Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Version 8.16
ZTE CORPORATION
ZTE Plaza, Keji Road South,
Hi-Tech Industrial Park,
Nanshan District, Shenzhen,
P. R. China
518057
Tel: (86) 755 26771900 800-9830-9830
Fax: (86) 755 26772236
URL: http://support.zte.com.cn
E-mail: doc@zte.com.cn
LEGAL INFORMATION
The contents of this document are protected by copyright laws and international treaties. Any reproduction or distribution of
this document or any portion of this document, in any form by any means, without the prior written consent of ZTE
CORPORATION is prohibited. Additionally, the contents of this document are protected by contractual confidentiality
obligations.
All company, brand and product names are trade or service marks, or registered trade or service marks, of ZTE
CORPORATION or of their respective owners.
This document is provided “as is”, and all express, implied, or statutory warranties, representations or conditions are
disclaimed, including without limitation any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title or non-
infringement. ZTE CORPORATION and its licensors shall not be liable for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on
the information contained herein.
ZTE CORPORATION or its licensors may have current or pending intellectual property rights or applications covering the
subject matter of this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license between ZTE CORPORATION and its
licensee, the user of this document shall not acquire any license to the subject matter herein.
The contents of this document and all policies of ZTE CORPORATION, including without limitation policies related to support
or training are subject to change without notice.
Revision History
Please fax to: (86) 755-26772236; or mail to Publications R&D Department, ZTE
CORPORATION, ZTE Plaza, A Wing, Keji Road South, Hi-Tech Industrial Park,
Shenzhen, P. R. China 518057.
Document
ZXC10 BSSB (V8.16) CDMA2000 Base Station System Technical Manual -Fundamentals
Name
Product Document
V8.16 R1.1
Version Revision Number
Equipment Installation Date
Presentation:
(Introductions, Procedures, Illustrations, Completeness, Level of Detail, Organization,
Appearance)
Good
Fair
Average
Poor
Bad
N/A
Your
evaluation of Accessibility:
this (Contents, Index, Headings, Numbering, Glossary)
documentation
Good
Fair
Average
Poor
Bad
N/A
Intelligibility:
(Language, Vocabulary, Readability & Clarity, Technical Accuracy, Content)
Good
Fair
Average
Poor
Bad
N/A
Please check the suggestions which you feel can improve this documentation:
Improve the overview/introduction
Make it more concise/brief
Improve the Contents
Add more step-by-step
procedures/tutorials
Improve the organization
Add more troubleshooting information
Include more figures
Make it less technical
Your
Add more examples
Add more/better quick reference aids
suggestions for
improvement
Add more detail
Improve the index
of this
Other suggestions
documentation
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
# Please feel free to write any comments on an attached sheet.
If you wish to be contacted regarding your comments, please complete the following:
Name Company
Postcode Address
Telephone E-mail
This page is intentionally blank.
Contents
Chapter 1................................................................................... 13
CDMA Overview....................................................................................... 13
1G Mobile Communication System ......................................................................... 13
2G Mobile Communication System ......................................................................... 13
3G Mobile Communication System ......................................................................... 14
RTT Technology.....................................................................................................................15
Evolution of CDMA2000 Standards.........................................................................................16
Chapter 2................................................................................... 17
CDMA Fundamentals ............................................................................... 17
Spread Spectrum Communication Technology ........................................................ 17
Spread Spectrum Communication Theory...............................................................................17
Spreading and De-spreading..................................................................................................18
Processing Gain and Anti-Interference Tolerance.....................................................................19
Spread Spectrum Communication Features ............................................................................19
Chapter 3................................................................................... 27
Key CDMA Technologies.......................................................................... 27
Uniform Frequency Reuse...................................................................................... 27
Power Control....................................................................................................... 28
Reverse Link Power Control ...................................................................................................29
Forward Link Power Control ...................................................................................................30
Cell Breath Power Control ......................................................................................................32
Soft Handoff......................................................................................................... 36
Pilot Set ................................................................................................................................36
Search Window .....................................................................................................................37
Handoff Parameters...............................................................................................................38
Chapter 4................................................................................... 41
CDMA2000 1x.......................................................................................... 41
System Overview ................................................................................................. 41
Air Interface Parameters ....................................................................................... 42
Forward Channels................................................................................................. 42
Reverse Channels ................................................................................................. 43
Technical Features ................................................................................................ 44
Radio Part .............................................................................................................................44
Network Part.........................................................................................................................45
Chapter 5................................................................................... 59
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO .............................................................................. 59
System Overview ................................................................................................. 59
Network Model ......................................................................................................................59
System Features ...................................................................................................................60
Forward Channels................................................................................................. 61
Reverse Channels ................................................................................................. 63
Key 1x EV-DO Technologies................................................................................... 64
Reverse Link Power Control ...................................................................................................64
Reverse Link Rate Control......................................................................................................64
Forward Link TDM .................................................................................................................65
Forward Link Scheduling Strategy ..........................................................................................65
Forward Link Virtual Soft Handoff...........................................................................................65
Adaptive Modulation Coding Technology.................................................................................66
R-P Session Establishment.....................................................................................................66
Service Flow......................................................................................................... 66
Session Management ............................................................................................................66
Connection Management .......................................................................................................69
Chapter 6................................................................................... 75
PTT Technology ....................................................................................... 75
Key PTT Technologies ........................................................................................... 75
Channel Sharing....................................................................................................................75
Fast Connection ....................................................................................................................76
PTT Service...........................................................................................................................77
Abbreviations ............................................................................... 89
Figures.......................................................................................... 93
Tables ........................................................................................... 95
Index ............................................................................................ 97
This page is intentionally blank.
