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Review Questions -

“DNA” (KEY)

1.Before 1952, __

_protein

_______ molecules and ___

DNA

_______ moleculeswere suspected of housing the genetic code.2.The two scientists who assembled the clues to DNA structure and produced thefirst model were ___

Watson

_______ and ___

Crick

_______.3.Summarize the research carried out by Miescher, Griffith, Avery and colleagues,and Hershey and Chase; state the specific advances made by each in theunderstanding of genetics.

Johann Friedrich Miescher

discovered nucleic acids in 1868.Named them “nuclein”.

Fred Griffith (1928)

was working with S (pathogenic)

and R (nonpathogenic) strains of a pneumonia-causing bacterium.He performed four experiments summarized here:a.Inject mice with R cells; mice lived. b.Inject mice with S cells; mice died; blood samplescontained many live S cells.c.S cells were heat-killed then injected into mice; micelived.d.Live R cells plus heat-killed S cells were injected intomice; mice died; live S cells were found in the blood.Some substance from the S cells had transformed the Rcells.

Both proteins and nucleic acids werecandidates

Oswald and Avery (1948)

showed that the substance wasDNA

Hershey and Chase (1950)

proved which of these was thehereditary material (

It was the nucleic acid

). They usedradio-isotopes to follow the course of DNA and proteinsin infected bacteria cells.

4.Viruses called __

bacteriophages

________ were used in early researchefforts to discover the genetic material.5.Summarize the specific research that demonstrated that DNA, not protein,governed inheritance.

Confirmation of DNA Function1.Viruses called bacteriophages use bacterial cells forreproduction.2.Because they consist of only a protein coat and a nucleicacid core, these viruses were used in experiments byHershey and Chase to prove which of these was thehereditary material (It was the nucleic acid).

a.35S-labeled proteins in the bacteriophage coat did notenter the bacteria and thus were not participating inproviding directions for new virus assembly. b.32P-labeled DNA in the viral core did enter the bacteria and direct new virus assembly.

6.Draw the basic shape of a deoxyribose molecule and show how a phosphate groupis joined to it when forming a nucleotide. Limit to no more than six nucleotidesand their compliments.

Sugar –phosphate bonds

7.Show how each nucleotide base would be joined to the sugar-phosphatecombination drawn in objective 6.

See above

8.DNA is composed of double-ring nucleotides known as __

purines________

and single-ring nucleotides known as _

pyrimidines

________; the two purines are _____

adenine

_____ and _

guanine_________,

while the two pyrimidines in DNA are __________ and __________.9.Assume that the two parent strands of DNA have been separated and that the basesequence on one parent strand is A-T-T-C-G-C; the base sequence that willcomplement that parent strand is _

T-A-A-G-C-G

_________.10.List the pieces of information about DNA structure that Rosalind Franklindiscovered through her x-ray diffraction research.

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction techniques toproduce images of DNA molecules.a.DNA exists as a long, thin molecule of uniformdiameter. b.The structure is highly repetitive.c.DNA is helical.