Phi bo dng b tng nh th no mi ?

Mi ngi trong cng nghip b tng u bit r tm quan trng ca bo dng b tng v s dng nhiu cht liu v sn phm bo dng, th d nh cc mng cht do, hoc cc chn vi bng bo ho nc thc hin vic bo dng. Cc quy nh bo dng tt s to ra cho b tng c c nhng tnh nng cao nh: - Tng chng thm nc v bn lu. - Cng hn, b mt chu mi mn tt hn. - Cng cao hn. - Bo v ct thp tt hn do hn ch chiu su ccbont ho, gip cho duy tr pH ca b tng mc cao hn, bi vy h xi mng thm t hn cc cht clorua gy n mn ct thp. Phi bo dng nh th no c ngha l thu ho xi mng nh th no l , b tng c c cc tnh nng v bn lu p ng c mi yu cu ca d n. iu ny ngha l phi xc nh c s thu ho ph hp, vn thc l kh, tuy nhin cc nh thch hc c th xc nh c khi no b tng bo dng xong. Nguyn l c bn. Khi nc trn vi xi mng pooclng, n xm nhp vo khong khng gia cc ht xi mng. Khi qu trnh thu ho din ra, mt t nc bay hi, mt lng khc tham gia thu ho to ra cc sn phm thu ho hoc cc hydrat. Ngng thu ho khi cc khong khng cha nc c lp y bng cc sn phm hydrat hoc khi nc khng th kt hp thm c na. Hn hp b tng c t l N/X thp c khng gian cha nc t hn, khin cho n dng nh c lng hydrat lp dy cc khong khng cha nc. T l N/X ti thiu bng 0,35 0,40 cn thit cho thu ho cc ht xi mng. Cc hn hp c t l N/X cao hn, cc hydrat xi mng khng th lp y cht cc khng gian cha nc, li cc l rng nh trong cu trc b tng. Khi N/X cng cao, th cu trc b tng cng yu v co ngt kh cng ln. Khi no thu ho ph hp? Hon thnh thu ho v thu ho ph hp l hai khi nim khng ging nhau. Mc d v mt l thuyt c th (nhng trn thc t khng th) thu ho tt c xi mng trong hn hp, kt qu thu c b tng khng theo mun, b tng thng gin c moun n hi cao, ngha l d b nt. H xi mng ny gin bi v c cha nhiu ht xi mng cha thu ho , bnh thng chng c tc dng nh cc ht ct liu vi m, chng khng th ngn chn co ngt v cn gy ra ng sut co ngt kh. Bi vy, hon thnh thu ho (trn thc t l khng th) r rng l khng ph hp. Khi xem xt cc sn b tng cng nghip c hon thin bng cc bn xoa mnh thy rng: B mt sn c m vi chc cao v c, bi v hu ht khng kh v mt phn
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nc b tch ra trong qu trnh m. Kt qu l h xi mng trn b mt sn c t l N/X rt thp, bi vy thu ho din ra chm v khng nc tip tc thu ho xi mng v sn phm thu ho lp y cc phn khng gian cha nc. S ln cc ht xi mng thu ho tc ng nh cc ht bt mu, to ra b mt b tng c mu en hn. Nhng b mt b tng ny cng hn so vi cc phn b tng khc, bi vy cc tnh nng v tui th ca b mt tng mnh. Mt phn v h xi mng c hn, v nhiu ht xi mng thu ho ng vai tr nh cc vi ct liu cng. Bi vy, trn mt sn, mc d lng xi mng thu ho tng i thp, nhng cc tnh nng vn tng mnh, mc d thu ho xi mng cn lu mi kt thc, nhng ph hp. H xi mng cu to gm cc ht xi mng , nc v cu to khung sinh ra bi cc sn phm thu ho xi mng. Khi cc hydrat v h c cng, khong khng cha nc c lp y dn bng cc sn phm thu ho. Mc lp y khong khng ph thuc vo lng nc trong hn hp. Khi cho qu nhiu nc vo b tng khi mi c trn, th khng gian cha nc c lp y bng cc sn phm thu ho. Nhng ngay c trong nhng iu kin thu ho tt nht (bo dng thc t tt nht), th cc sn phm thu ho cng khng lp cht cc khong khng cha nc, bi vy h xi mng c to ra yu, rng, thm nc v cng thp. Kh nng chng mi mn km, cc tnh cht khc nh bn lu km, co ngt kh tng ln. Bi vy, ngay c khi xi mng