F dien tch gii han bi ng trung bnh cua cac thanh. Li, i chieu dai va be day cua cac phan trong tiet dien. Vi cac thanh co chieu day nh nhau th: bien dang tiet dien ngang). V du: Neu tiet dien ngang cua than may la hnh ch nhat rong nh hnh 5-9a th: F = (a ).(b ) va

K (K chu vi trung bnh cua

2(a + b 2)

167

Do o, goc xoan tren toan bo chieu dai cua than may trong trng hp nay:
=

2G(a )2 (b )2

M x (a + b 2 )l t

(5-17)

oi vi than may co tiet dien ngang nh hnh 5-9b, viec tnh toan goc xoan phc tap hn va ch co the lay tr so gan ung. Neu tren mot mat cua bien dang ch co mot ranh nho, o cng vng cua than may cung b giam mot mc o rat ln. He so giam o cng vng xoan ku co the lay theo bang 5-3 tuy thuoc vao hnh dang cua sn ngang. Neu ranh nho la hnh ch nhat co canh dai li, canh ngan i, goc xoan cua than may co tiet dien h la:
=
G l i 3 i 3M x l t

(5-18)

may tien, o chuyen v cua dao y0 do bien dang cua than may phai thoa ieu kien sau: y0 [y0] (5-19) vi [y0] o chuyen v cho phep cua dao do bien dang cua than may, co the chon [y0] = 0,04 0,07mm. o chuyen v cua dao y0 do bien dang cua than may c tnh: y0 = y + H vi: y bien dang uon cua than may cho at dao. H khoang cach t ng tam than may en ng noi lien cac mui tam cua may tien.
goc xoan cua than may trong tiet dien at dao.

(5-20)

Ngoai ra, con can kiem tra lai ieu kien ng suat cat phat sinh trong than may theo ieu kien:
=

3M x

l i 2 i

[ ]

(5-21)

vi ng suat cat cua than may lam bang gang [] = 8 12 N/mm2 va bang thep [] = 15 20 N/mm2 Mot so iem can lu y khi thiet ke than may:
Vi than may tien, chieu rong B cua than may co anh hng quan trong ti o cng vng. Chieu rong B bang chieu cao H se co o cng vng cao nhat. Vi than may ngan, hnh dang cua sn ngang khong co anh hng ln. Nhng vi than may dai, sn cheo co tac dung tot oi vi o cng vng.

168

 Than may co tiet dien kn luon luon cho o cng vng cao hn bat ky loai sn ngang nao.
5.2. THIET KE SONG TRT 5.2.1. Yeu cau cua song trt

Song trt cua may cong cu co hai chc nang c ban:

Dung e dan hng cho cac bo phan cua may nh ban may, ban dao, xa ngang theo mot quy ao hnh hoc cho trc. nh v ung cac bo phan tnh nh hop toc o, hop chay dao

Do vay, song trt can co cac yeu cau sau:

am bao o chnh xac tnh va o chnh xac di chuyen cho cac bo phan lap tren o. Yeu cau nay chu yeu phu thuoc vao o chnh xac gia cong song trt, cach bo tr phu hp cac be mat chu lc. Bo tr sao cho lc tac dung len song trt la nho nhat va bien dang song trt la t nhat. Be mat lam viec phai co kha nang chu mon cao e am bao o chnh xac lau dai. Yeu cau nay phu thuoc vao o cng be mat cua song trt, o bong be mat cua song trt va ca che o boi trn va bao quan song trt. Ket cau song trt phai n gian, co tnh cong nghe cao. Co kha nang ieu chnh khe h khi mon, tranh c phoi va bui.
5.2.2. Ket cau song trt

1. Song trt phang (con goi la song trt hnh ch nhat), co cac ac iem:
Co the bo tr theo phng nam ngang hoac thang ng. Trong trng hp nam ngang, song trt phang de gi dau boi trn, nhng cung de ong lai bui, phoi va cac tap chat lam anh hng be mat lam viec cua song trt. De gia cong, de lap rap va sa cha, de kiem tra cac thong so hnh hoc cua song trt. Can co c cau ieu chnh khe h.

Ket cau loai nay thng co nhng dang chnh yeu nh hnh 5-10. B B H B = (1,5 2,5)H b = (0,4 0,5)H

Hnh 5-10: Ket cau song trt phang

169

Kch thc c ban cua song trt la chieu cao H. Day tr so cua H thng dung: H = 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 75, 100 [mm]. Nhng kch thc khac thng lay phu thuoc vao H. 2. Song trt lang tru (con goi la song trt tam giac). Co hai loai: oi xng va khong oi xng (Hnh 5-11).
0,25H 0,1H 0,1H 0,25H 900 15 300 1,5H 1,6H H 0,15H
300 300

45

450

Hnh 5-11: Ket cau song trt lang tru

ac iem cua song trt lang tru:

t b phoi hoac tap chat lam xay xac be mat, v phoi de b trt khoi cac mat phang nghieng. Co the t ieu chnh khe h di tac dung cua tai trong. Kho gi dau tren be mat nghieng. Che tao va sa cha kho hn song trt phang, nhng o mon cua no t anh hng en o chnh xac cua may.

3. Song trt ch V Chu yeu dung trong cac may bao ging, phay ging hay cac loai may c ln vi van toc ln.
0,14H
45
0

45

a)

0,2H

b)
Hnh 5-12: Ket cau song trt ch V

0,25H

Neu v tr nam ngang th viec boi trn de dang, nhng mat lam viec de b phoi lam xay xat. Dang song trt hnh 5-12a dung cho may loai nhe va trung bnh. Loai may nang thng dung theo dang hnh 5-12b.

170

4. Song trt uoi en Chu tai trong t ba mat. No co the am bao v tr cua chi tiet trt theo hng len, xuong, cung nh mat ben. Loai nay dung pho bien e di ong ban may, ban dao cac may tien, may phay Viec ieu chnh rat de dang vi mot thanh nem. Tuy nhien viec che tao va kiem tra tng oi phc tap, kho gi dau, phoi de ket vao gia cac mat lam viec. o cng vng thap, chu yeu dung e di ong chi tiet vi van toc thap.

0,1H

Hnh 5-13: Ket cau song trt va ranh trt uoi en

5. Song trt hnh tru Loai song trt nay thng dung nhng may co lc cat nho, co ng chuyen ong ngan, hoac dung e nang xa ngang, nang can nh may phay ging, may khoan can.
Chi tiet trt

Song trt

Hnh 5-14: Ket cau song trt hnh tru

e di ong nhng ban may nang, thng dung 2 song trt tru, hoac dung to hp vi mot song trt phang. Song trt tru co ket cau n gian, de che tao, nhng o cng vng kem va khi mon khong ieu chnh c.
5.2.3. ieu chnh song trt

ieu chnh khe h cua song trt khi lap la can thiet v khong the che tao chnh xac cung nh sau mot thi gian lam viec b mon. Co the dung cac giai phap sau: 1. ieu chnh song trt phang: dung mieng em phang hoac nghieng.
Neu ban dao co 4 mat om vao song trt (hnh 5-15a): Tac dung cua lc V c kh bi 2 mieng em phang 1 va 2. e kh khe h do mon sau mot thi gian lam viec, phai thay mieng em khac. Con khe h theo phng thang ng c ieu chnh do mieng em nghieng co be day thay oi 3. o nghieng cua cac mieng em nay t 1:40 en 1:100. Ket cau cua loai vt ieu chnh cho trong hnh 5-16.

171

a)

b)
Hnh 5-15: ieu chnh song trt phang

Hnh 5-16: Ket cau vt ieu chnh mieng em nghieng

Neu ban dao co 3 mat om vao song trt (hnh 5-15b): Tac dung cua lc V c kh bi 2 mieng chan 1 va 2. e kh khe h do mon sau mot thi gian lam viec, phai dung phng phap cao ra be mat lap mieng em hoac thay oi tam thep mong 1 nh trong hnh 5-17. Con khe h theo phng thang ng c ieu chnh do vt 3 tac ong len mieng em phang 4. Mieng em phang 4 nen bo tr pha sao cho lc tac dung vao be mat cua song trt e tai trong khong tac dung trc tiep vao mieng em.

Ket cau nay lam cho viec gia cong cac be mat dan hng n gian hn.

Hnh 5-17: Phng phap kh khe h khi dung mieng em phang

2. ieu chnh song trt uoi en: dung mieng em co tiet dien hnh bnh hanh (phang nh hnh 5-18a va b hoac nghieng nh hnh 5-18c) hoac mieng em co tiet dien hnh thang (hnh 5-19).

172

Hnh 5-18: Phng phap kh khe h khi dung mieng em hnh bnh hanh

Vt au chm Tam thep Bulong au luc giac

Hnh 5-19: Phng phap kh khe h khi dung mieng em hnh thang 5.2.4. Bao ve va boi trn song trt

Bao ve song trt khoi bui ban, hat mai, phoi kim loai cung nh boi trn hp ly be mat song trt co tac dung giam o mon ang ke cua song trt va gi c o chnh xac ban au cua song trt. Cac phng phap bao ve song trt thng dung la:
Dung la chan lap tren ban dao va cung di ong vi ban dao (hnh 5-20).

173

 Dung cac choi quet, lau di ong cung vi ban may. ay song trt bang cac la thep xep chong len nhau hoac cac tam cao su, chat deo an hoi.

La chan

Hnh 5-20: Bao ve song trt bang la chan

Ngoai ra, e bao ve song trt hu hieu, can phai boi trn song trt thng xuyen bang mot man dau co o day t 5 8m. Cac phng phap boi trn song trt thng dung la:
Boi trn n gian: c tien hanh bang tay theo nh ky hoac dung c cau t boi trn do cac hoc cha dau cua song trt ngang.

Phng phap boi trn nay de thc hien nhng cha thc s hieu qua, khong am bao boi trn eu.
Boi trn ap lc: a dau co ap suat p0 vao cac ranh tren be mat trt, tao ra che o ma sat t gia cac be mat trt. Song trt c boi trn bang phng phap nay goi la song trt thuy tnh.

3 4

2 1

Hnh 5-21: S o boi trn ap lc

Dau co ap suat p0 t bm dau 1, qua bo loc 2, van tiet lu 3 a vao cac ranh dau 4 tren be mat song trt. Ap suat dau co gia tr ln nhat p1 tai vung chung quanh ranh dau 4 va nho dan en ap suat kh quyen khi ra en mep song trt. Kha nang chu tai P cua song trt c tnh theo cong thc: P = p1.F. Vi p1 ap suat cua dau trong ranh dau. F dien tch be mat trt, c tnh F = B.L (hnh 5-22).
he so giam ap trong khe h, c tnh gan ung nh sau:

(5-22)

174

l b b.l 1 1 1 = + + + = 3 6L 6B 3L.B 3 2

(5-23)

Cac dang ranh dau thng dung trong song trt thuy tnh cho trong hnh 5-22.