About this Technical Manual
Typographical Conventions
ZTE documents employ the following typographical conventions.
Typeface Meaning
Italics References to other guides and documents.
“Quotes” Links on screens.
Bold Menus, menu options, function names, input fields, radio button
names, check boxes, drop-down lists, dialog box names,
window names.
CAPS Keys on the keyboard and buttons on screens and company
name.
Constant width Text that you type, program code, files and directory names,
and function names.
[] Optional parameters
{} Mandatory parameters
| Select one of the parameters that are delimited by it
Typeface Meaning
Click Refers to clicking the primary mouse button (usually the left
mouse button) once.
Double-click Refers to quickly clicking the primary mouse button (usually the
left mouse button) twice.
Right-click Refers to clicking the secondary mouse button (usually the right
mouse button) once.
Drag Refers to pressing and holding a mouse button and moving the
mouse.
Safety Signs
TABLE 3 - SAFETY SIGNS
Customer Support
In case of problems, questions, comments, or suggestions regarding the
product, contact us by e-mail at support@zte.com.cn. You can also call our
customer support center at (86) 755 26771900 and (86) 800-9830-9830.
Documentation Support
ZTE welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and
usefulness of this document. For further questions, comments, or
suggestions on the documentation, you can contact us by e-mail at
doc@zte.com.cn; or you can fax your comments and suggestions to (86)
755 26772236. You can also explore our website at
http://support.zte.com.cn, which contains various interesting subjects like
documentation, knowledge base, service request and forum.
CDMA Overview
1G Mobile Communication
System
Bell Labs invented the first generation (1G) cellular mobile communication
system that renaming it as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in the
1970's. North Europe including Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and
U.K later developed Nordic Mobile Telephone System (NMTS) and Total
Access Communication System (TACS) similar to AMPS. China deployed
the first analog cellular telephone communication system in 1987.
Guangzhou, China deployed the first mobile office in November 1987.
2G Mobile Communication
System
Based on digital signal processing, 2G cellular mobile communication
system provides higher spectrum utilization, diversified data services,
better communication quality, and advanced roaming function.
Hong Kong deployed its first CDMA mobile communications system in 1995
marking the beginning of commercial CDMA applications. However,
recommendations on IS-95 development by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) of America meant IS-95 compatibility with AMPS,
ensuring IS-95 bandwidth within the AMPS frequency band range. IS-95 is
a narrowband CDMA system that offers limited services with several
disadvantages.
3G Mobile Communication
System
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) put forth the Future Public
Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS) in 1985, a 3G mobile
communications system and later renamed it to IMT-2000. The European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) released the Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
IMT-2000 and UMTS provide diversified services with functions and quality
similar to fixed network communications systems using globally uniform
frequency band and standards.
RTT Technology
Radio Transfer Technology (RTT) is a key IMT-2000 technology. ITU
collected ten terrestrial RTT interface standards from Europe, Japan,
America, China, and Korea by June 1998 end.
F I G U R E 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 T E C H N O L O G Y S T A N D A R D S
CDMA Fundamentals
C = B × log 2 (1 + S N )
W
Gp = .
ΔF
However, spread spectrum system processing gain does not fully reflect
system performance under interference environment. A certain SNR at the
output end ensures normal system operation, despite system losses. Anti-
M J , and the following defines M J :
interference tolerance is
S
M J = G p − [( )o + Ls ]
N
S
)o [(
SNR at the output end is N .
Ls .
System loss is
Multi-Access Communication
Although the CDMA spread spectrum system occupies a wide band, users
share the same frequency band at one time. Spectrum utilization is high.
Hence, the spread spectrum system supports multi-access communication.
High Security
As spread spectrum communication system spreads the transmitted
information to a wide band, its power density reduces with spectrum
spread. Noise may drown the signals. It is difficult to intercept or scout
such signals.
Signal
Spreading
code
Result of spreading
(a) Spreading
Signal
received
Spreading
code
Result of despreading
(b) Despreading
Easy to generate
Randomness
Providing the period as long as possible to prevent interference.
Spreading codes used in CDMA system currently include Walsh code and
Pseudo-random Number (PN).
Walsh Code
As an orthogonal spreading code, the Walsh code generation is according
to the Walsh function set. The Walsh function is a binary orthogonal
function system, with a value range of 1 and –1. It has multiple definitions.
The most common one is the Handmard numbering method. The Walsh
function in IS-95 adopts this definition method.
The Walsh function set is a complete non-sine orthogonal function set,
used as address codes of users.
PN
As there are limited Walsh codes, and the Walsh codes cannot provide
random signals, PN provides a large number of spreading codes when
needed. PN has similar features to noise sequence. It is a periodic binary
sequence, which seems random but in fact very regular. The most
common PN is the m sequence.
