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Mathematics T & S
Partial fractions Rules for solving partial fractions: 1.Improper fractions: Convert it into proper fractions before applying any partial fractions rules. Proper fraction : Degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator. Examples a) b)
x 1 ( x + 5)( x 6) 3 4 x ( x + 2)
Improper fraction : Degree of numerator is less than or equal to the degree of denominator. Examples a)
x3 2 ( x + 1) ( x 5) x2 x ( x + 1)
b)
2.Rule 1 If the algebraic function is an improper fraction, use the long division method to divide until the degree of numerators is less than that of the denominator. Question 1 Convert each of the following into proper fractions. 3 x2 (a) ( x 1)( x + 2) (b) x3 ( x 1)( x + 5)
3.Rule 2 Denominator with linear factor. For every linear factor on the denominator, the corresponding partial fraction is of the form , where A is a constant. Question 2 Express as partial fractions for: 4x (a) (5 x 1)( x + 2)
A ax + b
-1-
By KKH
3 x 1 ( x +1)( x 1)
Mathematics T & S
Simplify
x x 16
2
Rule 3 Denominator with a repeating linear factor. For denominator with linear factor (ax + b) which repeat r times, then the partial fraction will be of the form:
4.Rule 4 Denominator with quadratic factor. 2 For every quadratic factor (ax + bx + c) in the denominator, the partial fraction can be expressed in the form Note 1 Dont use Rule No. 4 if the denominator with quadratic or higher degree factors which can be factorised into linear factors. Factorised it into linear factors and applied Rule No. 2. Example: 1 1 = ( x + 2)( x 2 + 3 x 4) ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 1)
Ax + B ax + bx + c
2
A1 A2 Ar + + ..... + 2 ax + b ( ax + b) (ax + b)r 2x + 1 For instance, the partial fraction for can be x (3 x 8)3 A B C D + + + expressed as ; that 2 x (3 x 8) (3 x 8) (3 x 8)3
is
2x + 1 x (3 x 8)3
Question 3
A B C + + 2 x (3 x 8) (3 x 8)
D + (3 x 3 8)
A x +2
B x+4
C x 1
[ x + 3x 4 can be factorised into (x + 4)(x 1), hence it cannot be consider as quadratic factor] Question 4
-2-
By KKH
3x in partial fraction. x 8
3
Exercise Express the following in partial fractions: x 8 1. ( x + 1)( x 2) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
2x x2 1 5x + 7 x 2 + 2x 3 5x 2x + 1 x3 1+ x 2 x (1 x )
2
3 x + 13 ( x + 3)( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3)( x + 1)
6+ x x ( x + 2)( x 2 + 2)
4
x +x ( x 1)( x 2 + 1)
2
11x 2 x 2 60 8 x 3 + 27 3 4x x 1+ x 3
2 2
[2005P1.11(a)] 22. Find the constants A , B , C and D such that C D 3x 2 + 5 x A B = + + + (1 x 2 )(1 + x)2 1 x 1 + x (1 + x) 2 (1 + x)3 [8 marks][2007.P1.7] 5. Given f(x) = (a)
x3 3x 4 , ( x 1)( x 2 + 1)
[5 marks][2010P1.8a]
f(x) = A +
B Cx + D + 2 x 1 x + 1
Answers 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11.
17. Given
x 2 + 3x (1 x )(1+ x )2
2
A B C + + , 1 x 1+ x (1+ x )2
find A, B and C. 18. Factorise x + 4 as the product of 2 factors which contains complex numbers. Hence, determine the
13.
3 2 x +1 x 2 2 3 + x + 3 x 1 1 2 2 + + 2 x x 1x 1 1 + 2 x 1 x +1 2 1 3x + 2 1+ x x x + 1 2 + 1+ x 1 3x x2 x + 1
3x
2
2.
+1+
14.
3x+
15a)
1 1 x 3 x +2 1 1 x 5 x 4
1 x +1 2 x +1 x x +1
16.a) i)
5 2 ; ii) x +1 x + 3 1 1 + x + 3 x 1
By KKH
-3-
Mathematics T & S
1 1 x 5 x4
5 1 x +1 x + 3
-4-
By KKH
Yes
Is it an improper fraction?
Divide until the degree for the numerator is lower than the denominator
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Is it a quadratic 2 factor ax + bx + c?
Yes
-5-
By KKH