Hnh 5-22: Cac dang ranh dau trong song trt thuy tnh 5.2.5. Vat lieu song trt

1. Gang Vat lieu gang co o chu mon cao. o chu mon co the nang cao bang phng phap toi cao tan, toi vi ngon la han hi. Gang co the toi cao tan tot nhat la gang cai bien. Be mat song trt bang gang toi cao tan giam c o mon khoang 7 8 lan so vi song trt khong toi. Be day lp toi cua song trt bang gang la 3 0,2 mm. o cng co the at c gang cai bien la HRC = 45 55. Toi bang ngon la la cho ngon la di ong eu tren be mat cua song trt va lien sau mo han co voi nc lam nguoi. o sau toi thong thng la 2,5 4 mm. o cng at c la HRC = 45 53. Gang toi c phai la gang cau co cau truc perlit, lng C 0,7 0,8%. 0,5%, tot nhat la C

175

2. Thep Tren cac may hien ai, ngay cang co xu hng ghep song trt bang thep len than may bang gang hay thep tam. u iem cua phng phap nay la tiet kiem c vat lieu va co tuoi tho cao hn. Cac loai thep thng dung la: Thep 15: co the toi trong nc. Dung lam song trt dai t 500 700 mm gom nhieu phan noi lai. Thep 20X: t bien dang khi toi, sau khi tham than co the dung lam song trt dai. Sau khi tham than va toi at c o cng HRC = 56 62. Thep 40X: dung cho nhng song trt co yeu cau ac biet. Sau khi toi cao tan co o cng HRC = 52 58. 3. Chat deo Thng dung lam song trt ngan nh song trt ban may, ban dao. u iem: o chu mon cao. Nhc iem: he so dan nhiet nho, khoang 1/100 1/150 he so dan nhiet cua gang. Do o, trong trng hp ma sat kho th vat lieu co the nong en 120 1300C va nhiet o nay chung rat de chay.
5.2.6. Tnh toan song trt

o chu mon la ch tieu quan trong ve kha nang lam viec cua song trt. Khi tnh toan song trt tien hanh theo cac bc: Xac nh cac lc tac dung len tng be mat cua song trt. Tnh ap suat be mat trung bnh tac dung len tng be mat cua song trt. Xac nh ap suat be mat ln nhat. So sanh ap suat be mat ln nhat vi ap suat be mat cho phep tnh t thc nghiem. 1. Xac nh lc Tren he thong ban dao may tien (hnh 5-23), co cac lc tac dung sau: Cac thanh phan lc cat Px, Py, Pz. Cac phan lc A, B, C tac dung len song trt cua than may. Trong lng G cua he thong ban dao, co the bao gom ca trong lng chi tiet neu tnh cho ban may phay, bao Lc keo ban dao Q. Lc ma sat A, B, C, ngc chieu vi chuyen ong cua ban dao.

176

Hnh 5-23: S o tnh toan song trt may tien

Lc keo ban dao Q = Qx dung cac cong thc a biet phan tnh cong suat ong c ien. Neu dung c cau vitme ai oc e thc hien viec di chuyen ban may, lc Q cung chieu vi Q=Qx hng chuyen ong va khong co phan lc song Qz song vi Pz va Py. Neu dung c cau banh rang thanh rang, ngoai Qx con co hai thanh phan Qy va Qz vi cach tnh: Qy Qy = Qx.tg Qx (5-24) Qz = Qx.tg(0 + ) vi: 0 goc an khp cua rang (0 = 200). goc ma sat tren rang ( 5 7 ). goc nghieng cua rang. Trong trng hp banh rang thang: = 0 th Qy = 0 He phng trnh can bang tnh: X = (A + B + C) + Px Qx = 0 Y = Asin Bsin + Py = 0 Z = Acos + Bcos + C Pz G Qz = 0 (5-25) (5-26) (5-27)
0 0

Hnh 5-23: S o lc trong c cau banh rang thanh rang

177

Mx = CyC + Pyzp Pzzp GyG QzyQ = 0

(5-28)

My = AxAcos + BxBcos + CxC + Pxzp Pz.xP G.xG + QxzQ QzxQ + (A + B + C)s = 0 (5-29) Mz = AxAsin BxBsin Pxyp + Pyxp + QxyQ (A + B + C)t = 0 Trong o: s, t canh tay on tong hp cac lc ma sat. He so ma sat c chon: Van toc trt ln: 0,05 0,10. Van toc trt nho: 0,10 0,15. e cho viec tnh n gian hn, cho lc Qx nam trong mat phang (x, z), tc la yQ = 0 va dung cong thc gan ung trong phan tnh cong suat ong c e xac nh Qx Ngoai ra, ch can tnh tong cac lc theo tng chieu truc: X = Px, Y = Py, Z = Pz + G, Mx = Pz.yp Py.zp + G.yG Khi o, cac lc tac dung thang goc len be mat song trt la: C= A= B=
Mx M ; C = x yc yc'

(5-30)

(5-31) (5-32)
(5-33)

( Z + Q z C) sin Y cos sin( + )

( Z + Q z C) sin + Y cos sin( + )

2. Tnh ap suat trung bnh Ap suat trung bnh tac dung len cac be mat A, B, C la: pAt = pBt = pCt = A a.L B b.L C c.L (5-34) (5-35) (5-36)

Trong o: L o dai lam viec cua song trt. a, b, c cac be rong be mat lam viec cua song trt. 3. Xac nh ap suat ln nhat Xac nh toa o xA, xB, xC cua iem tac dung cua 3 lc A, B, C at: AxAcos + BxBcos + CxC = M y AxAsin + BxBsin = M z

(5-37)

178

Khi o, phng trnh (5-29) va (5-30) c viet lai: M y = Pxzp + PzxP + GxG QxzQ + QzxQ (A +B +C)s

M z = Pxyp + Pyxp + QxyQ (A +B +C)t

(5-38)

at ieu kien la M y a c xac nh trc: momen tac dung len song trt pha trc la MI va momen tac dung len song trt pha sau la MII = M y MI. Khi o ta co he 3 phng trnh bac nhat nh sau: MI = AxAcos + BxBcos MII = CxC (5-39)

M z = AxAsin + BxBsin
Giai he phng trnh nay c: xA = xB = xC = M I sin M z cos A sin( + ) M I sin M z cos B sin( + )
M II My MI C C

(5-40) (5-41) (5-42)

Dang phan bo ap suat tren be mat song trt (hnh 5-24)

Hnh 5-24: S o phan bo ap suat tren song trt

Phan bo ap suat theo dang hnh thang (Hnh 5-24a): ay la trng hp tong quat nhat va trong tam at tai iem goc cua tai trong vi hoanh o xA c tnh theo cong thc:

179

xA =

L p A max p A min . 6 p A max + p A min

(5-43)

Nhan xet: neu 0 < xA <

hnh thang va ngc lai.

x L 1 (hay 0 < A < ) th ap suat luon phan bo theo dang 6 L 6

Phan bo ap suat theo hnh ch nhat (Hnh 5-24b): neu xA = 0 (hay

theo cong thc (5-40) co: pAmax = pAmin.

x = 0), L

Phan bo ap suat theo hnh tam giac tren suot chieu dai L (Hnh 5-24c): neu xA p p A min L x 1 (hay = ), th : A max = 1 hay pAmax pAmin = pAmax + pAmin = 6 L 6 p A max + p A min

Nh vay ch co the pAmin = 0.

Phan bo ap suat theo hnh tam giac tren mot phan cua chieu dai L (Hnh 5L x 1 > ). Khi o theo cong thc (5-43) co: 24d): neu xA > (hay 6 L 6
p p A min L L p A max p A min > , suy ra: A max >1, tc la pAmin < 0. . 6 6 p A max + p A min p A max + p A min

Tnh ap suat ln nhat pmax x Sau khi xac nh tr so , tc la xac nh dang phan bo ap suat ta tnh c ap L suat ln nhat pmax tren tng be mat cua song trt. Phan bo ap suat theo dang hnh thang: pmax + pmin = 2pt . x Thay vao cong thc (5-43), tnh c: pmax = pt (1 + 6 ) L Phan bo ap suat theo hnh tam giac tren mot phan cua chieu dai L:

(5-44)

pt . L = pmax =

1 L pmax.3 x 2 2

2p t L 2p t L = L x L 3 x 3. 1 2 2 L 2
4 pt 3 x 1 2 L 1 (5-45)

pmax =

Phan bo ap suat theo hnh tam giac tren suot chieu dai L: ay la dang ac biet x 1 = vao cong thc (5-44) hoac (5-45), ta c: cua hai trng hp tren. Thay L 6

180

pmax = 2pt. Phan bo ap suat theo hnh ch nhat: pmax = pt. ay la trng hp ly tng. Neu ap suat trung bnh di tac dung cua lc A la pAt = cong thc tnh pmax tren, ta co: pAmax = pAmax = A a.L 6x 1 + khi x L L 6 L 6 A c thay vao cac a.L (5-46) (5-47)

A 2L khi x a.L 1,5L 3x

Tnh tng t e xac nh cac gia tr pBmax, pCmax.

Chu y: cac dang phan bo ap suat a trnh bay ch ung trong trng hp ch co mot mat cua song trt chu tac dung cua tai trong, tc la khi thanh nem pha di

song trt c ieu chnh vi mot o h nhat nh ma momen M y khong triet tieu no c. Sau khi tnh c ap suat ln nhat pmax, phai kiem tra theo ieu kien ap suat cho phep [pmax ]. oi vi song trt may cong cu bang gang, [pmax ] c chon nh sau: Song trt chuyen ong vi van toc nho, tng ng vi van toc chay dao may tien, may phay th [pmax] = 2,5 3 MN/m2. Song trt cua may co van toc trt ln, bang van toc gia cong nh may bao, may xoc th: [pmax] = 0,8 MN/m2. Song trt cac may ac biet, lam viec vi tai trong nang va co nh th [pmax] thap hn nhng tr so noi tren khoang 25%. May nang co van toc trt nho: [pmax] = 1 MN/m2. May nang co van toc trt ln: [pmax] = 0,4 MN/m2. Song trt may mai: [pmax] = 0,05 0,1 MN/m2. Song trt bang thep cha co so lieu chnh xac. Neu chi tiet bang thep trt tren gang, [pmax] lay gan vi nhng gia tr tren. Neu thep trt tren song trt thep, [pmax] co the tang t 20 30%.
5.3. THIET KE SONG LAN 5.3.1. Ket cau song lan

Song lan c s dung rat rong rai tren cac may cong cu hien ai co o chnh xac cao nh may mai, may doa So vi song trt, song lan co he so ma sat nho hn khoang 20 lan nen o mon rat nho va tuoi tho tang cao. Nhc iem cua song lan la che tao kho, gia thanh cao.

181

Song lan co the chia lam 2 loai: song lan h va song lan kn, tuy vao cach bo tr cac chi tiet lan gia bo phan co nh va bo phan di ong. Song lan h (Hnh 5-25): Cac vien bi va con lan at trong nhng vong cach lap gia cac be mat dan hng cua than may va ban may. Con lan di ong vi van toc bang na van toc ban may. Dung c cau dan hng cho cac con lan di ong theo hng ngc lai e tang hanh trnh cua ban may. Loai nay dung trong cac trng hp tai trong chu yeu cua song lan la trong lng cua ban may, t b thay oi trong qua trnh gia cong.
Hnh 5-25: Ket cau song lan h a) loai bi b) loai con lan tru

Song lan kn (Hnh 5-26): o cng vng cao hn loai h v c tao ra lc cang ban au bang mot thanh nem hoac mieng chan, tng t nh cach ieu chnh khe h trong song trt.

Hnh 5-26: Ket cau song lan kn a) loai con lan tru trong ranh V b) loai con lan tru trong ranh uoi en c) loai bi lan trong ranh V

182

oi vi tai trong be, thng dung song lan bi (chu c tai trong t 600 1500N tren 100mm chieu dai day bi). Tai trong ln hn th dung con lan, hoac to hp gia bi va con lan. Hnh 5-27 the hien ket cau cua c cau hoi bi trong song lan. Cac con lan c bo tr thanh mot day lien tuc gia 4 thanh tru, trong o 2 thanh c lap bo phan co nh va 2 thanh c lap bo phan di ong. Tam dan hng 1 c lap moi au cua song lan e nh hng con lan vao ranh hoi bi 2.

