Doan Moi

GVHD:PGS.
TS Phm Hng Lin
Trc tin em xin cm n cc thy c khoa in t Vin Thng to iu kin thun li chng em c th hon thnh n ny. c bit em xin cm n c Phm Hng Lin tn tnh hng dn v gii p nhng thc mc cc em c th nghin cu v hon thnh n ny. y l n rt quan trng i vi chng em l bc chun b tt nht cho lun vn ca chng em sau ny. Trong n nu cn nhng iu cha ng v cha hon thin, rt mong c nhn xt v nh gi cc em c th hon thnh tt hn cho lun vn sau ny.
Trang 1
GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin
Trn th gii hin nay, TCP/IP v ATM ang l hai giao thc c s dng ph bin. Tuy nhin ngi ta vn thy nhng tn ti, yu im ca hai m hnh trn m thc t khng th khc phc c. S pht trin ca ATM trc y l mt thnh tu quan trng trng trong cng ngh truyn thng nhng ngy nay ATM tr nn li thi v khng p ng c cc dch v a dng hin nay. Hu ht cc dch v quan trng u c trin khai trn TCP/IP. TCP/IP pht trin mnh trong cc nm cui ca thp k 90, bi n cng l mt giao thc mng thng minh v linh hot, p ng c hu ht cc dch v trc y. Tuy nhin vn l kh nng m rng, iu khin lu lng v QoS trong mng TCP/IP khng p ng ni nhu cu ca ngi s dng. TCP/IP cng c nhiu tr ngi trong vic phn tch cc khch hng v bo mt trong ng dng VPN. Nguyn nhn xut pht t cch thc chuyn mch trn nn tng a ch IP. S im mng cng ln, cc thit b phi xy dng mt bng nh tuyn di v lm tng qu trnh x l. Xut pht t nguyn nhn , ngi ta ngh n vic chuyn mch khng da trn nn tng IP m da vo mt nhn no . tng thng minh c nhm cc nh phn tch ca IETF pht trin thnh cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc, gi tt l MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching). MPLS pht trin trn nn tng ca ATM v TCP/IP, do l giao thc cu ni ca hai cng ngh ny. MPLS thch ng c vi nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau, iu ny mang li nhiu li ch cho cc nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng. MPLS cng p ng tt hn cc yu cu v QoS, iu khin lu lng v VPN... Lu lng truyn i trong MPLS c tnh bo mt, cht lng dch v cao hn nhiu so vi ATM v TCP/IP. Vy cng ngh MPLS c trin khai nh th no, cu trc ra sao v c ng dng Vit Nam s gp nhng thun li, kh khn g? Em nghin cu v cu trc v k thut trong MPLS, cng nh tm hiu v tnh kh thi ca MPLS trn th trng Vit Nam.Em knh mong qu thy c nhn xt v nh gi chng em hon thin n ny. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n.
Trang 2
CHNG 1: CNG NGH TCP/IP V ATM .....................................................6

1.1. M hnh TCP/IP: ...................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn trong mng IP .................................................................................................. 6 1.1.1.1. Phng thc truyn d liu trong mng IP: ................................................................................ 7 1.1.1.2. Chn ng i cho cc gi d liu trong mng IP: ..................................................................... 8 1.1.1.3. nh tuyn ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1.4. Cc hnh ng trong qu trnh nh tuyn: ................................................................................. 9 1.1.2. Cc nhc im ca TCP/IP: .............................................................................................................. 9 1.2. M hnh ATM: ........................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1. Cc thit b ATM v mi trng mng: ............................................................................................ 11 1.2.1.1 nh dng t bo ATM: .............................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1.2. Cc thit b trong mng ATM ................................................................................................... 12 1.2.1.3. Cc dch v trong mng ATM: .................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1.3. Cc nhc im ca ATM: ............................................................................................................ 13 2.1. So snh gia chuyn mch trong mng IP truyn thng v mng MPLS: ........................................ 15 2.1.1. Chuyn mch trong mng IP: ............................................................................................................ 15 2.1.2. Chuyn mch trong mng MPLS: ..................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Cc thut ng v khi nim trong MPLS: ............................................................................................ 17 2.2.1. Lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC): ............................................................................................... 17 2.2.2. Router chuyn mch nhn MPLS (MPLS LSR): .............................................................................. 17 2.2.3. Router bin chuyn mch nhn MPLS (E-LSR): .............................................................................. 17 2.2.4. ng dn trong mch MPLS (LSP) ................................................................................................ 18 2.2.5. Upstream, downstream ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.6. Nhn MPLS....................................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.7. Ngn xp nhn .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.3. Thnh phn v cu trc ca MPLS: ..................................................................................................... 21 2.3.1. Cc phng php chuyn mch trong MPLS: ................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.1. K thut chuyn mch thng thng: ....................................................................................... 21 2.3.1.2. K thut chuyn mch CEF:...................................................................................................... 23 2.3.2. Mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu: .................................................................................... 24 2.3.3. Phn loi nhn s dng trong MPLS: ............................................................................................... 26 2.3.4. Hot ng ca LSR v E-LSR (LER) trn mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu: ................. 28 2.3.4.1. Thnh phn v chc nng ca mt LSR: ................................................................................... 29 2.3.4.2. Thnh phn v chc nng ca mt LER:................................................................................... 30 2.4. Hot ng ca MPLS: ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.4.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh c s d liu: ................................................................................................... 32 2.4.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh bng nh tuyn: ...................................................................................... 32 2.4.1.2. Gn nhn Local cho desIP tng ng: ...................................................................................... 33 2.4.1.3. Thit lp bng LIB v LFIB: ..................................................................................................... 34 2.4.1.4. Qung b nhn ni b-local cho ton mng: ............................................................................. 34 2.4.1.5. Cp nht thng tin qung b: ..................................................................................................... 35 2.4.1.6. PHP: .......................................................................................................................................... 37 2.4.1.7. X l thng tin qung b: .......................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1.8. Hnh thnh bng LFIB trong ton mng: ................................................................................... 40 2.4.1.9. Hi t gi tin qua mng MPLS: ................................................................................................ 41 2.5. Tm tt ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
Trang 3
CHNG 3: CNG NGH MPLS VPN .............................................................43

3.1. Tng quan VPN: ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1. Gii thiu chung VPN ....................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.2. Phn loi cc m hnh VPN .............................................................................................................. 44 3.1.2.1. Overlay VPN: ............................................................................................................................ 44 3.1.2.2. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN:....................................................................................................... 45 3.1.3. Cc u v nhc im ca m hnh VPN hin ti ............................................................................ 47 3.1.3.1. M hnh Overlay VPN: ............................................................................................................. 47 3.1.3.2. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN:....................................................................................................... 47 3.2. MPLS VPN .............................................................................................................................................. 48 3.2.1. Cc khi nim v thut ng trong MPLS VPN ................................................................................. 49 3.2.2. M hnh nh tuyn MPLS VPN ....................................................................................................... 49 3.2.3. Cc k thut trong MPLS VPN ......................................................................................................... 51 3.2.3.1. Cu trc PE router ..................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.3.2. Bng chuyn tip o VRF (Virtual Routing Forwarding): ........................................................ 52 3.2.3.3. K thut phn bit tuyn trong mng core: ............................................................................... 53 3.2.3.3. S nhn dng ng i (RD): .................................................................................................... 55 3.2.3.4. S phn bit ng i (RT) ....................................................................................................... 57 3.2.3.5. Hot ng ca giao thc MP - BGP. ......................................................................................... 58 3.2.4. Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu trn MPLS VPN .................................. 59 3.2.4.1. Mt phng iu khin: ............................................................................................................... 59 3.2.4.2. Mt phng d liu: .................................................................................................................... 61 3.3. Qu trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn u cui trong MPLS-VPN: .................................................... 62 3.4. MPLS-VPN v qu trnh chuyn gi d liu: ...................................................................................... 63
CHNG 4: K THUT LU LNG TRONG MPLS..............................66

4.1. Cc khi nim c bn trong iu khin lu lng: ............................................................................. 66 4.1.1. K thut hng i .............................................................................................................................. 66 4.1.1.1. FIFO .......................................................................................................................................... 66 4.1.1.2. PQ .............................................................................................................................................. 67 4.1.1.3. FQ.............................................................................................................................................. 68 4.1.1.4. WRR .......................................................................................................................................... 70 4.1.1.5. WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) ................................................................................................. 71 4.1.1.6. WFQ (Class Based) ................................................................................................................... 73 4.1.2. Trung k lu lng ........................................................................................................................... 74 4.1.3. Gii thut thng r v thng Token .................................................................................................. 75 4.1.3.1. M hnh thng r ....................................................................................................................... 75 4.1.3.2. M hnh thng Token ................................................................................................................ 75 4.2. ng lc pht trin ca MPLS TE:....................................................................................................... 76 4.3. Thit lp knh truyn dn s dng MPLS-TE: ................................................................................... 80 4.3.2. Qung b thng tin s dng giao thc IGP m rng: ........................................................................ 81 4.3.3. Tnh ton ng dn s dng CSPF: ................................................................................................ 84 4.3.4. Thit lp ng dn s dng CR-LDP & RSVP-TE: ....................................................................... 86 4.3.4.1.CR-LDP: .................................................................................................................................... 86 4.3.4.2. RSVP-TE................................................................................................................................... 90 4.4. S dng ng dn TE: ......................................................................................................................... 94 4.5. Cc thut ton nh tuyn nng cao trong MPLS ///////// c th b/////////........................................... 97
Trang 4
4.5.1.Yu cu s dng cc thut ton nh tuyn mi: ............................................................................... 97 4.5.2. nh tuyn da trn QoS ................................................................................................................... 98 4.5.2.1. Phn loi cc thut ton QoS: .................................................................................................... 99 4.5.3. nh tuyn da trn lu lng ........................................................................................................ 101 4.5.4. Da trn thng tin hin ti ca mng .............................................................................................. 101 4.5.4.1. Thut ton nh tuyn vi im giao ti thiu MIRA (Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm) ............................................................................................................................................ 101 4.5.4.2. Thut ton nh tuyn ng trc tuyn DORA (Dynamic On line Routing Algorithm) ......... 103 4.5.5. nh tuyn da trn thng tin m t PBR (Profile Based Routing) ................................................ 104 4.6. Bo v v khi phc: ............................................................................................................................. 104 4.6.1. Pht hin li .................................................................................................................................... 105 4.6.2. Bo v v phc hi .......................................................................................................................... 105 4.6.3. MPLS Recovery .............................................................................................................................. 106 4.6.3.1 Phn loi v c ch khi phc v bo v .................................................................................. 107 4.6.3.1.1 Bo v ton cc v bo v cc b ..................................................................................... 107 4.6.3.1.2. Ti nh tuyn bo v v chuyn mch bo v ................................................................ 107 4.6.3.1.3. M hnh MAKAM (Bo v ton cc) .............................................................................. 107 4.6.3.1.4. M hnh Haskin (Reverse Backup): ................................................................................. 108 4.6.3.1.5. M hnh Hundessa ........................................................................................................... 109 4.6.3.1.6. M hnh Simple Dynamic ................................................................................................ 109 4.6.3.1.7. M hnh Shortest Dynamic .............................................................................................. 110 5.1. Trin khai dch v mng ring o VPN/MPLS ti VDC ................................................................... 114 5.2. ng dng MPLS trong mng NGN: ................................................................................................... 115 5.3. Nhng vn cn gii quyt khi trin khai MPLS ti Vit Nam ..................................................... 121
KT LUN ............................................................................................................123
Trang 5
CHNG 1: CNG NGH TCP/IP V ATM