Orthogonality of the m sequence is not as good as that of the Walsh code.
It is the cross-correlation of the m sequences of the same series. Cross-
correlation of the m sequence is greater than 0 resulting in use of Walsh
codes instead of the m sequence.
The m sequence features strong self-correlation. When series is high, the
m sequences of different phases are orthogonal.
The period of m sequence is 2r-1. Here, r stands for the shift register
series. The m sequence quantity relates to the series.
When r is 15, the m sequence is short PN.
When r is 42, the m sequence is long PN.
CDMA systems use two kinds of m sequences:
Short PN, with length of 215-1.
Long PN, with length of 242-1.
The following section compares the three CDMA system codes.
Short PN: Is used in forward and reverse channel orthogonal
modulation. In forward channels, the short PNs identify different base
stations. The short PN is 215-1 in length.
Long PN: Is obtained by mode 2 addition of a pseudo number
generated by a 42-bit shift register and a 42-bit long PN mask.
Different channels have different long PN mask. Generated by a 42-bit
shift register, the long PN mask is 242-1 in length. In CDMA systems,
long PN is used in forward channel scrambling and reverse link spread
spectrum.
Walsh code: Due to its orthogonality, Walsh code is used for forward
spread spectrum in CDMA systems.
Convolutional Coding
Convolutional coding technology effectively overcomes single data error
generated. In 1995, Elias first put forth the convolutional code concept.
Coding expressed in convolutional calculation form is convolutional code.
Turbo Code
Implementation of Turbo code coding uses comparatively simple recursive
system convolutional (RSC) code and interleaver. Its decoding is
implemented through iteration and de-interleaving. Turbo code achieves
error correction performance close to the theoretical limit. It features high
anti-fading and anti-interference capability. Turbo code is one of the core
systems of 3G mobile communication system.
f2
f7 f3
f1
f6 f4
f2 f5
f7 f3
f1
f6 f4
f5
f1
f1 f1
f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
f1
f1 f1
f1
Due to the unified frequency reuse, signals of different users interfere with
each other. Energy (power) determines location of user channel resources.
Power decrease suppresses interference and increases capacity that makes
power control very important to a CDMA system.
Power Control
A unified frequency reuse requires effective user power control. Power
control enables each user to receive and send information using minimum
power. It suppresses user interference and reduces MS recharge time.
If all MSs in a cell transmit signals at the same power, signals from MS
near the BTS are strong, and those MSs far from the BTS are weak. As a
result, the strong signals override the weak ones. In a CDMA system,
stronger the power of signals transmitted by MS, easier it is for the MS to
receive signals. However, the MS also interferes strongly with other MSs in
the same band. Sometimes useful signals may deteriorate. As a result, the
communication quality of other users deteriorates, lowering system
capacity. To overcome this problem, adjustment of transmitter power on a
real-time basis according to the communication distance becomes
necessary. This is the concept behind power control.
Reverse link power control comprises reverse link open-loop power control,
reverse link closed-loop power control, and reverse link outer-loop power
control.
In an ideal single cell model, forward link power control is not mandatory.
Considering inter-cell interference and noise, forward power control is
indispensable because it can overcome the following forward link
communication abnormalities:
If distance between MS and its serving base station is almost the same
as that between MS and one or more adjacent base stations, the
interference from adjacent base stations is more pronounced. In
addition, the interference change pattern from adjacent base stations
is independent of the MS home base station signal strength. The home
base station increases signal power by several decibels to maintain
communication quality.
If MS is located at the converging point of strong multi-path
interference signals, interference on the signal exceeds the permissible
limit. In this case, the home base station is also required to increase
the signal power sent to the MS.
If MS is located at a place with good signal transmission performance,
there is a reduction in signal transmission loss. In this case base
station reduces power of the signals sent to the MS, ensuring
communication quality. Due to the limitation of base station
transmission power, there is an increase in the capacity of forward
links, and the interference to the users inside and outside the cell is
suppressed.
Forward link power control comprises forward link closed-loop power
control and forward link outer loop power control similar to reverse link
power control. 1x system also features an additional forward link fast
power control.
control for measuring forward link signal quality and transmitted to the
base station through reverse pilot channel power control sub-channel.
Base station cell breath control achieves forward link handoff border
superposition and reverse link handoff border to maximize system capacity
and prevent handoff failure.
Cell breath algorithm follows the principle that sum of base station reverse
received power and the forward pilot transmit power remains constant.
The algorithm controls cell coverage by adjusting the ratio of pilot signal
power to the total base station transmission power.
Diversity Reception
In the narrowband modulation system, if the 1G cellular telephone system
follows analog FM modulation, multiple paths cause serious fading.
Diversity falls into time diversity, space diversity, and frequency diversity.
Deployment of these three types takes place in CDMA. The following
introduces three kinds of diversity respectively.
Time Diversity
MS movement causes Doppler frequency shift in the received signals. In
multi-path environment, frequency shift leads to Doppler spread.
Reciprocal value of Doppler spread defines coherence time. Signal fading
occurs on transmission waveform specific to time and called time selective
fading. It seriously affects bit error of digital signals.