Hnh 5-27: C cau hoi bi trong song lan

183

5.3.2. Tnh toan song lan

1. Tnh theo o ben Lc nen ln nhat tac dung len chi tiet lan: Pmax = pmax.t.b vi: pmax ap suat ln nhat cua song trt [MN/m ]. t bc cua chi tiet lan, tc la khoang cach gia cac vien bi hay con lan [m]. b chieu rong song dan [m]. Tai trong cho phep theo nhng ieu kien cua o ben tiep xuc: Song lan dung con lan: Song lan dung bi: d ng knh bi hoac con lan [m]. b0 chieu dai con lan [m]. Cach chon ng suat quy c: Song lan bang thep toi (co HRC = 60) dung bi: lay 0 = 0,6 MN/m2. Song lan bang gang (co HB = 200): lay 0 = 0,02 MN/m2. Song lan bang thep toi dung con lan: lay 0 = 15 20 MN/m2. Song lan bang gang dung con lan: lay 0 = 1,5 2 MN/m2. Neu ke en sai so do che tao song dan khong chnh xac va kch thc chenh lech cua cac chi tiet lan, can lay 0 giam i 20 30%. 2. Tnh theo o cng vng o bien dang cua song lan dung con lan: = c1.q o bien dang cua song lan dung bi: = cb.P [m] (5-52) Trong o: q tai trong tren n v chieu dai cua con lan [N/mm]. P tai trong tren 1 vien bi [N]. c1 he so an hoi cua song lan dung con lan [m. cb he so an hoi cua song lan dung bi [m/N]. mm ]. N [m] (5-51) [P] = 0.d.b0 [P] = 0.d2 (5-49) (5-50)
2

(5-48)

vi: 0 ng suat quy c lien quan en tiet dien cua chi tiet lan [MN/m2].

o cng vng cua song lan dung con lan gan bang vi o cng vng cua song trt. o cng vng cua song lan dung bi (bi co cung kch thc ng knh vi con lan) nho hn khoang 2 3 lan o cng vng cua song lan dung con lan.

184

Song lan co the thc hien lng di ong ieu chnh rat be vi o chnh xac cao. Vi song lan co o cng vng khoang 30 40 N/m, sai so ieu chnh co the at t 0,1 0,2 m. Ket cau mot so loai song trt vong (hnh 5-28) va song lan vong (hnh 5-29) dung trong may tien ng va may doa.

Hnh 5-28: Ket cau song trt vong

Hnh 5-29: Ket cau song lan vong

185

Chng 6

C CAU MAY

C cau may la bo phan may dung e thc hien mot chc nang, mot nhiem vu nao o trong qua trnh gia cong cung nh ieu khien qua trnh gia cong vi nhng nguyen tac va o chnh xac nhat nh theo yeu cau. C cau s dung trong cac may cong cu co rat nhieu loai va rat nhieu dang. Di ay la mot so c cau may chnh yeu c tong hp phan loai theo dang chuyen ong va cong dung cua no nh: C cau chuyen ong thang. C cau chuyen ong khong lien tuc. C cau ao chieu. C cau ieu khien. C cau an toan. 6.1. C CAU CHUYEN ONG THANG Chuyen ong thang la chuyen ong thng gap nhat trong may cong cu. No co the la chuyen ong chnh (nh may bao, may xoc, may chuot) hoac chuyen ong chay dao (nh may bao, may mai), chuyen ong ieu khien va ieu chnh Trong may cong cu, co cac dang truyen chuyen ong thang sau: dang c kh, ien t, thuy lc va kh nen, trong o c cau dang c kh rat thong dung. Cac c cau chuyen ong thang dang c kh e bien chuyen ong quay thanh chuyen ong thang nh c cau banh rang thanh rang, truc vt thanh rang, vitme ai oc, thanh truyen tay quay, cult, cam Trong pham vi giao trnh nay, ch e cap en mot so c cau chnh thc hien chuyen ong thang bang c kh. 6.1.1. C cau banh rang thanh rang C cau banh rang thanh rang dung e bien oi t chuyen ong quay sang chuyen ong tnh tien hoac ngc lai. C cau c s dung e thc hien chuyen ong chnh nh tren may bao ging hoac chuyen ong chay dao nh tren may khoan.

Hnh 6-1: C cau banh rang thanh rang

186

 hanh trnh nho, ch co mot phan banh rang lam viec nen c cau nay tr thanh c cau quat rang thanh rang. Loai nay dung nhieu nhat trong viec di ong ban dao may t ong. u iem chnh cua c cau nay: Hieu suat truyen ong cao, co the truyen cong suat ln. Chi tiet b ong co the truyen ong vi van toc nhanh. So chi tiet cua c cau t va tng oi de che tao, de lap rap. 1. Ket cau va ieu kien ky thuat truc. Thanh rang cua truc chnh may khoan (hnh 6-2.a) co the che tao trc tiep tren

Thanh rang cua ban dao may tien nhieu dao, may tien t ong co the c che tao trc tiep hoac gian tiep len chi tiet truyen ong.

Hnh 6-2.a: Thanh rang cua truc chnh may khoan. 6-2.b: Thanh rang tren may bao ging. Thanh rang tren may bao ging (hnh 6-2.b) do co o dai ln nen thng c che tao thanh nhieu phan va lap ghep lai vi nhau. e tang o cng vng, thanh rang nay c at vao gia hai song trt cua ban may. e tang t so truyen va giam so vong quay cua banh rang, banh rang phai co ng knh ln: min = 600 700 mm, moun trong khoang 20 25mm tr len. e c cau lam viec em, ngi ta co the dung banh rang nghieng.

187

 Trong cac may t ong hoac na t ong, do hanh trnh lam viec nho nen thng s dung c cau quat rang thanh rang e thc hien chuyen ong cua ban dao (hnh 6-3).

Hnh 6-3: S o c cau quat rang thanh rang tren may tien t ong

2. La chon vat lieu va yeu cau ve nhiet luyen La chon vat lieu va yeu cau ve nhiet luyen phai da vao van toc va ieu kien lam viec cua c cau: Van toc nho, bo truyen h, kch thc ln: dung gang C2848, C 3860 hoac gang cai tien MC 3560. Van toc trung bnh va ln: dung thep 40, 45, 50 va nhiet luyen en o cng t nhat HB = 230 260. C cau banh rang thanh rang lam viec vi van toc nho nhng lc tac dung len rang ln can c che tao cac chi tiet bang thep hp kim nh 40X, 40XH. 3. Tnh toan c cau banh rang thanh rang Ngoai viec tnh toan o ben banh rang nh trong phng phap tnh toan banh rang trong mon hoc Chi tiet may, can kiem tra o ben tiep xuc khi thc hien lng chay dao, tc la lc chay dao Q phai thoa man ieu kien: Q < [Q] (6-1)

188

Vi lc vong cho phep [Q] tac dung len thanh rang c tnh: [Q] = 1,4.10-2q2

Z mb. sin 2

[N]

(6-1)

q ng suat nen ln nhat khi thanh rang tiep xuc vi banh rang [N/m2] q < 3s (s ng suat gii han chay cua vat lieu). Z so rang cua banh rang. goc an khp rang. m moun [mm]. b chieu rong banh rang [mm] E moun an hoi [N/m2].
6.1.2. C cau truc vt thanh rang

1. ac iem
* u iem:

Chuyen ong em hn banh rang thanh rang, ac biet la khi ao chieu v trong cung mot luc co nhieu rang an khp vi nhau. Co the at van toc chuyen ong nho hay ln cho lng chay dao khi can thiet ng vi so au moi va so vong quay cua truc vt thch hp. Rat phu hp trong trng hp co yeu cau o dai hanh trnh tng oi ln. * Nhc iem: Che tao phc tap. Hieu suat thap. Truc vt thng c che tao t thep 45 hoac thep 15X hay 20X tham than hoac toi, con thanh rang lam bang gang chong mon. Cung co khi thanh rang bang thep va truc vt bang ong thanh. 2. Cac loai c cau truc vt thanh rang
a. Thanh rang co rang thang hoac rang nghieng
1

a)

b)

c)

1 Truc vt

2 Thanh rang

Hnh 6-2: C cau truc vt thanh rang co rang thang va rang nghieng

189

 Rang thang: truc cua truc vt at cheo so vi truc cua thanh rang (hnh 6-2a). Rang nghieng: hai truc co the at cheo nhau mot goc, tao ra kha nang dung banh rang ng knh ln e quay truc vt nen c cau lam viec em hn (hnh 6-2b). Neu hai truc at song song nhau (hnh 6-2c), ng knh nh cua banh rang quay truc vt can phai nho hn ng knh trong cua truc vt, do o anh hng khong tot en s chuyen ong em va hieu suat truyen ong. Chieu dai cua truc vt thng lay bang: l>7 Trong o:
h k

h o nang cua truc vt. k so au moi cua truc vt.

b. Thanh rang co dang banh vt

1 2 3

Hnh 6-3: C cau truc vt thanh vt trong may phay ging

Thanh rang tr thanh mot banh vt ac biet co ng knh vo cung ln (c goi la thanh vt 1). Khi o, ng tam cua truc vt 2 va thanh vt song song vi nhau va ng knh nh rang cua banh rang 3 quay truc vt phai nho hn ng knh chan rang cua truc vt. ieu nay co the gay kho khan trong ket cau cua c cau. u iem cua loai nay la co cac rang tiep xuc tren toan be mat nen kha nang chu lc cao hn, chu mai mon tot hn trong khi loai truc vt thanh rang th ch tiep xuc tren mot so iem cua rang. C cau truc vt thanh vt thng dung e di ong ban may may phay ging. Chieu dai truc vt thng lay bang: l = (8 10).t Trong o: t khoang cach chia rang.

190

6.1.3. C cau vt me ai oc trt

1. ac iem o chnh xac truyen ong cao, t so truyen giam toc ln. Co the nh v mot cach tin cay v tr cua cum may dch chuyen. Truyen ong em, co kha nang t ham va truyen c lc ln. ln. Co the dung e truyen ong nhanh vi vt me co bc ren hoac so vong quay

Hieu suat truyen ong thap nen t dung e thc hien nhng chuyen ong chnh, nhng c dung nhieu trong c cau chay dao, c cau ieu chnh cua may cat kim loai va nhng c cau cua cac loai o ga ac biet. 2. Ket cau
a. Dang ren: Vt me thng co 2 dang ren chu yeu sau:

Vt me co dang ren hnh thang goc 300 co u iem: gia cong n gian, co the phay hoac mai. Neu dung vi ai oc bo oi th co the ong m len ren de dang. Vt me co dang ren hnh vuong ch dung nhng may cat ren chnh xac va cac may tien ht lng. Ve mat ket cau, co gang che tao vt me co hai co truc nh nhau e sau mot thi gian lam viec, co the lap ao ngc vt me lai nham lam cho be mat lam viec cua ren c mon eu hai ben. ng knh vt me thay oi trong gii han t 10 200 mm phu thuoc momen can truyen va c chon theo gia tr tieu chuan.
b. O vt me

O vt me co tac dung bao am cho truc chuyen ong vi o ao hng truc va hng knh nho. Nhng yeu cau ve o vt me cung tng t nh o truc chnh nhng do lc tac dung len o vtme nho nen ket cau n gian hn. Co hai loai o vtme la o trt va o lan.

Hnh 6-4: Ket cau o vt me cua may tien ren vt

1 o trt (chu lc hng knh). 2 o chan (chu lc doc truc).