Trc khi MPLS ra i, TCP/IP v ATM tng cng ngh tn tin v p ng c hu ht cc nhu cu dch v vin thng. Cui thp nin 90 v u nhng nm 2000 tng l s bng n ca ATM v TCP/IP trn cc ng dng truyn d liu... Nhng ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu thng tin ngy mt tng v ngi ta cng pht minh ra nhiu loi hnh dch v mi, cc cng ngh c dng nh khng p ng ni nhng yu cu mi. Chng ny gii thiu chung v cc m hnh TCP/IP v ATM, phn tch cc u nhc im v s ra i ca MPLS. 1.1. M hnh TCP/IP: 1.1.1. Cc khi nim c bn trong mng IP TCP/IP l mt b giao thc c pht trin bi Cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao (ARPA) ca b Quc phng M. Trc y, TCP/IP l giao thc chy trn mi trng h iu hnh UNIX v dng chun ca Ethernet. Khi my tnh c nhn ra i, TCP/IP chay trn mi trng my tnh c nhn vi h iu hnh DOS v cc trm lm vic chy h iu hnh UNIX. Hin nay TCP/IP c s dng rt ph bin trong mng Internet. TCP/IP ra i trc chun OSI. Hai m hnh ny khng hon ton trng khp nhau nhng vn c s tng thch nht nh. S tng quan gia m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI c ch ra trong hnh sau:
Trang 6
TCP/IP
OSI ng dng
ng dng v dch v
Trnh din Phin
TCP IP
UDP
Giao vn IP Lin kt v vt l
Lin kt v vt l
Hnh 1.1. S tng ng gia TCP/IP v OSI 1.1.1.1. Phng thc truyn d liu trong mng IP: D liu trong mng IP khng c truyn lin tc m c phn thnh cc gi, hay cn gi l cc datagram. Mi datagram c hai phn chnh l header v data. Header cha a ch ngun, ch v cc thng s khc gip cho packet i n ch. Cc thng s cn li gip hn ch li xy ra khi packet i n ch nh thi gian sng (time to live), kim tra li (checksum), c bo, di tng cng ca ca datagram VER IHL Type of service Total length Flags Fragment offset Protocol Header checksum
Identification Time to live Source address Destination address Options-padding Data
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc ca datagram Khi gi cc datagram trn ng truyn vt l, cc datagram phi c ng gi li di dng cc frame do ng truyn vt l khng xc nh c cc frame.
Trang 7
Ton b datagram s nm trong vng d liu ca frame. ng truyn vt l x l cc frame da vo a ch MAC v cc giao thc lp hai. Tuy nhin trong mi loi mng, ngi ta lun qui nh di ti a ca mt frame, gi l MTU (maximun transfer unit). Kch thc ca frame lun phi nh hn kch thc ca MTU. Khi frame c kch thc ln hn MTU, n phi c phn on, mi on c kch thc nh hn MTU ca mng. Qu trnh phn on c thc hin cc Gateway gia cc mng c kch thc MTU khc nhau trn ng truyn d liu. Cc on sau khi c phn chia s vn gm hai thnh phn: phn header v data. Cc phn on ln lt c chuyn ti ch. Trm cui da vo cc thng s flag v fragment offset thit lp li d liu ban u. 1.1.1.2. Chn ng i cho cc gi d liu trong mng IP: a ch IP l s nhn bit ca mt trm trong mng. Cc gi xc nh ch n da vo a ch IP. Trn th gii hin nay ang s dng IPv4. l mt chui s nh phn di 32 bit, c chia thnh bn Octet. n gin ngi ta biu din mi Octec di dng thp phn. ln mi Octec chy t 0 n 255, cc a ch IP c nh vy lp y s 1 vo chui nh phn 32 bit. thun tin cho vic qun l v s dng, ngi ta chia a ch IP ra thnh 4 lp nh sau: Lp A: l dy a ch vi Octec u c dng 0xxxxxxx,cho php nh danh 126 mng,vi ti a 16 triu host trn mt mng. Lp B: l dy a ch vi Octec u c dng 10xxxxxx, cho php nh danh 16384 mng vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng Lp C: l dy a ch vi Octec u c dng 110xxxxx,cho php nh danh khong 2 triu mng , mi mng ti a 254 host . Lp D : cc a ch cn li ,c dng cho multicast hoc broadcast (gi mt thng tin n nhiu host) Lp A 1 Net ID Host ID
Lp B 1 0 Net ID
Host ID
Trang 8
Lp C 1 1 0 Net ID Hnh 1.2. Phn lp a ch IP
Host ID
1.1.1.3. nh tuyn nh tuyn l phng thc dch chuyn thng tin trong lin mng,t ngun n ch. N l mt chc nng c thc hin tng mng. Chc nng ny cho php b nh tuyn nh gi ng i sn c ti ch da vo topo mng. Topo mng c th do ngi qun tr thit lp hoc c thu thp thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. Topo mng m router hc c s c ghi vo bng nh tuyn. Bng nh tuyn cha thng tin tm ng m router da vo phn pht cc gi tin n ch cui cng. 1.1.1.4. Cc hnh ng trong qu trnh nh tuyn: Xc nh ng i: chn ra 1 ng i tt nht n ch theo mt tiu ch no (cost, chiu di ng i...) da vo bng nh tuyn. Khi c c ng i tt nht t bng nh tuyn, bc tip theo l gn vi ng i ny cho b nh tuyn bit phi gi gi tin i u. Chuyn mch: cho php b nh tuyn gi gi tin t cng vo n cng ra tng ng vi ng i ti u chn. 1.1.2. Cc nhc im ca TCP/IP: Do tnh cht ca chuyn mch lp 3, qu trnh nh tuyn trong router thng chm hn trong switch. Qu trnh nh tuyn c thc hin trn tt c cc router m n i qua.
Trang 9
Hnh 1.4. nh tuyn IP Do s phc tp tnh ton nh tuyn cc gi tin IP ti mi router m tc hi t s chm, cng vi l cc phng thc gip m hnh TCP/IP hot ng ng nh chng lp vng (split horizon, spoison reverse v.v), hay cc th thut iu khin lu lng gip mng hot ng c hiu qu. Nhng ng thi chng cng gii hn kch c ca mt mng s dng nh tuyn IP. Khi s dng kt ni qua mng WAN, ta khng th s dng TCP/IP do tc hi t chm cng vi vic header IP ln qua mng ng di s lm tn bng thng. Mc d cc k thut TE (traffic engineering), Diffserv s dng trong IP gip m hnh ny hot ng tt hn v cung ng a dch v nhng vic s dng nhng k thut ny trong mng TCP/IP rt phc tp v hiu qu cha cao. Do , yu cu t ra l cn mt giao thc mng WAN gip cho vic chuyn gi tin i nhanh hn qua WAN v cung ng a dch v v cht lng dch v. V y chnh l c s cho vic hnh thnh cc giao thc mng WAN nh X25, FrameRelay, v c bit l ATM.
Trang 10
1.2. M hnh ATM: ATM l m hnh mng theo chun ca ITU-T cho chuyn mch t bo. Vi cng ngh ATM, thng tin a dch v nh voice, video, data c chuyn i trong cc t bo (cell) c kch thc nh v c nh. Do kch thc ca cc gi, vic chuyn pht d liu c tc nhanh hn so vi mng TCP/IP v gim thiu c thi gian tr. Mt mng ATM t nhn hoc mng ATM cng cng u c th chuyn pht cc d liu a dch v. 1.2.1. Cc thit b ATM v mi trng mng: ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch t bo, kt hp cc u im ca chuyn mch mch v chuyn mch gi. Mng ATM cho php m rng bng thng tm Mbps n tm Gbps, l tc l tng cho cc dch v so vi mng TCP/IP. Do tnh khng ng b, ATM r rng l hiu qu hn cc cng ngh ng b nh TDM. i vi TDM, vic truyn d liu c chia thnh cc knh theo thi gian, mi ngi s dng c gn vo mt khe thi gian, v khng ai khc c th truyn trn khe thi gian . Nu mt user c d liu truyn, n ch c th truyn khi n khe thi gian ring ca n, trong khi cc khe khc l trng. Ngc lai, khi user khng c d liu, n vn truyn d liu rng trn khe ca mnh. Vi cng ngh ATM, do tnh bt ng b, khe thi gian c kh dng theo yu cu t ngun gi da vo thng tin trn mo u ca ATM-cell.
Hnh 1.5. M hnh ng dng mng ATM
Trang 11
1.2.1.1 nh dng t bo ATM: Thng tin chuyn i trong mng ATM di dng cc n v c di c nh gi l cc cell. Nm byte u tin cha thng tin mo u ca cell (cellheader), 48 byte cn li l thnh phn thng tin m gi tin mng i. Nh di nh v khng i, thng tin truyn i trong mng ATM thng t tr v ph hp vi chuyn pht m thanh, hnh nh.
Hnh 1.6. nh dng t bo ATM 1.2.1.2. Cc thit b trong mng ATM Mng ATM gm c hai thit b chnh l ATM swtich v ATM endpoint. ATM switch c nhim v vn chuyn cc cell qua mng ATM. ATM switch nhn cc cell t cc endpoint hoc ATM switch khc. Sau , n c v update thng tin t cell-header v quyt nh gi cell i ti mt giao tip ca n. Cn ATM endpoint th c th l cc trm cui, cc router hoc LAN switch...nhng c gn thm mt b phn tng thch ATM. Hnh 1.5 m t cc b phn trong mt mng ATM. 1.2.1.3. Cc dch v trong mng ATM: C ba loi dch v trong mng ATM l: mch o c nh, mch o tm thi v cc dch v khng kt ni. PVC cho php kt ni trc tip gia cc v tr ca khch hng, y, ging nh l mt ng lease lined, ngha l ng thu bao dnh ring. u im ca dch v ny l gi c kt ni c nh v khng yu cu mt th tc thit lp ng truyn no. Tuy nhin nhc im l cc kt ni phi c thit lp bng tay v c nh, do vn m rng mng gp nhiu kh khn. Hn na, cc kt ni khng t khi phc khi b hng.
Trang 12
i vi dch v SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit), mt SVC c to v ngt t ng khi c d liu truyn i, ging nh l khi ta thit lp mt cuc gi. thit lp SVC, cn c cc giao thc bo hiu gia cc ATM endpoint v ATM switch. Thun li ca SVC l t ng thit lp knh truyn bi cc thit b mng, nhng bt li ca n l mng cn nhiu thi gian cho vic thit lp v bng thng bo hiu. 1.2.1.3. Cc nhc im ca ATM: D c nhiu thun li trc mt, nhng ATM cng tn ti nhiu bt cp trong tng lai, khi nhu cu s dng tng i hi phi m rng mng. Cng tc bo tr trong mng ATM cng gp nhiu kh khn. ATM c th ra i p ng nhng nhu cu s dng hin thi ca con ngi nhng xt v kh nng s dng lu di v m rng l hon ton khng hiu qu. Hn na, nh tuyn IP thng thng v nh tuyn ATM khc nhau do ATM lm gin on nh tuyn IP dn n vic lm gin on cc chc nng phn mm. Cc nh cung cp dch v lun gp kh khn khi kt hp hai m hnh ny, bi v kh c s trao i thng tin nh tuyn v bo hiu gia ATM & nh tuyn IP. Bn cnh , m hnh ATM kh c th m rng mng. S trin khai ATM tn km nhiu chi ph do s phc tp ca cu trc mng. Yu cu t ra l cn c mt giao thc kt hp c cc u im ca m hnh TCP/IP v ATM. V cc k thut trong TCP/IP v ATM chnh l c s hnh thnh nn giao thc mng mi MPLS ( multi protocol label switching )
IP
MPLS
ATM
Hnh 1.7. Giao thc mng MPLS i vi mng MPLS, c s chuyn tip gi tin khng cn l IP header hay cell header na, mi s chuyn mch u da trn nhn. MPLS c th c xy dng trn mt nn tng TCP/IP hoc ATM sn c. Pht trin MPLS l kh thi trn mt giao thc mng bt k, ATM hay TCP/IP. Do MPLS goi l mng chuyn
Trang 13
mch nhn a giao thc. MPLS ra i gii quyt hu ht cc kh khn ca cc m hnh mng c v cng cho nhng u im vt tri:
IP MPLS ATM, FRAME RELAY, Ethernet, PPP
SDH, ODH, WDN, CSMA
Hnh 1.8. Lp MPLS trong m hnh OSI nh tuyn v chuyn mch ch s dng LSR (Label Stack Router) S dng chuyn mch nhn lm tng tc chuyn gi Gi c u im ca giao thc IP (nh tuyn), ATM (chuyn mch) n lp lin kt d liu & s khc bit giao thc lp 2 ca cc gi tin Cung cp kh nng QoS (Quality of service) MPLS cng c mt s nhc im nh mt lp mi phi c thm vo m hnh OSI v cc router phi c ci t cc phn mm c th hiu c MPLS Tm lai s ra i ca MPLS l mt bc pht trin ln trong ngnh cng nghip vin thng, p ng nhu cu s dng ngy mt cao ca x hi. Cc chng tip theo s trnh by v k thut v cc ng dng trong MPLS
Trang 14
CHNG 2:
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH MPLS
Mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc l cng ngh kt hp c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai, cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li v nh tuyn tt mng bin bng cch da vo nhn. MPLS l mt phng php ci tin vic chuyn tip gi trn mng, da trn vic gn nhn vo mng IP tng ng. Do mi gi IP, cell ATM hoc frame lp 2 u c gn nhn. Hin nay mng MPLS l gii php cho cc nhu cu v tc , kh nng m rng, qun l cht lng dch v v iu khin lu lng. MPLS cng cung cp mt gii php hng u p ng nhu cu v bng thng v dch v yu cu cho cc mng IP th h k tip. Chng ny bao gm l thuyt v cc k thut, khi nim v cch hot ng ca mt mng MPLS thng thng 2.1. So snh gia chuyn mch trong mng IP truyn thng v mng MPLS: 2.1.1. Chuyn mch trong mng IP: Trong mng IP truyn thng, cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng phn phi thng tin nh tuyn lp ba. Gi c chuyn i da vo a ch ch trong IP header. Khi nhn c mt gi IP, router d tm trong bng nh tuyn thng tin trong bn routing mng ch ca gi, t xc nh next-hop ri chuyn gi i. Vic xc nh next-hop c lp li ti mi hop t ngun n ch. 2.1.2. Chuyn mch trong mng MPLS: Gi c chuyn i da trn nhn. Cc nhn ny c th tng ng vi cc a ch IP ch hoc cc thng s khc nh cc lp QoS v a ch ngun. Nhn c pht i trn tng Router hoc Router interface v c nhn bit mt cch ni b trong chnh Router . Router gn nhn n cc ng i nh trc gi l LSP gia cc im cui. V vy, ch c router bin mi lm nhim v d tm bng nh tuyn. Cc bc ca qu trnh chuyn mch trong mng MPLS:
Trang 15
Bng nh tuyn
Hnh 2.1. Chuyn mch trong mng IP 1. R4 nhn gi c tin t a ch ch IP l 172.16.10.0/24 v gi gi tin qua min MPLS. R4 nhn bit ng i ca gi trong mng bng 1 bng nh tuyn theo nhn. R4 gn nhn L3 nhn t downstream R3 vo gi IP, chuyn gi n next hop R3. 2. R3 nhn gi, hon i nhn L3 bng nhn L2 nhn c t router R2 v chuyn n next hop R2. 3. R2 nhn gi tin, tip tc thay th nhn L2 bng nhn L1 v gi gi n R1.
Hnh 2.2. Chuyn mch trong mng MPLS
Trang 16
R1 l router bin, kt ni gia min IP v min MPLS. R1 bc tt c cc nhn MPLS c gn vo gi tin, tr li a ch IP nguyn thy v gi n mng 172.16.10.0/24. Nh chuyn mch da trn nhn mng li, MPLS s c tc x l gi nhanh hn so vi mng IP. Thay v d tm trong mt bng nh tuyn di, gi tin trong MPLS ch so snh nhn vi bng chuyn mch nhn m n hc c. C th lin tng qu trnh chuyn mch trong mng li vi vic gn tag trong mng lp hai gia cc Vlan. l l do ngi ta ni rng MPLS l cng ngh kt hp cc c im tt nht gia chuyn mch lp hai v nh tuyn lp 3. 2.2. Cc thut ng v khi nim trong MPLS: Mt m hnh MPLS tiu biu s gm cc khi nim sau: 2.2.1. Lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC): RFC3031, nhm gi c chuyn i theo cng mt cch ging nhau (cng mt ng i vi cch chuyn pht nh nhau). 2.2.2. Router chuyn mch nhn MPLS (MPLS LSR): Thc hin chc nng nh chuyn mch nhn. LSR nhn gi c nhn v trao i nhn vi mt nhn ca n v gi gi i ti interface tng ng. LSR, da trn v tr ca n trong min MPLS thc hin chc nng gn nhn hoc bc nhn hoc trao i. LSR cng da vo v tr gn hoc bc chng nhn. Trong sut qu trnh trao i, ch c nhn trn cng ca chng nhn c thay th, cc nhn khc khng b nh hng. 2.2.3. Router bin chuyn mch nhn MPLS (E-LSR): Mt LSR bin ca MPLS domain. E-LSR gn nhn khi gi i vo min MPLS hoc bc nhn khi gi ra khi min. Ch c nhng Router ny mi thc hin nhim v va nh tuyn IP, va nh tuyn theo nhn. Hnh sau ch r E-LSR, LSR trong min MPLS: E- LSR: R1, R4.
Trang 17
LSR: R2, R3.
Hnh 2.3. V tr ca LSR v E-LSR trong min MPLS 2.2.4. ng dn trong mch MPLS (LSP) l ng dn t ngun n ch ca gi tin trong min MPLS. Bn cht ca LSP l n hng. LSP thng nhn thng tin t IGP nhng LSP cng c th i khc hng ca IGP n ch khi s dng iu khin lu lng trong MPLS. 2.2.5. Upstream, downstream: l cc khi nim then cht hiu hot ng ca s phn phi nhn (mt phng d liu) v chuyn pht d liu trong MPLS. D liu m Router nh gi i cho mt mng xc nh gi l downstream, cn vic cp nhp thng tin (giao thc nh tuyn hoc phn phi nhn, LDP/TDP) gn lin vi mt tin t gi l upstream. C th hiu l thng tin v nhn ca 1 Router c chnh n gi i cho cc LSR k cn c gi l downstream. Cn thng tin nh tuyn th gi l upstream. Hnh di y cho v d v downstream v upstream router
Trang 18
Hnh 2.4. Upstream v downstream 2.2.6. Nhn MPLS: mt nhn MPLS di 20 bit c gn cho mt tin t IP. Cu trc ca nhn nh sau:
Hnh 2.5. Cu trc nhn MPLS Hnh 2.5. Cu trc nhn MPLS 20 bit u (0->19): thnh phn nhn tht s dng ring cho hot ng thit yu ca mt mng MPLS 3 bit (20 -> 22) dng cho mc ch CoS (cost of service ) tng t nh trong mng IP truyn thng. Bit 23: ty kch thc cng nh dch v m MPLS c th s dng mt hay nhiu nhn. Nu s dng nhiu nhn th cc nhn s c lu tr trong mt
Trang 19
ngn xp. Bit ny s c set ln 1 khi nhn cn x l l cui cng trong ngn xp router trong MPLS bit kt thc quy trnh x l nhn. 8 bit cui ( 24 -> 31 ): TTL ( time to live ) c chc nng chng lp vng bng cch nh thi gian tn ti ca gi tin trong mng MPLS tng t nh thnh phn TTL trong header gi tin IP 2.2.7. Ngn xp nhn: Ngn xp nhn l mt tp cc nhn, trong phn chia ra 3 loi nhn: nhn u, gia v nhn cui ngn xp
Hnh 2.6. Ngn xp nhn Protocol ID (PID) l thnh phn xc nh d liu (payload) c km mt hay nhiu nhn v theo sau cc nhn ny l IP header. Cc thnh phn nhn gm nhn u tin (Top), cc nhn trung tm (Middle) v nhn cui (Bottom). Th t ca cc nhn ny c xc nh bi bit S trong cc nhn trn. Khi mt router trong MPLS nhn frame trn, n ch x l phn nhn u tin (top label), cc nhn sau do cc router k tip x l. Thng thng cc gi d liu khi vo MPLS ch c gn mt nhn. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp phi s dng nhiu nhn p ng yu cu dch v. Mt s dch v c th k ra nh: MPLS VPN: gm 2 nhn, trong nhn th hai (khng thay i khi qua MPLS) dng hi t cc tuyn s dng MP BGP qua mng MPLS. Nhn u tin c cc router trong MPLS x l nh trong mng MPLS thng thng. MPLS TE: s dng k thut traffic engineering v phng php phn phi nhn RSVP dng xc nh LSP cn dng. Nhn cn li c dng hi t u cui vi tng LSP.
Trang 20
MPLS VPN c dng MPLS-TE: c th dng nhiu nhn. 2.3. Thnh phn v cu trc ca MPLS: 2.3.1. Cc phng php chuyn mch trong MPLS: C ba phng php dng chuyn gi tin trong MPLS : Phng php u tin gi l process switching: mi gi tin c chuyn ti ch nh vo bng nh tuyn c xy dng ban u nh gi tin u tin da trn giao thc nh tuyn IP. Cc gi tin sau s da vo bng nh tuyn m quyt nh ng i ti ch. Do bng nh tuyn c gii hn nn vic nh tuyn c th xy ra quy. Trong phng php ny, ti mi router cc gi tin c nh nhn mt cch c lp nn thi gian x l s rt chm. Do phng php ny khng c s dng nhiu. Phng php th hai l phng php chuyn mch nhanh: khi gi tin n router, gi tin s c kim tra xem desIP c trong bng nh tuyn cha, nu cha c desIP s c thm vo b nh lu tr (cache) trong router. im khc bit so vi phng php u tin l ch vic x l nhn trn gi tin u tin (ni dung ca khung header) s c k tha cho nhng gi tin sau. Phng php th ba c pht trin bi Cisco (CEF-Cisco Express Forwarding) c khuyn ngh bi IETF. Phng php ny s dng c s d liu l bng FIB (Forwarding Information Base) thay cho bng nh tuyn. Khc vi phng php fast switching, khi qu trnh x l nhn i hi phi tham chiu n desIP, bng cch s dng bng FIB, phng php CEF s to ra bng LFIB (label forwarding information base). Qu trnh chuyn gi tip sau n gin ch l tham chiu nhn khi vo router vi LFIB m chuyn gi tin ra interface thch hp km nhn thch hp thay th khi gi tin ra khi router. 2.3.1.1. K thut chuyn mch thng thng: Quy trnh fast switching din ra theo nhng bc sau:
Trang 21
Bc 1: Khi thng tin nh tuyn ca giao thc BGP c cp nht v c x l trong bng BGP. Nu la chn c tuyn tt nht th mt ng dn mi c thm vo bng nh tuyn. Bc 2: Khi gi d liu u tin mun ti ch, router s tm a ch ch trong ni c s d liu cha thng tin chuyn mch nhanh (fast switching cache). V a ch ch khng c trong fast switching cache, mt qu trnh x l phi c thc hin chuyn gi tin i. Qu trnh ny c thc hin mt cch quy thng qua cc interface. Trong v d trn nu a ch 10.0.0.0/8 khng tm thy trong b nh lu tr cache, tn hiu ARP s c gi i trong mng ni b ca interface tng ng tm a ch MAC. Trong trng hp ny, mun ti mng 10.0.0.0/8 a ch hop k phi ti l 1.2.3.4/24, v ti c mng 1.2.3.0/24 th phi chuyn gi qua interface E0. Bc 3: tt c cc gi tip theo ti cng mt ch s s dng chuyn mch nhanh da vo Switching cache gm a ch mng layer2 header tng ng. Mt phn cu to ca layer2 header gm a ch ca interface cn n 1.5.4.1 v a ch MAC ca n. Khi mt router cn chuyn mch nhanh nhng a ch ch khng c trong switching cache th qu trnh nh tuyn cho gi tin din ra bnh thng nhm thit lp bng switching cache cc gi sau da vo thc hin chuyn mch nhanh.
Trang 22
Hnh 2.7. S lin kt c s d liu trong chuyn mch thng thung 2.3.1.2. K thut chuyn mch CEF: CEF s dng cng mt c s d liu vi bng nh tuyn IP thng thng, bng FIB. Bt c s thay i no xy ra trong bng nh tuyn u c cp nht trc tip n bng FIB. Nu mt router nhn c mt gi tin c yu cu chuyn ti ch bng phng thc chuyn mch CEF nhng desIP khng c trong FIB, gi tin s b loi. Bng FIB khc vi bng chuyn mch nhanh (fast switching) ch n khng trc tip cha a ch interface k v a ch MAC, thay vo nhng thng s ny s c lu tr trong mt bng ring bit gi l bng k cn(Adjacency Table). Bng ny gn ging vi ARP cache nhng thay v cha a ch MAC, n cha MAC Header.