Amplitude sampling in sequential order leaves the two sample points with
long time interval (longer than the coherence time) irrelevant.
Transmitting given signals N times within a certain time interval
suppresses time diversity influence. Obtaining N independent diversity
tributaries is possible as long as the time interval is longer than coherence
time.
Δt ≥ ΔT = 1 B
Frequency Diversity
Frequency diversity modulates transmitted information into different
carriers and sends them to corresponding channels. Since fading features
frequency selectivity, interval between two frequencies is larger than the
correlated bandwidth and mathematically represented as follows:
Δf ≥ ΔF = 1 L
If the frequency band is 800 MHz to 900 MHz in a city, and the typical
delay diffusion is 5 μs:
Δf ≥ ΔF = 1 L = 1 5μs = 200KHz
Space Diversity
In a base station, installation of several antennas with a certain interval
enables reception and transmission of signals independently. Fading of
each signal is irrelevant. Use of selective combination technology enables
selection of output signal. It suppresses the influence of fading. This
d = ΔR ≥ λ ϕ
Polarity Diversity
Signals sent by two antennas with polarity directions mutually
perpendicular have few fading features. The polarity diversity makes use
of this feature to achieve diversity effect. Installing a horizontally polarized
antenna and a vertically polarized antenna at the transmit end perform
polarity diversity of two signals with few fading features. Featuring
compact structure, polarity diversity saves space. Transmit power is
allocated to two antennas resulting in 3 dB loss.
Angle Diversity
For different receiving environments involving parameters topography,
geography, and buildings, the signals from different paths are vary. The
angle diversity makes use of this feature to achieve diversity effect.
Directional antenna can be installed at the receiving end directed at
different directions.
In space diversity, there are N antennas at the receiving side. If the size
and gain of these N antennas are the same, each antenna has a gain of 3
dB besides anti-fading diversity achieved by space diversity.
RAKE Receiver
RAKE receiver follows space diversity technology. Buildings, hills, and
other obstructions in the signal transmission path reflect spectrum signals
sent by the transmitter. On reaching the receiver, each beam has a
different delay forming multi-path signals. If these multi-path signal delays
exceed the pseudo-code chip delay, the receiver can differentiate these
beams. They pass these beams through different delay lines, align and
combine them. The previous interference signals combine to become
useful signals.
Soft Handoff
Soft handoff is characteristic unique to CDMA mobile communication
systems. When the MS moves to the area between adjacent BTSs, it can
establish radio connection with the target BTSs without interrupting radio
connection link with the source BTS. After establishing the target BTS
connection, the MS releases the BTS source connection link. Soft handoff
occurs between different sectors of the same BTS. Softer handoff occurs
between sectors within the same BSC.
Pilot Set
Just like standby handoff, CDMA system handoff has the pilot set concept.
According to pilot PN sequence offset, MS classifies the pilot signals into
four categories:
Active set: Pilot set corresponding to the current forward traffic
channel.
Candidate set: The candidate set does not belong to the active set.
However, the signals are strong enough for normal service processing.
Neighbor set: Pilot set designated by the neighboring base station cell
list message.
Remaining set: Set of pilots excluded from the above three sets.
During pilot search, MS measures the pilot strength in the sequence of
active set, candidate set, neighbor set, and remaining set. Assuming
the active set and candidate set has PN1, PN2 and PN3, the neighboring
set has PN11, PN12, PN13, and PN14, and the remaining set has PN', ...,
MS measures the pilot signals in the following order:
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN11,
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN12,
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN13,
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN14, PN',
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN11,
PN1, PN2, PN3, PN12, ...
The probability to search pilots in the remaining set is less probability
compared to those in the active set and candidate set.
Search Window
Besides the number of pilot searching times, another factor considered is
the search range. When MS communicates with the base station, there is
delay. As Figure 7 illustrates, the signal delay between AT and BS1 is t1,
and that between the AT and BS2 is T2.
Larger the search window, slower is the search. However, if the search
window is too small, the pilot with large delay may escape the search. For
each pilot set type, base stations define the search window size for ATs.
SRCH_WIN_A: Pilot search window size for active set and candidate
set.
Handoff Parameters
T_ADD: Pilot signal monitoring threshold. When MS detects base
station pilot strength of a neighboring set or remaining set is higher
than T_ADD, it adds pilot to the candidate set.
T_DROP: Deteriorated pilot signal threshold monitoring. When MS
detects that pilot strength of the active set or candidate set base
station is lower than T_DROP, it activates the related base station
handoff drop timer.
T_TDROP: Deterioration of timer preset value of the timer that
monitors the pilot signal. If the strength of the pilot in the active set
falls below T_DROP, MS activates T_TDROP timer. If timer expires, the
pilot returns to the neighboring set from the active set. If the pilot
strength rises above T_DROP before T_TDROP timer expires, the timer
gets deleted automatically.
T_COMP: Threshold comparison between pilot signal strength in the
active set and candidate set. When MS detects that the base station
pilot strength in the candidate set is T_COMP x 0.5 dB higher than the
pilot strength in the active set, it sends a pilot strength measurement
message (PSMM) and starts handoff.