191

c. ai oc cua vt me

ai oc lien: dung trong c cau vt me ai oc co che o lam viec t, khong yeu cau o chnh xac cao, gia cac ren co the co o h nhat nh. u iem cua c cau ai oc lien la n gian, gia thanh thap, co the t ham mot mc o nhat nh. 5 6 3 2

4
Hnh 6-5a: ai oc lien dang n gian

6-5b: ai oc lien co the ieu chnh o r bang tay

e kh o r trong c cau vt me ai oc, ai oc lien thng c che tao lam hai phan, co the ieu chnh o r gia hai phan theo chieu truc t ong hoac bang tay sau mot thi gian lam viec. Cach ieu chnh bang tay o r cua ai oc lien co hai phan (hnh 6-5.b): phan 1 cua ai oc gan chat vao bo phan di ong thang 2 bang vt 3, phan 4 cua ai oc b dch chuyen theo chieu truc khi ieu chnh vt 5 ay mat nem 6 xuong. e ieu chnh t ong o r cua ai oc lien, co hai cach: dung lo xo (hnh 6-6a) hoac dung kh nen (hnh 6-6b)

Hnh 6-6a: ieu chnh t ong o r cua ai oc bang lo xo 6-6b: ieu chnh t ong o r cua ai oc bang kh nen

192

 ai oc hai na: s dung e ong hoac tach ai oc ra khoi vt me khi tien ren tren may tien ren vt van nang.
Hnh 67: ai oc hai na.

1 Vt me 2 ai oc hai na 3 a co ranh cong 4 Chot 5 Tay quay

d. Phng phap giam o bien dang cua vt me

l ln (vi l d chieu dai va d ng knh trong cua bac ). Phng phap nay cung ap dung cho vt me ngan ch co mot goi duy nhat va khi o ai oc c xem nh goi th hai. Nang cao o cng vng cua goi bang cach dung bac co t le Khong bo tr vt me ngoai than may ma bo tr vao trong than may e giam moment lat cua ban may hay ban xa dao trong mat phang nam ngang. Ket cau nay thng c s dung trong may tien ren chnh xac cao, may tien nang, may phay Dung goi treo phu cho nhng vt me qua dai va nang. Goi nay hoac la b ay i cung vi ban xa dao trong qua trnh di chuyen hoac la ch bao mot phan chu vi cua vt me. Trong trng hp th hai th ai oc cung phai c thiet ke ch bao mot phan cua vt me (hnh 6-8). Nhc iem cua ket cau nay la lc chay dao tac dung lech tam co xu hng uon cong truc vt me.

Hnh 6-8: Goi treo phu

193

3. Vat lieu vt me ai oc Vat lieu e che tao vt me, ai oc c la chon phu thuoc vao cong dung cua c cau, cap chnh xac va yeu cau ve nhiet luyen. Vat lieu dung cho vtme c e ngh nh sau: Vi vt me khong can nhiet luyen en o cng cao: dung thep 45, thep 50 hoac thep t ong A40. Vi vt me oi hoi bien dang nho, co o cng cao va o chnh xac cao dung nhng may mai: thng s dung thep dung cu ac biet XB hoac X (neu yeu cau o cng HRC = 5056) hoac thep 65 (neu HRC = 3545). Vi vt me co o chnh xac rat cao nh trong may doa toa o: nen dung thep dung cu Y10 va Y12. Che o nhiet luyen phu thuoc chat lng cua thep va o cng yeu cau. Nen dung nhng phng phap nhiet luyen khong tao bien dang ln nh toi cao tan. Ngoai ra, ngi ta con dung cac phng phap hoi phuc t nhien hoac nhan tao e kh ng suat d. Vat lieu dung cho ai oc c e ngh nh sau: Vi c cau yeu cau o chnh xac cao: dung ong thanh thiec 010-0,5 hoac 0C6-6,3. Vi c cau yeu cau o chnh xac trung bnh: co the dung gang chu mon. e tiet kiem kim loai mau, co the che tao ai oc ghep co 2 lp: ben ngoai bang thep hoac gang, ben trong bang kim loai mau. 4. Tnh toan vt me ai oc
a. Tnh toan theo o chu mon

o chu mon be mat ren c xac nh bang ap suat trung bnh p tren be mat lam viec cua ren: p=
Q. h [N/mm2] . d 2 . t 2 . L. z [p] (6-2)

Trong o: Q lc chay dao tac dung tren vt me [N] h bc ren [mm] d2 ng knh trung bnh cua ren [mm] t2 chieu cao lam viec cua ren [mm] L chieu dai cua ai oc [mm] z so au moi ren [p] ap suat trung bnh cho phep [N/mm2]

194

Do vt me cua may cong cu thng dung ren hnh thang (t2 = 0,5

L (chon = 2,5 3,5) nen ng knh trung bnh can thiet cua vt me se la: d2 d2 =
2Q = 0,8 . ' . [ p] Q ' . [ p]

h ) va at = z

[mm]

(6-3)

Ap suat trung bnh cho phep [p] (N/mm2) lay theo (bang 6-1) sau:
Bang 6-1

Vat lieu cua vtme va ai oc ac iem cua vtme Truc co ren chnh xac Truc co ren bnh thng
b. Tnh toan theo o on nh

Thep khong toi + Thep khong toi Thep toi + hp kim + ong thanh ong thanh
2

2 3 7 11

46 10 15

45

Can phai kiem tra vt me theo o on nh, tc la kiem tra theo o uon doc cua vt me khi chu tac dung cua lc chay dao Q neu ty so gia o dai chu anh hng uon l 10 doc truc l va ng knh trong d1 cua vt me ln ( > ), trong o v he so phu d2 v thuoc cach lap rap hai au truc va tnh chat phan bo noi lc tren ca chieu dai truc (bang 6-2). Kiem tra o on nh bang cach kiem tra he so an toan n khi uon doc theo ieu kien: n [n] (6-4) He so an toan cho phep [n] c chon nh sau:
n = 2,5 3 khi truc thang ng, khong co lc hng knh tac dung. n = 3,5 4 khi truc thang ng va co chu y en trong lng ban than. n

4 khi truc nam ngang va co chu y en trong lng ban than

Qe E.J min 2 .E.J min = = m. 2 Q (.l) .Q Q.l 2
2 2

He so an toan n c tnh theo cong thc: n=

vi m = (6-5)

he so phu thuoc cach lap rap hai au truc (bang 6-2).

195

Bang 6- 2

L/d ac iem lap au truc >3 Hai au la ngam hoan toan co nh 1 au ngam hoan toan, 1 au khong 1 au ngam hoan toan, 1,53 1 au khp ong 2 au khong ngam hoan toan
1,5

S o lap rap L l

m 4 2 2,82 2 2 1,8 2
2

v
1 2
1 2,8

1 2
1 1,8

Ca 2 au la khp ong

Theo cong thc Euler, lc nen ln nhat Qe co the dan en o uon doc la: Qe =
2 .E.J min

(.l) 2

[N]

(6-6)

Momen quan tnh can thiet cua tiet dien vt me: Jmin =
4 d1 n Q.l 2 . = 64 m E

[mm4]

(6-7)

Vi E modul an hoi [N/mm2] Vi vt me ren hnh thang: Jmin =

4 .d 1 64

d d . 0,375 + 0,625 2 0,01 2 + 3 2 d1 d1

4 .d 1 [mm4]

(6-8)

c. Kiem tra o cng vng

Bien dang cua bc ren h [mm] di tac dung cua lc keo hay nen Q [N] la:
hQ =

Q.h E.F

[mm]

(6-9)
2 .d1 [mm2]. 4

Trong o: F tiet dien tnh theo ng knh trong d1 cua ren , F = E modul an hoi cua vat lieu truc [N/mm2].

196

S thay oi bc ren h di tac dung cua momen xoan Mx trc va sau khi b xoan mot goc (hnh 6-9) c tnh nh sau:
hM
Hnh 6-9: S o khai trien bc ren trc va sau khi xoan r r

hM h

2r

hM = h V =

h. 2 2

(6-10)

x .h [mm] G.J

Jp momen quan tnh oc cc G moun an hoi trt.

x .h 2 hM = 2 G J [mm] (6-11)

Bien dang toan phan tren mot bc ren la: x .h 2 Q.h [mm] h = | hQ + hM | = + E.F 2 G J
4 2 d1 d1 Qh =F. va MX = ma G = 0,4E ; Jp = 32 8 2

(6-12) (6-13)

Trong o : =

tg tg( + )

goc nang cua ren.

goc ma sat, = arctg 6 80

Thay (6-13) vao (6-12):
2 Q.h 1 h h = . 1 + E.F 2 d 1

[mm]

(6-14)

197

Bang 6-3: Bang tr so bien dang cho phep cua bc ren vt me

Cap chnh xac cua ren 0 1 2 3 4

Sai so cho phep cua bc ren [m] Trong mot bc ren 2 3 6 12 25 Sai so ln nhat cua ren Tren o dai 25mm 2 5 9 18 35 100mm 3 6 12 25 50 300mm 5 9 18 35 70 > 300mm 7 12 23 45 90 Tren toan chieu dai cua truc 10 20 40 80 150

d. Kiem tra sc ben

Do vt me chu ket hp lc keo (hoac nen) va moment xoan nen phai kiem tra ieu kien ve ng suat tng ng t : t [t] (6-15) vi [t] ng suat tng ng cho phep, c lay theo ng suat gii han chay s cua vat lieu vt me: [t] 3 3,5 t =
Thay Mx =

+ 4

2 M Q + 4 x Kp F

[N/mm2]

(6-16)

3 d .d 1 Qh = F. 1 [mm3] vao (6-16): [Nmm] va Kp = 2. 16 4

h Q t = . 1 + 1,6 .d F 1

[N/mm2]

(6-17)

6.1.4. C cau vt me ai oc bi

1. ac iem Ton that ma sat t nen hieu suat cao, co the at t 90 95%. Lc ma sat gan nh khong phu thuoc vao van toc chuyen ong, do o am bao chuyen ong on nh nhng van toc nho.

198

 Hau nh khong co khe h trong moi ghep ren va co the tao ra lc cang cho trc, am bao o cng vng hng truc cao. V nhng u iem tren, vtme ai oc bi c s dung cho nhng may can co chuyen ong thang chnh xac nh may khoan, doa toa o va cac may ieu khien theo chng trnh so. 2. Ket cau

Hnh 6-10: S o ket cau cua vt me ai oc bi.

Gia cac ranh cua ai oc 1 va vt me 2, ngi ta at cac vien bi 3. V vay, bien ma sat trt tr thanh ma sat lan cua cac vien bi chuyen ong mot cach lien tuc. Nh mang nghieng 4 ma bi c dan t ranh cuoi ve ranh au. Ranh cua vt me va ai oc c che tao dang cung na vong tron hoac dang ranh vom (hnh 6-10b). e ieu chnh khe h cua vtme ai oc bi, ai oc kep c dung nh trong hnh 6-11: Gia cac ai oc 1 va 2, at cac vong cang 3. Khi siet chat vt 4, cac ranh cua hai ai oc se t sat vao be mat bi, kh c khe h gia vt me va ai oc ong thi con tao ra c lc cang ban au.

Hnh 6-11: C cau ieu chnh khe h cua vt me ai oc bi.