Trang 23
Hnh 2.8. S lin kt c s d liu trong chuyn mch CEF Adjacency pointer trong bng FIB l mt con tr tham chiu trc tip n c s d liu ca bng nh tuyn IP, Adjacency table v ARP cache. Nu c s thay i v c s d liu trong cc bng trn th FIB cng s lp tc thay i.Chnh nh k thut CEF m cu trc ca mt router MPLS c phn thnh hai phn l mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu m ta s xt ngay sau y. 2.3.2. Mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu: Cu trc ca mng MPLS c chia lm hai phn: mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu. Tng t nh IP c hai c s d liu l RIB v FIB th trong MPLS cng c hai c s d liu l LIB v LFIB. LIB c vai tr ging nh RIB, n nm trong mt phng iu khin. LIB lu cc nhn c ng k bi LSR v cc nh x FEC-to-label m LSR nhn c thng qua cc giao thc phn phi nhn. Khi mt giao thc phn phi nhn mun lin kt vi mt nhn vi FEC, n s yu cu nhn ng vo t LIB (tc l yu cu cc nhn cc b). Tng t khi mt giao thc phn phi nhn hc c nhn t mt FEC no , n cung cp nhn ng ra cho LIB. LIB c xem l c s d liu nhn cho tt c cc giao thc phn phi nhn.
Trang 24
Hnh 2.9. Mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu Bng LFIB nm ngay trong mt phng d liu. Bng LFIB ch s dng cc nhn dng cho chuyn mch gi tin. Vic xy dng cc entry LFIB yu cu thng tin cung cp bi c cc giao thc nh tuyn IP v cc giao thc phn phi nhn (thng qua LIB). V d nh x FEC n next hop c cung cp bi cc giao thc nh tuyn IP nh x FEC n nhn c cung cp bi cc giao thc phn phi nhn, v quan h k cn to ra ARP. Vic xy dng bng FIB, LIB xy ra trn mt phng iu khin. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni nh OSPF, RIP iu khin vic qung qu thng tin trong mng mi router mang thng tin v s mng. Qu trnh ny hnh thnh bng nh tuyn, gi l bng RIB. Tng t nh vic cp nhp cc giao thc nh tuyn, cc giao thc phn phi nhn nh LDP cng lm cng vic tng t nh cc IGP, hnh thnh nn bng LIB. Tm li FIB v LIB cha thng tin v nh tuyn chung nht cho mng. Vi bng RIB v LIB, mng vn chuyn tip gi tin n ch c nhng thi gian x l s chm hn nhiu do phi d tm ht trong ton b bng nh tuyn. C ch chuyn mch Cisco CEF cho php chuyn pht nhanh cc gi tin qua mng
Trang 25
bng cch ghi nh ng i ca gi tin trong nhng ln chuyn pht tip theo. Nhng d liu ny tn ti trong bng FIB v bng LFIB trn mt phng d liu. CEF l c ch chuyn mch thng minh, nh vy m tit kim c thi gian cng nh b nh ca thit b. V d:
Hnh 2.10. V d x l nhn trong mt LSR Qu trnh hnh thnh bng chuyn mch nhn c hnh thnh qua ba giai on: nh tuyn IP, trao i v phn phi nhn trong MPLS, cui cng l hnh thnh bng chuyn mch nhn LFIB chuyn gi tin da vo nhn. Trong v d trn giai on u s dng giao thc OSPF nh tuyn. Khi c ng i, giao thc LDP dng quyt nh vic gi tin i vo s c gn nhn g v i ra s c gn nhn g. Cc yu cu ny s c ghi vo c s d liu ca router hnh thnh bng LFIB thuc mng d liu. 2.3.3. Phn loi nhn s dng trong MPLS: MPLS c to ra nhm khc phc nhng yu km ca nhng m hnh WAN nh ATM hay Frame Relay nhng cng i hi phi k tha, pht trin MPLS trn nn h thng mng c. Do cc cu trc ca frame hay cell dng trong cc h thng mng c cn c gi nguyn, MPLS ch ng gi cc gi ny cng vi nhng phn cn thit cho hot ng ca MPLS. Chnh v l do trn, trong cu trc nhn ca MPLS chia lm hai loi: ch dng cho Frame v dng cho cell
Trang 26
Nu MPLS pht trin t h thng mng dng Frame nh Frame Relay th cu trc nhn n gin ch l thm vo 32 bit gia header ca layer 2 v layer 3 trong gi tin. Trong mng ATM, lin lc gia u-cui thng qua cc thng s l VPI/VCI, nhng thng s ny c xem nh nhng ch s c trng cho mt mch o. Cc gi d liu k tip (ti cng mt ch) sau khi mch o c thit lp s c gn thng s ny truyn qua mch o duy nht, khc vi Frame Relay khi cc gi tin c th theo nhiu ng khc nhau. c tnh ny ca ATM ging vi MPLS, do nu s dng MPLS da trn ATM th MPLS s s dng li cc thng s VPI/VCI lm nhn cho mnh. Nhn trong ch dng frame:
Hnh 2.11. Nhn trong ch dng Frame Khi mt router cnh edge router (router tip gip gia MPLS v mng ngoi) nhn mt gi tin IP gm thnh phn frame header, edge router s x l theo cc bc sau: Xc nh interface ng ra ti hop k. Router s chn thm vo gia frame header v IP header thnh phn nhn s dng trong MPLS. Trong thnh phn Frame Header s c thnh phn PID xc nh thnh phn nhn pha sau. Trong thnh phn nhn cng c cc bit S xc nh th t nhn v v tr bt u ca mt IP Header. Edge router s chuyn gi tin n hop k.
Trang 27
Nhn trong ch dng cell: Ch ny dng khi c mt mng gm cc ATM-LSR dng MPLS trong mt phng iu khin trao i thng tin VPI/VCI thay v dng bo hiu ATM. Trong ch ny nhn chnh l VPI/VCI. Sau khi trao i nhn trong mt phng iu khin, mt phng chuyn tip tc l ti Ingress LER s phn tch gi tin tr thnh li kiu t bo trong ATM v dng gi tr VPI/VCI chuyn gi tin i qua mng li theo ng mch o ( y l LSP) chuyn gi tin i.
Hnh 2.12. Nhn trong ch dng Cell GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): Nhn dng ng o VCI (Virtual Cicuit Identifier): Nhn dng knh o PT (Payload Type): Ch th kiu trng tin CLP (Cell Loss Priority): Ch th u tin hu b t bo HEC (Header Error Check): Khi bt dng kim tra li tiu 2.3.4. Hot ng ca LSR v E-LSR (LER) trn mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu: Trong phn ny s phn tch cu to v chc nng ca thnh phn chnh trong mng MPLS l cc router cnh (edge router) v cc router chuyn mch nhn (label switch router). Trong m hnh MPLS ty theo v tr v chc nng tng ng m ngi ta chia lm hai loi router chuyn mch nhn: LSR c s dng trong li MPLS, LER nm pha ngoi bin MPLS, ni tip xc vi mng ngoi.
Trang 28
LSR (label switch router): l thnh phn chnh trong MPLS, c chc nng chuyn gi tin da vo nhn, ng thi cng c kh nng nh tuyn IP thng thng. LER (label edge router): c chc nng phc tp. Phi ng thi thc hin nhim v giao tip vi mng ngoi, va thc hin chc nng chuyn mch nhn trong MPLS. Qu trnh nhn c to ra u tin v c tch ra tr thnh gi tin theo cu trc ca mng ngoi xy ra ti y. Khi s dng mt s dch v cao cp nh MPLS VPN th LER cn phi kim thm mt s chc nng phc tp hn.
Hnh 2.13. Vic gn nhn khi qua LSR v LER 2.3.4.1. Thnh phn v chc nng ca mt LSR: Nhn chung mt LSRs bt k c 3 chc nng chnh sau: trao i thng tin nh tuyn, trao i nhn v chuyn tip gi d liu i da vo nhn. Hot ng trao i thng tin nh tuyn v trao i nhn xy ra trn mt phng iu khin, cn vic chuyn gi d liu i l hot ng ca mt phng d liu. Chc nng chnh ca mt LSR l chuyn mch nhn. Bi vy mt LSR cn c mt giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, IS-IS) v mt giao thc phn phi nhn. S nguyn l chc nng ca mt LSR c cho hnh di y:
Trang 29
Hnh 2.14. Hot ng ca LSR trong mng MPLS LDP da vo c s d liu l LIB qung b thng tin chuyn mch nhn trong ton mng MPLS. 2.3.4.2. Thnh phn v chc nng ca mt LER: Chc nng ca mt LER phc tp hn do phi thc hin nhiu chc nng nh nu trn. S nguyn l khi qut hot ng ca mt LER c cho m hnh sau: Nhng mi lin h gia hai thnh phn iu khin v thnh phn d liu trong mt LER hnh trn cho php LER thc hin cc chc nng sau: Nhn mt gi d liu IP v gi n ch da trn desIP. Gi d liu ng ra c cu trc nh mt gi d liu IP thng thng. Nhn mt gi d liu IP v gi n ch da trn desIP: Gi d liu ng ra l gi d liu IP c gn nhn. Nhn mt gi d liu c gn nhn: Sau khi x l nhn s gi gi tin i ra interface theo bng nh tuyn vi mt nhn mi thch hp. Nhn mt gi d liu c gn nhn: Sau khi x l nhn s b nhn khi gi tin v gi gi tin vi cu trc ca gi d liu IP thng thng ra interface thch hp.
Trang 30
Hnh 2.15. Hot ng ca LER trong mng MPLS Nu nhng mi quan h rng buc theo m hnh trn khng c p ng, nhng tnh hung sau s c th xy ra: Mt gi tin gn nhn khi vo LER s b drop ngay c khi desIP trong gi tin c trong FIB (Forwarding information base). iu ny xy ra khi giai on nh tuyn IP mi hon thnh v LER mi t nhn local trong bng FIB, bng LFIB cha c giao thc LDP cp nht. Mt gi tin c gn nhn khi vo LER s b drop khi desIP ca gi tin khng c trong bng FIB mc d nhn ca n tn ti trong LFIB. Cng do nguyn nhn trn khi mt gi tin c gi theo LSP1 (label switch path 1) vi desIP v nhn tng ng. Khi gi tin i n ch nhng ti LER pha u hoc cui ng dn xut hin gi tin IP khc ti mt ch khc, qu trnh nh tuyn gi tin ny c th xy ra nhanh trong khi bng FIB y, do thng tin v desIP ca gi tin ban u b loi nhng thnh phn nhn th vn cn trong LFIB.
Trang 31
2.4. Hot ng ca MPLS: Ni dung phn ny s miu t c ch thc hin vic thnh lp cc bng FIB, LFIB trong thnh phn d liu (data plane) cc quy tc gn nhn, trao i nhn bng giao thc LDP. Ni dung cng phn tch vic ti sao mt gi IP nhn c li c tham chiu n cc bng d liu tng ng (FIB hoc LFIB), cng nh ngha ca vic chuyn gi tin qua MPLS m khng qua nhn (dng nh tuyn IP thng thng). Do cu trc c th ca gi tin c gn nhn trong mng MPLS ch dng frame phc tp hn so vi ch dng cell (MPLS da trn ATM), s khng lm mt i tnh tng qut nu ta phn tch vic x l nhn ch dng Frame. 2.4.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh c s d liu: Qu trnh xc nh, thit lp, phn phi v gn nhn trong mng MPLS c th chia lm cc bc sau: Bc 1: cc router trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau thng qua giao thc IGP nh OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP. Bc 2: Ti mi LSR tng ng vi mi a ch ch nhn c s pht sinh mt nhn local, v nhn ny c lu tr trong LIB (label information base). Bng LIB dng lm c s d liu trong phng thc phn phi nhn, do bng LIB thuc thnh phn iu khin (control plane) trong s chc nng ca mt LSR. Bc 3: Cc nhn local c qung b n cc router ln cn, ti y cc nhn s c i km vi a ch IP cn n trong bng FIB v bng LFIB. Da vo cc bng ny, gi tin s c chuyn i da vo nhn. Bc 4: Mi LSR (label switch router) xy dng bng LIB, FIB, LFIB da trn nhn m n nhn c t cc router k cn. 2.4.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh bng nh tuyn: M hnh sau m t cc router hnh thnh bng nh tuyn thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn IP nh: OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP v.v
Trang 32
Hnh 2.16. Xy dng bng nh tuyn Trong qu trnh hnh thnh bng nh tuyn, vic xc nh bng nh tuyn l bc u tin. khi bng nh tuyn hnh thnh, ti mi router, mt desIP s tng ng vi mt interface m qua n s ti c hop k. Nu gi tin IP i vo mng MPLS ti thi im ny, th gi tin s c chuyn i da vo bng nh tuyn nh trong m hnh nh tuyn IP. 2.4.1.2. Gn nhn Local cho desIP tng ng: Sau khi thit lp xong bng nh tuyn IP, cc LSR s gn nhn local cho cc desIP tng ng. Vic gn nhn gia cc LSR l hon ton c lp nhau. Mc d c th c nhiu LSR cng pht sinh nhn local cng lc nhng vic ny xy ra c lp, tc l c th c nhiu LSR cng ghp chung mt desIP vi mt nhn local. Tuy nhin trong cng mt LSR th s rng buc ny l duy nht tc mt desIP ch tng ng vi mt nhn local.
Hnh 2.17. Gn nhn local cho desIP tng ng
Trang 33
2.4.1.3. Thit lp bng LIB v LFIB: Khi mt nhn c gn km vi mt desIP th mi quan h rng buc ny c lu tr trong 2 bng: LIB v LFIB. Bng LIB dng gn tng ng mt desIP (a ch mng cn n ) vi mt nhn local do LSR pht sinh trong v d ny l nhn 25 Bng LFIB cha nhn local, nhn remote nhn t pha router k trn ng ti ch (upstream) km theo l hnh ng x l gi tin khi n i ra khi interface. Trong trng hp ny hnh ng l khng gn (untagged) nhn cho gi tin khi n ti hop k do LSR vn cha nhn c nhn local t LSR (hop) ny cho vo nhn remote trong LFIB.
Hnh 2.18. Thit lp bng LIB v LFIB 2.4.1.4. Qung b nhn ni b-local cho ton mng: Ni dung phn ny s miu t lm th no cc nhn MPLS c phn phi v qung b thng tin trong mng MPLS. Sau khi bng nh tuyn c thit lp trong ton b router trong mng MPLS v mi desIP ti LSR c gn mt nhn local tng ng, tc l bng LIB c thnh lp. Vn t ra l lm th no qung b cc nhn local ny n cc router k cn. Ngi ta a ra hai kh nng gii quyt vn ny: hoc m rng kh nng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn hin ti, hoc thm vo mt giao thc mi iu khin qu trnh phn phi nhn.
Trang 34
Hnh 2.19. Phn phi nhn local phng n u s gp kh khn do c nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau nh OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP cng tn ti trong mng vin thng, nn vic thc hin m rng chc nng c th gy ra kh khn khi m hnh mng lin min s dng a giao thc c trin khai. Hn na vic mt s router c m rng chc nng trong khi mt s router khc vn gi nguyn c th gy ra nhiu sai st khi hot ng. Gp phn ch yu gy ra nhng kh khn trn l vic c s d liu m y l bng nh tuyn c s dng li khi m rng chc nng phn phi nhn cho LSR. iu ny c gii quyt khi ta s dng phng php th hai l s dng giao thc mi LDP, s dng mt c s d liu mi c tham chiu t bng nh tuyn l bng LIB thc hin vic phn phi nhn trong MPLS. LDP c s dng ch yu do u im hi t nhanh v c kh nng m rng cao. 2.4.1.5. Cp nht thng tin qung b: Ty theo thng tin cp nht t gi tin LDP nhn t B m cc LSR A, C, E s cp nht vo cc bng FIB, LFIB ca mnh. Ti LSR B nhn 25 c gn vi desIP (network X) v c lu tr trong bng LIB. Ti LSR A, nhn 25 nhn c t B v lu tr trong bng FIB ca mnh. Sau khi cp nhp nhn cho cc LSR k cn, qu trnh qung b thng tin ra ton mng din ra nh trong v d sau:
Trang 35
Bc 1: gi tin IP vi ch n l mng X cha c gn nhn i vo mng MPLS ti LER A (label edge router A). Bc 2: da vo bng FIB ca mnh LSR A s xc nh c mun ti c mng X gi tin ny phi c gn nhn 25 v c chuyn ra interface tng ng. Lu l nhn 25 l nhn remote c A nhn t B thng qua LDP. Bc 3: Gi tin c gn nhn 25 v ng gi Frame chuyn ti B Bc 4: Ti B, gi tin c g b nhn v c chuyn ti hop k l C di dng gi tin IP thng thng do B cha nhn c nhn remote do C gi thng qua LDP (hnh ng trong bng LFIB vi gi tin c nhn 25 l untagged ).
Hnh 2.20. Cp nhp thng tin qung b Ti LER A din ra qu trnh x l desIP, trong khi ti B l hnh ng x l nhn. Ti B gi tin c b nhn v chuyn i di dng gi tin IP thng thng. iu ny gip cho mng MPLS vn chuyn gi tin i ti ch d cho qu trnh phn phi nhn (LDP) cha c hon thnh trong ton mng MPLS. V cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc LSR din ra mt cch bt ng b, nhng g xy ra vi LSR A, B cng xy ra tng t nh C, D. Do sau mt thi gian ngn ng dn chuyn mch t A ti D c hon thnh.
Trang 36
Hnh 2.21. Qu trnh qung b nhn xy ra tt c Router trong mng V LSR D c ni trc tip vi mng X, LSR C bit c iu ny nn trong bng LFIB ca n hnh ng i vi gi tin vi nhn local 47 l g b nhn (pop). Gi tin i n D di dng gi tin IP thng thng. K thut trn gi l PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping). 2.4.1.6. PHP: Nh trong v d trn ti cc LER (label edge router) cc gi tin c th n di dng khng nhn. Ti y din ra 2 qu trnh: Da vo bng LFIB nhn bit hnh ng g b nhn cho gi tin khi ra mng ngoi. Da vo bng FIB tham chiu vi a ch IP m cho ra interface tng ng, do ti LER ny nhn remote khng c gn trong khi trong cc LSR trong mng nhn ny c tc dng tham chiu trc tip n bng ARP cache bit interface tng ng vi a ch layer cn n (a ch MAC ca interface hop k)
Trang 37
Hnh 2.22. K thut PHP Trong m hnh v d trn cc du check ch ra cc bng c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn gi tin trong trng hp mng MPLS hi t (cc LSR, LER c bng LFIB). Phng php PHP gip lc b bt yu cu thc hin cc LER bng cch gi ti cc LER ny cc gi tin khng nhn. 2.4.1.7. X l thng tin qung b: Router B sau khi nhn y thng tin v nhn c th xc nh ng i ti mng X v thm nhn local (25), nhn remote (47) nhn c t LSR C vo bng LFIB. Tng t LSR E cng nhn c cc gi qung b LDP (d E khng thuc ng i ti X khi xut pht t A), E ng nhin cng s cp nhn local cho desIP X tng ng trong bng LIB, ng thi cng qung b tnh cht ny cho cc LSR k cn. iu ny c th dn n tnh trng lp vng trong MPLS. Tnh hung ny c th trnh c bng hai c ch:
Trang 38
Hnh 2.23. X l thng tin qung b Mt l s dng trng bit TTL (khc vi TTL trong gi IP) gii hn thi gian lp. Trng TTL trong nhn cng dng chng loop nh trong gi IP v c gi tr t 0 n 255. Khi qua mi LSR, gi tr TTL gim xung 1. Khi TTL c gi tr bng 0, LSR s tr v ngun thng gi ICMP cha thng tin TTL expired in transit. Vi phng php ny, cc gi tin c lp ln trong mng u b loi b. Hai l s dng cch thc tng t nh phng php plit- horizon trong mng IP. y cn lu l thnh phn nhn trong cc bng FIB, LFIB c tc dng nh con tr, tham chiu n a ch IP trong bng nh tuyn, do cc interface ti hop k trn ng i l c xc nh, cac gi tin qung b s khng nhn ngc li gi LDP t hop trc . Tuy nhin gi s tch bit gia nh tuyn IP v LDP cng nh nhng vn phc tp ny sinh m phng php u tin thng c s dng hn. Mt cch khc, nu s dng c ch LDP c s rng buc (odered control l phng php da trn c s bo hiu u cui dc theo ng dn) th s khng xy ra loop nhng hi t chm hn. Cc phng php trao i nhn c rng buc l phng php bt buc dng cho k thut lu lng s c trnh by chi tit trong chng sau.
Trang 39
2.4.1.8. Hnh thnh bng LFIB trong ton mng: Giao thc nh tuyn IGP s qung b ton b bng nh tuyn ca cc LSR trong ton min MPLS. Giao thc LDP dng phn phi v hi t nhn trong mng ny. Lu rng mi LSR s t quyt nh ng i ngn nht ti ch bng cch s dng IGP. Cc LSR khi nhn c cc nhn do giao thc LDP phn phi ti s thm cc nhn cn thit vo bng FIB v LFIB. Ch c nhng nhn ti t cc LSR k trn ng ti ch mi c thm vo cc bng ny bt k LDP s dng phng php phn phi nhn c iu khin hay c lp. Ti LSR B n cng gn mt nhn local cho mng X v to mt li i (entry) trong bng LFIB. Nhn remote c chuyn t LSR k v c thm vo LFIB. Sau khi LSR C qung b nhn local ra cc LSR ln cn, ng dn hay ng hm (tunnel) c hnh thnh v gm c 2 hop. Cc bc tip theo dng hnh thnh ng dn t A n mng X din ra nh sau: Bc 1: Ti A mng X c gn map vi nhn 25 ca hop k (LSR B) Bc 2: Ti B nhn 25 c map vi nhn 47 (nhn remote nhn t C) Bc 3: Do LSR C khng nhn c nhn remote t LSR D do n nhn bit c D l hop cui v s map nhn 47 (nhn local ca C) vi hnh ng l g b (pop).
Hnh 2.24. Hnh thnh bng LFIB trong ton mng
Trang 40
2.4.1.9. Hi t gi tin qua mng MPLS: Khi mt gi tin IP vo mng MPLS n u tin s c chuyn i da vo bng LIB, v s c chuyn i trong MPLS di dng cc gi tin c hay khng nhn. Nhng khi bng LFIB c hnh thnh trong ton mng cc gi tin s hon ton c chuyn i di dng c gn nhn. Tm li nu mt LSR khng nhn c nhn remote t LSR k th gi tin s c chuyn ti LSR k di dng khng gn nhn. M hnh di y m t vic gi tin c chuyn i trong MPLS nh th no. Qu trnh din ra tun t theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: Gi IP vi ch l X vo LSR A. Bc 2: LSR A gn nhn 25 cho gi tin. Bc 3: LSR A chuyn gi tin IP c gn nhn 25 ti B. Bc 4: LSR B da vo bng LFIB tro nhn 25 thnh nhn 47. Bc 5: LSR B chuyn gi tin n C. Bc 6: LSR C g b nhn (bng LFIB quy nh). Bc 7: C gi gi tin n D di dng khng nhn. 2.5. Tm tt Hot ng c bn ca mt mng MPLS c th tm gn nh sau: Mi LSR gn mt nhn local tng ng vi mt ch n trong bng nh tuyn. Cc nhn ny sau c qung b ti cc LSR k cn bng giao thc phn phi nhn thch hp (giao thc c bn l LDP). Khi nhn c cc nhn remote t LSR k cc LSR s b sung vo bng LIB, FIB, LFIB ca mnh ty vo thng tin n nhn c v c s d liu m n c. Khi mng MPLS hi t, cc gi tin s c chuyn i dc theo ng dn (tunnel) da vo bng LFIB thay v bng nh tuyn. PHP dng ti u ha hot ng ca MPLS bng cch gim bt yu cu hot ng ca LER.
Trang 41
Hnh 2.25. Hi t trong mng MPLS
Trang 42
CHNG 3: CNG NGH MPLS VPN