Receiver calculates pilot signal Eb/Io value searched as pilot strength.
Figure 9 illustrates the soft handoff flow.
Pilot
Strength P1 P2
T_ADD
P2
T_DROP
P1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 time
As Figure 9 illustrates, P1 is the source cell pilot, and P2 is the target cell
pilot.
CDMA2000 1x
System Overview
CDMA2000 is one of the 3G mobile communication radio transmission
technology standards recommended by ITU. According to the bandwidth
used, CDMA2000 comprises 1x system and 3x system. 1x system uses
1.25 MHz bandwidth and provides data services up to 307.2 Kb/s. From
this aspect, CDMA2000 1x is part of 2.5G system.
T A B L E 4 - A I R I N T E R F A C E P A R A M E T E R S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X S Y S T E M
Parameter Value
Interval between uplink and downlink 45 MHz
Wavelength About 36 cm
Frequency width 1230 KHz
Working mode FDD
Modulation modes QPSK and HPSK
Voice coding CELP
Voice coding rate 8 Kb/s
Transmission rate 1.2288 Mb/s
Bit time 0.8 μs
Forward Channels
Figure 10 illustrates CDMA2000 1x system forward channels.
F I G U R E 1 0 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
T A B L E 5 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Broadcasts frequency and phase information of the base
Forward Pilot Channel (F-PICH) station, helping terminals to perform coherent
demodulation.
Forward Synchronization Broadcasts synchronization information and system
Channel (F-SYNC) parameters of the base station.
Broadcasts paging terminal information and system
Forward Paging Channel (F-
parameters of the base station, and transfers commands
PCH)
issued by the base station.
Forward Traffic Channel (F-TCH) Transmits voice and data services.
Transmits assignment information for rapid response of
Forward Common Assignment
reverse channel and supports random access packet
Channel (F-CACH)
transmission on reverse links.
Controls R-CCCH power when working in the power
Forward Common Power Control
controlled access mode. Controls R-CCCH transmission
Channel (F-CPCCH)
power when working in reservation access mode.
Sends messages (paging message, response, channel
Forward Common Control
assignment message, and short data burst) to
Channel
designated MS.
Forward Broadcast Control Sends common overhead message and short messages
Channel (F-BCCH) to the system.
Base station uses this channel to indicate the timeslot
where the MS receives the control message of the F-PCH
Forward Quick Paging Channel
or F-CCCH quickly. The MS need not take time to
(F-QPCH)
monitor the F-PCH or F-CCCH timeslot. It helps save MS
power.
Reverse Channels
Figure 11 illustrates CDMA2000 1x system reverse channels.
F I G U R E 1 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
T A B L E 6 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Through R-ACH, MS originates communication with base
Reverse Access Channel (R-
station and responds to paging channel messages from
ACH)
the base station.
Reverse traffic channel During call processing, MS sends user information and
(R-TCH RC1 – RC2) signaling messages through R-TCHs to the base station.
Technical Features
CDMA2000 1x system is backward compatible with IS-95 system. However,
compared with the IS-95 system, CDMA2000 1x system provides the
following new features:
Radio Part
Various channel bandwidths: CDMA2000 1x system supports Multi-
carrier (MC) and Direct Spreading (DS) in forward links, and supports
DS in reverse links. In MC mode, it supports multiple RF bandwidths.
The RF bandwidth can be N x 1.25 MHz where N takes values such as 1,
3, 5, 9, or 12.
Forward transmit diversity: CDMA2000 1x transmit diversity divides
data into two parts, spread spectrum using different Walsh codes, and
transmitting data using their own antenna.
Forward link fast power control: CDMA2000 1x implements forward link
fast power control. According to the measured forward traffic channel
strength, the terminal sends commands to the base station to adjust
the base station transmission power.
Turbo code: CDMA2000 1x system follows Turbo code to perform
channel coding, and improved error correction capability.
Reverse pilot channel and reverse link coherent demodulation:
CDMA2000 1x system provides reverse pilot channel, enabling
coherent demodulation on reverse channels and increasing reverse link
capability.
Network Part
Enhanced A1 interface: Supports concurrent services and emergency
call.
Introducing user area: Providing different services for users in different
geographical areas.
A10/A11 interface: Supports packet data.
Security association between Packet Control Function (PCF) and Packet
Data Serving Node (PDSN): Supports secure and reliable transmission.
Mobile IP: Supports packet data mobility between PDSN and FA.
Provides triangle positioning.
Service Flows
CDMA2000 1x service flows include voice, data, and PTT service flow.
Voice Service
Typical service flows in voice service include:
MOC
Figure 12 illustrates MOC flow.
MTC
Figure 13 illustrates MTC flow.
A. When the paged MS is in the MSC service area, MSC sends a Paging
Request message to the BSS to trigger call setup flow.
B. BSS sends a General Page Message carrying MS identification code
through the paging channel.
E. After receiving the Clear Command message from MSC, BSS releases
the terrestrial circuit resources assigned and returns a Clear Complete
message. Upon receiving the Clear Complete message, MSC releases the
SCCP connection transmission connection in the lower layer.