199

3. Tnh toan vtme ai oc bi Thng chon trc c cau vtme ai oc bi theo tieu chuan va kiem tra lai ieu kien tai trong tnh cho phep tren vt me: Q [Q] [N] (6-18) (6-19) Tai trong tnh cho phep tren vt me c tnh: [Q] = P.z. sin Vi: z so bi trong ai oc. goc tiep xuc gia bi va ranh, thng lay = 45o. P tai trong tnh cho phep tren 1 vien bi: P = 20.d2 [N] (6-20) Trong o: d ng knh bi [mm] (c chon theo tieu chuan) Hien nay, ngi ta con s dung c cau vtme ai oc thuy tnh. Nguyen ly lam viec cua c cau nay la ngi ta a dau vi ap suat p vao gia cac be mat ren cua vt me va ai oc. Lp dau nay nem vao be mat ren, lam cho chung khong co khe h.
u iem: truyen ong em, khong b mai mon, hieu suat truyen ong c nang cao (0,98 0,99). Nhc iem: he thong boi trn phc tap, yeu cau ve cong nghe che tao va lap rap rat khac khe.

C cau vtme ai oc thuy tinh c dung e di ong nhng bo phan may co tai trong ln.
6.1.5. C cau vi ong

C cau vi ong thc hien lng di ong nhng bo phan may vi van toc be trong cac c cau chuyen ong oi hoi s chnh xac va em (c cau thc hien lng chay dao cua may mai). e am bao cong dung tren, c cau vi ong phai am bao van toc chuyen ong ln hn van toc ti han Vt c tnh gan ung theo cong thc: Vt = . P . j.m [m/s] (6-21)

Vi hieu cua he so ma sat tnh va ong (bang 6-4). P lc tac dung thang goc len be mat song trt [N]. he so khuech tan tng oi cua nang lng khi dao ong(bang 6-4). j o cng vng cua truyen ong [N/m] m trong khoi cua bo phan di ong [Ns2/m]

200

e nang cao o em va chnh xac cua lng di ong be can phai giam van toc ti han Vt bang cach nang cao o cng vng truyen ong j va giam hieu so .
Bang 6-4

Vat lieu song trt Thep va gang Thep hoac gang va ong thanh Gang va chat deo 1. C cau dan n nhiet

0,1 0,12 0,05 0,06 0,1

1,0 0,5

lt

1 ong bang ong; 2 bac; 5 day ien tr; 6 goi t;

3 goi ; 7 lo xo;

4 u a mai; 8 vo cha dung dch lam nguoi

Hnh 6-12: C cau dan n nhiet Nguyen ly hoat ong: C cau dan n nhiet e thc hien lng chay dao cua a mai gom co mot ong bang ong 1 vi mot au lap vao bac 2 c co nh trong goi 3 va au con lai lap vao u a mai 4. Khi cho dong ien vao day ien tr 5, ong 1 b nung nong va dan n, ay u a mai 4 di chuyen theo chieu mui ten vi van toc c ieu chnh bang bien tr. en cuoi hanh trnh, u a cham vao goi t 6 a c ieu chnh v tr theo yeu cau, ay ong ve ben phai va ep vao lo xo 7.

Lng di ong cua au ong 1 c tnh bang: lt = . l . t vi he so n dai cua vat lieu ong nung nong l o dai ban au cua ong t gia so cua nhiet o.
u iem: di ong em, de ieu chnh lng di ong. Nhc iem: nhiet o lam anh hng en cac bo phan khong can thiet dan n lam no bien ong anh hng en o chnh xac gia cong.

(6-22)

201

2. C cau t giao
Hnh 6-13: S o c cau t giao

lm
Nguyen ly hoat ong: Thanh kim loai 1 lam bang vat lieu co tnh t giao (co hoac dan do tac dung cua t trng). Mot au cua thanh 1 c lap co nh, au con lai lap tren bo phan can di ong 2. Khi thay oi cng o dong ien trong day dan 3 th t trng quanh thanh kim loai se thay oi, khien o dai thanh kim loai b thay oi va lam bo phan 2 di ong.

o dan dai (hoac rut ngan) cua thanh kim loai bang: lm = . l Trong o: l o dai thanh kim loai o dan dai tng oi cua vat lieu t giao.
Nhc iem: hanh trnh cua c cau rat han che v tren thc te oi vi thanh co l = 100mm th lm = 6 7 m 6.2. C CAU CHUYEN ONG KHONG LIEN TUC 6.2.1. C cau banh coc con coc

(6-23)

1. ac iem va ket cau Thc hien chuyen ong khong lien tuc theo mot chieu va ngan can chieu chuyen ong con lai. c s dung trong c cau chay dao ngang cua may bao.

1 Con coc 2 Banh coc 3 He thong banh lech tam

Hnh 6-14: S o c cau banh coc con coc

202

Co 3 loai c cau banh coc con coc: Con coc an khp ngoai (6-14a), con coc an khp trong (6-14b) va con coc an khp mat au (6-14c). Chuyen ong c truyen t banh lech tam hoac c cau cam. Thong qua he thong on tac ong, con coc thc hien chuyen ong quay mot goc nhat nh va ay banh coc dch chuyen (hnh 6-15).

Hnh 6-15: ieu chnh c cau banh coc con coc

Cach ieu chnh chuyen ong khong lien tuc cua c cau: Thay oi goc quay cua can mang con coc bang cach dch chnh con trt B theo ranh hng tam tren a quay (hnh 6-15a) hoac theo ranh tren thanh ay (hnh 6-15b va c) Gi nguyen goc quay cua con coc nhng che bt mot so rang nhat nh cua banh coc nh mieng chan (1) e con coc vt len tren (hnh 6-16). Mieng chan c gi v tr theo yeu cau nh chot cua can (3) lap vao tam co nh (2). Cac dang rang cua banh coc thng c s dung (hnh 6-17): + Dang khong oi xng (a & b): banh coc quay mot chieu + Dang oi xng (c & d): banh coc lam viec 2 chieu

Hnh 6-16: Mieng chan banh coc

Hnh 6-17: Cac dang rang cua banh coc

203

2. Vat lieu Con coc va banh coc thng c che tao t thep 45 hoac 40X va nhiet luyen at Banh coc: HRC = 45 50 Con coc: HRC = 52 56. 3. Tnh toan So rang banh coc Z c xac nh t yeu cau cua xch truyen ong, thng chon Z = 12 250. Moun m cua banh coc c xac nh theo cong thc: m= P p. [mm] (6-24)

Trong o: P lc vong tac dung len banh coc [N] ty so gia be day banh rang b va moun m. Chon = b = 1 4. m

[p] ap suat cho phep tac dung len rang cua banh coc [N/mm]. Vi vat lieu la thep thong thng th p 200 N/mm; thep toi be mat: p = 400 N/mm. Thng moun m = 0,6 2,5mm e ng knh cua banh coc khong qua ln so vi kch thc cac bo phan truyen ong.
6.2.2. Ly hp mot chieu (ly hp sieu viet)

1. ac iem va cau tao Ly hp mot chieu c s dung trong may co chuyen ong chay dao nhanh, e co the thc hien chuyen ong chay dao va chuyen ong chay dao nhanh tren cung mot truc (nh trong may tien T620). Cau tao cua ly hp mot chieu gom co: 1 Vanh c che tao lien vi banh rang e nhan truyen ong t hop chay dao. 2 Loi nhan chuyen ong chay dao truyen cho truc trn. 3 Con lan hnh tru. 4 Lo xo ay con lan luon tiep xuc vao ranh hep gia vanh va loi. 3 4

Hnh 6-18: C cau ly hp mot chieu

204

2. Vat lieu Con lan: thep X15, 40X va toi at o cng HRC = 46 53. Loi truc va vanh ngoai: thep 15X hay 20X, tham than va toi at o cng HRC = 58 62. 3. Tnh toan Theo s o lam viec (Hnh IV-19), cac lc tac dung len con lan gom lc phap tuyen N1, N2 va cac lc ma sat 1N1 va N2 va lam cho con lan khong the di chuyen ve pha ben phai.
N1 1N1 r

2N2 N2 h

Hnh 6-19 : S o tnh toan ly hp mot chieu

Goc ma sat gia cac be mat tiep xuc la: 1 = arctg1 2 = arctg2 ieu kien e can bang la goc can thiet: min cos cos2min (6-25) vi min la tr so nho nhat gia 1 va 2 Neu biet h, se tnh c: co = h+r Rr cos2 min vi = 3 10o (6-26)

T o co the viet: h+r Rr (6-27)

Ban knh r cua con lan c xac nh t cong thc tren sau khi a chon trc h va R thch hp.
6.2.3. C cau Maltit

1. ac iem va ket cau

205

C cau maltit thng dung e quay c cau chap hanh vi goc quay khong oi nh cac ban may co nhieu v tr, au revolver, c cau cap phoi va truc chnh cua may t ong C cau maltit thng s dung la c cau an khp ngoai, co cac ranh hng knh phan bo eu. 2

Hnh 6-20: S o c cau maltit

3 1

a lech tam 1 luon quay vi van toc khong oi va truyen chuyen ong qua a maltit 2 nh chot lech tam 3. Chot nay khi ra khoi ranh th a maltit ngng lai. ng vi mot vong quay cua a lech tam ma a maltit se quay mot goc phu hp. Goc lech tam cua ranh va ng tam cua thanh truyen phai bang 90o th chot vao hoac ra khoi ranh mi c em, tranh c chan ong. C cau quay a maltit co the la thanh truyen, a chot, banh rang hoac banh vt co mang chot. 2. Vat lieu Chot co lap con lan: thep X15 va toi at o cng HRC = 59 63 hoac thep 20X tham than va toi at o cng HRC = 58 62. a maltit: thep 40X va toi at o cng HRC = 45 50. 3. Tnh toan Cac thong so can xac nh khi tnh toan c cau maltit la so ranh Z cua a maltit, so chot k va so vong quay n cua a lech tam. Goi 2 la goc tam cua a maltit, ta co 2 = 2 Z

Goc quay 2 cua chot lech tam trong hanh trnh lam viec:
) = 2 2 (Z 2 ) 2 se co: 2 = Thay 2 = Z Z
2 = 2(

(6-28)

206

Goc quay 2 cua chot lech tam trong hanh trnh chay khong:
2 = 2 2 = 2

(Z 2 ) (Z + 2 ) = Z Z

(6-29)

Goi tl thi gian lam viec cua a maltit [giay], tc la chot quay goc 2 t thi gian a maltit ng yen [giay], tc la chot quay goc 2 T thi gian cua toan bo chu ky [giay], tc la chot quay goc 2 Ta co: va V T =
t l 2 (Z 2 ) Z 2 = = = T 2 2Z 2Z t 2 (Z + 2 ) Z + 2 = = = T 2 2Z 2Z

60 nen : n Z2 Z 2 30 T= . tl = 2Z Z n Z+2 Z + 2 30 T= . t = 2Z Z n

[giay] [giay]

(6-30) (6-31)

T cong thc (6-30), do tl > 0 nen Z > 2 hay so ranh cua a maltit khong nho hn 3. Neu thi gian a maltit ng yen c cho trc, so vong quay n cua a lech tam c tnh: n= Z + 2 30 . Z t [v/ph] (6-32)

e giam so vong quay cua chot lech tam, tc la giam momen quan tnh xuat hien trong c cau truyen ong, ngi ta dung c cau maltit co nhieu chot lech tam. ieu kien e c cau maltit co the lam viec c la khi chot nay vao ranh th chot kia can phai ra khoi ranh, ngha la goc tam gia 2 chot ke tiep nhau phai thoa:
> 2 =

(Z 2 ) Z

(6-33) k > k
(Z 2 ) Z

Do cac chot phan bo eu nen: V k = 2 nen 2 > k tc la: kmax = 2Z Z2

(Z 2 ) 2Z hay k < Z Z2

(6-34)