3.1. Tng quan VPN: Mng ring o VPN l khi nim c t lu, xut pht t nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip v t chc mun to mt ng truyn xuyn sut v bo mt gia cc chi nhnh ca mnh trn mt c s h tng chung. MPLS VPN c th coi l m hnh VPN u vit nht so vi trc y. Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v VPN, phn tch cc m hnh VPN v s ra i ca MPLS VPN. Phn ny cng i su vo tm hiu cc k thut trong vic trin khai MPLS VPN sao cho t hiu qu cao nht trong trin khai ng thi cng hn ch thp nht nhng ph tn. 3.1.1. Gii thiu chung VPN VPN ra i cho php cc nh cung cp dch v trin khai nhng kt ni point - to - point gia cc nh cung cp dch v trn mt h tng vt l chung. Mt khch hng s dng VPN s bao gm cc vng ring bit chu s iu khin ca khch hng gi l site khch hng. Cc site ny lin kt vi nhau bi mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Trc y trong mng truyn thng, m hnh VPN n gin nht l nh cung cp dch v s kt ni cc site khch hng theo mt ng point-to-point dnh ring cho khch hng . Khi s site ca khch hng tng ln, s kt ni s tng ng ngha vi vic tn km chi ph trin khai rt nhiu. M hnh ny c coi l khng hiu qu nhng li l nn tng cho cc cng ngh VPN sau ny. Frame Realy v ATM l nhng cng ngh u tin thc hin VPN c hiu qu. Mi cng ngh cha ng nhng k thut v thit b ring cho gii php VPN. Nhn chung, mt mng VPN tng qut lun bao gm cc vng sau: Mng khch hng: Gm cc router ti nhiu site khch hng, cc router ny lin kt cc site khch hng ring l n mng ca nh cung cp dch v gi l router bin khch hng (router CE) Mng ca nh cung cp dch v: c s dng bi nh cung cp cho php cc link point-to-point dnh ring kt ni nhau trn mt c s h tng
Trang 43
chung ca nh cung cp dch v. Trong mng ca nh cung p dch v, router bin provide edge (PE) th kt ni vi router bin ca khch hng. Mng ny cn cha cc thit b chuyn pht d liu trong mng xng sng gi l router Provider (P). 3.1.2. Phn loi cc m hnh VPN Da trn phng php nh tuyn, VPN c bn c phn thnh hai loi l Overlay VPN v Peer-to-peer VPN. 3.1.2.1. Overlay VPN:
Hnh 3.1. M hnh Overlay VPN Khi s dng cng ngh Frame Relay hay ATM, nh cung cp dch v khng tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn m ch c nhim v cung cp cho khch hng s chuyn giao cc gi d liu thng qua cc kt ni point-to-point o. Kt qu l nh cung cp ch cho khch hng nhng mch lin kt o lp 2. cng l c trng ca m hnh Overlay trong VPN. Nu mch o l c nh hoc lun lun c s dng bi khch hng, n gi l mch o c nh (PVC). Nu mch o ch c thit lp khi c yu cu, gi l mch o chuyn mch (SVC). Hn ch ln nht ca m hnh Overlay l n yu cu phi kt ni tt c cc site khch hng cho kt qu
Trang 44
chuyn mch ti u. Nu s site khch hng l N, s mch o phi to ra gia cc site l N(N-1)/2 c th ti u trong qu trnh nh tuyn. Ban u mng t nhn c lp ra ch s dng cch thc n gin l ci t Overlay VPN layer1. Vi cch ny nh cung cp dch v s cung cp ng dy n cho khch hng s dng cc cng ngh nh ISDN, dch v truyn s nh DS0, E1, T1, SDH, SONET v.vCc khch hng, m y l cc mng t nhn o s chu trch nhim mc cao hn nh ng gi d liu truyn trong mng, nh tuyn gi tin trong mng v gia cc thnh phn mng (cc site) b gin on bi h tng mng do nh cung cp dch v qun l t ra trng hp cc mng t nhn o c giao thc mng khc nhau (TCP/IP, IPX, Apple Talk) hay thm ch cc thnh phn trong mt mng t nhn nhng khc giao thc mng mun lin lc vi nhau, do khc nhau giao thc lp vn chuyn v lp mng nn cc gi tin khng th dng nh tuyn IP (lp 3) chuyn gi tin. Chnh v vy, m hnh vn chuyn da trn lp 2 ra i, gm cc cng ngh nh: X25, Frame Relay, ATM. m hnh ny, nh cung cp dch v s chu trch nhim vn chuyn cc frame (lp 2) d liu ca khch hng, cn vic x l cc lp cao hn s do cc mng ngi s dng x l. Sau ny, Overlay VPN cng c trin khai trn nn tng IP, gi l Overlay VPN lp 3, vi cc giao thc ng hm nh L2TP, GRE v IPSec kt ni cc site. Trong cc trng hp ny, mng SP l hon ton trong sut vi khch hng, v vic nh tuyn c thc hin trc tip gia cc khch hng vi nhau. 3.1.2.2. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN: M hnh Peer-to-peer ng dng trn nn tng IP, s dng cc router nh tuyn thng tin khch hng. M hnh Peer-to-peer c pht trin nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca Overlay VPN. Khc vi Overlay VPN, Peer-to-peer cho php nh cung cp dch v tham gia v ti u nh tuyn ca khch hng. Do vy, khng cn to cc mch o v full mesh cc site, nh cung cp vn to mt ng i ti u gia cc site. Thng tin nh tuyn c mang gia cc router ca nh cung cp dch v (router PE v P) v router bin khch hng (router CE).
Trang 45
Hnh 3.2. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN Ti cc router PE, cc gi tin c lc khi i vo hay ra khi mt VPN. C 2 loi m hnh Peer-to-peer VPN: Router PE chia s: mt router PE kt ni vi nhiu site khch hng u ni vo mng SP, ni cch khc, router l dng chung cho nhiu khh hng Router PE dnh ring: mi site khch hng dng ring mt router PE. Loi m hnh ny tuy nng cao kh nng hot ng ca mng nhng r rng l tn km thit b v chi ph trin khai. M hnh ny ch dnh cho cc doanh nghip v t chc ln c nhu cu cao v bo mt v truyn d liu.
Hnh 3.3. Peer-to-peer VPN s dng router dng chung M hnh trn cn gi l m hnh Pre-MPLS VPN.
Trang 46
3.1.3. Cc u v nhc im ca m hnh VPN hin ti V bn cht, hai m hnh trn s dng hai k thut khc nhau. C hai m hnh u c nhng u v nhc im ring nhng li khng th h tr cho nhau trn cng mt h tng mng c. Phn sau s phn tch v cc u, khuyt im ca hai m hnh trn v ng lc p dng MPLS trn cng ngh VPN. 3.1.3.1. M hnh Overlay VPN: Cc cng ngh Overlay VPN nh ATM, Frame Relay c s dng mt thi gian di do c nhiu u im. Overlay d cu hnh pha nh cung cp dch v ln pha khch hng. Nh cung cp dch v khng tham gia vo nh tuyn, do ranh gii gia nh cung cp v khch hng tr nn d dng, d qun l. Tuy nhin, m hnh ny khng thch hp cho vic m rng v pht trin mng. Nhc im ln nht ca m hnh ny l phi cu hnh full mesh cc mch o ti mi site khch hng. iu ny rt lng ph trong khi c nhiu kt ni khng c s dng. Hn na, tt c tnh cht ca cc mch o (bng thng, tnh cht gi dch v chuyn qua u phi c tin liu trc bi nh qun tr mng. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng tay bi nh qun tr mng. Bt c s yu cu thay i v bng thng no cng cn phi m rng mng. Cn i vi cc m hnh Overlay VPN hot ng lp 3 nh IPSec, GRE... th yu cu tiu tn nhiu overhead. Mt datagram truyn i cn khong 20 n 80 byte dnh cho overhead. V nhng l do , m hnh Overlay VPN ra i p ng nhng nhu cu v truyn d liu ca mng hin ti nhng khng c nhiu kh nng pht trin trong tng lai. Khi nhu cu thng tin ca con ngi pht trin mnh, Overlay VPN l r nhng bt cp v cn c thay th bi mt cng ngh mi. Cng ngh ny phi pht trin c trn h tng mng hin c gim thiu nhng chi ph lp t mng. 3.1.3.2. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN: Peer-to-peer VPN c nhiu u im. Th nht, m hnh ny gip ti u ha nh tuyn gia cc site khch hng m khng cn phi c mt cu trc c bit hay phc tp. Bng cch s dng k thut iu khin lu lng, nh cung cp dch v
Trang 47
c th qui nh c cc thng s v bng thng, u tin khi lu lng i qua mng. Th hai, Peer-to-peer VPN cho php nh cung cp dch v d dng thm bt cc site khch hng, d dng m rng mng, bi v nh cung cp c xem nh l mt site ring bit ch khng phi l mt kt ni gia cc site khch hng. Tuy vy, Peer-to-peer VPN cng c nhiu khuyt im. Nh cung cp dch v phi chu trch nhim lm cho qu trnh nh tuyn gia cc site chnh xc v hi t nhanh. Cc router PE phi mang thng tin tt c cc tuyn ca cc site m n kt ni. iu ny dn n qu ti v tn nhiu chi ph u t cho router PE. Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc khch hng dng chung mt khng gian a ch. a ch ny c th l chung hoc do SP cung cp. Do vy, khi c mt site mi vo mng, SP phi tnh ton a ch IP cho mng hot ng ng. M hnh Peer-to-peer VPN dng chung router PE, dng phng thc lc gi phn tch d liu gia cc VPN. Cc gi t mt mng o ny n mt mng o khc u b loi v chi ph l do khch hng t pha router lc gi tr. Nh vy, khch hng vn phi tn km ngay c khi khng c nhu cu. Nu s dng Peer-topeer VPN vi router PE dng ring s hn ch c cc sai st nhng chi ph u t kh nhiu. M hnh ny ch ph hp vi cc mng t nhn ln. Yu cu t ra l pht trin mt cng ngh mi gii quyt cc kh khn, ng thi cng pht trin nhng u im ca hai m hnh mng trn. l nguyn nhn ra i ca MPLS VPN. 3.2. MPLS VPN MPLS VPN pht trin trn cng ngh Peer-to-peer VPN, nhng c nhiu im pht trin hn v hi t c nhng u im ca Overlay VPN. Cc PE router tham gia trc tip vo qu trnh nh tuyn khch hng m bo ng i ca lu lng qua mng l ti u. Bn cnh , vi m hnh router PE chia s, MPLS VPN phn tch tt nht d liu khch hng bng vic s dng cc bng nh tuyn ring cho mi khch hng. Thng tin khch hng khi i vo mng trc MPLS s
Trang 48
c gn thm mt tin t n l duy nht trong mng. Do vy, MPLS VPN cho php s dng li a ch nh trong m hnh Overlay VPN. 3.2.1. Cc khi nim v thut ng trong MPLS VPN
Hnh 3.4. M hnh MPLS VPN tng qut M hnh MPLS VPN tng qut gm c cc thnh phn sau: Thnh phn do ngi s dng iu khin, gi l mng khch hng, thnh phn do nh cung cp dch v qun l, gi l mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Mng khch hng b chia ct bi mng ca nh cung cp, cc phn gin on ca mng khch hng gi l cc site. Cc site c kt ni vi mng li thng qua cc CE router. Cc CE router kt ni trc tip vi cc PE router, PE router c vai tr l router cnh gip mng P giao tip vi mng ngi s dng. Cu to mng P gm cc P router, c chc nng thit lp knh tuyn gia cc site nhng khng tham gia vo tin trnh nh tuyn. 3.2.2. M hnh nh tuyn MPLS VPN Hot ng ca MPLS VPN tng t nh m hnh router Peer-to-peer. T gc ca mt router CE, tt c thng tin cp nhp IPv4 cng nh d liu u c forward cho router PE. Router CE khng cn mt cu hnh c bit no cho php n tham gia vo min MPLS VPN. Yu cu duy nht ca CE router l
Trang 49
phi cu hnh mt giao thc nh tuyn, c th l tnh hoc ng n c th trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc PE router khc.
Hnh 3.5. Cu trc MPLS VPN PE router thc hin nhiu chc nng cng lc. Trc tin l phn tch d liu khch hng nu nhiu khch hng cng kt ni vi router . Mi khch hng c gn vi mt bng nh tuyn c lp tng t nh mt router PE dnh ring. nh tuyn qua mng xng sng l da trn cc quy trnh trong bng nh tuyn chung. Router P cung cp chuyn mch nhn gia cc router PE v khng bit v nh tuyn VPN. Router CE trong mng khch hng li khng bit v s tn ti ca router P, v vy, mng SP l hon ton trong sut i vi khch hng.w Mc d s cch ly gia cc VPNs c thc hin tt cc PE router nhng lm th no thng tin nh tuyn t mt VRF n chnh xc VRF tng ng bn kia mng li. T t ra nhu cu phi c mt giao thc nh tuyn ring bit cc PE router trao i thng tin nh tuyn trc tip cho nhau khng lin quan n cc P router trong mng core trong khi vn gi s c lp cc a ch ca khch hng. Nu yu cu trn c thc hin s t uc nhiu li ch: Duy tr c s n nh cu trc trong mng core trong khi s mng VPN uc m rng km theo s gia tng v s lng cng nh s khc bit v giao thc lp mng gia cc VPN.
Trang 50
Cc P router trong mng core khng cn x l qu trnh nh tuyn gia cc PE router. Do mng core rt ln, s P router c th ln ti vi chc ngn, trong khi thng tin nh tuyn gia cc PE router cn hi t nhanh hi t qu trnh nh tuyn gia cc site trong mng VPN.
Hnh 3.6. nh tuyn gia cc router PE Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn c ng dng th BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) l giao thc duy nht tha mn yu cu trn. Bi vy BGP uc s dng trong MPLS VPN trao i thng tin nh tuyn trc tip gia cc PE router. 3.2.3. Cc k thut trong MPLS VPN 3.2.3.1. Cu trc PE router Chc nng ca mt PE tng t nh mt tp cc Dedicated PE router trong m hnh Peer-to-peer. Trong m hnh Peer-to-peer mi PE router chu trch nhim vi mt mng VPN. Cn trong mng MPLS VPN nhiu Dedicated PE router c tch hp trong mt PE router duy nht, s cch ly gia cc mng t nhn o (cc bng nh tuyn ca tng mng) uc thc hin bng phn mm. Trch nhim nh tuyn cho mt VPN do mt bng nh tuyn o, cn gi l bng nh tuyn v chuyn gi tin o (virtual routing&forwarding VRF) trong PE router m nhim. Qu trnh chuyn gi trong mng core (P network) uc thc hin bng mt bng nh tuyn ring dng chung cho ton mng.
Trang 51
Hnh 3.7. Cu trc PE router 3.2.3.2. Bng chuyn tip o VRF (Virtual Routing Forwarding): Vic phn tch lu lng khch hng c thc hin bng cch s dng mt bng chuyn tip v nh tuyn ring cho mi khch hng, gi l bng VRF. iu ny ging nh vic xy dng nhiu router dnh ring cho cc khch hng. Chc nng ca VRF tng t nh nh bng nh tuyn chung, ch khc l n ch cha tt c thng tin ng i ca mt VPN no thay v cho ton mng. Bng VRF cng cha bng chuyn tip CEF ring, bng ny cng m t kt ni v giao thc cho mi site khch hng trn cng mt router PE. VRF m t cc phm vi ca giao thc nh tuyn ca VPN cng nh cc interface trn PE router v l mt phn ca VPN .
Hnh 3.8 Vai tr ca bng VRF trong router PE
Trang 52
Interface thuc VRF phi h tr chuyn mch CEF. S interface c th c cho vo mt VRF l ph thuc vo s interface trn router , mt interface vt l ch c php gn cho mt VRF. VRF cng cha mt bng nh tuyn, bng CEF, danh sch cc interface thuc VRF v tp cc nguyn tc nh tuyn c trao i vi cc router CE. Hn na, VRF cng hm cha thng tin v vai tr trong VPN. 3.2.3.3. K thut phn bit tuyn trong mng core: S trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router PE ch s dng giao thc nh tuyn duy nht l BGP, cc thng tin nh tuyn trao i gia cc VRF thuc cc VPN khc nhau chuyn qua mng core c th trng lp a ch (a ch IP mng khch hng. Vy lm sao BGP c th gip hi t nh tuyn cc PE router trong khi vn gi s cch ly gia cc mng o? Cch duy nht gii quyt vn trn l m rng thnh phn a ch IP mng khch hng khi gi tin i vo mng core sao cho cc gi tin IP cc VPN khc nhau c cng a ch IP khi C-network tr nn duy nht khi vo mng core. Trong MPLS phn m rng ny gm 64 bit c gi l RD. Kt qu nhn c khi m rng IPv4 c gi l VPNv4 gm 96 bit, trong 32 bit IPv4 v 64 bit RD. VPNv4 ch c dng thc hin giao thc nh tuyn gia cc PE router bng giao thc BGP, cc CE router trong C network khng s dng VPNv4. PE router khi nhn c gi tin IPv4 t CE router phi chuyn thnh gi tin VPNv4 ri mi thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi PE khc bng BGP. Do vy phin x l gi tin trong giao thc BGP PE phi khc vi phin x l gi tin trong Border Gateway router thng thng l vn s dng a ch IP sn c trong gi tin. Giao thc BGP PE router ni trn c gi l Multiprotocol BGP (MP - BGP). MP - BGP khng ch h tr mng khch hng hot ng giao thc mng l IP m cn h tr IPx, AppleTalk v.vdo gi tin bao gm c a ch IPv4 khi vo PE router c coi nh l d liu chuyn thnh VPNv4.
Trang 53
Hnh 3.9. Qu trnh chuyn giao thng tin nh tuyn Qu trnh chuyn giao thng tin nh tuyn gia cc site trong cng mt VPN c thc hin theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: CE router gi thng tin nh tuyn IPv4 c cp nht cho PE router. Bc 2: Thng tin nh tuyn IPv4 nhn c c PE router thm vo 64 bit chuyn thnh VPNv4. Bc 3: Gi tin VPNv4 c cc PE trao i thng qua phin giao dch s dng MP BGP. Mng core khng can thip vo qui trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn gia cc PE router v c cc PE router xem nh mt kt ni vt l. Bc 4: pha PE router nhn, cc gi tin VPNv4 c lc b 64 bit RD, tr thnh gi tin IPv4 thng thng. Bc 5: cc gi tin IPv4 c chuyn tip cho CE router pha site nhn tip tc qu trnh hi t nh tuyn gia cc site trong cng mt VPN.
Trang 54
Hnh 3.10. Kt qu chuyn giao thng tin nh tuyn 3.2.3.3. S nhn dng ng i (RD): RD khng c vai tr thit yu trong m hnh hot ng ca mng MPLS VPN. 64 bit RD ch cung cp kh nng s dng trng a ch IPv4 (public) trng lp gia cc khch hng khi dng MPLS VPN, vn i hi phi l duy nht trong mng IP truyn thng. RDs c cu hnh ti PE router nh mt phn ca qu trnh thit lp cc site trong VPN. Cc CE router khng nhn bit hay x l RDs. Chc nng duy nht ca RDs l m rng IPv4, do mi 64 bit RD ch i din ring cho mt site v tng ng l mt VPN duy nht. Do m hnh MPLS VPN s dng RD ch trong m hnh n gin, khi s trao i thng tin din ra mt cch cc b trong tng VPN ring bit. Nhng nu cc VPN khc nhau cn trao i thng tin hoc khi dch v yu cu mt site thuc v nhiu VPN khc nhau th ta cn phi c mt phng php linh ng hn vic ch s dng RDs. Yu cu v trao i thng tin trn l trao i gia cc C network, ng nhin l cc bng nh tuyn o cc PE router vn cn c s cch ly. Yu cu t ra l cc bng nh tuyn o cn trao i c s d liu vi nhau. iu ny c ngha l mt tuyn c th va l thnh vin ca bng nh tuyn o ny (tng ng vi mt VPN) va l thnh vin ca mt bng nh tuyn o khc (ng vi mt VPN
Trang 55
khc). Vy phng php duy nht tha mn nhng yu cu trn l mi mt tuyn cn c thng s nhn dng ring. *V d v dch v VoIP minh ha cho nhu cu cn thit phi c mt thng s nhn dng VPN linh ng hn RDs (ch phn bit cc VRF tc cc VPN) cho php phn bit c c cc tuyn trong bng nh tuyn o, ta a ra m hnh dch v VoIP s dng trong MPLS.
Hnh 3.11. M hnh VPN chy ng dng Voip Dch v VoIP t ra cc yu cu sau: Cc site ca cng mt khch hng cn lin lac vi nhau Site trung tm (central site) l nh cung cp dch v VoIP. Site trung tm cn lin lc vi VoIP gateway nhn v pht cuc gi trong vng mt gateway qun l v gia cc site b gin on bi mng core. Cc yu cu lin lc trn c c th theo m hnh sau: Hai khch hng A v B u tham gia dch v VoIP. Mng core ngn cch cc site A1, site A2 ca khch hng A (VPN A) v site B1, site B2 ca khch hng B. Site trung tm A tham gia vo tng i VoIP VPN v VPN A Site trung tm Btham gia vo tng i VoIP VPN v VPN B Site A1 v A2 thuc VPN A. Site B1 v B2 thuc VPN B. Cc site trong cng mt VPN c nhu cu lin lc vi nhau thng qua site trung tm (tng i VoIP), v lin lc gia cc site thuc VPN khc nhau
Trang 56
thng qua cc site trung tm v cc gateway.thng qua cc site trung tm v cc gateway.
Hnh 3.12. Phn tch khch hng trong ng dng Voip 3.2.3.4. S phn bit ng i (RT) RDs khng th c trng cho mt site tham gia nhiu VPN khc nhau. Do cn mt phng thc sao cho mt bng nh tuyn o nhn bit c mt tuyn thuc VRF khc l thnh vin ca mnh. RT c ng dng trong cu trc MPLS VPN p ng yu cu trn. RT phi p ng c hai yu cu: Gip cc VRF hai pha mng core nhn bit nhau nhng ng thi cng cch ly cc bng nh tuyn o khc VPN. Chc nng ny tng t nh chc nng ca RDs. RTs phi xc nh mt tuyn l thnh vin ca VPN no khi truyn qua mng core bng giao thc MP BGP. Nguyn l lm vic ca RTs: RTs c gn vi mt tuyn thuc mng khch hng ti thi im thng tin nh tuyn IPv4 c chuyn i thnh VPNv4. Tin trnh ny c thc hin mt cch ring bit i vi tng VRF v c gi l export RT. Qu trnh export RTs gip thit lp mt VPN tng ng vi mt bng nh tuyn v cc tuyn thnh vin trong bng nh tuyn . "Export RT" c th trng vi VRF khc.
Trang 57