MS BSS MSC
Clear Command
A
Release Order
B
Release Order
C
Clear Complete
D
Data Service
Following user states define CDMA2000 1x data service flows:
Active state: With air traffic channel between MS and base station,
data can be sent on both sides, maintaining A1, A8, and A10
connections.
Dormant state: There is no air traffic channel but a PPP link between
MS and base station leads to A1 and A8 link release, while maintaining
A10 link.
Null state: There is neither air traffic channel nor PPP link between MS
and base station resulting in release of A1, A8, and A10 links.
MOC
Figure 17 illustrates MOC flow.
Origination message B
BS Ack Order C
CM Service Request
D
Assignment Request
E
A9-Setup-A8
F
A11-Registration-Request
G
A9-Release
-A8Complete
I
Assignment Failure
J
Clear Command
K
Clear Complete
L
A11- Registration-Update
M
FI G U R E 2 0 - P D S N I N T E R - P C F AC T I V E H AN D O F F
MS Source BSS Source PCF Target BSS Target PCF MSC PDSN
Handoff Required A
Handoff Request
B
A 9-Setup-A 8
C
A 9-Connect-A 8
D
Handoff Command F
A 9- AL Disconnected
G
A 9- AL Disconnected Ack
H
G HDM / UHDM
I
MS Ack Order
J
Handoff Commenced
K
Handoff completion
L
BS Ack Order
M
A9- AL Connected
N
A 11-Registration-Request
O
A11-Registration-Reply
P
A9- AL Connected Ack
Q
Handoff complete
R
Clear Command
S
A9-Release-A 8
T
A 11-Registration-Request(lifetime=0)
U
A 11-Registration-Reply
V
A 9-Release-A 8 complete
W
Clear Complete
X
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
System Overview
EV-DO in CDMA2000 1x EV-DO is an acronym for Evolution Data
Optimized or Evolution Data Only. High-speed data transmission
necessitated the evolution from CDMA2000 1x to CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.
Qualcomm and Lucent jointly developed the 1x EV-DO specification IS-856.
Network Model
1x EV-DO network model has two developing routines; interoperability
specification for High Rate Packet Data Access (HRPDA) Network Interface
Revision 0 and Revision A. Difference between the two models is the
presence or absence of SC/MM (Spread Carrier/Mobility Management)
function in PCF.
F I G U R E 2 1 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K M O D E L ( R E V I S I O N 0 )
F I G U R E 2 2 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K M O D E L ( R E V I S I O N A)
System Features
1. Voice service requirements are different from those of data services.
Table 7 describes the data service requirements.
Forward Channels
Forward links from AN to AT provide communication between ATs in the
AN. Forward links have the following features:
F I G U R E 2 4 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
T A B L E 8 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O F O R W A R D C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Transmits pilot signals from AN to AT. The pilot signals
Pilot Channel (Pilot) carry out system capture, clock synchronization,
demodulation, decoding, and C/I estimation.
Reverse Activity (RA) channel dynamically controls the
reverse channel load.
Forward Medium Access Control Inability of AN to receive DRC information from ATs
Channel (Medium Access results in DRC Lock channel notifying specific ATs to stop
Control) sending DRC information to the AN.
Reverse Power Control (RPC) channel performs AT power
control that sends data on the reverse channel.
Forward Traffic Channel
AN sends user data on traffic channels.
(Traffic)
Control channel sends broadcast system common
Forward Control Channel configuration parameter messages from AN to AT. Non-
(Control) activation of traffic channels results in Control channel
sending signaling messages to the specific AT.
Reverse Channels
Forward links (from AT to AN) provide the communication between ATs
and the AN. Following are the Reverse channel features:
F I G U R E 2 5 - C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
T A B L E 9 - F U N C T I O N S A N D F E A T U R E S O F C D M A2 0 0 0 1 X E V - D O R E V E R S E C H A N N E L S
Channel Functions
Reverse access Includes reverse pilot channel and data channel, through which ATs
channels originate calls or respond to AN paging message.
The pilot channel enables coherent demodulation.
Reverse link power control aims to control output power of ATs while
minimizing interference, maintaining high reverse data link quality. When
reverse link signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per user is lowest for acceptable
performance, capacity is highest.
Forward virtual handoff enables only one sector to send data through
forward channel to the terminal at any time in the active set through
forward channel. According to received pilot signals quality, the terminal
uses DRC cover of DRC channel to designate the sector expected to send
data. All sectors in the active set monitor reverse channel of the terminal.
Upon receiving DRC channel, the network determines serving sector of the
terminal. During forward virtual handoff, the terminal does not exchange
any signaling with the network. Entire handoff flow is very fast. In addition,
handoff requires use of only forward air resources of one sector. It
increases utilization of forward channels.
Since AT has no IMSI, a session initiated between AT and PDSN leads BSC
to assign an IMSI to AT. 1x EV-DO standard introduces the new A12
interface, which interfaces BSC and AN-AAA server.
1. AT authentication implementation.
2. Sending IMSI in the authentication accept message to BSC. This IMSI
establishes R-P session between BSC and PDSN.