thu ho tng i ton vn hn vi t l N/X cao, th cc sn phm thu ho cng khng , bi vy cng cha t ti trng thi thu ho ph hp. B tng c t l N/X thp hn c th biu hin tt hn, ngay c vi s thu ho t hn, bi v cc sn phm thu ho xi mng lp y cc khong khng cha nc. Thu ho ngng khi cc khong khng cha nc c lp y cc sn phm thu ho, khin cho b tng c hn v khng thm nc. S thu ho ph hpc th t c vi iu kin bo dng tt. Nu thu ho ngng, th d do s mt nc nhanh trn b mt (bo dng) km, khi cc ht xi mng trn khu vc b mt khng th thu ho, v b khung cu trc ca h c mt lng nh cc sn phm thu ho mi hnh thnh lp vo, cn rt yu. iu cho php cacbon hydroxyt ngoi khng kh xm nhp vo h xi mng cn yu v cacbonat ho su hydroxyt canxi v cc hydrat xi mng khc c mt. Cc sn phm cacbonat ho ny bao quanh cc ht xi mng, ngn khng cho chng thu ho mi mi. S bo dng b sung cng khng khc phc ni tnh trng ny, bi v nc khng th xm nhp qua mng cacbonat bc quanh cc ht xi mng. Bi vy, mt lng ln cc ht xi mng cha thu ho trong trng hp ny l khng c li, bi v thu ho cn cha ph hp. nh gi s bo dng ph hp. Khi cc nh thch hc c yu cu xc nh xem b tng bo dng ph hp cha, th h c mt s phng php tip cn. Trn b mt mu, h kim tra c hai ch tiu cng v su cacbonat ho, gip cho h kt lun c t l N/X . Tui ca b tng cng to ra s khc nhau. Vi cng t l N/X , b tng c tui lu hn thng cacbonat ho nhiu hn. Cc nh thch hc cng thng ch ti cc tnh cht nh cng v hp th ca h xi mng. Mu trn b mt so vi mu ca ton ma trn xi mng cng c xc nh. B
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mt mu xm m hn thng biu hin lng ht xi mng cha thu ho nhiu hn. iu ny c th xy ra do xoa b mt mnh hn, hoc bo dng cha t, hoc khi lng nc thot ra khi b mt b tng qu nhanh (bo dng cha ph hp). Kt qu b mt b tng c th tr nn xp v d v vn, v nc d dng ht vo b mt, lp y cc khong trng m ng ra phi c lp y bng cc sn phm thu ho. Khi hon thin trc lc ngng chy nc, hoc khi nc c cung cp cho b mt, th trn b mt b tng t l N/X cao hn v mu nht hn, mm d ht nc v thng km bn hn. B mt mm dn ti b bo mn nhanh h xi mng, bi vy cc ht ct liu d l ra trn b mt b tng. C nhiu v d v b tng bo dng khng hon ho, nhng tnh nng nh bn lu cng khng b nh hng. Vic kim tra thch hc trn cc b mt cc loi b tng ny cho thy s thu ho xi mng khng b nh hng bi thiu bo dng v vn ph hp. iu ny c ngha l iu kin mi trng khng khc nghit nh s kh din ra bnh thng, s thot hi nc t tm b tng tng i chm. Ngha l, m tng i phn trn cng l ca b tng vn mc cao hn 80% trong thi gian lu thu ho xy ra ph hp. (Thu ho xi mng s ngng khi m tng i trong b tng thp hn 80%). Khi no th b tng bo dng mt cch l tng? Khng th tr li cu hi ny bng vic kho st trc tip b tng ngoi hin trng. Mt cu tr li n gin l b tng c bo dng ph hp khi cc tnh nng ca n p ng theo tiu chun. Nhng v mt l thuyt th bo dng ph hp l khi cho thm mt lng nc chnh xc vo hn hp b tng v duy tr bo dng trong sut qu trnh cc hydrat xi mng c th lp y cc khng gian m trc nc chim ch (hydrat khng lp y cc l rng cha khng kh, cc mao mch hoc l rng gel). i n kt lun ny, trc ht cn phi thit k hn hp b tng tt vi t l N/X ng n (khong gn 0,40) v sau tin hnh bo dng mt cch hon ho. Nu lm ng nh vy th kt qu phn tch thch hc cng s phn nh c rng b tng c bo dng gn vi mc l tng.

(Ngun tin: T/C Nh thu v th trng xy dng, s 1, 2 /2005).