Khi cc tuyn VPNv4 c hi t PE router pha bn kia mng core, cc router PE ny s la chn cc tuyn da vo RTs a vo vc VRF m tuyn l thnh vin. Qu trnh ny gi l import RTs, mi VRF thc hin ring bit qu trnh ny, do mt tuyn c th l thnh vin ca nhiu VRF. Do tnh cht phc tp ca RTs m n ch c s dng trong m hnh MPLS VPN phc tp. 3.2.3.5. Hot ng ca giao thc MP - BGP. Quy trnh chuyn mch trong VPN gm cc thao tc sau: Gi tin chy trong min ca nh cung cp dch v mng s dng tin t VPNv4. Tin t ny cha c gi tr RT v RD. RT c th l mt thng s khng bt buc trong cu hnh MPLS VPN, nhng n c th c s dng tt trong mt s mng phc tp m mt site thuc nhiu VPN. Hn na RT cng c th c s dng chn lc route nhp vo mt VRF khi hc cc ng i VPNv4 trong MP-BGP updates. Nhn VPNv4 ch c router egress PE hiu khi n trc tip kt ni vi router bin khch hng. Next hop ca router PE khng h bit s tn ti ca nhn VPNv4 m ch thc hin vai tr nh nhng MPLS VPN router. Router PE2 nhn update MP-BGP, v ng i c lu tr trong bng chuyn tip tng ng cho khch hng A da trn nhn VPN. ng i MP-BGP c redistribute vo bng chuyn tip gia PE-CE, v ng i c qung b n CE-2.
Trang 58
Hnh 3.13. Hot ng ca MP - BGP trong mng MPLS VPN 3.2.4. Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin v mt phng d liu trn MPLS VPN 3.2.4.1. Mt phng iu khin: Mt phng iu khin trong mng MPLS VPN bao gm tt c cc thng tin nh tuyn lp 3 v cc qui trnh bn trong trao i v kh nng ca mt mng, cng thm vic gn nhn v trao i da vo giao thc LDP hoc CR-LDP, RSVP-TE khi c yu cu cao v iu khin ti hoc QoS. Trong mng MPLS, gia router bin khch hng v router bin ca nh cung cp dch v yu cu mt giao thc nh tuyn nh IGP, BGP hoc n gin ch l nh tuyn tnh qung b thng tin NLRI. Cn trong mng xng sng, gia P v PE router i hi cu hnh nh tuyn ni IGP (OSPF hoc IS-IS), cng thm giao thc phn phi nhn LDP. LDP c s dng xc nh cng nh phn phi cc nhn trong min
Trang 59
MPLS. IGP th c s dng trao i thng tin v kh nng n c ca mt mng NLRI cng nh nh x NLRI vo MP-BGP. phin MP-BGP c duy tr gia cc router bin ca nh cung cp (PE) cp nhp thng tin a ch VPNv4, cng vi cc thuc tnh BGP m rng community lin kt vi a ch VPNv4 tng ng.
Hnh 3.14. Hot ng ca mt phng iu khin Bc 1: router PE1-AS1 nhn cp nhp IPv4 t mng 172.16.10.0 (mt phng d liu). Bc 2 : PE1-AS1 chuyn i a ch IPv4 thnh a ch VPNv4 bng cch gn s RD 1:100 v, SoO v RT 1:100 da trn cu hnh bng VRF trn n. PE1-AS1 sau gn nhn VPNv4 V1 vo cp nhp ca mng 172.16.10.0/24 v vit li thuc tnh next-hop n loopback0 10.10.10.101 trn PE1-AS1. Loopback0 c qung b bi cc giao thc nh tuyn ni IGP nh OSPF, IS-IS v LDP. Qu trnh gn nhn v qung b cho loopback0 10.10.10.101/32 c thc hin nh sau: PE2-AS1 yu cu nhn cho mng 10.10.10.101/32 s dng c ch gn nhn LDP t cc downstream lng ging ca n, LSR P2-AS1. P2-AS1 yu cu nhn cho tin t 10.10.10.101/32 s dng giao thc LDP t downstream router l P1-AS1. P1-AS1 sau li yu cu nhn t PE1-AS1. PE1-AS1 gn mt nhn implicit-null (penultimate hop popping) cho 10.10.10.101/32, thay i thng tin trong bng LFIB ca 10.10.10.101/32 v gi n cho P1-AS1 bng mt LDP reply.
Trang 60
P1-AS1 s dung nhn implicit-null nhn c t PE1-AS1 lm nhn outbound ca n, phn phi nhn L1 cho tin t 10.10.10.101, chnh sa thng tin ca 10.10.101/32 trong bng LFIB v gi nhn ny n P2-AS1 qua LDP reply. P2-AS1 dng nhn L1 nh l nhn outbound ca n, phn phi nhn L2 cho 10.10.10.101/32 v sa thng tin trong bng LFIB v mng trn. Sau , n gi gi tr nhn cho PE2-AS1 bi 1 LDP reply. Bc 3: PE2-AS1 c cu hnh RT 1:100 trong bng VRF nn s chuyn cp nhp VPNv4 sang IPv4 v chn thng tin nh tuyn trong bng VRF cha khch hng A. Sau n qung b route ny n CE2-A. 3.2.4.2. Mt phng d liu: Hot ng ca mt phng d liu MPLS VPN bao gm s s dng label stack (chng nhn). Label stack trong MPLS VPN c hai nhn, nhn trn cng c gn t router egress PE, v nhn th hai l nhn VPN c gn bi router egress PE kt ni vi khch hng qung b mt tin t IP. Khi d liu c gi n mt tin t thuc mt VPN v c gi qua mng core da trn MPLS, ch c nhn trn cng trong label stack l c hon i khi gi tin i qua tng node mng. Nhn VPN cn nguyn vn v ch c bc khi qua router egress/downstream PE. Kt qu cho ra tin t ng vi outgoing interface thuc bng VRF tng ng trn mt router ph thuc vo gi tr ca nhn VPN.
Trang 61
Hnh 3.15. Hot ng ca mt phng d liu Bc 1: CE2-A gi gi tin vi a ch 172.16.20.1 n 172.16.10.1 Bc 2: PE2-AS1 nhn gi v gn nhn VPN V1 v nhn LDP V2, sau gi gi n cho P2-AS1. Bc 3: P2-AS1 nhn gi tin, hon i nhn LDP L2 vo v tr ca L1. Bc 4: P1-AS1 nhn gi tin, bc nhn trn cng i v n nhn mt nhn implicitnull cho 10.10.10.101/32 t PE1-AS1. Kt qu l gi tin vi nhn VPN c gi cho PE1-AS1. Bc 5: PE1-AS1 bc nhn VPN, gi gi cho CE1-A ni m mng 172.16.10.0 c nh v. Nguyn tc hiu MPLS VPN l nhn VPN khng bao gi c bc cho n khi n n router egress PE. Tt c cc traffic c gi i tun theo cc giao thc ca mng MPLS c bn, v nhn next-hop nh x n loopback ca router PE downstream l c dng chuyn tip gi tin qua min MPLS. 3.3. Qu trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn u cui trong MPLS-VPN: M hnh sau y m t mt cch tng qut nht qu trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router trong MPLS VPN. Qu trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn trong MPLS VPN chia lm bn bc:
Trang 62
Bc 1: PE router nhn thng tin nh tuyn t CE router v ci t thng tin vo bng nh tuyn o (VRF) tng ng. Bc 2: Cc tuyn trong VRF s c xut (export) thnh cc thng tin nh tuyn VPNv4 thc hin giao thc MP BGP v hi t pha PE router bn kia mng core. Bc 3: Pha PE nhn c thng tin nh tuyn MP BGP t PE gi s phn tch cc tuyn VPNv4 nhn c, da vo cc thng s nh RDs m c th update thng tin cho bng nh tuyn o (VRF) tng ng v cn c th import cc tuyn thnh vin vo VRF tng ng (khi s dng RTs). Bc 4: Cc tuyn VPNv4 trong VRF c chuyn thnh cc tuyn IPv4 dng hi t qu trnh nh tuyn trong C network v gia cc C network (b ngn cch bi P network) vi nhau.
Hnh 3.20. Qu trnh x l thng tin u cui d liu 3.4. MPLS-VPN v qu trnh chuyn gi d liu: Sau khi qu trnh nh tuyn c hi t trong ton b h thng MPLS VPN, cc gi thng tin s c chuyn giao qua mng li bng phng thc chuyn mch nhn. Tin trnh ny c thc hin nh sau:
Trang 63
Hnh 3.21. X l gi d liu Khi gi tin IPv4 t C network i vo PE pht (Ingress PE Router) n s c PE router gn hai loi nhn: Nhn u tin (top label) ng vi nhn V trong m hnh trn bao gm RDs hay RTs dng p ng dch v MPLS nh phn tch cc phn trn. Nhn V ny dng cho hot ng nh tuyn MP BGP gia cc PE router. Nhn V kt hp vi gi tin IPv4 to thnh gi tin VPNv4, c hi t gia cc PE router thng qua MP BGP. Nhn th hai (secondary label) c mng core dng chuyn mch nhn. Cc P router ch x l cc nhn ny, phn cn li c xem l d liu. Nhn V v L c xp vo ngn xp x l nhn ca PE router v c x l theo nguyn tc (LIFO Last in first out). Cc nhn L s thay i khi qua cc P router (ng vai tr l cc LSR trong m hnh MPLS), trong khi nhn V c xem l d liu nn khng thay i. Vic phn phi nhn gia cc P router c thc hin bng LDP (label distribution protocol). m hnh MPLS VPN hot ng c hiu qu, cn tha mn hai iu kin: Cc P router phi s dng LDP phn phi nhn n PE router cnh ngoi (egress PE router). Cc PE router cnh ch cn x l nhn V, v da vo ni dung trong V m nhp cc thng tin nh tuyn chnh xc vo cc VRF tng ng. Do vy m hnh MPLS VPN s dng trong thc t nh sau :
Trang 64
Hnh 3.22. X l PHP Trong m hnh ny ti PE router cnh ngoi (Egress PE router) khng x l nhn L m ch x l nhn V, do nhn L khng cn cn thit ti y. M hnh ny gi l PHP (Penultimate pop hop).
Trang 65
CHNG 4:
K THUT LU LNG TRONG MPLS
4.1. Cc khi nim c bn trong iu khin lu lng: 4.1.1. K thut hng i 4.1.1.1. FIFO Hng i vo trc, ra trc (FIFO) l c ch mc nh cho cc gi tin khi i vo mt nt mng khi khng c s hin din ca thut ton c bit no ti . Trong hng i FIFO cc gi tin c xp vo cng mt hng i v c chuyn i theo cng mt cch m chng c sp xp trong hng i. u im chnh ca hng i FIFO l tnh n gin ca n, khng c bt k gii thut phc tp no c thit k ring cho FIFO. Trong hng i FIFO, cc gi tin c i x nh nhau do hng i ny ch dng s dng cho loi dch v n lc ti a (BE) v cng l loi dch v c h tr duy nht trong mng IP truyn thng.
Hnh 4.1: Hng i FIFO Incoming Packet Flow: lung d liu gi i vo Router Packet Classifier: B phn lp dch v da vo trng ToS trong tiu ca gi IP Packet Scheduler: B lp trnh x l
Trang 66
Output Port: port xut d liu 4.1.1.2. PQ Hng i theo u tin l s ci tin ca FIFO. Trc khi c a vo hng i tng ng, cc gi tin phi c phn loi theo tng loi dch v. Cc hng i c thit k theo u tin ca loi gi tin m n phi cha. Cc gi tin hng i c u tin thp hn ch c x l khi v ch khi khng cn bt c cc gi tin no trong cc hng i c u tin cao hn.
Hnh 4.2: Hng i PQ Hng i PQ c p dng hiu qu ch yu cho cc ng dng thi gian thc s dng k thut ghp knh theo thi gian TDM nh video, thoi trn nn IP. i vi cc ng dng truyn d liu bng TCP th vi tnh ton phi cn thn v nu xy ra xung t, cc gi tin bo nhn c th gy ra sai st trong vic x l cc gi tin khc truyn cng n. gim bt nhc im trn ca hng i PQ, trong thc t ngi ta s dng hng i PQ c iu khin tc . Vi loi hng i ny, cc gi tin trong
Trang 67
hng i c u tin cao ch c x l nu tng s gi tin trong hng i nh hn mt lng xc nh. V d nh trong m hnh trn hng i c u tin 1 l cao nht, gi s ta hn ch lng BW ti a m hng i ny chim port xut l 10%. lm vic ny n gin ngi ta ch vic cu hnh cho b lp lch x l gi dng hng i th nht ti a 10% chu k ca n. 4.1.1.3. FQ Mt loi hng i khc dng chia s bng thng cho cc loi dch v khc nhau l FQ. FQ phn chia bng thng ca port xut thnh N phn bng nhau, vi N l s lp dch v. Mt iu cn lu l ti mi ln b lp lch trch ly bytes trong mt hng i ca mt lp th ton b mt gi trong hng i phi c trch ra. FQ c hai yu im ln. Th nht, v bng thng tng ca port xut c chia u cho cc hng i ca tng lp nn FQ khng th dng khi c yu cu ring v bng thng cho tng lp ring bit. Th hai, v FQ trch byte cho mt gi trong cc chu k lp lch nn s xy hin tng mt loi lp dch v s chim bng thng ca cc loi dch v c tng s byte trong mt gi nh hn n thay v bng nhau nh mong i ca thit k trong FQ. Chnh v iu ny m FQ chi c s dng trong cc ng dng c truyn trn cng mt knh vt l m tng s byte trong mt gi ca chng l bng nhau.
Trang 68
Hnh 4.3: Hng i FQ Incoming Packet Flow: lung d liu gi i vo Router Packet Classifier: B phn lp dch v da vo trng ToS trong tiu ca gi IP Round Robin Order: B lun chuyn, dng phn chia thi gian trong mt chu k cho tng hng i m hng i c b lp lch x l. Packet Scheduler: B lp trnh x l Output Port: port xut d liu V d: cho 4 lung d liu nh hnh v truyn 4 loi dch v vi tng s byte trong mt gi ca tng lung ln lt l:200, 100, 400, 300 byte. Vy t l phn chia theo bng thng tng ng ca tng lung l: Lung 1=200/1000= 20%; lung 2= 100/1000=10%; Lung 3=400/1000=40%; lung 4=300/1000=30%
Trang 69
Hnh 4.4. V d phn b bng thng trong FQ 4.1.1.4. WRR khc phc khuyt im th nht ca FQ, ngi ta thit k hng i kiu WRR. Khi mt gi ti i vo WRR, u tin n s c phn tch xc nh loi dch v. WRR phn chia bng thng tng ca port xut thnh N phn, vi N l tng s lp. Mi hng i ng vi mi lp s chim t l bng thng tng ng port xut l Wi/(W1+W2 + ...WN). trong Wi l trng s ca loi dch v ang xt. WRR s dng b lp lch nh mt con quay ngha l thi gian b x l lm vic ti mi lp dch v tun theo phn trm t l trng s ca n vi trng s tng. Tuy nhin trong cng mt li phn thnh M lung d liu khc nhau. M lung ny c x l tng ng nh trong trng hp FQ nn khng khc phc c nhc im th hai ca FQ.
Trang 70
Hnh 4.5: Hng i WRR 4.1.1.5. WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) Hng i kiu WFQ khc phc nhc im th hai ca FQ. Trong WFQ khi mt gi tin i hng hng i, trc tin n c phn lp a vo hng i thch hp. Mi hng i ny chim mt lng bng thng port xut theo t l trng s tng ng. Mt iu khc bit WFQ so vi FQ l thay v b lp lch x l gi trch xut ton b gi mt hng i ra port xut, thay vo WFQ s tnh ton thi gian kt thc ca mt gi tin xut ra port xut da vo thng tin v t l trong s ca gi tin . Bng thut ton thch hp WFQ tnh ra c di ca mt gi (tnh theo byte) v xut ra port xut.
Trang 71
B x l c lng thi gian cn trch ht gi tin a ra port xut
Hnh 4.6: Hng i WFQ Ti mi thi im b lp lch ti hng i, n ch trch xut tng bit sau a v b phn tch gi v xut ra port xut tng ng vi t l trng s. Nu mt gi tin c di qu ln, n s b tr rt nhiu. y l nhc im ln nht ca WFQ. Ngoi ra m hnh ny ch dng trn l thuyt m khng p dng trong thc t c v phc tp trong vic x l tng bit mt thay v tng byte nh trong cc loi hng i khc.
Trang 72
Hnh 4.7: Hng i WFQ (Class Based) 4.1.1.6. WFQ (Class Based) Hng i WFQ-Class Based c nguyn l hot ng tng ng nh WRR, ch c iu khc bit l trong M lung d liu thuc cng mt lp s c x l bng hng i kiu WFQ. Vic ny lm gim ti trong vic s dng gii thut WFQ cho tng lp. Trong m hnh di y, gi s m l s lp c phn chia, Ni l s hng i WFQ cho tng lp. Vy, tng s hng i WFQ cn thit s l: (N1+N2 +...+Nm) V d: Cho m hnh sau, yu cu phng thc x l khi truyn gi tin port xut
Trang 73
Hnh 4.8. V d x l phn b bng thng trong WFQ Ti mi thi im b lp lch x l cho tng hng i, s byte trong tin s c trch ra l 10 bytes cho gi C, 20 bytes cho gi B, 10 bytes cho gi A. vy xut gi tin ra port xut hng i truyn gi C phi cn b lp lch dng li hai ln trong mt chu k. Hng i cha gi tin B cn su ln v hng i cho gi tin A l ba ln. Vy th t m b lp lch cn phi ti trc l C, A, B. 4.1.2. Trung k lu lng c tnh ny trong LSR cho php tp hp cc c tnh ca lung d liu trong mng nh tc cc i, tc trung bnh, v kch c burst cc i. Nhng tnh cht ny vn c tt c cc lung d liu, khi i vo mng MPLS chnh nh cc trung k lu lng ny m d liu c qun l hiu qu hn. Trung k lu lng c coi nh mt b thu gom d liu c chung cc c tnh trn. iu ny c bit quan trng trong vic thc hin qun l trong k thut lu lng. Trung k lu lng cng ging FEC c phn bit ti Ingress LER. Ngoi ba c im nu trn mt trung k lu lng cn c c tnh chn la QoS cho cc gi tin. QoS thc s ca gi tin dng trong mng MPLS c gn ti cc trung k lu lng. Trung k lu lng s quyt nh cc gi tin khng c chung ba c tnh trn c truyn i hay khng ng thi s gn m DiffServ km theo gi tin . Khi mt gi tin i ti Ingress LER, n s c phn tch cc c tnh sau: Cng giao tip vi LER
Trang 74
Gi tin thuc v FEC no Cc tnh cht ca trung k lu lng. Cc gi tin c chung ba c tnh trn s c gn vo mt LSP duy nht 4.1.3. Gii thut thng r v thng Token 4.1.3.1. M hnh thng r M hnh thng r c c im l tc ra khng i bt chp vic tc nc vo thng l bao nhiu hay trong thng cn bao nhiu nuc. Nu thng y m lu lng vn chy vo th thng s y v trn mt. Tng t cho d liu khi ti mt router trong mng nu hng i y th gi tin s b drop.
Hnh 4.9: M hnh thng r 4.1.3.2. M hnh thng Token Thng Token c kch thc B, cc gi tin chy vo thng c gi l Token. Tc Token chy vo thng khng i l p. Nu s Token trong thng vt qu B thng s trn v b mt, do B l s lng Token ti a trong thng. Gi G l kch thc gi n, mt gi l hp l khi lng Token trong thng ln hn hay bng G, ng thi lng Token trong thng c gim i G. ngc li khi lng Token trong thng nh hn kch thc gi, gi c xem l vt
Trang 75
mc hay khng hp l. Tu vo cc chnh sch khc nhau m cc gi hp l hoc khng hp l c x l khc nhau.
Hnh 4.10: M hnh thng Token Mt iu cn lu trong gii thut thng Token l tc chy vo v tc chy ra phi bng nhau. Thng Token cho php d liu bng pht mt mc nht nh (kch thc B), nhng khng cho php tc chy vo thng vt qu p trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. 4.2. ng lc pht trin ca MPLS TE: iu khin lu lng (traffic engineering) l qu trnh chuyn hng lu lng trn mng xng sng s dng hiu qu bng thng hu dng gia cc router. Trc khi c MPLS TE, iu khin lu lng c p dng trn IP hoc ATM, ph thuc vo giao thc c s dng gia cc router bin trong mng. Trn th gii hin nay kh quen thuc vi cng ngh iu khin lu lng trn MPLS, song nhn chung ngi ta vn cn s dng TE trn IP v ATM. Vy ti sao
Trang 76
cn thit phi p dng v trin khai TE trn MPLS? c phi l mt tt yu trong s pht trin hin nay? Chng ny s tp trung gii quyt vn . TE trn IP hu ht c trin khai bng cch xc nh interface cost khi nhiu ng i cng tn ti gia hai im trn mng. Hn na, nh tuyn tnh cng cho php b hng lu lng theo mt ng i nh trc. Hnh di y m t mt mng IP c bn vi hai khch hng A v B kt ni vi cng mt nh cung cp dch v.
Hnh 4.11. Mng IP truyn thng Theo hnh trn, c hai ng i tn ti gia CE1 v CE2. Nu tt c cc on gia cc router c cost bng nhau, CE1 v CE2 s chn ng i qua PE1AS1, P3-AS1, gi l PATH1. Khch hng B cng s la chn nh vy. Nu tt c u l ng T3, v d trong trng hp CE1-A gi mt lung 45Mbps v CE1-B sau gi lung 10Mbps, mt s gi s b mt ti PE1-AS1 bi v ng i c dng l PATH1. PATH2 khng h c s dng, v vy, TE c th s dng ti u bng thng hu dng. trin khai TE s dng IP hai ng PATH1 v PATH2 u c chia ti, chng ta cn trin khai IGP v thay i cost ca cc
Trang 77
on link lm cho cost ca PATH2 bng vi PATH1.Trong mt mng ln, iu ny thng lm tn nhiu thi gian trin khai v s lng router rt ln. Cn trong mng ATM, ngi ta c th iu khin lu lng c nhiu hn, bng cch cu hnh cc PVC gia cc router PE1-AS1 v PE2-AS2 vi cng mt cost nh nhau. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai ATM TE gp nhiu kh khn bi cn phi xy dng m hnh mng u ni y trong mng. Vn na l khi mt kt ni b h hng, PVC trn kt ni cng khng hot ng c. Cc ng link trong PVC khng c kh nng t phc hi nn vic gy kh khn nhiu. Khi mng b li, cc thng ip c gi i trn ton mng. Ngi ta cng p dng nh tuyn lp 3 IGP trn m hnh mng ATM khc phc trng hp trn. Do mng l full mesh, IGP s hi t chm v lc ny li gii hn kh nng m rng ca mng. Nhng phn tch tng qut v s kho nh trn cho thy s cn thit phi c mt gii php mi khc phc c hai nhc im ca cc m hnh trn. cng l l do MPLS TE ra i v l cng ngh iu khin tt nht hin nay
Trang 78
Hnh 4.12. Mng iu khin lu lng MPLS u im chnh ca MPLS TE l n lin kt cc li th ca ATM vi cc lp dch v khc nhau ca IP. MPLS s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IGP chn ng i ti u theo yu cu ca tng dch v. Thay v s dng PVC, MPLS TE to ra cc ng hm (tunnel) gia cc im u v cui cho lu lng d liu i qua. Cc ng hm ny c iu khin v xy dng bi router pha u ng (headend router) do d dng trong vic qun tr. Headend router xy dng ng hm da trn nhng thuc tnh cng bc nh l bng thng, tr...MPLS c xy dng trn nn tng IP v dng c ch chuyn mch nhn, vic to ng hm l hon ton ph thuc vo cc giao thc nh tuyn, giao thc phn phi nhn, cc thut ton CSPF, RSVP...Do MPLS TE khng yu cu trin khai full mesh cc VC nh trong ATM. Ngoi vic m bo lu lng khng b mt gi, MPLS Tunnel cn cho thy kh nng khi phc v t sa li hiu qu. Hn na, nh qun tr c th a ra cc loi thuc tnh khc nhau to ra cc ng hm p ng tt hn cho cc dch v khc nhau. MPLS TE cho thy tnh hiu qu cao trong kinh t, vi vic