If not deploying AN-AAA server in the 1x EV-DO network, the BSC uses
other methods to allocate IMSI to ATs. However, IMSI must be unique in
the entire network. Without AN-AAA server, the R-P session handoff
implementation between 1x EV-DO BSC and 1x BSC is not possible. AT
can use mobile IP only to keep its IP address unchanged when passing
through the network edge. AN-AAA deployment enables fast handoff and
improves AT performance when passing through the network edge.
Service Flow
According to the functions, 1x EV-DO services comprise session
management service and connection management service. This section
describes service flows.
Session Management
AT cannot obtain any service in the 1x EV-DO network unless it sets up a
session with AN. Session management involves UATI assignment and
maintenance, session negotiation, and session release.
F I G U R E 2 6 - U AT I A S S I G N M E N T F L O W
AT AN
UATIRequest A
ACAck
B
UATIAssignment
C
UATIComplete
D
ACAck
E
Session Negotiation
In the course of establishing a session, AT and AN need to negotiate
communication configuration, including protocol and protocol parameters
used. Successful session set up takes place when AT and AN reaches
agreement on negotiation. The configuration after negotiation will be valid
for the following connection. Figure 27 illustrates the negotiation flow.
Session Release
In 1x EV-DO system, ATs do not establish or release sessions frequently.
After establishing a session, AT may disconnect and resume connection
several times during the session. However, certain reasons may initiate a
session release. For example, when timer keepalive expires or user
originates a release.
Connection Management
In 1x EV-DO systems, an open connection between AT and AN refers to AT
reverse power control channel, reverse traffic channel allocation, and
forward traffic channel (FTC) use. All users having open connections in
that sector share FTC in TDM mode. Only after connection set up can AT
use high-speed packet data services provided by 1x EV-DO network.
Prior to establishing link with PDSN for the first time, AT passes AN AAA
access authentication. After passing authentication successfully, the AT
originates link connection with PDSN. After successful authentication, AN
AAA returns IMSI to AT. AT uses that IMSI as A10/A11 link identifier and
communicates with PDSN.
F I G U R E 2 8 - AT O R I G I N A T E D C O N N E C T I O N E S T A B L I S H M E N T F L O W
F I G U R E 2 9 - AT O R I G I N A T E D C O N N E C T I O N R E L E A S E F L O W
Figure 29 illustrates the air link and A8 connection release flow, while it
maintains PPP connection between AT and PDSN, and 1x EV-DO session
between AT and AN.
Handoff Control
In an actual commercial environment, 1x EV-DO and CDMA2000 1x
deployment normally takes place simultaneously providing voice services
and high-speed packet data services to users. Dual-mode (1x/1x EV-DO)
AT can implement handoff between 1x and 1x EV-DO ANs without
interrupting PPP connection between AT and PDSN. Voice services take
precedence over data services. When transferring data in 1x EV-DO
network, AT performs 1x network handoff periodically to listen to the
paging channel. On receiving paging for voice call from AN, AT stops data
transfer in 1x EV-DO network immediately and begins setting up voice
links in 1x network.
F I G U R E 3 0 - AT H A N D O F F F R O M 1 X N E T W O R K T O 1 X E V - D O N E T W O R K I N T H E D O R M A N T
STATE
A~B. AT send DRS=0 message to target AN, target returns Ack order.
C~D. Target AN sets up data channels with PDSN
Features 1x 1x EV-DO
Service Voice and data Data
Maximum rate Forward: 307.2 Kb/s (RC3) Forward: 3.1 Mb/s
Reverse: 9.6 Kb/s (RC3) Reverse: 1.8 Mb/s
Channel CDM in forward and reverse links. Forward: CDM+TDM
li l
Features 1x 1x EV-DO
multiplex Reverse: CDM
Handoff Hard handoff and soft handoff in Forward: virtual soft handoff
forward and reverse links (VHO)
Reverse: Soft handoff
Power and rate Fast power control in forward and Reverse: rate control + power
control reverse links. control
No rate control Forward: rate control
Access Access channel procedure Same as access channel procedure
procedure Enhanced access channel
procedure
RF and code Convolutional code and Turbo code Turbo code
features 48-order FIR filter FIR filter is same as that in 1x.
PTT Technology
Channel Sharing
An important PTT feature is the forward traffic channel sharing. Channel
sharing is the premise of trunking communication. When one person in a
group speaks, the other members within the same group are unable to
hear at the same time.
Fast Connection
Another important PTT service feature is the fast group call and private
call connection.
CTML
CTML establishes link during PTT initialization, and transmits PTT call
signaling and call control information. Only one CTML connection exists
between PDC and PDS. CTML connection remains un-released.
CTML uses A10 connection as bearer channel between PDC and PDS, and
uses SDB air link encapsulation. Figure 32 illustrates the process.
STDL
STDL establishment takes place during PTT call setup. It is responsible for
transmitting forward and reverse service data (voice stream) in PTT calls.
STDL release takes place in dormant state or at the time of call release.
An active group between PDC and PDS corresponds to STDL. All users in a
PDC active group coverage area share the same STDL. If distribution of
users in an active group takes place in several PDC areas, each PDC
establishes STDL with PDS for the activated group.
STDL uses standard A10 connection (GRE) encapsulation. It is the PTT
service stream bearer channel. Figure 33 illustrates STDL transmission link
protocol.