207

C cau maltit cua may cong cu thng dung so chot nh trong bang sau: Z 2Z Z2 k 3 6 15 4 4 13 5 3 1 2 6 3 12 8 2 12 2

2 3

2 5

13

12

12

Ngoai ra nham tranh hien tng va ap khi lam viec, cac kch thc chnh cua c cau maltit can co moi quan he hnh hoc sau:
1 =

R = cos = 1 2 e Z

(2-35)

vi R ban knh cua a maltit tnh t v tr chot bat au vao ranh. Chieu dai cua ranh can lay ln hn tr so sau: h=r+Re h = e (sin
+ cos 1 ) Z Z

(2-36)
Hnh 6-21: S o thiet ke c cau maltit

e co the lap a lech tam len truc co goi hai ben, ng knh d cua truc can phai: d < 2f = 2(e R) = 2e (1 cos ) Z hay
d < 21 cos = 4 sin 2 e Z 2Z

(6-37)

ieu kien tng t cho ng knh cua truc e lap a maltit: dm < 21 sin = 4 sin 2 e Z 4 2Z
6.3. C CAU AO CHIEU 6.3.1. Yeu cau

(6-38)

C cau ao chieu trong may cong cu co the dung c kh, ien, thuy lc, kh nen hoac bang cac phng an ket hp. Viec chon c cau ao chieu thch hp phu thuoc vao yeu cau, mc o chnh xac, tnh cong nghe va tnh kinh te cua c cau ao chieu. Cac yeu cau c ban ma c cau ao chieu can phai ap ng la:

208

 Co kha nang truyen momen xoan ln nhat ca hai chieu chuyen ong ma thong thng cac momen xoan nay khong bang nhau. Ton that nang lng khi ao chieu phai nho nhat en mc co the, ac biet trong trng hp can ao chieu thng xuyen. Lc quan tnh phat sinh luc ao chieu khong lam mon qua nhanh cac chi tiet trong c cau ao chieu. Kch thc chung cua c cau ao chieu cang nho gon cang tot. Neu c cau ao chieu khong lam viec t ong, lc can thiet e ieu khien c cau ao chieu phai nho e giam met moi cho ngi ieu khien. Thoa man c yeu cau ve tan so ao chieu, thi gian cho viec ao chieu, o chnh xac ve v tr va thi iem ao chieu.
6.3.2. C cau ao chieu bang c kh

u iem: co ket cau kha n gian, co tnh kinh te cao. Co the ao chieu bat ky mot bo phan nao trong xch truyen ong cua may. Nhc iem: khi lam viec b va ap, thi gian ao chieu ln, lc quan tnh ln. Trong may cong cu thng s dung cac loai c cau ao chieu sau: 1. C cau ao chieu dung ai det
I I

a)

b) L

II

II

Hnh 6-22: C cau ao chieu bang ai det

Chuyen ong c truyen t truc I sang truc II nh mot day ai thang va mot day ai cheo gia 2 truc. Tac dung truyen ong tuy thuoc tng trng hp se do day ai thang hoac day ai cheo thc hien. Co 2 trng hp:
a. Dung puli lap long khong (hnh 6-22a)

Tren truc II co lap 4 puli, trong o 2 puli gia lap long khong. Khi tay gat v tr A, chuyen ong truyen t truc I sang II do day ai cheo thc hien. Khi tay gat v tr B, day ai thang se truyen chuyen ong va lam thay oi chieu cua truc II.

209

Nhc iem: mat ben cua ai mau mon do masat trong qua trnh gat va momen quan tnh cua cac puli tren truc II ln khi ao chieu. S dung kim loai nhe e che tao puli se giam c momen quan tnh nay.
b. Dung ly hp (hnh 6-22b)

Tuy v tr cua ly hp sang phai hoac sang trai ma chuyen ong cua truc II co chieu khac nhau, trong khi ai khong can phai di trt nen khac phuc c nhc iem cua loai tren. C cau ao chieu dung ai det chu yeu dung trong may bao ging co van toc nho. Trong cac may hien ai rat t dung v kch thc kha ln. 2. C cau ao chieu dung banh rang tru Dung e ao chieu gia hai truc song song vi nhau.
a. Dung banh rang di trt I

Z1

Z2 Z1
I

Z2

Z0

Hai truc quay cung chieu: i1 =

Z1 Z 0 Z . = 1 Z 0 Z3 Z3 Z2 Z3

Z0 Z3
II II

Hai truc quay ngc chieu: i2 =

Z3

Hnh 6-23: C cau ao chieu khong cung toc o dung banh rang di trt

Hai truc quay cung chieu:

I

Z1

Z2

Z1
I

Z2

Z0

i1 =

Z1 Z3 Z2 Z4

Hai truc quay ngc chieu: Z0 Z3

II

Z4

i2 =
II

e van toc cua truc II khong Z4 oi khi ao chieu th:

| i1 | | i2 | hay
Z1 Z 2 Z3 Z4

Z3

Hnh 6-24: C cau ao chieu cung toc o dung banh rang di trt

210

b. Dung ly hp

Dung cac loai ly hp (ly hp vau, ly hp ma sat, ly hp ien t ) thay cho banh rang di trt at co truc co so vong quay ln (truc chu ong) e khi ong c lam viec cac banh rang van co the ng yen. Dung ly hp vau (hnh 6-25) thch hp vi hop chay dao cua may cong cu co van toc nho, thi gian ao chieu ngan. Ly hp vau thng bo tr tren truc b ong II co so vong quay nho e de vao khp. Hnh 6-25a va c, so vong quay truc I va II khong bang nhau khi ao chieu

Hnh 6-25: C cau ao chieu dung ly hp vau

Vi hop toc o may tien revolver, may tien ren vt co van toc khi ao chieu truc chnh ln, tan so ao chieu cao thng dung ly hp ma sat (hnh 2-26). S dung ket cau trong hnh 6-26 b va c khi so cap toc o trong ng truyen thuan va khi ao chieu khong bang nhau.

Hnh 6-26: C cau ao chieu dung ly hp ma sat

Ly hp ma sat thng c bo tr truc chu ong I co so vong quay ln va moment xoan nho. Ngoai ra, bo tr ly hp truc chu ong I con co u iem la khi ly hp m du ong c van quay nhng tat ca cac banh rang eu ng yen khong quay.

211

c. Dung au ao chieu

a)

Z1 Z02

Z01
II

Z2 b)
I

Z1 Z02

Z01

II

Hnh 6-27: au ao chieu

Z2 Cac banh rang trung gian Z01, Z02 lap tren cac ranh cua mot tay gat co the quay quanh truc b ong II. Theo hnh 6-27a, truc I va II quay cung chieu vi t so truyen i1 =
Z Z1 Z 01 = 1 . Z2 Z 01 Z 2 Z1 Z 02 Z 01 Z . . = 1 Z 02 Z 01 Z 2 Z2

Theo hnh 6-27b, truc I va II quay ngc chieu vi t so truyen i2 =

Nhc iem chu yeu cua au ao chieu la o cng vng kem, boi trn kem do cac banh rang trung gian ch lap cong xon vao tay gat. Do o, ket cau nay ch dung trong cac may tien ren vt c nho. 3. C cau ao chieu dung banh rang con u iem: hai truc ao chieu co the tao vi nhau mot goc bat ky. Nhc iem: kch thc tng oi ln, lam viec on, che tao phc tap. C cau ao chieu dung banh rang con thng dung trong cac xch chay dao.

212

Hnh a: 2 truc I va II ong tam, hnh b: 2 truc I va II vuong goc, hnh c: 2 truc I va II hp nhau mot goc bat ky. Hnh a va b: so vong quay truc I va II bang nhau khi ao chieu. Hnh c, d, e, f: so vong quay truc I va II khong bang nhau khi ao chieu. Hnh 6-28: C cau ao chieu dung banh rang con

4. C cau ao chieu hanh tinh C cau nay co the va ao chieu va thc hien mot pham vi t so truyen vi gia tr bat ky. Hnh 6-29 la c cau ao chieu hanh tinh trong hop chay dao cua ban may phay. Chuyen ong c truyen t ai phang qua puli 1 va en truc vt me 2 theo 2 cach: Z3 Z2

Z4

Z1

e thc hien chuyen ong 3 chay dao cham khi lam viec, quay ai phang banh rang 4 theo chieu kim ong ho, lam ly hp vau L ong. Chuyen ong Hnh 6-29: C cau ao chieu hanh tinh truyen t puli qua c cau hanh tinh lam quay truc vt me vi toc o cham.

213

T so truyen iht cua c cau hanh tinh la:

Z iht = 1 Z 2 Z3 33 30 33 Z = + 30 32 = 32 4

(6-39)

Neu so vong quay cua puli la n [v/ph] th so vong quay cua truc vt me la: n 33 n1 = n(1 iht) = n(1 )= (6-40) 32 32 Nh vay, truc vt me se quay ngc chieu vi puli va cham hn puli 32 lan. e thc hien chuyen ong chay dao nhanh, quay banh rang 4 ngc chieu kim ong ho, a ma sat con 3 di ong sang trai, ly hp vau L m va ly hp ma sat con ong. Chuyen ong truyen trc tiep t puli qua truc vt me c lap chat vi a ma sat. Truc vt me se quay cung chieu vi puli va cung toc o n. 5. C cau ao chieu truc vt Tren truc chu ong I lap hai truc vt co ren trai chieu. Tuy thuoc vao viec ong ly hp ma sat con a hay b ma truc b ong II se co chieu quay khac nhau. Hai ly hp c thiet ke co tnh khoa lan nhau nen khong cho phep ong ca hai ly hp ong thi.
6.3.3. ao chieu bang ien

Truc vt ren phai

Truc vt ren trai

Hnh 6-30: C cau ao chieu truc vt

ao chieu bang ien la thc hien viec ao chieu mot c cau chap hanh bang cach ao chieu quay cua ong c ien trong xch truyen ong t ong c en c cau chap hanh o. Vi ong c ien khong ong bo 3 pha, truc ong c ao chieu khi thay oi cuon day cua hai pha bat ky, tc la lam thay oi th t cac pha va hng quay cua t trng stator. Vi ong c ien mot chieu, viec ao chieu c thc hien bang cach ao chieu dong ien trong cuon day kch thch, hoac ao chieu dong ien trong cuon day rotor. u iem:
C cau ao chieu n gian. Viec ieu khien ao chieu nhe nhang, nhanh va rat em. Co kha nang t ong hoa qua trnh ao chieu.

Nhc iem:
Lam ao chieu toan bo xch truyen ong trong khi thc te khong can ao chieu tat ca cac chi tiet ma ch can ao chieu mot bo phan rieng biet. Khong the s dung ao chieu bang ien trong trng hp tan so ao chieu qua ln.

214

ao chieu bang ien c s dung rat rong rai trong cac may cong cu c nho va trung vi tan suat ao chieu mc trung bnh.
6.3.4. ao chieu bang thuy lc

u iem:
Co kha nang at c tan so ao chieu rat cao (100 200 lan/phut). Thi gian ao chieu rat nho (t = 0,05 0,07s). o chnh xac ao chieu cao v quan tnh khi ao chieu nho.