Trang 79
xy dng ngay trn m hnh mng truyn thng c sn m khng tn thm chi ph lp t nhiu. Tc dng ca vic qun l lu lng knh truyn trn MPLS mt cch ch ng bng TE c th t c nhng li ch kinh t sau: Cung cp nhiu dch v mi v c qun l tt m nh qun tr mun thm vo Chi ph u t vo c s h tng mng gim bt do ti u ha nhng ti nguyn sn c cha c dng n trong h thng mng c. Qua , ta c th ni rng vic chuyn i t cc m hnh mng c sang MPLS l mt nhu cu tt yu. Phn sau s i vo tm hiu cc k thut ca vic xc lp ng hm v s dng chng trong MPLS TE 4.3. Thit lp knh truyn dn s dng MPLS-TE: Nh xem xt trn vic tnh ton ng i s dng traffic engineering phi tri qua hai giai on chnh: tnh ton ng dn da trn cc yu cu cho trc v sau l chuyn gi tin i dc theo ng dn . Tuy nhin trc khi tm hiu qu trnh thit lp mt TE LSP (traffic engineered label switching path) chng ta s lm r mt khi nim quan trng trong MPLS-TE l u tin (LSP priorities). u tin l thng s quan trng nht trong thit lp knh truyn. Thng tin qung b v ti nguyn sn c, u tin c thc hin bi cc IGP nh OSPF, IS-IS...Khi c c thng tin v ti nguyn mng, cc node mng s tnh ton ng i bng thut ton CSPF. CSPF l mt gii thut dng chn ra ng i ti u nht vi mt thuc tnh cng bc s trnh by r phn sau. Cui cng, vic bo hiu v thit lp ng hm do giao thc RSVP thc hin. 4.3.1. u tin (LSP priorities) v s chim gi knh truyn (preemption): MPLS-TE s dng thng s u tin (priorities) nh du mt knh ng dn LSP ny quan trng hn LSP khc. iu ny gip t c nhng hiu qu sau: Khi khng xut hin cc LSP quan trng, ti nguyn mng c d tr bi nhng LSP km quan trng hn.
Trang 80
Mt ng ti ch c u tin cao lun l nhng ng ngn nht ti ch ph hp vi nhng yu cu t ra t ban u (bng thng, tr v.v) Khi mt LSP quan trng cn c ti nh tuyn do ng dn b down, n s c th tm c mt ng tt nht trong nhng ng cn li thay th. MPLS-TE c tm u tin cho mt LSP: 0 tng ng vi LSP quan trng nht v 7 tng ng vi LSP km quan trng nht. Cn lu l u tin y l cc thnh phn trong gi d liu m t gi tin c u tin no qua cho gi tin qua LSP tng ng. Mt LSP c 2 thng s tng ng vi n: u tin lc thit lp v u tin duy tr (setup v hold priorities). Khi mt LSP c thit lp, nu khng ti nguyn truyn lu lng th cc thng s setup priorities ca cc gi tin s c so snh vi cc thng s setup priorities ca cc gi tin ang chim gi knh truyn quyt nh xem c chim gi c knh truyn (LSP) ny hay khng. 4.3.2. Qung b thng tin s dng giao thc IGP m rng: Nh xem nhng tnh hung ban u t ra, qu trnh hnh thnh cc TELSP da trn cc iu kin rng buc ban u. Do cn phi c mt giao thc thch hp qung b nhng thng tin ny ra ton mng. Nhng thng tin rng buc c th l: Bandwidth cn thit cho knh truyn d liu. Cc tnh cht (color) ca knh truyn. Cc tnh cht ny c trng cho gi d liu c th c chuyn qua ng dn tng ng. Cc thng s metric do ngi qun tr gn cho cc ng link. S lng cc hop m gi tin c th truyn qua. Thng s setup priorities dnh cho knh truyn. Cc thng s trn c chia lm hai loi: c trng cho tng ng link nh: bandwidth, tnh cht ng truyn (color) v cc thng s metric.
Trang 81
c trng cho LSP nh: S lng hop trong LSP v thng s priorities. Vic qung b cc thng tin rng buc trn c thc hin bng cch m rng giao thc nh tuyn OSPF v IS-IS. Cc thng tin ny s c qung b n tt c cc router trong mng v c lu tr trong c s d liu dnh cho TE (TEDtraffic engineering database) ca router. Cc thng tin trong TED s c gi km theo cc gi LSA (link state advisement) qung b ra ton mng. Mc nh sau 30 pht gi tin LSA s c cp nht mt ln. bt c khi no trong mng c s thay i (trng thi ng truyn, bng nh tuyn, TED) gi LSA s c gi ra ton mng cp nht s thay i . OSPF hay IS-IS m rng cho TE mang thng tin ca tunnel c cu hnh trn mt router. Phn m rng mang thng tin v ti nguyn sn c xy dng tunnel, ging nh bng thng i vi mt ng link. V vy, mt kt ni khng c c ngun ti nguyn yu cu th khng th c chn lm mt phn ca ng hm LSP hoc TE. Vic bo hiu trong mi trng MPLS TE s dng giao thc bo tn ti nguyn (RSVP) m rng cho tnh nng TE. Router Ingress ca min MPLS cn nhng thng s cu ngun ti nguyn yu cu trn tt c cc kt ni c s dng trn mt ng hm TE. Thng tin ny c cung cp bi cc giao thc nh tuyn ni nh IS-IS hoc OSPF. Vi OSPF, thng tin v ti nguyn mng c qung b da trn flooding cc opaque LSA. Opaque LSA c ba loi l LSA loi 9, 10 v 11. Opaque LSA cha ng cc TLV v sub-TLV dng qung b thng tin ti nguyn sn c trn cc kt ni. Cc LSA 9, 10, 11 khc nhau phm vi flooding. LSA loi 9 khng flood ra ngoi subnet ca mnh, LSA loi 10 ch qung b trong area ca n, khng qung b ra khi cc ABR. LSA loi 11 qung b trn AS. Router Cisco ch h tr LSA loi 10 trong cc IOS hin thi. LSA loi 10 cha ng cc TLV v sub-TLV m t ti nguyn ca mng. IS-IS m rng s dng cc trng TLV mi mang thng tin v trng thi ng link v ti nguyn ca mng. TLV 22 cho bit v ti nguyn sn c v bng
Trang 82
thng. TLV 134 nhn bit a ch ca router, thng l a ch loopback, m t v im cui ca ng hm. TLV 135 cng c tnh nng tng t.
Hnh 4.13. LSA loi 10 trong bn tin OSPF
Hnh 4.14. TLV 135 trong bn tin ca IS-IS
Trang 83
4.3.3. Tnh ton ng dn s dng CSPF: Tng t phng php SPF (shortest path first) phng php CSPF (constrained SPF) s dng cc thng tin thu thp c t cc gi LSA tnh ra ng i ngn nht. CSPF ch tnh ton ng i ti ch da vo nhng link tha mn iu kin cho trc (nh bandwidth). iu ny c thc hin bng cch loi b nhng ng link khng tha mn yu cu. Mt thnh phn thng c s dng TE l color hay c tnh ca ng dn. C ti a l 32 mu tng ng vi 32 c tnh khc nhau ca knh truyn. Gii hn ny l do s bit i din cho color trong cc gi tin IGP.
Hnh 4.15. c tnh mu ca knh truyn M hnh trn l mt v d cho vic s dng color i din cho cc ng dn: CG v CE khng c c tnh color; EF, FD l red; CD l blue. c tnh color c th c trng cho nhng tnh cht nh tr, kh nng mt gi, gi tr ng dn hay v tr ca ng dn trong LSP. Tnh cht color c th c dng dng lm c s d liu trong TED thit lp LSP hoc thay i LSP bng cch thay i trc tip thnh phn color
Trang 84
trong TED ca mt hay nhiu router trong mng khi m trc LSP c thnh lp. Gi s trong m hnh v d trn khi LSP c xc nh gm LSP1 v LSP2. LSP1 c link GD c gn green, nu mt ngi qun tr mng i green thnh red trong c s d liu TED th s thay i ny nhanh chng c nhn bit. S thay i ny c a vo cc gi LSA v c qung b ra ton mng. Sau khi cc TED ca cc router c cp nht xong, qu trnh tnh ton ng dn mi bng giao thc CSPF (da vo TED) din ra. Kt qu thu c c th khc vi LSP ban u, v d nh CGD by gi l LSP2 vi GD c c tnh color l green cn CEFD l LSP1. CSPF da trn thng tin t TED tnh cc LSP, cc TED li c hnh thnh nh cc giao thc IGP bi vy: Qu trnh tnh ton LSP thng thng ch s dng trong mt min IGP n l. Vic s dng TE cho nhng m hnh lin min cn nhng k thut cao cp hn. Kt qu tnh ton ph thuc vo chnh xc ca TED. M TED c cc gi LSA cp nht thng tin. S qung b cc gi LSA khng phi lc no cng nh mun, do khng phi ta lun c LSP l tuyn ngn nht tho iu kin t ra nh mun. Hoc l ban u LSP l tuyn ngn nht nhng sau c s thay i trong mng, qu trnh cp nht cho TED li din ra v LSP thu c khng phi l ti u. S thay i trong mng c th din ra trong mng mt cch thng xuyn nn vic tnh ton li c th xy ra qu nhiu, iu ny khin cho mng tr nn bt n nh. Do cc nh sn xut thng hn ch ti a iu ny, qu trnh tnh LSP da trn TED ch xy ra luc thit lp ng dn. Nhng qu trnh ti nh tuyn ch xy ra khi c mt tn hiu iu khin no . Tuy nhin iu ny ch t kt qu i vi nhng mng c n nh cao khng cn cp nht thng xuyn v mng MPLS tha mn iu kin . y cng l mt u im ni bt ca MPLS khin cho vic s dng TE trong MPLS t hiu qu cao hn trong cc mng khc.
Trang 85
4.3.4. Thit lp ng dn s dng CR-LDP & RSVP-TE: Quy trnh hnh thnh ng dn trong MPLS din ra qua ba giai on: to bng nh tuyn (tnh ton ng i); phn phi nhn trong mng to cc bng LIB, FIB, LFIB; cui cng l chuyn gi tin bng phng thc chuyn mch nhn. Tng ng vi cc qu trnh trn, sau khi tnh ton ng dn xong, mng MPLS-TE s thit lp ng dn bng phng thc phn phi nhn. C hai phng php c s dng cho vic ny l CR-LDP v RSVP-TE. chng u tin chng ta tm hiu v hai phng php phn phi nhn c s dng trong giao thc LDP trong mng MPLS. l phn phi nhn c lp v phn phi nhn c rng buc Phng php phn phi nhn c lp l phng php m mi router (LSR) t qung b s kt hp gia desIP v nhn local ra tt c interface ca n. Cc bng LIB, FIB, LFIB ch cp nht nhn remote t chnh router k trn ng ti ch (da vo bng nh tuyn). Phng php phn phi nhn c rng buc hay c iu khin l phng php m cc LER (label edge router) s qung b nhn ngc tr li t cui ng dn ti dc ng dn. S trao i nhn ch din ra gia cc router thuc LSP (label switch path). Qu trnh bt u phn phi nhn c th bt u bi LER cui ng dn hay do LER ngun bo hiu bt u tin trnh phn phi nhn (downstream on demand). Do khi s dng TE trong mng MPLS tin trnh x l cc thng tin rt phc tp v cn c s n nh v ng truyn. Trong khi phng php phn phi nhn c lp li phi gii quyt loop v khng c s n nh ca ng truyn do cc LSR bt ng b trong vic hnh thnh bng chuyn mch nhn. Do MPLSTE s dng phng thc phn phi nhn c rng buc. RSVP-TE v CR-LDP hot ng da trn nguyn l ca phng php ny. 4.3.4.1.CR-LDP: CR-LDP ( Constrained routing-label switching path ) thuc d n RFC 3212 ca IETF. Trong phng php ny hai qu trnh tnh ton ng dn (c s dng
Trang 86
TE) thit lp bng nh tuyn v LDP hnh thnh bng chuyn mch nhn l c lp vi nhau. Qu trnh phn phi nhn l hon ton tng t nh trong mng MPLS thng thng. Cc k thut traffic engineering ch p dng cho giai on thit lp bng nh tuyn. Thng qua giao thc nh tuyn m rng cc ng dn c thit lp s tho mn cc yu cu TE. S di y m t cu trc x l ca Router trong giao thc bo hiu CRLDP.
Hnh 4.16. M hnh cu trc LSR s dng CR-LDP Theo nh m hnh trn CR-LDP khng thc hin nhim v thit lp ng dn m ch c vai tr qun tr, qung b cc thng tin cn thit cho cc router trong mng nhm thit lp lch trnh x l, hng i cho cc router x l cc gi tin i theo ng dn m giao thc nh tuyn thit lp trc . Do l phn m rng ca LDP nn CR-LDP gi nguyn nhng c ch v thng ip trong LDP nh: thit lp, duy tr phin, phn phi nhn v.v...
Trang 87
S khc bit gia CR-LDP v LDP l LDP phn phi nhn theo phng thc c lp, cn CR-LDP s dng phn phi nhn c rng buc. Trong gi tin qung b ca CR-LDP c km thng ip ER ch ng i n ch. * V d:
Hnh 4.17. Yu cu gn nhn local t ngun Gi s lung d liu theo chiu nh hnh v bng nh tuyn hnh thnh. Gia vo thng tin nh tuyn router cnh pha ngun s gi thng ip yu cu gn nhn n cho router k. Qu trnh tip din cho n khi router cnh cui nhn c thng ip yu cu gn nhn.
Trang 88
Hnh 4.18. Nhn phn b theo chiu Upstream Sau khi nhn c yu cu gn nhn, ti Router cnh cui s gn nhn cho gi tin v chuyn ngc v trc theo ng c nh tuyn. Khi bng chuyn mch nhn hnh thnh, cc gi tin s c chuyn i theo nhn.
Hnh 4.19. ng Tunnel (dng CR-LDP) c hnh thnh
Trang 89
4.3.4.2. RSVP-TE RSVP-TE thuc d n RFC3468 ca IETF: trong phng php ny, sau khi da vo TED thit lp bng nh tuyn s in ra qu trnh phn phi nhn. Nhng nhng nhn ny ngoi vic gip thnh lp bng chuyn mch nhn n cn c th gip hiu chnh, thay i tnh cht ng dn (color), u tin (prioprities) hoc hy b ng dn va mi thnh lp bi giao thc CSPF ban u. RSVP-TE l s m rng ca giao thc RSVP trong mng IP c b sung thm cc c tnh iu khin lu lng v QoS trong bn tin. Trong chng k tip khi nghin cu m hnh MPLS-DiffServ-TE ta s thy vai tr quan trng ca RSVPTE. Cu trc RSVP-TE trong mt LSR c cho hnh di y:
Hnh 4.20. M hnh cu trc LSR s dng giao thc RSVP Do s linh hot ca phng php RSVP-TE m hin nay y l phng php c IETF khuyn ngh v ang c pht trin tip. D n pht trin CR-LDP b hy b. *Nguyn l hot ng:
Trang 90
Bc 1: Gi s d liu xut pht t mng 3.3.3.0/8 mun ti 2 ch l 1.1.1.1 v 2.2.2.2. Sau khi thnh lp xong bng nh tuyn nh hnh trn. Tip theo router A s gi bo hiu Path message yu cu cp nhn cho mng. Trong thng ip bo hiu ny gm c cc thnh phn: Cc thng tin lin quan n TE nh bandwidth yu cu, tr v.v Cc thng tin cn thit cho vic thit lp ng dn nh cc mc u tin (priorities) thit lp (setup) hay duy tr (hold) LSP. Trong qu trnh truyn thng tin bo hiu dc theo ng dn cc router (LSR) s tin hnh phn tch. Nhng ng link no khng ph hp vi yu cu trong Path-Message s b hy b.
Hnh 4.21. Thng ip Path Message t ngun Mt iu cn lu y l khi thit lp bng nh tuyn th cc tuyn tha mn mt s yu cu TE khi s dng giao thc nh tuyn CSPF. iu ny c ngha l cc k thut TE c dn tri trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh chyn mch nhn. ng vi mi giai on khc nhau th cc k thut TE mang li mt hiu qu
Trang 91
khc nhau. V d nh cc yu cu v BW c th s dng trong CSPF trong giai on thit lp bng nh tuyn trong khi cc thng s v u tin ng dn th thch hp giai on phn phi nhn hn. ng nhin l trong qu trnh phn phi nhn chng ta vn c th thay i c cc kt qu t c qu trnh trc . Bc 2:
Hnh 4.22. Cc Router phn tch Path Message a ra phn ng Sau khi bo hiu ti c LER cui cng, th ti y din ra qu trnh phn tch nhn. Nu nh nhn thy tho mn cc yu cu trong path-message th LER C s map mt nhn local cho a ch desIP tng ng. y l mt iu khc bit so vi phng php phn phi nhn c lp khi cc LSR trong mng c lp v bt ng b trong vic to nhn local. Bc 3: Sau khi gn nhn local cho desIP. LER C s qung b s kt hp ny ngc tr vngun l LSR A thng qua tn hiu RESV-message.
Trang 92
RESV-message gm c nhn local ca LSR gi n v cc c im m TE can thip nh hy b, thay i ng dn. RESV-message cn c nhng c im ny v: LSP c th khng cn thit c tnh bi CSPF Ngay c khi c tnh bng CSPF th c tnh ng dn cng c th thay i trong qu trnh thit lp bng chuyn mch nhn. Tnh cht ny gip cho s cp nht trng thi ng dn l chnh xc v to ra LSP theo yu cu.
Hnh 4.23. Thng ip RESV gip mng thit lp ti nguyn cn thit Nh trnh by phn trc CSPF nhiu khi khng tnh ton chnh xc LSP theo ng yu cu ca TED, do qu trnh cp nht TED bng giao thc IGP khng hon ton y . Trong trng hp ny cn thit phi c cc qu trnh kim tra m bo LSP tnh ra l chnh xc. Khi nhn c RESV-message cc LSR kim tra xem c tha mn yu cu hay khng. Nu tha, n s cp nht nhn nhn c vo cc bng LIB, FIB, LFIB. Cc LSR cng cn c vo cc thng tin TE nhn c t RESV-message chun b cc thnh phn cho LSP nh ng dn cng bng thng thch hp.
Trang 93
Bc 4: Qu trnh bc 3 c din ra lin tc cho n khi vic thnh lp bng LFIB hon chnh trong tt c cc LSR. Sau khi bng chuyn mch nhn thit lp thnh cng, cc gi tin c chuyn giao qua mng MPLS bng cc tunnel (ng hm-LSP). Trong thnh phn cc gi tin IP s c cc gi tr biu th tnh cht tunnel m n mun i qua.
Hnh 4.24. Tunnel (dng RSVP-TE) c hnh thnh 4.4. S dng ng dn TE: Cch n gin nht iu khin mt lung thng tin i vo mt ng dn mong mun l thng qua nh tuyn tnh (static). Tuy nhin trong mt mng ln gm nhiu thnh phn th vic quan st ton cc a ra mt kt lun l mt iu kh khn. V d nh trong mt mng gm cc router, cc router mun chy nh tuyn IP vi nhau. V mt l do no m hai trong s cc router ny phi c ni WAN vi nhau, mng WAN ny s dng MPLS. Khi m hnh nh tuyn IP hot ng, iu chng ta mun l a kt ni bng MPLS ny vo m hnh nh tuyn IP
Trang 94
gia cc router. C ngha l cc LSP trong MPLS phi c cc c tnh tng t nh kt ni thng thng nh l phi c pathcost v.v thc hin c iu trn cn phi c mt giao thc gip cho cc LER trong MPLS c th thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau. Lu l thng tin nh tuyn ny l gia cc router ngoi mng MPLS, cc router trong MPLS thc hin mt qu trnh nh tuyn ring bit. BGP hin nay l giao thc nh tuyn duy nht tha mn nhng yu cu trn. BGP l giao thc c th c s dng trong MPLS-VPN nh cp trong chng trc. Cc router s dng IGP (ngoi mng MPLS) c nhng c tnh sau: S dng LSP tnh SPF (shortest path first). Qung b tnh trng ca LSP nh cc ng link thng thng. hiu r vn trn, ta xt v d sau y:
Hnh 4.25. S dng ng dn LSP Trong m hnh trn gi s router E, F v D c th dng cng ngh MPLS vi LSP c thnh lp c gi tr metric l 15. Lu l metric ca LSP E-D by gi nh hn metric tng ca E-F v F-D (20+30 = 50) v metric tng ca A-B, B-C, CD l 30. Nu thc hin nh tuyn IGP i t A v E ti ch l W trong trng hp cha c LSP hoc LSP khng c a vo giao th IGP, ta s c cc ng ngn nht l A-B-C-D-W vi pathcost l 40 v E-A-B-C-W vi pathcost l 50.
Trang 95
Nu LSP tham gia vo qu trnh nh tuyn IGP, ta s c kt qu sau: A-ELSP-D-W vi pathcost l 35 v E-LSP-D-W vi pathcost l 25. * Tng t nh m hnh trn nhng by gi ng link gia E-F c metric bng 10 thay v 20. Do LSP tham gia vo m hnh nh tuyn IGP nn router E cng s qung b n thng qua cc gi tin LSA. Khi F nhn c cc gi tin LSA ny n s cp nht vo bng nh tuyn ca mnh.
Hnh 4.26. S dng thng s metric cho LSP Khi F mun gi gi tin ti ch, n s xc nh ng i nh sau F-E-LSPD-W vi pathcost bng 35. Nhng do F cng tham gia vo mng MPLS, nn kt qu nh trn s dn n vic gi tin i t F ti E (bng nh tuyn IP thng thng vi metric F-E =10), sau li chuyn ti F (lc ny dng chuyn mch nhn), i ht LSP v ti W. Nh vy vic gi tin xut pht t F sau li tr v F nh trn l mt bt cp v cn phi gii quyt. S vic trn xy ra bi v trong bng nh tuyn ca F ch c s hin din ca LSP do E qung b n, do F khng nhn thc c m hnh tng qut ca mng . Vic ny ch c th x l c khi router F (LSR) cng c chc nng ca mt LER. Nhng nu iu ny xy ra s lm ph hng cu trc logic ca MPLS (LER v LSR c nhng c trng & nhim v ring). Do tnh cht trn hoc chp nhn hoc phi trnh n.
Trang 96
Bt chp vic s dng giao thc nh tuyn BGP hay IGP, khi c nhiu LSP c cng mt ch n th thng cc nh sn xut cho php ngi s dng c kh nng quyt nh s dng ng i (tunnel) mt cch linh ng da trn nhng chnh sch (policy) thch hp. Mt trong nhng chnh sch l CoS (class of service). CoS l mt thnh phn tn ti trong giao thc lp mng IP, n name trong gi tin IP khi truyn vo MPLS. Qu trnh tham chiu mt gi tin (i km vi mt CoS) vi mt Tunnel-LSP s c trnh by trong phn MPLS-Diffserv. 4.5. Cc thut ton nh tuyn nng cao trong MPLS ///////// c th b///////// Trong phn trc trnh by v k thut lu lng v nguyn l thc hin n trong mng MPLS, phn ny s tp trung vo mt kha cnh quan trng ca MPLS-TE l cc thut ton nh tuyn. Kh nng ca cc thut ton nh tuyn ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic thit lp tuyn ng thc hin k thut lu lng trong MPLS, v mi giao thc bo hiu nh CR-LDP v RSVP-TE u da vo thng tin do thut ton nh tuyn cung cp (ngoi tr vic thit lp LSP s dng thit lp tng minh trong bn tin PATH) 4.5.1.Yu cu s dng cc thut ton nh tuyn mi: Khi mng MPLS pht trin, rt nhiu vn nh tuyn xut hin. Vn v QoS l vic chn ra cc tuyn ng p ng cc yu cu v bng thng, tr, t l mt gi Vn v thit k lu lng l vic ti u v s dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng bng cch iu khin dng lu lng. Yu cu cho vic pht trin cc thut ton nh tuyn cao cp l phi m bo nhiu yu cu LSP cho nh tuyn ng trong MPLS (thut ton nh tuyn ca giao thc IP m bo gii php ti u ti thi im hin ti nhng khng m bo v kh nng tc nghn trong tng lai, do d rt nhiu yu cu LSP trong tng lai khng th c m bo). Nh qun tr mng thng tnh ton gii php ti u cho vn trn v cu hnh tnh trn router MPLS. Nhng gii php ny khng hiu qu vi cc mng ln v gii php ng. Vi nhng l do trn, cc thut ton nh tuyn nng cao c nghin cu, pht trin v trin khai trn mng MPLS.