PTT Service
Push-to-Talk (PTT) service is a half-duplex communication mode. It
comprises one-to-one and one-to-many dispatch services. One-to-one
service refers to private call, and one-to-many service refers to group call.
The following section introduces basic PTT service terms.
Group Call
A logical set of call members enabling group members to make half-duplex
group calls. All members in the same group can hear the voice of any
group member.
Group Administrator
The group administrator is a member with special group authority. The
group administrator can add, delete, and release activated group members
by force.
Group Number
Each applicant group assigned with a group number (GMDN) enables
identification of group members when establishing calls.
User Priority
Setting different priority levels for users defines users with different call
authority. The user with higher priority can preempt lower priority user call
resources.
Group Call
Each group has a unique group number ranging from 4 ~ 6 digits. Any
member can originate a group call by pressing group number and pushing
PTT key.
A PTT user can belong to several groups at the same time and select the
group to establish call session. An idle state user can receive call from any
other member of the same group. When the user is active, system
prompts a message.
When establishing group call, if MS power is off or not in the PTT service
area, call connection does not take place. When the user powers on MS or
is in the same service area, the system can add the user to a group call
automatically.
When user quits a group call due to an abnormal operation, the system
can add the user to the group call again after MS operation restoration.
Users in a group call have the option to quit a group call mid-way and
originate another group call or a PSTN call after releasing the PTT key.
Only the dispatch server can release group calls. The group member can
choose to quit the group call rather than release the entire group call.
L. PDC sends a message to the calling MS indicating that the calling party
has authorization to speak.
M. MS sends an authorization ACK to PDC.
N. PDC forwards authorization ACK to PDS. The authorized user can speak.
Figure 35 illustrates group call termination flow.
A. PDS sends group call paging request to initiate a group call to group
members.
B. BSS sends paging request to MS through paging channel.
C. MS responds to the paging request from BSS.
D. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
E. MSC assigns the terrestrial circuit and sends assignment request to PDC.
F. BSS sends an extended channel assignment message to MS to establish
a fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signal transfer.
G. BSS sends an extended supplemental channel assignment message to
establish a supplemental channel with MS. This channel enables service
data transfer.
H. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
I. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating active group call connection.
Figure 36 illustrates PDS group call origination release flow.
Private Call
PTT users can dial a short number to make private calls with a group, and
dial the complete number to establish a private call with a non-group user.
In a private call, PTT user can push the PTT key and speak after hearing
prompt tone instead of waiting for the called party to answer. Following
the prompt tone, the called party can hear the voice of the calling party.
User can choose to quit from PTT mode. Under this mode, MS will not
receive any paging request for PTT call establishment.
During a private call, both the calling and called parties can terminate the
call and use other services such as group call by PTT key release.
If a private call user has other group calls or private calls, system can
inform the user using call prompt and display the number of calling party
on the MS.
B. BSS acknowledges the paging channel message. If BSS rejects this call
because of overload level, it sends the origination reject command to MS
and forwards Origination message to PDC.
C. PDC sends a message to PDS requesting private call establishment.
D. When establishing user call authenticity, PDS informs PDC to set up a
private call.
E. PDC constructs a service request message and sends it to MSC.
F. MSC assigns terrestrial circuit requested and sends an assignment
request to PDC.
G. BSS sends an extended channel assignment message to MS to establish
a fundamental channel with MS. This channel enables signal and service
data transmission.
H. PDC sends a message to MSC indicating channel assignment completion.
I. PDC sends a message to PDS indicating active private call connection.
J. PDS sends a message to PDC indicating authorization of calling party to
speak.
K. PDC sends a message to the calling MS indicating authorization of
calling party to speak.
L. MS sends authorization ACK to PDC.
M. PDC forwards authorization ACK to PDS indicating that authorized user
can speak.
Figure 39 illustrates private call termination flow.
Note: Private call release is similar to group call release. See Figure 39 section for
details.
FI G U R E 4 0 - TAL K R I G H T AP P L I C AT I O N FL O W
A. User A pushes MS1 PTT key initiating the talk right application request.
B. BSS/PDC forwards MS1 talk right application request to PDS.
C. User B pushes MS2 PTT key initiating talk right application request.
A. User with talk right or waiting for talk right releases PTT key initiating
request for talk right release.
B. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release request from MS to PDS and starts
Tpttrelease timer and at the same time waits for request
acknowledgement.
C. PDS releases talk right and returns talk right release ACK message to
BSS/PDC.
D. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release ACK message to MS and disables
Tpttrelease timer at the same time.
Figure 42 illustrates PDS talk right release flow.
A. If user with talk right exceeds talk time limit, PDS sends talk right
release request.
B. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release request from PDS to MS.
C. MS releases talk right and sends talk right release ACK message to
BSS/PDC.
D. BSS/PDC forwards talk right release ACK message to PDS.
Abbreviation Meaning
AN Access Network
AT Access Terminal
Abbreviation Meaning
MS Mobile Station
Abbreviation Meaning
PN Pseudo Number
PTT Push-To-Talk
RA Reverse Active
RC Radio Configuration