Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945), one of the giants of American literature, has beenblessed with the best of biographers. Dorothy Dudley's 1932 "Forgotten Frontiers: Dreiser and the Land of the Free" captured her subject live, to so speak, and"contains material available nowhere else," Jerome Loving acknowledges in his new biography of the man, "The Last Titan: A Life of Theodore Dreiser" (University of California Press, 525 pages, $34.95). Robert H. Elias got to know Dreiser in the late 1930s, and in 1948 published the first scholarly biography, "TheodoreDreiser: Apostle of Nature."These early pioneering efforts came to fruition in W.A. Swanberg's "Dreiser" (1965). The biographer of William Randolph Hearst, Swanberg was no literary critic.How, then, to deal with the literary aspects of Dreiser's life? In the "Author's Note and Acknowledgments," Swanberg announced:This book is intended solely as biography, not criticism. There have been many analyses of Dreiser's works, but no attempt to study the whole man. Not even during his busiest writing years was he exclusively a writer, being always a self-taught philosopher with strong views about society. He collided repeatedly with American culture, religion and politics. For a quarter-century he waged a violentbattle against the censorship of art, and his works, if not his words, had a large share in the victory. Indeed, Dreiser was a fighter incarnate, always battling something; his compulsion toward social criticism and mystic philosophy so overmastered him that he all but abandoned creative writing. If his prejudices andcontradictions were awesome, the mature Dreiser represents in extreme enlargement the confusions of the era after 1929 when intellectuals everywhere sought a better society, and when thinkers more competent than he proved as mistaken as he.But Dreiser was, in the extreme sense, an original. There has been no one likehim. He deserves study simply as one of the most incredible of human beings, a man whose enormous gifts warred endlessly with grievous flaws.For many literary biographers, a subject's written work is, in the main, the life, and the point is to show how the work and the life are of a piece. Swanberg suggests that Dreiser's writing can be treated separately - indeed it is so treated in numerous works of literary criticism that do not deal with the "whole man." But how, a literary biographer might ask, can there be a "whole man" in a biography that does not interpret the subject's writing?To say that there were periods when Dreiser did not write does not seem a very convincing argument, since all authors - even the most prolific - have periods when they do not write. Other authors have been just as involved in the politicaland social issues of their age as Dreiser, yet have also created unique personalities for themselves that surely are located, in important ways, in their writing. Why should Dreiser be any different? Has Swanberg simply ducked the issue ofliterary biography altogether?Enter Jerome Loving with a literary biography that reaches Dreiserian heights ashe recounts the fraught publication of "Sister Carrie" (1900) and carefully analyzes the language Dreiser employs to describe Hurstwood's harrowing descent from manager of a saloon to the derelict whose life disintegrates when Carrie abandons him. Mr. Loving's account of Dreiser's own breakdown after his publisher refused to stand by the novel has the same relentless drive: At one point, Dreiserbecame a day laborer and was roused out of his depression only after his brotherPaul lent him money, allowing Dreiser slowly to write himself to recovery.Just as impressive is Mr. Loving's account of "An American Tragedy" (1925), Dreiser's other masterpiece, the story of Clyde Griffths's murder of his pregnant sweetheart so that he can marry a high-society girl. Although often deemed determinist, Dreiser's work is suffused with a wonder about the human spirit and the circumstances that seem to conspire against it. What is striking about Clyde is his sense of aspiration - and Dreiser's dismay that it should become so twisted.
To simply write of such characters in moralistic terms would have outraged Dreiser, a lapsed Catholic, who rejected his devout father's belief in the God of everlasting judgment. Dreiser yearned to believe in the self-made man, yet everywhere saw the American dream of individual distinction crushed by society and organized religion. The power of his work, though, is ultimately spiritual: He endedhis life as a Quaker, exhorting everyone to find his own way to God - or what Dreiser liked to call "the Creative force."No matter the virtues of Mr. Loving's biography, he does not have the field to himself. Richard Lingeman's two-volume biography (1986, 1990) presented Dreiser as a great American character. Dreiser's fights against censorship, his attacks on the manners and morality of the time, his willingness to engage in political issues - not only his Communist Party activities and staunch defense of the Soviet Union, but his visit to the striking miners in Harlan County, Ky. - show how he wanted to integrate literature and life. The vigor of Dreiser's mind and bodyhad to find an outlet in public action. His words had to be tied to actions, Mr.Lingeman argues.Dreiser's mistress (later his second wife, Helen) called him a "great man." Shehad in mind, it seems, his capacity to move people, to make them suffer along with his characters and himself. Dreiser's appeal grew out of his ability to be both vulnerable and resolute. He was not a handsome man, but he had a hold over many women because there was something in him that needed mothering and nurturingeven as he evinced a power that controlled the lives of his lovers. He empathized with both the "little" man and the tycoon, Charles Yerkes, on whom he based Frank Cowperwood, the hero of his trilogy, "The Financier," "The Titan," and "TheStoic."There is a relentlessness in Dreiser's fiction that runs parallel to his passionate life. He amasses mountains of detail when describing his characters, providing a social fabric for their lives that meshes with his keen awareness of how his own character was caught up with the fate of his country. By packing his biography with a similarly dense set of particulars, Mr. Lingeman did homage to a writer who remains important in American fiction's effort to encompass and appraiseAmerican identity. But it is Swanberg who continues to haunt Mr. Loving, who decries his predecessor's penchant for never missing an opportunity to "characterize his subject as suspicious, superstitious, contentious, lecherous, greedy, andegotistical." Yet Mr. Loving's literary approach has its own downside: Lest heprove a Swanberg, he feels duty-bound to discuss even minor Dreiser works in tedious detail. Swanberg, by contrast, seems not to have wanted to remind the reader of what it means to examine a literary text, to submerse oneself in the writer's style. When Dreiser is divorced from his words, Swanberg is free to reconstitute and dramatize his subject's life without competition from the very text ("Sister Carrie") on which the biographer actually relies:In "Carrie" for the first time of importance, Dreiser translated his own experience into the desperate, hopeless yearnings of his characters. Ev'ry Month [the magazine he edited] had held him in a tight little strait-jacket. His magazine articles were pot-boilers conforming to editors' wishes. Now the reluctant conformist was free to write as he pleased about life as he saw it. He let himself go far, far into unconformity, apparently not realizing the extent of his divagation, but surely there was unconscious rebellion against the restraints that had curbed him for four years. Although he had read Hardy with admiration and he was not forgetting Balzac, what came out of his pen was pure Dreiser tinctured with Spencer and evolution. He was simply telling a story much as he had seen it happenin life. ... He wrote with a compassion for human suffering that was exclusivewith him in America. He wrote with a tolerance for transgression that was as exclusive and as natural. His mother, if not immoral herself, had accepted immorality as a fact of life. Some of his sisters had been immoral in the eyes of the wo
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