Trang 97
Hn na, MPLS c cc c im cn thit h tr cho cc thut ton nh tuyn nng cao. Cc LSPs c th c ci t mt cch c lp vi cc thut ton nh tuyn c (thut ton IP) do LSPs c nh tuyn bi cc nhn. Do , chng ta c th thit k LSPs vi cc thut ton nh tuyn nng cao m rng cc chc nng nh tuyn. Giao thc nh tuyn nng cao yu cu phi c giao thc qung b mi. qung b khng ch thng tin v metric, s hop, tr (s dng bi cc giao thc nh tuyn c nh l OSPF, IS-IS) nhng cng bao gm cc thng tin v ti nguyn cn li ca mng. Thit k lu lng l im mnh ca MPLS v MPLS hon ton h tr cc thng tin trn vi giao thc nh tuyn m rng nh l OSPFTE, IS-IS-TE, bi v MPLS cn chng cho vic xy dng C S D Liu K Thut Lu Lng TED. C rt nhiu thut ton nh tuyn cao cp trn MPLS ang c nghin cu. Chng ta phn loi cc thut ton nh tuyn ra 2 loi. Mt loi h tr cc thut ton nh tuyn rng buc v dch v QoS, chng ta gi l thut ton nh tuyn da trn QoS. Loi khc h tr tm gii php p ng cho nhiu yu cu LSP v lm gim kh nng tc nghn trong tng lai, c gi l nh tuyn da trn lu lng. Trong phn ny s bn v nhng kh nng, nhng thut ton dng cho nh tuyn nhm h tr QoS v iu khin lu lng. Phn thut ton iu khin lu lng s gip ta hiu r hn v mt hc thut s dng trong cc thut ton m rng trong phn trc. Phn ng dng ca nh tuyn gia trn QoS s c trnh by chi tit trong chng MPLS DiffServ-TE. 4.5.2. nh tuyn da trn QoS Ngy nay, Internet h tr ch dch v kt qu-tt nht, nhng khng c c ch m bo cho vic mt gi, bng thng, tr, jitter trong khi cc dch v c nh l FTP, mail lm vic tt vi nn tng Internet c, th cc dch v hin ti nh l in thoi Internet, Video trc tuyn yu cu bng thng cao, tr thp v jitter nh.
Trang 98
QoS l mt tp cc yu cu v dch v cho mng khi truyn ti d liu. Ni cch khc, QoS l mc yu cu v dch v ca ngi dng, c c trng bi t l mt gi, bng thng, tr u cui. QoS l tha thun gia ngi dng v nh cung cp mng bi Tha Thun V Mc Dch V SLA (Service Level Agreement). nh tuyn da trn QoS: nh tuyn sao cho tuyn ng m bo dch v QoS (l tha thun gia ngi dng v nh cung cp dch v mng v bng thng, tr, t l mt gi) Bn cnh l cc rng buc, cc rng buc phi m bo l ti u ti nguyn mng. QoS metric: SLA c th hin bi QoS metric. QoS metric bao gm bng thng, jitter, gi thnh, t l mt gi. Mt tp m(n1,n2) l metric ca lin kt (n1,n2). Vi bt c tuyn ng P (path) no, P=(n1,n2,n3,ni,nj), metric m l: tnh cng (additive), nu m(P) = m(n1,n2) + m(n2,n3) + ... + m(ni,nj) tnh nhn (multiplicative), nu m(P) = m(n1,n2) * m(n2,n3) * ... * m(ni,nj) tnh lm (concave), nu m(P) = min{ m(n1,n2), m(n2,n3), ... , m(ni,nj) } 4.5.2.1. Phn loi cc thut ton QoS: Vi mt vi metric, metric ca tuyn ng b nh hng bi cc lin kt vi metric ti thiu (bng thng, khng gian b m). Chng ta gi l cc lin kt nghn c chai. Chng ta c thut ton nh tuyn ti u lin kt (link optimize )(tm mt tuyn ng ti u ti lin kt b nghn c chai) v nh tuyn rng buc lin kt (link constrained ) (tm tuyn ng tt nht m lin kt b nghn c chai tha mn mt vi rng buc metric) Vi mt vi metric, metric ca truyn ng l s kt hp ca metric ca tt c lin kt dc theo tuyn ng . Chng ta c nh tuyn ti u tuyn ng (path optimize routing) (tm tuyn ng vi metric tuyn ng ti u) v nh tuyn rng buc tuyn ng (path constrained routing) (tm tuyn ng tha mn mt vi rng buc metric). Thut ton nh tuyn c th gii c vi thi gian a thc
Trang 99
nh tuyn rng buc lin kt, ti u tuyn ng (Link-constrained, pathoptimization routing) nh tuyn ti u lin kt, rng buc lin kt (Link-constrained, linkoptimization routing) nh tuyn rng buc nhiu lin kt (Multi-link-constrained routing) nh tuyn rng buc lin kt, rng buc tuyn ng (Link-constrained, path-constrained routing) nh tuyn rng buc tuyn ng, ti u lin kt (Path-constrained, linkoptimization routing) Vi cc bi ton trn, u tin chng ta phi gii bi ton rng buc lin kt hoc ti u lin kt, chng ta s c mt tp gii hn cc kt qu ph thuc vo s lin kt, v sau chng ta gii bi ton rng buc tuyn ng hoc ti u tuyn ng. Thut ton nh tuyn khng th gii c vi thi gian a thc (Vn NP_No Polynomial) nh tuyn rng buc tuyn ng, ti u tuyn ng (PCPO_ Path Constrained, Path Optimize) nh tuyn rng buc nhiu tuyn ng (MPC_ Multi-Path-Constrained): Nu tt c cc metric u ph thuc vo mt metric chung, chng ta c th chuyn bi ton MPC v bi ton tuyn ng ngn nht vi thi gian a thc. tm c gii php cho nhng vn trn, chng ta phi duyt tt c cc tuyn ng t ngun ti ch, nhng thi gian duyt ht tt c cc tuyn ng l mt hm m ca s nh, do n l bi ton NP kh. Chng ta ch c th tm ra gii php gn vi gii php ti u bng cch s dng cc thut ton tm kim tr tu nhn to vi heuristic lm gim khng gian tm kim. V d: vi bi ton nh tuyn rng buc nhiu tuyn ng, chng ta c th chn phng php l metric c xem l mt hm kt hp ca mi metric, v gi tr ti thiu ca n l s kt hp ca cc metric bao gm gii php ti u gn ng.
Trang 100
4.5.3. nh tuyn da trn lu lng Vi thut ton tm ng ngn nht, nhc im ca cc thut ton ny l khi mt cung l tt vi nhiu cp ngun-ch, th cc cp ngun-ch s chn cung cho tuyn ng ca chng v dn n tc nghn trn cung . Thut ton nh tuyn da trn lu lng khng ch ti u ti nguyn mng ti thi im hin ti, nhng cng cho yu cu ca tng lai. Thut ton nh tuyn da trn lu lng s tin on lin kt no s b tc nghn khi chng ta nh tuyn qu nhiu lu lng qua chng v s gim nh tuyn lu lng qua cc lin kt . Phn loi Da trn thng tin ca mng hin ti, tnh ton v chn ra nhng lin kt lm ti thiu kh nng tc nghn ca mng trong tng lai. Da trn thng tin thng k bi server hoc router, chng ta s c thng tin gn ng v yu cu trong tng lai. Chng ta s gi cc thng tin thng k l thng tin m t (profile). Sau khi c cc thng tin m t, chng ta s s dng quy hoch tuyn tnh tm ra gii php ti u trong tng lai. Phn tip theo s ch ra mt vi thut ton nh tuyn da trn lu lng, cc thut ton ny gi ra cc l thuyt c bn v cc tng tng qut cho cc thut ton nh tuyn da trn lu lng. 4.5.4. Da trn thng tin hin ti ca mng 4.5.4.1. Thut ton nh tuyn vi im giao ti thiu MIRA (Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm) Chng ta bit rng m bo yu cu ci t LSP, gi tr maxflow cng nh sau khi mi cp ngun-ch chn c tuyn ng th kh nng ca mng p ng cho yu cu ca tng lai cng ln. Vn ny c th c m t bi cng thc ton hc: t sd l maxflow ca cp ngun-ch (s,d) c tnh ton sau khi tha mn yu cu thit lp LSP, bi ton t ra l cc i tng sd ca mi cp ngunch. Mc tiu ti u l:
Trang 101
Bn cnh , chng ta phi tm ra lu lng ca mi cp ngun-ch, thit lp tuyn ng vi bng thng D v m bo rng buc: tng bng thng ca mi lu lng i qua mi lin kt phi nh hn bng thng d tr ca lin kt , v tng lu lng i vo bng vi tng lu lng i ra mi nt ca mng. gii quyt hon ton vn l mt bi ton NP kh. Tc gi tm ra gii php gn ng cho vic gii quyt vn trn v c m t bi thut ton MIRA: t thng tin v dung lng d tr ca mi cung, chng ta c th tnh ton ra maxflow ca mi cp ngun-ch. Vi mi cp ngun-ch, chng ta tm ra tp mincut, v nhng lin kt thuc v cc tp c gi l cc lin kt ti hn (critical links). Cc lin kt ti hn ny c tnh cht l nu chng ta nh tuyn lu lng ca cp ngunch i qua chng, maxfow ca cp ngun-ch s b gim. Do , mc tiu ca thut ton MIRA l trnh n ti a vic i qua cc lin kt ti hn. tng tng ca thut ton l cc ng i s khng nh hng qu nhiu tha mn yu cu tng lai. Thut ton pht trin da trn khi nim critical link. critical link c ch nh bi thut ton, v l cc kt ni vi cc thuc tnh m mt LSP c nh tuyn qua cc kt ni ny gi tr lung ln nht (maxflow) ca mt hoc nhiu i ng vo-ng ra (ingress-egress) gim i. Nu critical link c ti nng th mng khng c kh nng tha mn cho tng lai. Cc tng chnh :
Lin kt ti hn
Hnh 4.27. Lin kt ti hn
Trang 102
V d: Nu thut ton t trm nht (min-hop) c s dng , tuyn t S3 ti D3 l 17-8-5 v n s kha cc tuyn gia (S1, D1) v (S2, D2). Trong v d ny, s la chn tt hn l 1-2-3-4-5. Chng ta thit lp lung cc i (maxflow) v1 gia mt cp ng vo ng ra (S1, D1). Gi tr ny l gii hn trn ca tng bng thng c th i t ng vo n ng ra. Gi tr lung cc i s gim D n v khi bng thng yu cu ca D n v c nh tuyn gia (S1, D1). Cc ng giao ti thiu (Minimum Interference Paths): chng ta c th ngh ng giao ti thiu l ng i ti a ca ti thiu lung cc i (minimum maxflow) ca mi cp ng vo-ng ra. Vi thut ton MIRA, ng i t nt 1 n 5 l 1-3-5, t nt 1 n 4 l 1-24 v con ng t nt 2 n 3 l 2-4-3. Sau ta s dng nh tuyn Chn ng i bng tnh ton ng i ngn nht: sau khi xc nh cc critical link chng ta s trnh nh tuyn LSP trn cc critical link. Chng ta s s dng Dijkstra hay Bellman-Ford tnh ng i. Thc hin iu bng cch xy dng ma trn trng s (matrix weight) lm tng chi ph khi cc tuyn LSP i qua critical link. Sau ta chn ng i theo thut ton ng i ngn nht. 4.5.4.2. Thut ton nh tuyn ng trc tuyn DORA (Dynamic On line Routing Algorithm) Thut ton DORA cng da trn thng tin hin ti ca mng tin on ra cc lin kt c kh nng b tc nghn trnh i qua chng. DORA khc bit vi MIRA ch MIRA th da trn maxflow, trong khi DORA xem xt v s tuyn ng i qua mt lin kt (Xem xt n mi cp ngun-ch). t n l s tuyn ng (ca mi cp ngun-ch) i qua mt lin kt, gi tr ca n cng ln, kh nng tc nghn trn lin kt trong tng lai cng ln, do DORA chn n lm trng s cho mi lin kt v s dng thut ton tm ng ngn nht tm ra tuyn
Trang 103
ng c trng s ti thiu. Ngai ra, kt hp n vi cc iu kin ti u metric khc (v d m), thut ton DORA xy dng gi tr trng s bng cng thc: n' , m l cc gi tr c chun ha ca n,m trong phm vi [0,100]. 01, chn gi tr da trn thc nghim (thng thng = 0,5). 4.5.5. nh tuyn da trn thng tin m t PBR (Profile Based Routing) Vic thc hin nh tuyn nng cao ti cc router trong mng l mt iu rt kh khn nu nh thng tin m t v mng cho tng router qu ln nhng b x l trong router ch c hn. gim thiu iu ny ta thng dng cc server c tc cao thu thp thng tin ca ton mng (online) sau a ra thng s thch hp (nh tuyn offline). Nh vo cc giao thc nh SNMP, Telnet, COPS cc server truyn cc thng s n tnh c cho cc router tng ng trong mng. Cc router ny ln lt a ra cc bin php thch hp nh thay i Pathcost knh truyn, thay i chnh sch hng i (nh tuyn kiu offline) nhm t c yu cu lu lng v dch v i hi. 4.6. Bo v v khi phc: Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cc c ch m MPLS dng bo v mng khi cc s c cng nh cc phng php phc hi mng khi xy ra s c. Nu mt s c xy ra ti mt ni no trong mng, lung d liu s chuyn t ni c s c trong mng sang mt v tr khc. Ba rng buc chnh i vi vic ny l thi gian khi phc, m bo ti u mng v tnh n nh ca lung d liu . khi phc thnh cng khi xy ra s c, mng cn phi c cc kh nng sau. Trc tin mng phi c kh nng pht hin li. Th hai, nt trong mng m ti pht hin li phi thng bo s c n mt nt no trong mng. Nt no c thng bo cn tu thuc vo m hnh khi phc c ng dng. Th ba, mng phi tnh ton li ng i ti nt c thng bo. V th t l lung d liu phi c chuyn qua ng mi c tnh li thay v ng c b h.
Trang 104
Khi mng c s c v c khi phc s xy ra hin tng lung d liu b gin on. S gin on ny c gy ra bi thi gian pht hin li, thi gian thng bo li cho nt cn thit, thi gian tnh ng khi phc. 4.6.1. Pht hin li Trong thc t cc li c th xut hin bt c u trong mng. T lp vt l nh cc thit b truyn dn cho n cc lp cao hn nh lp mng hay ng dng . tng ng vi nhng loi li ny l cc phng php bo v v phc hi tng ng. Qun l phn cng: cc thit b phn cng trong mng thng c cc thit b phn cng hoc phn mm c trng dng theo di s c. Khi chng b h, ta c th pht hin c v thay th bng thit b khc. Mt tn hiu ti cc lin kt: nu tn hiu l in th li c th c pht hin c hai pha. Nu tn hiu l nh sng (cp quang) th nt ngun s c nhn thng bo c s c ti nt ch (pht hin li) thng qua cc giao thc qun l lin kt (LMP) thch hp cho tng thit b. S dng cc loi giao thc bo hiu nh RSVP s dng gi tin Hello duy tr lin kt. Hay cc giao thc nh tuyn nh OSPF gi cc gi tin Hello khong 30 pht mt ln, v khi c s thay i trong m hnh mng th s gi thng bo cho mi nt mng thuc cng mt min. 4.6.2. Bo v v phc hi Nh ni trn c nhiu phng php bo v tng ng vi loi s c xy ra trong mng v m hnh mng ang s dng. V d nh trong mng SDH/SONET c m hnh mng vng ta c th s dng cc phng php bo v nh SONET/UPSR, SONET/BLSR, FDDI, RPR v.v... Vi MPLS cng tng t nh vy, c nhiu cch bo v v khi phc ng truyn d liu khi c s c. Nhng do MPLS l m hnh mng hybrid c thit k hot ng trn nn IP. Hot ng ca MPLS gn cht vi cc giao thc nh tuyn nn trong ti ny ch cp ti vn khi phc trong MPLS da trn lp mng.
Trang 105
4.6.3. MPLS Recovery Cc thut ng c s dng trong khi phc ng trong MPLS c nh ngha trong RFC 3469[32] gm nhng phn sau Working Path-Primary Path l ng i ca d liu khi cha c s c. Nu c cc c ch bo v trn ng ny th ta gi ng ny l ng lm vic c bo v. Recovery Path-Backup Path l ng m d liu s chuyn t ng lm vic sang khi c s c xut hin trn . PSL (Path Switch LSP) l LSR pha Upstream m m nhn cng vic chuyn t ng lm vic sang ng khi phc PML (Path Merge LSP) l LSR im cui ca ng khi phc, c tc dng trn lung d liu t ng lm vic sang ng bo v. POR (Point of Repair) l LSR m nhn vic sa cha LSP b s c. POR c th l PSL hoc PML Bypass Tunnel l mt ng khi phc c cng PSL v PML vi ng lm vic MPLS Protection Domain l mt min MPLS m cc LSR u c thit lp c ch bo v. Revertive Mode l ch hot ng m ng lm vic chnh s c s dng li khi c phc hi. Fault Indication Signal (FIS) l tn hiu bo hiu t im pht hin li n cc LSR Upstream hoc Downstream trong mng cho ti khi n n c POR trong mng. Fault Recovery Signal (FRS) l tn hiu bo hiu ng c khi phc tr li.
Trang 106
4.6.3.1 Phn loi v c ch khi phc v bo v 4.6.3.1.1 Bo v ton cc v bo v cc b Bo v ton cc l bo v m trong LER pha ngun ng vai tr l PSL v POR, nhn tn hiu FIS t nt pht hin li. ng phc hi v ng chnh trong trng hp ny l tch bit hon ton. Bo v cc b l loi bo v m trong im pht hin li ng vai tr l PSL v cng c th cng l POR nu c cu hnh tng ng. C hai loi bo v cc b l bo v lin kt v bo v nt. Bo v lin kt l loi bo v m trong PSL v PML l hai nt u cui ca lin kt b h. PML c th l LER pha ch. Bo v nt l loi bo v m PSL v PML l hai nt Upstream v Downstream gn nht vi nt c bo v. ng bo v phi cch ly hon ton vi nt c bo v v cc lin kt i chung vi n. 4.6.3.1.2. Ti nh tuyn bo v v chuyn mch bo v Ti nh tuyn bo v l ch m khi pht hin c li xy ra nh vo FIS, POR s tm ng mi nh vo cc giao thc nh tuyn. Sau khi tm c ng i, PSL s chuyn sang ng mi. Chuyn mch bo v c c ch hot ng gn ging vi ti nh tuyn bo v ch khc ch ng bo v c tnh ton trc . Chnh v iu ny lm cho phng php ny tn t thi gian khi phc hn phng php ti nh tuyn bo v. 4.6.3.1.3. M hnh MAKAM (Bo v ton cc) y l m hnh bo v v khi phc n gin nht, trong ng backup c th c tnh ton trc (nu s dng c ch bo v), hoc tnh bng giao thc nh tuyn khi Ingress LER nhn c FIS. Nu ng c tnh ton t trc th khi thit lp ng bo v thng qua i tng ERO c cha thng tin v ng backup trong tn hiu thit lp (CR-LDP) hoc Path Message (RSVP-TE) s thng bo cho cc LSR bit c thng tin v thit lp nn ng backup
Trang 107
u im: t tn ti nguyn bi mt ng backup c th dng d tr cho cc trng hp li khc nhau xy ra trn cc link thuc ng hot ng chnh. Nhc im: nu lin kt b li xa Ingress LER lm cho qu trnh khi phc chm i do cn ch tn hiu bo hiu FIS tr v. Ngoi ra, do cc hng i cc LSR thuc ng c cn cha cc gi tin nn s b mt cc gi tin ny khi chuyn hng sang ng bo v. trnh mt cc gi tin trn, cn phi khi phc li ng c khi li c khc phc, tuy nhin ta s gp phi vn gi sai th t. Cch ny ch nn dng trong trng hp li c sa cha nhanh v hng i pha Exgress LER ln.
Hnh 4.29. C ch khi phc ton cc 4.6.3.1.4. M hnh Haskin (Reverse Backup): M hnh ny khc phc c im yu th hai ca m hnh Makam m khng cn phi phc hi li ng c. Bng cch thit lp mt ng d phng o ti nt pht hin li, mt ng d phng o c thnh lp vi chiu lu lng ngc vi chiu ca ung c. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im l hao tn ti nguyn do phi dng ng d phng o, ngay c khi ng c b h th d liu s vn chy qua ng c cho ti khi gp phi nt pht hin li mi quay tr v chuyn mch sang ng khi phc ton cc. Mt ci tin khc gip qu trnh trn din ra nhanh hn l gi km thng tin FIS trong cc gi tin gi ngc v t ng d phng o. Cch ny gip chuyn
Trang 108
mch ti Ingress LER nhanh hn m khng cn ch tn hiu FIS ti ri mi nhn d liu t ung d phng o. Tuy nhin, do cc gi vn khng c qun l th t nn hin tng cc gi sai th t vn s xy ra.
Hnh 4.30. M hnh Haskin (Link Protection) 4.6.3.1.5. M hnh Hundessa M hnh ny khc phc nhc im ca m hnh Haskin thng qua vic kim sot s th t cc gi gi v t ung d phng o. Khi nhn c FIS t nt pht hin li, ngay lc ny PSL (Ingress LER) s nh du gi cui cng m n truyn vo ng c, sau n ngng truyn. i ti khi gi ny c truyn ngc v t nt pht hin li lc Ingress LER mi chuyn sang ng backup ton cc v truyn tip tc d liu theo ng ny. 4.6.3.1.6. M hnh Simple Dynamic y l m hnh bo v cc b trong LSR pht hin li cng ng thi l PSL. Khi pht hin lin kt vi mnh b li, LSR ny s tnh ng ngn nht ti PML. Vi m hnh ny PML bt buc phi l Exgress LER. ng d phng ny c th c thit lp tng minh (da vo giao thc bo hiu CR-LDP hoc RSVPTE) hoc c ti nh tuyn nh cc giao thc bo hiu.
Trang 109
Hnh 4.31: C ch khi phc Simple Dynamic (Link protection) Nu nt pht hin li khng c ng bo v d tr (ch chuyn mch bo v) hoc khng c kh nng tm ng ti ch da vo giao thc nh tuyn (ch ti nh tuyn) hoc LSR ny ht phin lm vic th LSR Upstream k cn s m nhn vai tr ca PSL. C ch ny ging vi c ch bo v cho LSP l bo v nt Simple Dynamic c u im l ng ti nh tuyn lun l ng ngn nht ti ch (loi tr ng b h) tuy nhin vic tnh ton ti nh tuyn s khng th kim sot c ti nguyn mng v s c th gy nh hng n cc LSP khc trong mng, iu ny tuyt i nn trnh trong trng hp thc hin MPLS c h tr QoS. 4.6.3.1.7. M hnh Shortest Dynamic Cng ging nh m hnh Symple Dynamic, m hnh shortest Dynamic cng l m hnh bo v cc b. iu khc bit y l trong m hnh ny PML phi l LSR downstream k cn vi link hoc LSR b sai. Do ng backup trong trng hp ny cn gi l Bypass Tunnel. Trong m hnh ny ng bo v thng c tnh ton t trc v trn thc t ngi ta ch s dng giao thc bo hiu RSVP-TE thit lp ng bo v Shortest Dynamic. Ch bo v dng phng php khi phc ny cng c hai loi l bo v nt v bo v lin kt.
Trang 110
Hnh 4.32. C ch khi phc Simple Dynamic (Node protection)
Hnh 4.33. C ch khi phc Shortest Dynamic (Link protection) Mt iu cn lu trong c hai m hnh trn l trong c hai m hnh Ingress LER khng h nhn uc FIS, do n khng th bit c c s c trong mng v vn gi d liu nh bnh thng, tc phin hot ng ca LSP b s c vn c duy tr.
Trang 111
Hnh 4.34. C ch khi phc Shortest Dynamic (Node protection)
Trang 112
CHNG 5 : TRIN KHAI MPLS TRN H TNG MNG VIT NAM