Nhc iem:
Phai trang b he thong thuy lc phc tap va ton kem. Thch hp cho viec ao chieu chuyen ong thang.
6.3.5. Tnh momen ao chieu

e xac nh kch thc cac chi tiet cua c cau ao chieu, can tnh momen can thiet khi ao chieu. Qua trnh ao chieu gom hai giai oan: Giai oan ham: t van toc goc 1 giam xuong en 0. Giai oan tang toc: t 0 tang len en 2 theo chieu ngc lai. ao chieu
1

Thuan

Nghch Ham Tang toc

Hnh 6 -31: S o thay oi van toc khi ao chieu

Momen can thiet khi ao chieu c tnh theo cong thc: M = . [Nm]
2

(6-41)

Trong o: momen quan tnh cua khoi lng tang toc [Ns m]
gia toc goc [1/s2]

Gia toc trong cac chu ky ao chieu co the coi la mot hang so nen:
=
1 d = 2 t dt

(6-42)

215

vi:

1 van toc goc khi bat au ao chieu 2 van toc goc khi ao chieu ket thuc

t thi gian ao chieu Momen quan tnh tren truc cua chi tiet quay co khoi lng G [kg] la:
= mr2 =

G 2 r g

(6-43)

vi: g gia toc trong trng. r ban knh ngoai cua chi tiet quay.
he so hnh dang cua chi tiet quay ( = 0,5 0,8).
6.4. HE THONG IEU KHIEN 6.4.1. Chc nang va yeu cau

He thong ieu khien co the c thc hien bang c kh, ien, kh nen, thuy lc hoac tong hp vai loai vi nhau. Vi cac may van nang, thng dung he thong ieu khien c kh bang tay. ong thi e giam nhe viec ieu khien, ngi ta co the dung ket hp cac loai c e t ong dng may, t ong ong m ly hp, bm dau boi trn 1. Chc nang He thong ieu khien trong may cong cu co cac chc nang sau:
ong va m ong c ien cua may. ong, m cac ly hp e thc hien chuyen ong chnh, chuyen ong chay dao hoac chuyen ong ieu chnh cua may. Di chuyen cac khoi banh rang di trt nham thay oi toc o cua chuyen ong chnh, chuyen ong chay dao. Kep chat hoac thao m phoi, dung cu cat va cac o ga khac. Khoa chat hoac thao m cac chi tiet may (tru may, u ong, au khoan, au phan o ...) ong, m cac he thong boi trn va lam nguoi. ieu khien chu trnh lam viec cua cac he thong phu nh c cau cap phoi t ong, c cau phan o, tay may

2. Yeu cau
a. ieu khien an toan: He thong ieu khien phai am bao an toan tuyet oi cho ngi s dung va may. e e phong cac s co do ket cau cua he thong ieu khien hoac sai sot cua cong nhan, can phai ap dung mot so bien phap sau:

216

 Bo tr he thong ieu khien v tr thch hp, thuan li cho cong nhan trong qua trnh ieu khien. Cac c cau ieu khien phai nh v va co nh mot cach chac chan. Cac c cau ieu khien phai co tnh khoa lan e khong the ong thi ong hai hay nhieu chuyen ong khac nhau cua may nh c cau khoa lan cac ly hp trong chuyen ong chay dao cua may tien T620. oi vi cac may t ong, can co he thong en tn hieu cho biet tnh trang hoat ong cua may, ac biet la nut STOP e dng khan cap hoat ong cua may. Can co c han che hanh trnh chuyen ong cua cac bo phan may. Cac tay gat ieu khien phai at cach xa nhau mot quang u ln e tranh va cham nhau khi ieu khien. Cac nut an ieu khien ien can lam am vao be mat cua bang ieu khien. Bo tr cac c cau ieu khien (tay gat) phai de nh va phu hp vi cam giac cua con ngi. V du trong hnh 6-32, hng cua tay gat 1 trung vi hng di chuyen cua c cau chap hanh 2.

1
Hnh 6-32: Bo tr hng di chuyen cua tay gat va cua c cau chap hanh b. ieu khien nhanh va nhe nhang: Yeu cau nay nham muc ch giam thi gian ieu khien e tang nang suat lao ong. Cac bien phap can thiet la:

Lc can thiet e ieu khien phai nho (khong qua 80N, trong trng hp can ieu khien thng xuyen th lc nay khong qua 45N). e giam lc ieu khien, can tang chieu dai canh tay on cho c cau ieu khien hoac s dung he thong tr lc nh c cau ieu khien bang ien, bang ien kh nen, bang ien thuy lc. Dung c cau ieu khien bang ban ap thay cho ieu khien bang tay v lc tac ong cua chan ln hn cua tay. Kch thc va hnh dang chi tiet trong c cau ieu khien nh tay nam, tay gat, num van, nut bam phai lay theo tieu chuan. Bo tr cac chi tiet cua c cau ieu khien theo v tr thch hp ( gan v tr lam viec cua cong nhan, v tr tay thuan cua cong nhan ).
c. ieu khien tin cay va chnh xac:

217

o chnh xac cua viec ieu khien thay oi rat ln tuy thuoc vao ket cau cua he thong ieu khien va yeu cau cua viec ieu khien. Trong nhieu trng hp, o chnh xac la hang mm (nh ieu chnh v tr thang ng cua he thong can trong may khoan can, ieu chnh u ong may tien ) nhng cung co khi len en phan tram hoac phan ngan mm (nh ieu chnh v tr ban dao cua may doa, may mai ).
6.4.2. Cac phan t trong he thong ieu khien

Cac phan t trong he thong ieu khien thng co cac c cau chu yeu sau:
C cau ieu khien C cau truyen ong C cau chap hanh
Hnh 6-33: He thong ieu khien bang c kh

1 va 2 tay gat 3 va 4 cang gat 5 ngam gat

1. C cau ieu khien C cau ieu khien la c cau trc tiep nhan tn hieu ieu khien t nhng bo phan phat tn hieu nh tay hoac chan ngi ieu khien, c hanh trnh chuyen ong, mau chep hnh hoac cam ieu khien Cac chi tiet thng c s dung trong c cau ieu khien la cac chi tiet a c tieu chuan hoa nh cac loai tay gat, vo lang, num van, nut bam, cong tac (hnh 6-34) e nh v cac chi tiet ieu khien sau khi ieu chnh, co the s dung bi lo xo hoac bac lo xo nh hnh 6-35.

218

(c)

Hnh 6-34: Cac chi tiet trong c cau ieu khien

219

Hnh 6-35: Cac chi tiet nh v 1 Tay gat 2 Than may 3 Bi 4 Bac 5 Lo xo

2 5 4 3 1

2. C cau truyen ong C cau truyen ong la c cau truyen tn hieu a nhan c t c cau ieu khien en c cau chap hanh. No co tac dung thay oi phng, chieu chuyen ong cua c cau ieu khien thanh phng, chieu chuyen ong thch hp e tac ong vao c cau chap hanh. Ngoai ra no cung co tac dung thay oi lc ieu khien thanh lc tac ong u ln vao c cau chap hanh. Trong he thong ieu khien c kh, c cau truyen ong co the la:
Bo truyen c kh nh banh rang, truc vt banh vt, banh rang thanh rang Cac loai cam thung, cam a, cam mat au Cac loai cang gat, on bay, truc rut

Khi thiet ke c cau nay, can phai am bao 2 yeu cau:

Thc hien ung nguyen ly truyen ong e tao ra quy ao hoac chu trnh ieu khien theo yeu cau. Ket cau co u o cng vng khi he thong ieu khien lam viec.

3. C cau chap hanh C cau chap hanh la c cau trc tiep thc hien cac chuyen ong can thiet cho cac chi tiet c ieu khien. Cac chi tiet c ieu khien co the la cac khoi banh rang di trt, ly hp Cac chi tiet c s dung trong c cau chap hanh la c cau c kh (on bay, cang gat, ngam gat ).

Hnh 6-36: Cac chi tiet trong c cau chap hanh (1 cang gat, 2 ngam gat)

220

Cac cach lien ket cang gat vi chi tiet c ieu khien nh trong hnh 6-37

1 chi tiet c ieu khien 2 cang gat 3 ngam gat 4 vong gat

Hnh 6-37: Cac loai lien ket gia cang gat vi chi tiet c ieu khien 6.4.3. Cac he thong ieu khien bang c kh

He thong ieu khien bang c kh la he thong s dung cac chi tiet, bo phan, cac khau c ieu khien bang c kh. Thong thng khau au cua xch ieu khien trong he thong ieu khien bang c kh co chuyen ong vong nh vo lang, tay quay, tay gat truyen chuyen ong en cac chi tiet can ieu khien nh ly hp, khoi banh rang di trt co chuyen ong thang bang nhng c cau nh on bay, thanh rang, truc vt, cam, banh rang Tren may cong cu thng s dung mot so he thong ieu khien bang c kh nh:

221

6.4.3.1. He thong ieu khien rieng re

1. C cau quat rang thanh rang

Khi quay quat rang 1, thanh rang 2 se tnh tien theo chieu mui ten (hnh 6-38a). Chi tiet can ieu khien c lap co nh tren thanh rang 2 hoac thong qua ngam gat 3 nen se di chuyen theo chieu tng ng. 3 2 2 3

Hnh 6-38: C cau ieu khien bang quat rang thanh rang

e c cau de che tao, de thay the hn, ngi ta thay thanh rang bang canh quat co 2 chot 4 (hnh 6-38b). Cac tnh toan can thiet cua c cau la:
Bc 1: Xac nh chieu dai hanh trnh gat L (tc la lng di chuyen can thiet cua chi tiet c ieu khien). Bc 2: Tnh goc quay cua cang gat theo cong thc:

L = Rsin

= arcsin

L R

(6-44)

vi R ban knh cua cang gat (c chon theo khong gian bo tr c cau ieu khien).

222

L b c

a)

R
b)

L = 2(b + c)

L = 3(b + c)
Hnh 6-39: Xac nh chieu dai hanh trnh gat L

Neu tay gat c bo tr truyen ong trc tiep vi cang gat th cung chnh la goc quay cua tay gat. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu trng hp e giam lc ieu khien tay gat, e cho goc quay cua tay gat u ln hoac do chi tiet c ieu khien cach xa tay gat, ngi ta bo tr mot bo truyen banh rang co t so truyen giam toc igt gia tay gat 1 va cang gat 2 (hnh 6-40). T so truyen igt c tnh nh sau: igt =
cg a c . = b d tg

(6-45)

vi cg goc quay cua cang gat tg goc quay cua tay gat e de tnh so rang cua banh rang, co the chon trc t so truyen igt va tnh lai goc quay cua tay gat tg.

2 c a
tg

cg

d b 1

Hnh 6-40: Bo banh rang giam toc trong c cau ieu khien

223

2. C cau ngam gat

Hnh 6-41 la loai c cau ngam gat dung trong trng hp chieu dai hanh trnh gat L ngan. Khi L ln, can dung them bo truyen banh rang thanh rang. Banh rang 2 lap tren truc cua tay gat 1 con thanh rang 3 lap vao song trt 4 ma song trt nay c co nh vao than may 5. Ngam gat 6 c lap co nh vi thanh rang va cung di chuyen vi thanh rang (hnh 6-41b). 2
b) a)

3 1 4

c) Hnh 6-41: C cau ngam gat

C cau ngam gat tap trung (hnh 6-42) s dung cac tay gat 1 va 2 cung lap tren mot truc nhng oc lap vi nhau e di chuyen nhng khoi banh rang 3 va 4 theo nhng hng tng ng.

Hnh 6-42: C cau ngam gat tap trung

224

3. C cau vt me ai oc

Hnh 6-43: C cau ieu khien dung truc vt me co bc ln

C cau vt me ai oc dung e ieu khien cac chuyen ong chnh xac. Neu ket hp vi cac bo truyen giam toc khac nh truc vt banh vt, banh rang hanh tinh c cau nay co the thc hien cac chuyen ong ieu chnh rat nho en phan ngan mm. Lng di ong rat nho nay dung e ieu chnh lng chay dao cua may mai hoac cac may chnh xac khac. u iem cua c cau vt me ai oc la co kha nang tao ra lc ln cuoi xch truyen ong nen c dung e dch chuyen cac bo phan may nang. Trong trng hp can lng dch chuyen ln nhng khong co yeu cau o chnh xac cao, ngi ta dung truc vt me co bc ren ln (hnh 6-43). 6.4.3.2. He thong ieu khien tap trung He thong ieu khien rieng re co cac nhc iem sau: khong thuan tien khi hoat ong, chiem khong gian nhieu va thi gian ieu khien ln. e khac phuc, ngi ta s dung he thong ieu khien tap trung (thng ch co mot tay gat) nhng co kha nang ieu khien nhieu bo phan may. Nhc iem cua c cau ieu khien tap trung la ket cau phc tap, che tao va lap rap kho khan, gia thanh at.
1. He thong ieu khien co mot tay gat

Nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong ieu khien co mot tay gat (hnh 6-44) nh sau: Tay gat 3 co the quay trong mat phang nam ngang cung vi truc 4 hoac quay trong mat phang thang ng chung quanh chot 1.

225

Khi tay gat 3 quay trong mat phang nam ngang, banh rang 10 (c che tao lien vi truc 4) an khp vi thanh rang co ngam gat 11 se di chuyen khoi banh rang ba bac 12 sang phai hoac trai doc theo truc 9. Neu tay gat 3 quay trong mat phang thang ng, truc 4 se chuyen ong len xuong lam thanh rang vong 8 quay banh rang 7 cung vi truc 6. Ngam gat 14 lap co nh tren truc 6 se ay khoi banh rang hai bac 13 di trt tren truc 5. Sau ranh tren tam dan hng 2 tng ng vi 6 cap toc o at c cua khoi banh rang ba bac va khoi banh rang hai bac. Khi tay gat v tr gia (khong lot vao bat ky ranh nao), ca hai khoi banh rang v tr trung gian (khong an khp).

Hnh 6-44: He thong ieu khien co mot tay gat

226

2. He thong ieu khien dung cam thung

47
I

53
b

35
a

41

58
II a)

70 52
c

30

64 23

III

52

74

L d

102

IV

35 Ngam gat
b)

Truc trt

Cam thung

Hnh 6-45: S o ong va he thong ieu khien dung cam thung

Theo s o ong, hop toc o cua may phay co so cap toc o Z = 4.2.2 = 16. e thay oi cac toc o cua truc chnh, can ieu khien 3 khoi banh rang di trt a, b, c va mot bo ly hp d. Muon ve c cac ranh ieu khien cua cam thung, can phai da vao li ket cau (hnh 6-46) e xac nh v tr cua cac khoi banh rang di trt khi thc hien cac so vong quay t n1 en n16.

n0 Khoi a i1 i2 Khoi c i5 Khoi d i7 n1 i4 i3 i6 i8 n16 Khoi b

Hnh 6-46: Li ket cau

227

N n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 n10 n11 n12 n13 n14 n15 n16

T so truyen
35 70 41 64 47 58 53 52 35 70 41 64 30 23 74 102 30 74 30 74 30 74 23 102 23 102 23 102 23 102 23 102 23 102

V tr cac khoi di trt a Trai P 0 0 T P 0 0 T P 0 0 T P 0 0 b 0 0 T P 0 0 T P 0 0 T P 0 0 T P c Phai P P P T T T T P P P P T T T T d Phai P P P P P P P T T T T T T T T

Khai trien ranh ieu khien a b c d

52 52 52 52 47 52 58 52

35 70 41 64

53 52 23 52 52 102 30 74 74 51 30 74 74 51 47 58 53 52 30 74 30 74 52 52 74 51 74 51 74 51

35 70 41 64

52 23 52 102 47 52 74 58 52 51 53 52 74 52 52 51

Cac kch thc x, y, z c chon theo ng knh va be rong cua con lan. o nang cam h bang vi hanh trnh gat, ngha la : h = L (6-46)

228

Hnh 6-47: Ket cau cua he thong ieu khien dung cam thung 3. He thong ieu khien dung cam mat au

Ngi ta co the thay cam thung bang cam mat au co kch thc be day nho, ong thi ca hai mat cua cam eu co the che tao thanh nhng ranh cam khep kn (hnh 6-48). Theo hnh 6-49, phng an khong gian cua hop toc o la Z = 4.2.1.2 = 16 cap toc o. Cam 1 se ieu khien hai khoi banh rang di trt c va d vi hai ranh cam hai mat ben cua a. Cam 2 se ieu khien hai khoi banh rang di trt a va b tren cung mot ranh cam vi hai con lan a va b at lech nhau mot goc 1800. Cach ve bien dang cam cung tng t trng hp dung cam thung.
Hnh 6-48: Ket cau cua he thong ieu khien dung cam a

229

o nang cam h c tnh bang cong thc: h = r1 r2 = a .L b (6-47)

vi a va b la chieu dai canh tay on.

a h r1 r2

b) Hnh 6-49: He thong ieu khien dung cam mat au a) 4. He thong ieu khien dung khp tuy ong

Tay gat co khp tuy ong co the quay trong mot hay nhieu mat phang. u iem cua loai nay la khi thay oi toc o khong can phai qua cac toc o trung gian. Hnh 650 minh hoa nguyen ly lam viec cua loai nay. Hai khoi banh rang di trt 7 va 8 an khp vi 4 banh rang co nh tren truc b ong 12. Hai khoi banh nay co the di chuyen doc truc qua hai ngam gat 6 va 9, trong o ngam gat 6 lap tren truc 5 con ngam gat 9 lap tren truc 10. Hai truc nay cung vi cac ngam gat co the di chuyen nh tay gat 1 lap tren than may vi khp tuy ong hnh cau 2.

230

au tay gat co bi cau 3 e vao khp trong cac ranh cua khoi 4 va 11. Khi tay gat quay, no se mang cac truc cung vi ngam gat di chuyen sang phai hay trai va ieu khien khoi banh rang di trt tng ng. He thong nay co tnh khoa lan, ngha la khong the cho hai cap banh rang an khp ong thi. Khi tay gat v tr trung gian (cac banh rang ra khp), hai truc 5 va 10 v tr gia va hai ranh 4 va 11 nam oi dien nhau. Khi o, vien bi 3 co the vao ranh 4 hay 11 e ieu khien truc 5 hay truc 10 di chuyen. Nhng khi a co mot cap banh rang an khp th hai ranh nay lech nhau (do a co mot truc di chuyen) nen au tay gat khong the dch t ranh nay sang ranh khac c. Muon sang ranh khac, ch co cach a tay gat ve v tr trung gian e hai ranh 4 va 11 nam oi dien nhau. V vay, ch co the cho mot cap banh rang an khp nhau ma thoi.

Hnh 6-50: He thong ieu khien dung khp tuy ong

5. He thong ieu khien dung a lo

Nguyen ly lam viec cua he thong (hnh 6-51) nh sau: Khi keo tay gat 26 theo chieu mui ten a, chuyen ong truyen qua c cau quat rang 25 thanh rang 7 va ngam gat 24 ay truc 23 theo chieu c lam cho cac a lo 21, 22 ri khoi hai truc 20. Sau o quay vo lang 1 en toc o can thiet cho tren bang 2. Chuyen ong nay truyen qua bo banh rang con 8 10, truc 9 va lam quay hai a lo mot goc nhat nh. Tiep theo, ay tay gat 26 theo chieu mui ten b e cac a lo di chuyen vao theo chieu mui ten d. Do v tr cac lo a thay oi nen cac a lo se ay cac truc 20 di chuyen doc truc. Chuyen ong nay truyen qua cac truc 11 18, banh rang 17 16, thanh rang 12 ti ngam gat 15 lam cho khoi banh rang 3 bac 14 di chuyen doc truc 13 en v tr an khp can thiet.

231

Hnh 6-51: He thong ieu khien dung a lo

3 Za
a)

3 Za 4 1 2 5 Z '3 h Z2
b)

3 Za 4 1 2 5
c)

4 Zb

1 2 5

Zb Z2 Z1 Z3

Zb

Z3 Z '3

' Z1 L

Z '2

Z '2

Hnh 6-52: Nguyen ly gat cua he thong ieu khien dung a lo

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Nguyen ly gat cua cac a lo c giai thch trong hnh 6-52:

Hnh 6-52a: Khoi banh rang 3 bac v tr ben trai, Z1 an khp vi Z1

Hnh 6-52b: Khoi banh rang 3 bac v tr gia, Z2 an khp vi Z2 Hnh 6-52c: Khoi banh rang 3 bac v tr ben phai, Z3 an khp vi Z3

Chieu dai hanh trnh gat L khi chuyen t v tr nay sang v tr khac c tnh:
h Za = L Zb

(6-48)

Neu Za = Zb th h = L He thong ieu khien khong khuech ai. Trng hp nay co the khong can banh rang Zb va thanh rang 5, khi o ngam gat c lap trc tiep vao thanh rang 3 hoac 4. Mot so dang khac cua he thong ieu khien nay cho trong hnh 6-53

Hnh 6-53: Cac dang khac cua he thong ieu khien dung a lo 6.5. C CAU AN TOAN

Khi thiet ke may, can chu y en van e bao ve an toan cho cong nhan cung nh bao ve may trong qua trnh hoat ong.

233

Cac c cau an toan trong may cong cu co the chia lam ba nhom chnh:
C cau khoa lan C cau han che hanh trnh C cau phong nga qua tai
6.5.1. C cau khoa lan

C cau khoa lan can am bao:

Tranh viec an khp ong thi cua hai hay nhieu cap banh rang trong cung mot nhom truyen ong banh rang di trt. Tranh thc hien ong thi hai chuyen ong xung ot nhau ve mat ong hoc. V du nh can ngan can thc hien ong thi chuyen ong cua truc trn va truc vt me doc tren may tien van nang. Vi may khoan can, can ngan can thc hien ong thi chuyen ong tnh tien theo phng thang ng cua truc chnh va chuyen ong ngang cua hop truc chnh doc theo can. Hoat ong ieu khien ch c thc hien theo mot trnh t xac nh va trong mot so trng hp, con can phai co tng quang thi gian nhat nh gia cac bc trong trnh t o.

C cau khoa lan co the hoat ong theo cac nguyen ly khac nhau nh c kh, ien, thuy lc hoac ket hp cac nguyen ly o. C cau c kh c s dung rong rai nhat v co ket cau n gian. 1. C cau khoa lan gia hai truc song song (hnh 6-54) Ca hai a khoa 1 va 2 eu khong tron ma co cung lom. v tr a, ca 2 a eu co the quay bi cac tay quay tng ng. v tr b, a 1 co the quay lam cho truc I quay e ieu khien mot ngam gat nao o di chuyen nhng a 2 b khoa nen truc II khong the xoay. v tr c th ngc lai.

Hnh 6-54: C cau khoa lan gia hai truc song song

2. C cau khoa lan gia hai truc vuong goc (hnh 6-55) Cac a khoa 1 va 2 co xe ranh nen ch cho phep mot trong hai a quay c

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2
Hnh 6-55: C cau khoa lan gia hai truc vuong goc

3. C cau khoa lan chuyen ong tnh tien (hnh 6-56) Hnh 6-56a ch cho phep mot trong hai ngam gat 3 hoac 4 di chuyen theo phng song song khi thanh rang 1 hoac 2 an khp vi banh rang. Hnh 6-56b ch cho phep chi tiet chuyen ong mot trong hai phng vuong goc nhau.

a)

b) Hnh 6-56: C cau khoa lan chuyen ong tnh tien

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