Cng ngh MPLS c t chc quc t IETF a ra vo nm 1997 v pht trin rng ri trn ton cu. Cng ngh MPLS VPN a ra mt tng khc bit hon ton so vi cng ngh truyn thng, n gin ha qu trnh to ng hm trong mng ring o bng c ch gn nhn gi tin trn thit b mng ca nh cung cp. Thay v phi t thit lp, qun tr v u t nhng thit b t tin, VPN MPLS s gip cho doanh nghip trao trch nhim ny cho nh cung cp - n v c y nng lc, thit b v cng ngh bo mt tt hn nhiu cho mng ca doanh nghip
Hnh 5.1. M hnh mng MPLS VPN thc t Theo nh gi ca din n cng ngh Ovum 2005, MPLS VPN l cng ngh nhiu tim nng, ang bc vo giai on pht trin mnh m nh nhng tnh nng u vit hn hn nhng cng ngh truyn thng. D kin cui nm 2010, MPLS VPN s dn thay th hon ton cc cng ngh mng truyn thng lc hu v l tin cho mt h thng mng bng rng - mng th h mi NGN.
Trang 113
5.1. Trin khai dch v mng ring o VPN/MPLS ti VDC Cng ngh MPLS VPN chnh thc c VDC a vo trin khai ng dng th nghim thnh cng v a vo khai thc t nm 2003. Nm 2004, gii php VPN MPLS ca VDC dnh cp vng CNTT IT Week 14 v c m rng khai thc trn khp 64 tnh thnh trn c nc vi thng hiu VPN/VNN. Gii php VPN/VNN ca VDC c ng dng trin khai da trn cng ngh chuyn giao v thit b ca Cisco, vi mc tiu to ra mt gii php mng an ton bo mt ti u, tr thp v thch hp mi ng dng d liu nh data, voice, video... c bit, h thng MPLS VPN ca VDC trin khai s dng cp trong b cng ngm nn tit kim nhiu chi ph trin khai. Tc kt ni cao t nx64Kbps ti nxGbps. H thng ny ca VDC sn sng cung cp dch v ti 23 tnh thnh ph chnh trn c nc. VDC cng cam kt cht lng QoS nm 2007. M hnh dch v VPN/VNN trn nn MPLS ti VDC
Hnh 5.2. M hnh MPLS VPN ca VDC MPLS VPN ca VDC s dng kt ni local loop - phn on kt ni t pha khch hng ti POP MPLS ca VDC - qua mt ng knh ring Lease Line tc cao. Khc vi cng ngh VPN trn Internet (PPTP, L2TP, VPN IPSec), c ch ng hm c thit lp hon ton trong MPLS core ca VDC. Mi kt ni VPN s thit lp mt ng hm ring bit bng c ch gn nhn v chuyn tip gi IP.
Trang 114
Mi kt ni VPN ch nhn mt gi tr nhn duy nht do thit bi nh tuyn MPLS trong mng cung cp. Do vy, mi ng hm trong MPLS core l ring bit hon ton. Vi kh nng che giu a ch mng li, mi tn cng nh DDoS, IP snoofing, label snoofing...s tr nn v ngha. so snh v u im cng ngh:
Hnh 5.3. So snh cng ngh MPLS vi cc cng ngh khc So snh v chi ph s dng
Hnh 5.4. So snh v chi ph s dng MPLS VPN tit kim c hn 50% chi ph, cng nhiu im cng tit kim. 5.2. ng dng MPLS trong mng NGN: Cng ngh NGN (Next Generation Network - NGN) vi kh nng tch hp nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng ang l mt xu hng pht trin mi ca ngnh vin thng th gii.
Trang 115
Khi mi trng kinh doanh ang ngy cng phc tp v mang tnh cnh tranh cao, cht lng dch v tr thnh cha kha cho s thnh cng th nhu cu s hu cc dch v truyn thng mi vi nhiu tin ch cng khng ngng tng ln... Cng ngh NGN ra i hi t c 3 mng: mng thoi, mng khng dy v mng s liu vo mt kt cu thng nht hnh thnh mt mng chung, thng minh, hiu qu cho php truy xut ton cu, tch hp nhiu cng ngh mi, ng dng mi v m ng cho cc c hi kinh doanh pht trin, ang ngy cng tha mn c nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Mng Th h mi (NGN) l g? Nhng ng dng cn nhiu bng thng nh gio dc truyn hnh, ng dng truyn hnh trc tuyn trong y hc, thuyt trnh trc tuyn yu cu mng c kh nng p ng mnh c th truy cp d dng v mi lc mi ni. Nhng mng vin thng nh vy, da trn nguyn l chy a dch v thng qua mt c s h tng chung thng nht, c bit l Mng Th h mi (NGN). N l mt mng duy nht, k tha cho hu ht cc mng truyn thoi v d liu tch bit ngy nay. Kin trc phn lp ca mng NGN c phn hoch thnh 3 phn lp chnh: 1. Phn lp Truyn dn v Mng truy nhp 2. Phn lp Mng chuyn mch trc (Backbone CORE) 3. Phn lp iu khin v Dch v (service & network control) Khi ni n mng NGN l ni n dch v ch khng phi nh cch xy dng mng truyn thng l ch trng vo xy dng nhng mng ring l, mi mt dch v s phi xy dng mt mng dng ring, v d nh mng thoi TDM, mng di ng, mng truyn s liu... Chnh v vy m cc tiu ch cho mng hi t m bo chi ph u t thp nht phi l:
Trang 116
Xy dng mt mng hi t a dch v trn mt nn tng mng duy nht; Cung cp cc dch v mng ring o an ninh lp 2, lp 3, cc dch v multimedia v data vi cc cam kt cht lng dch v SLA; Gii php m v tng thch khi tch hp dch v; Bo v u t, d dng m rng nng cp mng. Ngoi cc dch v hin ti nh thoi, mng NGN cung cp cc dch v theo
yu cu nh hi ngh truyn hnh v cc dch v ng dng a phng tin khc vi yu cu bng thng n hng chc Mbps cho mt ngi dng. c im chnh ca mng NGN l c kh nng cung cp tt c cc dch v bng rng theo yu cu vi cc mc dch v khc nhau. Ngoi ra, mng NGN tch hp cng ngh di ng bng thng rng, v vy n cho php ngi dng c th trao i thng tin dch v bng rng bt chp h ang s dng my tnh bn hay thit b h tr s c nhn (PDA) lt Internet t taxi. Mng NGN vt l bao gm nhiu ng truyn bng si quang, pht chuyn d liu dng gi tin m c th h tr cho nhiu dch v ng thi. Cc thnh phn ca mng NGN (nh switch hay router) c th hot ng vi nhiu cu hnh mng khc nhau, vi nhiu giao thc khc nhau ging nh doanh nghip c th ni nhiu th ting khc nhau ng thi. Mng NGN v cng ngh MPLS Mt s k diu na ca mng NGN l c th c pht trin bi cc nh khai thc mi khng yu cu c sn c s h tng hay ch cn nng cp, m rng trn cu trc mng sn c. Ngy nay, MPLS (chuyn mch nhn a giao thc) l k thut c cng nhn cho mng hi t Vit Nam sau khi c s nh gi k cng cc mng ATM v cc mng khc. MPLS c mt bc pht trin rt di bi cng ng IETF. MPLS ang dn u v cc mc linh hot, tnh m bo v an ton m ngy nay cha c mt cng ngh no khc c th tha mn c.
Trang 117
MPLS cho php cc nh cung cp dch v tch bit vic kim sot lu thng mng da trn yu cu ca ng dng. MPLS cn c kh nng cho php ng dng t ng yu cu ti nguyn m chng cn s dng trn h tng mng. Tuy nhin, cht lng mng ch da vo mt mnh MPLS v IP th khng , do vy tnh thng minh cng thm (Intelligent Network) l cn thit m bo cht lng, bo mt, k ton v thanh ton cho dch v mi. Vic kim sot tt hn cng l iu cn thit cho php nh cung cp dch v c th kim sot lu thng trn mng. C th ni rng, cng ngh mng NGN chnh l cha kho gii m cho cng ngh tng lai, p ng c y cc yu cu kinh doanh trn vi c im quan trng l cu trc phn lp theo chc nng v phn tn cc tim nng trn mng, lm cho mng mm ho v s dng rng ri cc giao din m a truy nhp, a giao thc kin to cc dch v m khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc nh cung cp thit b v khai thc mng. S tin b trong cng ngh, sc cnh tranh mnh m v mt mi trng pht trin thng thong s lm thay i tn gc nn kinh t truyn thng thoi, d liu v dch v video. Mt cch tng ng, cc nh cung cp dch v cng ang thay i m hnh kinh doanh ca mnh mt cch mnh m, khng ch h gi thnh sn phm dch v m cn to ra nhng dng doanh thu khc bit, mi m. Cng ngh NGN gip nh cung cp dch v, cc nh cung cp truyn hnh cp, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng, hi t kin trc h tng mng, gia tng thm vo tnh thng minh c th cung cp cc dch v cao cp. NGN gia nhp th trng cng ngh Vit Nam Vit Nam l mt th trng c tc pht trin mnh ti chu vi s lng khch hng s dng cc dch v bng rng tng tng ngy. Thng 12/2003, VNPT lp t xong giai on 1 mng vin thng th h mi NGN v i vo vn hnh thnh cng. y l mng h tng thng tin duy
Trang 118
nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi (packet-switch), c VNPT chn la thay th cng ngh chuyn mch knh (circuit-switch). Juniper Networks l nh cung cp v trin khai mng NGN/MPLS cho VNPT. y l mng s dng cng ngh chuyn gi MPLS vi c tnh linh hot, ng dng nhng tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh truyn dn quang bng rng nn tch hp c dch v thoi v dch v truyn s liu. Song song vi vic thit lp lp chuyn ti trc v vng, VNPT trin khai lp truy nhp ca mng NGN vi cc Media Gateway v h thng bng rng cng ngh xDSL h tr cc kt ni ADSL v SHDSL. Vi h tng mng xDSL ny, VNPT cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet bng rng MegaVNN ti nhiu tnh, thnh ph trn c nc. Vic ng dng cng ngh NGN ca VNPT nh du mt tiu chun mi cho cc nh cung cp dch v khc nh Vin thng in lc (EVN Telecom), Viettel, SPT, Cng vin Phn mm Quang Trung (QTSC), Khu Cng ngh cao Si Gn (SHTP)... pht trin mng dch v ca mnh. Li ch ln t NGN/MPLS S chuyn bin kin trc mng ny, khng gii hn cc nh cung cp dch v cng cng m ngay c cc doanh nghip/t chc ln cng chuyn ha. V d nh B Ti chnh. Mng ca B Ti chnh l h thng mng kh phc tp, phc v cho nhiu phn h, ban ngnh trong B, cng ging nh mng ca cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng VNPT, EVN Telecom, Viettel... Chnh v vy, thit k cho mng ca B Ti chnh phi l ti u, n nh, kim sot tp trung, an ninh, an ton v bo mt, ng thi phi c tng thch cao gia cc thit b mi v thit b sn c. V B Ti chnh i n quyt nh ng dng mng NGN c thit k vi cng ngh MPLS hin i. Nhu cu ca B Ti chnh trong vic xy dng mng tch hp a dch v c th hin tm tt nh sau: Xy dng tng th mt mng tch hp a dch v, kt ni ti 64 tnh thnh v tch hp vi h thng mng hin ti. Kt ni vt l ch yu da trn cc lung leased-line v MPLS VPN, ngoi ra cn c cc ng
Trang 119
truyn dn cp quang vi bng thng FE/GE cho mt s mng LAN v campus ti HCM/HN. T chc mng s c chia thnh ba min trung tm. Trung tm d liu (Data Center) v vn hnh mng NOC s tp trung ti H Ni v TP. HCM. Thit k cng phi cp n gii php tch hp v chuyn i mng hin ti thnh mt mng thng nht... Hin nay, B Ti chnh vn ang trin khai cng ngh NGN ti cc tnh thnh trong c nc v bc u thu c nhng li ch ln. D kin, d n xy dng h thng h tng truyn thng MPLS ca B Ti chnh, do hng bo mt Juniper Networks trin khai, s hon thnh vo thng 9/2007. Va qua, Pacific Airlines lm mt cuc cch mng trong hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh, t s dng v giy n chuyn hon ton sang TMT tt c cc khu: t ch, mua v, in v, thanh ton hon ton qua mng Internet. Bc ngot ny mang li cho Pacific Airlines mt ngun li ln. Hin nay, Pacific Airlines ang s hu mt h thng bn v hin i nht Vit Nam vi phn mm ca Navitaire v h tng mng ca Juniper Networks. Vic ng dng cng ngh MPLS hin i vi thit b tng la SSG ca Juniper mang li cho Parcific Airlines nhng hiu qu nh sn sng cao trn ton h thng vi vic d phng trn thit b, ng truyn. iu ny nhm m bo h thng th tn, cc giao dch in t cng nh cc ng dng khc lun trong tnh trng sn sng, gim thiu cc s c ngt mng nn p ng ti a nhu cu kinh doanh cho Pacific Airlines; Kt ni an ton cho cc chi nhnh c nh s dng mi trng Internet, gim chi ph i vi ngi dng t xa hay cc chi nhnh t ti i Bc, c Chu giao din ngi dng lun to cm gic thn thin, gip nhn vin ng nhp mng mt cch d dng m khng cn ci t my tnh phc tp, hay mt cng o to... H thng ngn hng ti Vit Nam cng ang dn dn trin khai mng th h mi NGN. Techcombank ngn hng u tin ng dng CNTT vo hot ng cng la chn cng ngh NGN vi nhng ng dng linh hot. Theo ng Nguyn Vn, Ph phng CNTT ca Techcombank, ngn hng ny c ng dng h thng NGN vo mng li giao dch ca Techcombank t nm 2006 v s dng sn phm
Trang 120
ca hng Juniper. Cho n thi im hin ti, h thng NGN ng dng kh hiu qu trong vic pht trin mng li ca Techcombank:
Th nht, v tit kim chi ph th cng ngh NGN tit kim c khong 50% so vi cc cng ngh c. Th hai, v linh hot th cng ngh NGN c th gip cho Techcombank pht trin mng li rt n gin v nhanh chng. Sau Techcombank, cc ngn hng khc nh VPBank, Habubank, BIDV,
Ngn hng Pht trin Vit Nam, Ngn hng NN&PTNT cng ng dng cng ngh NGN vo h thng mng h tng c s. Cng ngh NGN to ra c hi gim thiu chi ph trong sn xut kinh doanh v tng kh nng cnh tranh cao trong mi trng kinh doanh hin nay. Vi vic s dng cc thit b nh thch hp hn v tn t nng lng hn, tit kim nhn lc, tit kim chi ph hng ngy, c bit l nhng tin ch v qun l cht lng tt v rt hiu qu khi cho kt ni phn tn nhng li tp trung vo mt mi, NGN/ MPLS tr thnh s la chn ti u cho cc t chc v doanh nghip ti t nc hn 85 triu dn ny. 5.3. Nhng vn cn gii quyt khi trin khai MPLS ti Vit Nam Vic trin khai mng MPLS khng n gin nh nhng g chng ta cp trong phn trn. y cn rt nhiu vn phi nghin cu gii quyt trc khi trin khai trn mng. Th nht: cn xc nh phm vi trin khai MPLS ch trong lp trc hay xung n cc tng i a dch v. Khi xc nh ch trin khai trong lp trc (3 nt) th tnh u vit ca cng ngh khng c pht huy ht, nu trin khai ng lot n tn cc tng i a dch v th mc u t ln hn rt nhiu v s xut hin nhiu vn k thut hn khi trin khai. Hn na hin nay s chn mui ca cng ngh cng l mt vn ng quan tm.
Trang 121
Th hai: gii quyt vic phn cp iu khin. i vi MPLS cc th tc iu khin chuyn mch, nh tuyn thng qua LDP, tuy nhin khi xy dng mng MPLS cn thc hin theo nguyn tc m: iu khin thng qua softswitch vi cc giao thc nh Megaco/H.248, Sigtran, SIP, BICC...th vn kt hp iu khin cc LSR nh th no l iu cn quan tm. Nh vy cn xc nh r phm vi v cc khi chc nng trong cc nt chuyn mch MPLS v trnh t thc hin kt ni cuc gi thng qua Megaco, LDP. Th ba: cc dch v gi tr gia tng v VPN. tng hiu sut s dng mng MPLS cn gia tng cc dch v khuyn khch khch hng s dng c bit nh VPN. Vi MPLS, mng ring o VPN c t chc n gin, hiu qu v tng doanh thu cho nh khai thc mng.
Trang 122
KT LUN
Cng ngh vin thng ngy nay tr ngnh cng nghip c tc pht trin mnh m nht. nhu cu ca con ngi cng ln cng i hi cc cng ngh cn phi ci tin p ng cc nhu cu cp thit . Nh mt s tt yu, qu trnh tin ho ca k thut vin thng lun i km vi cc khi nim mi. vi mt khi lng khng l cc cng ngh mi ra i cng vi cc k thut trin khai chng vic nm bt ht tt c l iu rt kh. Tuy nhin, d cng ngh c pht trin ti mc no i na th cng da trn nhng nn tng l cc khi nim c bn nht. y cng l mc tiu ca bi lun vn ny khi a ra nhng tnh hung c bn v cc cu trc t cp thp nh k thut hng i cho n nhng m hnh cao hn nh thc hin QoS v m hnh trin khai VPN. K thut MPLS l mt cng ngh ha hn mang n nhiu tin ch nh vo kh nng truyn tch hp nhiu loi gi dch v vo trong cng mt knh truynP. Cng vi kh nng h tr s dng cc k thut lu lng v DiffServ gip MPLS tr thnh m hnh cung ng QoS tt nht. Hn na, MPLS cn l m hnh chu li v khc phc li tt nht, nh vo cc giao thc nh tuyn c rng buc - CBR cng vi cc c ch bo v v phc hi vi uyn chuyn cao gip lu lng vn m bo c n nh khi xy ra s c. Tuy nhin vic h tr QoS ln iu khin lu lng trong cc m hnh thc t i khi xy ra cc xung t v gy ra cc kh khn trong vic t c cht lng mong mun. Ngoi ra cc im yu c hu trong cu trc hng i do vic phc tp trong x l hn ch loi dch v truyn trn mt LSP (n nay ch khuyn ngh truyn mt loi dch v trn mt LSP) B qua nhng nhc im MPLS vn ha hn mng li nhng tin ch m cha c m hnh no mang li c, vi tnh nng h tr tuyt vi cho IPv6, kh nng cung ng QoS, thc hin iu khin lu lng uyn chuyn, MPLS ni ring v mng th h mi NGN ni chung , ang v s l b mt cho cng ngh vin thng trn th gii.
Trang 123
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................` .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................
Trang 124

Doan Moi

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Doan Moi

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GVHD:PGS.

TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

CHNG 1: CNG NGH TCP/IP V ATM .....................................................6

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

CHNG 3: CNG NGH MPLS VPN .............................................................43

CHNG 4: K THUT LU LNG TRONG MPLS..............................66

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

CHNG 1: CNG NGH TCP/IP V ATM

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Trnh din Phin

Identification Time to live Source address Destination address Options-padding Data

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Lp C 1 1 0 Net ID Hnh 1.2. Phn lp a ch IP

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Hnh 1.5. M hnh ng dng mng ATM

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

SDH, ODH, WDN, CSMA

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH MPLS

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Hnh 2.2. Chuyn mch trong mng MPLS

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

LSR: R2, R3.

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Hnh 2.17. Gn nhn local cho desIP tng ng

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Hnh 2.24. Hnh thnh bng LFIB trong ton mng

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

Hnh 2.25. Hi t trong mng MPLS

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

CHNG 3: CNG NGH MPLS VPN

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin

GVHD:PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin