tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

7. tdf kW td cfis ghJfhj

7.1. tdf kW
tdcfis ghJfhj
tdruf mYty: fhiy tzf
y. lhF tuntnw.
cdgik
brJs
J
khyYs
Ka
td
gFf xwhF.
y: e
Iah. Midkiy
f fhgf jfis rf
brhdhf.

khTl

tdruf mYty:
kuf
tdruf
mYty:
tdf cfSF vd jUwd?
kW td cfisg y
y:
kuf
bghUshjhu
Rthuakhd cikfis cfnshL
mogil
k
f
gJ
bfhSkhW
vdF
bghUfis jUwd. mitfS
bjUwhf.
fLkhdfhd kuf, wF,
y: td kW td cfisg _ girf kW iyf
Mtkhd jftf iljh eh nghwit Kakhdit MF.
f k milnt.
tdruf mYty: yFf,
gwitf, f, irf nghw
gy
cfSF
gagLw
kuf.

ca

y: tdf ts milahs.
vw Rnyhf UwJ mah.

fhL

tdruf
mYty:
tdf
ekF
brt
jUtnjhL
ekJ
cleyij
ng
ghJfhwd.
kakiy,
nkFbjhl
kiy
kW
HFbjhl kiy Mat
Vfdnt cs fhLfis ghJfhj,
mfms njafhf kW

kfSF Koj ms mf fhyF aif myJ Niy eLiy

ghfhj tz eikfis ilfbrkhW tsfis nkyhik
brtJ vgJ ghJfhjYfhd tiuaiwahF.
94

aif thl fhzgL, o

tsfglhj cf tdcfshF.

gHfgLjglhj

kW

ruzhyafis mikj Mait

ah j btgehlhf csjh,
f KakhdjhF.
eho gy gFfY jhtuf
tsF btg cfjjhf
ghJfhfhd njit
tdcf vgit ng csJ. jdogil fhLfis
ghJfhf ntoa brhjhF. IJ bgU tiffshf fyh.
Vbdwh mit kdk,
ghiytd (twl fhLf) Niy, f, tuyhW kW uh#jh,
grh
kW
ma mogil k mahdh bjgFf.
fjhF.
iy fhLf - gfggF
Niy
rkiyF
td
gRikkhwh fhLf.
cf mta.
RWyhF
tdcfsh
btgkly gRikkhwh fhLf:
bga Kndw VgL.
nkFbjhl kiyf - ah
Vuhskhd jhtuf kUJt tlHF kiygFf, ka
Fzf f bghUfis kiy mothu.
mwd.
kiyfhLf
kakiy,
ku bghaYF gagL bjah
ku bghUSfhd Ka
miyilfhLf- ffh kW
Mjhukhf
td
cf
kfhe
fKfgFf.
sFwd.

fl a tiugl bfhLfgl fhLfis Ff

95

ghiytdjhtuf

btgkly
fhLf

btgkly gRikkhwh
fhLf

kiyfhLf

miyilfhLf.

iy

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

7.2. fhLf mj kW
fhLfis bgUFj

rKjhafhLf

Raeyf y r_f nuhf

aif tsij Fiywd.
J fhLfis mj MF.
kiH ms Fiwj, jgbtgiy
khw, k mj, gir L
is
(gJ
NlhFj)
nghwit fhLf mtjh neU
y aisfshF.
a kuf elgLtJ fhlhf
myJ fhLf bgUf vdgL.
J bghJthf, ghiytdfY
wjbtfY fh ntfij
fLgLJwJ.

ca

kf vthW akuf eLt

jfis <LgLbfhwhf?
fhlhf vgJ uL tifahd
lfis Fnfhshf bfh
LsJ.
mit,
rKjhafhLf
ts kW ntshfhLfts
MatdthF. ku eyUf
mikid Mfhnf VgL mf
ms kf nrfglyh. mtf
rhiynahuf
kufWfis
eLtnjhL jfsJ egfSF
kufWfis w ehf grhf
mfyh.

ah, rKjhafhLf l
1976-M ML MufglJ.
l nehff aif
fhLfis
nkgLJtJ
kW
gagLjglhj yf fhLf
cUthFtJ MF. nkY, rhjhuz
kj Tl kufis eL tsJ
mj _y mfJtU fLkhd
kuwF kW tdnjitfis
bra itgJ Tl m
l nehfkhF. j _y
ghugaf
fhLfisna
e
mtF bjhju jU iy
Fiw.
ntshfhLf
trha gfnshL izJ
ntsh yf viyfY
jah
yf
XufY
kufis eLtJ ntshfhLf

fhLf bgUFj

kufis mgjh fhgil

Mi[L th ms mf
wJ. jdh RW NH
ghfgL gy cdf th
lf mfgLwd. k
mkhd VgLwJ, kiH
fhyf khWgLwd, btg
kakhf t tFwJ.

fhLfis mj

96

ku rhj bjhrhiyfSfhf
(nkir,
ehfhf
jahj,
fhj, kujfL) L vbghUS
fhf
kW
trhayf,
bjhrhiyfis
cUthFj
nghw
fhuzfSfhf
fz kuf btlgLtJ
fhLfis
mjyhF.
ekJ
eho gy gFfY aif
jhtuf rlF wghf
mfgLwd.
f th FuF

l MF. ntshgf, kuf

kW fheilfis bgUFtjF
jifa yfis gagL
bfhs Ko.

7.3. jhtu kW yF tiff

ah Vuhskhd yFf
csd. mit 8,1251 dfis
rhjit. cyf ydf
6.67 rjj ah csJ.
t 60,000tif f, 5,000
bkYlf, 372 tif ghof,
1,228 tif gwitf, 446 Ctd,
204tif Uthf, 2,546 tif
f csd. a yFf
msL mik eehoYs yF
Mjhufis msLwJ.

g
bl
n hf

lh
~
i
g
f

w
jh j
tu
f ij

r
na
hi
l
gl
f
j
ht
u
f

jh
t F
u
f

ah Vuhskhd tifia
rhj jhtuf csd. Rkh 45,000
df csd. t, 15,000
F jhtuf, 1,676 ghdf,
1,940 gljhtuf 12,480 irf,
64 wj ij jhtuf, 2,843 7.4. mRWjgl iyYs
nahilf, 1,012 blnlh~igf
df
MF. ahit
vL jhtu
V yFfs y thH
gFfshf fgLsJ.
Mujd?

bkYlf

gwitf

Ctd

ghof

EQf
Kj
bga
cf (yFf, gwitf) tiu
yF tiffshF.

xU
Fl
lYs
aif
jhtuf
jhtu
tifahF.
97

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

Mug fhy cf jh
thjd. wF jhtuf y
thH Mujd. it a cz
Mjhufshf
sajh
y
yFf iu L btnad.
mit Rthrfhf brfSF
gyhf Eiupufis cUth
bfhld. Kj yF tjit
Uthf MF.

bghfsh
bfhygLwd.
gilfhyf
murf,
l ca mfhf Mnah
gy tdyFfis ntilaho
bfhwd.
W
jfsJ
Rayhgfhf y ntilfhuf
yFfis
ntilahLwd.
khry unjr fhzgL f
mHfhd gwitfS xwhd nkhd
KY m iyia beUF
ms ntilahlgLlJ. f
Fiwj vif, KY
mJ L mgha cs
df mRWjgl iy
Ys df vdgLwd.

landhrhf vthW kiwjd?

mit
tuyhW
fhyF
Kijait MF. aif ngufsh
kiwJld. mitf bgaf
nuf kW y thijfsh
cUthfglit. landhrh vw
thij gafukhd gf vw
a
murhfjh
K
bghU jUtjhF.
bkhagl gy lf csd.
W gy yF df f ghJfhl, ahidf
m mgha csd. mtW ghJfhl, fl
Kjiy
tsl
fhlhUff,
fyf, kW
Xehf, fGFf kW kiH Mait mtW ythF.
fhLfYs y gwitf mlF.
y yFf mt njh,
vYf myJ mit thGw
l Matiw mil bghUL
bfhygLwd. w yFf
kjdh cUthfgL nta
bghUfYs eR kW ju

f
ghJfh l :
who Mug 40000 Mf
Uj f (ghuh ilf)
vif,
1972-
1827Mf
FiwJlJ. 1973-M ML
Vu 1- nj ghJfh l
a murh MufglJ mj

ca

fhLfis mgjhY kW btntW fhuzfshY btntW

jhtuf kW ydf m iyF jsgLsd.

98

isthf f
cajJ.

vif

ahidf ghJfhl : ekJ

njrghuga
milahskhf
sF yF. jjf UL
kW ahidf tlfis
mF Ka Matwh a
ahidf (v~gh nkk)
vifF mRW j V
gLsJ.
RW
NH
kW
tdJiw
mikrfjh
F
nfhSl Toa ahidfSfhd
l VgLjglJ. tl
fhf kjDF ahidF
thl nghodh Vgl urid
fSF fhg jl
ftd brYJwJ.
fhlhUf ghJfh l :
ntilahl kW btsdh
a fhlhUff myhj
xiw bfhg (iundh nf)
vif FiwJ nghdJ.
dij ghJfhf eLt
mudh Jth nja fh
duikl eilKiwgLj
gLsJ.
ff ruzhya : 1972- F#uh
muR td yF ruzhya
cs bgUik thj f dfis
ghJfhF bghUL IjhL
lij
eilKiwgLaJ.
ruzhya
nja
fh
kW thl RWNH rkiy
ca Kiw ghJfhfglj
isthf ff vif
mfJsd.

Kjiyf tsl : ma
Toa iyUj fl _W
tif Kjiyfshd, eth Kjiy
(Fnuhnfhil ghY), ct
th Kjiy (ily nghnuh[)
ma dkhd fha (uhah
nfof)
fhgjfhf,
Kjiy
ts
kW
guhkl
1975M ML a murh
bjhlfglJ.

7.5. t tu jf
t tu jf vgJ
xU g bragl jfkhF.
aif kW aif tsfis
ghJfhgjfhd rtnjr Tlik
ghdJ (Iv) f gu
jfij guhkJtUwJ. f
tujf, mRWjgl

99

v..- J a mu
RWNH
kW
tdf
mikrf
mik.
j
thf nja gRikgf
mikghF.
-
nja yF
nja
- jhkiu
njagH
- khf
nja ku
- Myku
nja ghuga yF - ahid
f, , Wij, g Wij
kW nkfw Wij ah
csd.
Wij 1950UJ
mj dkhf csJ.
fthj
Mt

Mik dU l x[h
flfiu. mnjrka, gUJ myF
Mik jeho flfiu
dU brwJ.

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

df myJ m iy Ma f, a , X
cs yFf ga Mik nghw yFfS, nkhd,
gfis bfhoUF.
a ehiu kW fhLnfh
ah, a xiwbfhg, Ma gwitfS m iy
y FuF, fth FuF,
csd.

7.6. tyir nghj

vyh yFfSF btgiy ntWghil cqu czwd. nkY,
kjidnghynt, ydf nfhilfhyij Fj lfY
Ffhyij btJbtJghd lfY ff iswd. vdnt,
mit jf thlij gntW gUtfhyf khbfhwd.

ca

mlho, 384-322 K, yFf tuyhW

mlho 2000M MLfSF
Kng
yFf
gUtfhy
lbgait
flUjh.
Fl fhyf yFf
jf thlUJ ntbwhU
thlF xbthU ML xU
Fl fhuzfSfhf l
bga brtJ tyirnghj MF.
ntljhf gwitf ruzhya

ahYs f tzkakhd
dU lf xwhF.
ruzhya,
mgF
cq
kfsh 250 MLfSF nkyhf
ghJfhf gL tUwJ. ntljhf
Cth FU, fhfnd, swF
thJ, rhg thJ, rhLigg
gwit kW gy tyir nghF
gwitfSF ciwlkhf csJ.

100

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tyirnghF gwitf

tyirnghF gwitf tjl

tf
xbthU tUlK gfbghGJ
Fiw fhyf cz ilgJ
FiwwJ. mnghJ gy gwitf
btJbtJghd ey rhjfkhd jg
btgiyia neh l u
gwJ bry jik jahgL
bfhwd. wF, xUeh MHkhd
_jhij gf lyh
cjgL K mahj
l
fSF
bry
JtFwd.
cjhuzkhf tlF #nuhghYs
FUf, MfhYs Ffhy
lfis neh 6,800 ikf
(11000) myJ mfkhf gwJ
Kidt r m

gwit z
- gwit
kj vW
miHfglh.

ghiytd btL f
bgUu Tlkhf (xU bgUu
Tl Rkh 50,000 a
UF)
lbgaUnghJ
xU
ehisF 3,000 lf jhtufis
cwd.
l

rhk f dUfhf
flUJ
eiu
neh
1,500
ikf
(2,400)
tiu
gawd. KY MwHj
iy d UF gy
f wJ Lwd.

nu Mikf dUfhf
vL thuf 1,250 ikf(2,000)
gawd.

tl mbkfhYs ghu ikjhd

khf 3,700 ikfSF (5000)
nkyhf gawd. Jnt, gho
f f mf u eilbgW
tUlhu tyirnghjyhF.

101

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tyirnghF Mik

brwd.
mit
FGfshf
brYnghJ mtiw bfhW
Q cflUJ ghJfhf
gLwd. tyirnghF gy gwit
fS fhj ir VgL
khwfis czwd. mj
cjl mit jfsJ nrU
lij flwd. gja
whf j Kiwjh jfsJ
Ulij mwd.

ca

7.7. ruzhya kW nja

fhf

ahidf Tlkhf e uhk

F EiHwdnt V?
ahidf Tlkhf e uhk
F EiHaiy. kjfjh
mt
thlij
jf
cg kW tjffhf kh
bfhld.
murhf td cfis
ghJfhf nja fhf, ruzh
yaf mikj nghw Kafis
vLJ tUwJ.
ruzhya : yFfis ey
Kiw fhJ guhkfgL l.
F yFfis
bfhYj
myJ oj jil bragLsJ.
ekJ eho Rkh 500 ruzhyaf

csd. yFfis guhkgij

jho
ruzhyaf
Ka
nehff
xW
kfSF
yFfis g mWJtJ
MF. jegfSF yFf
Ka Jt FJ ma brjh
yFf ghJfhfgLtnjhL, ey
Niy rkiy guhkfgL.
tiuKiwaw
gaghL kW
mahik fhuzkhf W eh
cgika bjhlJ Ugj
fhd
Niyfis
iuthf
mJ tUnwh. j Hf
jrka
mghafukhd
iyia
milJ cgik H vw
mogil
mQF
iy
csd. xU d thtjF
njitahd thl mfglhnyh

102

 cz r bjhlia
ghJfhj.

myJ mjFl d
mfglhY cgika H
VgLwJ. KjyhtJ FlJ
bghJthf mfs elf ToajhF.
Fl dkhdJ bghUshjhu
yhgfhf gagLjgLnghJ
myJ
isahofhf
myJ
czfhf ntilahlgLnghJ
ulhtJ FlJ elwJ.

jhtuf kW yFf
kugik ghJfhfgLwJ.
bghGJ nghF kW RWyh
nghw cldo eikfis
rKjhaF mwJ.
thiffhd Mjhu
mikfis bjhlJ ga
gLj cWawJ.

cgik ghJfhj Ka
Fnfhf kW eikf nH
bfhLfgLsd.

jeho mikJs Ka ruhzyaf

t.
v
1.

ruzhya bga / Ul

yFf

KlJiw kW fsfhL ruzhya

fth FuF,
(f nrkf)/ Ubent khtl

U ruzhya (f ) /
fhL m, Fuit kh
UJef khtl
ntljhf ruzhya (gwitf) /
3.
flgwit, rhg ehiu
fhu khtl
KJkiy ruzhya (f nrkf) /
4.
ahid, fhL vUik, yT
y kiy
uhkiy ruzhya(kf)/ U fhL k
5.
khtl
nfhoafiu ruzhya / ehfgoz kh, fuo
6.
khtl
nja fhf: aifahd RWNHnyhL td cfis ghJfhF
bghUL mgz bragl ygu nja fhf vdgL. gy nja
fhf Mug tdc ruzhyakhfjh Ujd. ah
Rkh 89 njafhf csd.
2.

ah cs y Ka nja fhf
bga kW Ul

Ka df

1. g njafh, ikN,
fehlf khy

ahid, Wij, Fuit kh, ,

sh kh

2. fhbg njafh, fhth,

cuunjr khy

ehbfh kh, ahid, kh, ,

btkh.

3. njafh, #]dhf,
F#uh khy

Ma f, Wij, fhLg,
fhuh

103

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

4. fhufh njafh, n#hAh,

m[h khy
5. bgah ruzhya, L, nfus
khy

7.8. c gikaF
mRWjf
jrka cgkakhdJ, 10
Kj 100 a df vd
klgLsJ. m 1.4 a
kLnk goalgLsJ. cyf
12 ukhl giklf
csd. ah mtW xwhF.
cf gntW tiff fhz
gLtJ cgikahF.
c
gikahdJ
fgidF
vlhjJ.
cgik HF bts,
yeLf, yr, dfS
ilna VgL aifahd ngho,
kfuj nrif Fiw kW
n e h fn s f h u z f sh w d .

ahid, xiw bfh fhlhUf,

fhblUik, , Wij
ahid, kh, sh kh, rhg
kh, , Fuit kh

ahd cgika bjhlia

btFntfkhf
xUeh
Hf
n e l y h . kjnd cgik
HF fhuz. L fLj, t
rha, mizf kW Uf
fLj, rhiyf, Ughijf
mikj nghw ts gf
thl mF fhuzfshf mik
wd. xU d mjhY mJ
fbga HghF. Vbdwh
xbthU c totK f Koahj
ku Mjhuf nr lkhF.
KY mj vgJ sbfhzu
Koahj fthF. xU d
KY mjh mJ w d
f bjhl mF tnfhY.

ca

Ys midJ cfS
xiwbahW rhJsd. kjD
mnj rka mahikahY,
j fyhd tiyaik cw
mfkhd gaghodhY njit
xU iHahth.

104

7.9. g
 huga m kW c tdbghUfis tjfkhfhk
mtiw
uju
gik kf Mug UgnjhL
gaghoF,
Fjf
is
gF
jnrhiyf : it rKjha
jh ghJfhfgl guj td
gughF. m xU nfh myJ
Fl xU tdFa fl
Ugjh mj j nrhiyia
ghJfhgJ KjikahdjhF. bkhj
rKjhaK m <LgLjgLwJ.
kufis
tzF
kudh
ghJfh vgJ ah KGtJ
fhzgLwJ.
tzfgL
d
kf
rhUF
tF,
gF
kW
ilgyhd
cgnahf
nghwtwh ntWgLwJ. j
ghuga
tHffsh
j
df
ghJfhfgLwd.
gHFoduh ghuga tHff
D gwgLwd. mtf

tif gagLJtiy.

ghuga m rj rjahf
thbkhahf
fljgLwJ.
J bkhjkhf brhjkhfgL
fijf, ghlf, uhaghlf,
gHbkhf,
fyhrhu
k
eiff, jhtud cUth
f kW yF dU cl
gHff
Ma
totfis
vLwd.
y:
e mah. f
cikfis
jftfis
ahakhf TUf. eh
Vuhdkhd tufis bjJ
bfhnl. vdJ egfSF
kwtfSF j tufis
vLJbrhnt
vW
cW
TWnw.

jnrhiyf

105

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

7.10. kj tdc nkhjf z kfl mfJsJ.

mf kfbjhif, ber, mf
ms
gagLJj
nghw
fhuzfsh mf ms thlf
mtjF
kjnd
jgl
bghWgh vgJ eF magl
xU
cikahF.
kj
kfbjhif mfJbfhnl
nghtjh,
eh
tdgFF
bgaJ jhtuf kW yF
f thlij Munwh.
vdnt, yFfSF kjDF
nkhjf
vGwd.
ahid,
fhblUik kW nghw
yFf Tlkhf cz kW
Ufhf is yfSF tJ
mtiw
mwd.
Mdh,
jfhf yFfis FiwTw
KoahJ.
kjfsha ehjh
mitf yij ekJ eik
fSfhf MuUnwh.

RWwNH ghJfh nk
bfhsgL
y
eltoif
fshdit.
RWNH uidf FJ
vG Vgl Ctyf kW
eilgazf elJtJ.
bghJ Clff tahf
zit gutJ.
uidfis rkhf RW
NH
rlfis
mKf
gLJtJ.
vdnt, xbthU j egU ekJ
nfhsij
fhf
kW
cgikia ghJfhf eilbgW
gja xU a Mdh F
ljf Ka vLf Ko.

ca

RWw NHiy ghJfhgJ

xbthUt bghWghF. Niy
a mogil KaJt
thj gFfis ghJfhgJ Fj

RWwNH ghJfhfhf m
gfgl gRik mik mik
yfis ntilahLtij
jilbra fhuzkhf UjJ. Rj
yh gFFzhdh Mufgl
nfh af kakiy y
gFf kuf Gtij jLJ
WaJ.

fhL vUik

Rjyh gFFzh

106

bra 7.1
1. cgikaF
nfL
isF fhufisg
mJbfhf. m kj
gF vd? mtiw vthW
fisayh?
2. f
thGl
cs
matif jhtuf kW
yFfis goaLf.
vjid
tiff
f
mjhdit?

fuo

kL
1.rahd ilia njbjL
m. fFiwj vif, KY mJL mgha cs
df_____vdgLwd. (mRWjgl d / mj d)
M. aif thl fhzgL, o gHfgLjglhj kW
tsfglhj cf __________ (td cf / rhjhuz cf)
. xU Fl lYs aif jhtuf _______ tifahF
(jhtu / fhLf)
<. midJ a EQf Kj bga cf tiu _____ vd
miHfgLwJ. (yFf / xU br cf)
c. landhr vw thij bghU __________ MF. (gafukhd
g / mufjdkhd g)
2. ah rKjhafhLf l 1976-M ML MufglJ.
l nehff aiffhLfis nkgLJtJ kW
gagLjglhj yf fhLf cUthFtJ MF. jR yfis
isyfshf khWtjfhd y tKiwfis vGJf.
3. td cdf Niy rkiyF, bghGJnghF kW
RWyh Jiwia ftu mtakhwJ. Tiw xoa c fUJfis
vGJf.

107

myF

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

tdf kW tdcfis ghJfhj

4. tdyFf isyf kW uhkF tuhk Ugjfhf

kf gy jkhd tKiwfis gagLJwd. ntfis
jf isyfis R mikwd. J X Mnuhakhd
braghlh? tdyFfSF ekF ghyhj tif xU
khW VghL vGJf.
5. kufis eLt _ykhf fhLfis tsnwh. kufis
btLt _ykhf fhLfis mnwh. fhLfis mUJ
fhf uju xiw vGJf.
6. fhLfis mgdh VgL khwf nH bfhLfgLsd.
Mdh mitf l kh csd. mtiw tirgL vGj.

m)

M) efu

) Niy

<) td yF

v) uhkf

V) uhkwf

V) mLj jiyKiw

7. fltdh VgL ffis vGJf

m) kufis bjhlahf mj

M) yFf thlfSF ilW brj

) nk k btnawgLj
8. bjhlahf kuf btlgLtjh fhLf mfgLwd.
jdh Xl kiH Fiw kbwh l bts bgUF
VgLtJ vjdh?

nkY ma
f
1. Biology - The science of life IV Edition - Wallace, Sanders - Ferl
Harper Collins College Publisher.

ca

2. Silver Burdett & Ginn Life Science - Silver, Bundett and

Ginn Inc.,USA.
3. Indian Wild Life The Great Wildlife series APA publication.
4. Readers Digest (Wild animals) (forest) - The Readers Digest
Association Ltd. London, Newyork.
izajsf
www.en wikipedia org/wiki/forest
www.en wikipedia org/ wiki/plants

108

fhW, kW y khRgLj

8. fhW,

kW y khRgLj

aif tsf fhW,

kW y Kakhdit. kjf
jfSila njitfshd cz, cil,
Ul nghwtiw bgWtj
fhf, nghFtuJ kW bjh
rhiyMatiw gagLJtjhY
RW
NHiy
khWtjF
bghWghwhf.
kjf
fLghlw
braghLfns
Rfhjhukhd RW NH ghf
fhuzkhwd. bgUghyhd RW
NH uridF kf bjhif
bgUf, ntshik, ts
nghFtuJ kW bjhrhiy
ts bjhlilad.

kj braghL _yf
bjhrhiyfUJ btnaW
ifdhY, thfdf, khdf
kW cg iyaf
vbghUfis vgjh clhF
ifdhY fhW khRgLwJ.
Kakhf thfdfis af
got vbghUf vfgLjY,
bjhrhiy ifnghfS
cg iyafS btgL
fhid khRgLJwd.

8.1. fhW khRgLj

aa kW nta Kiw
fsh fh nrk khwkilwJ.
fhW khR gLj vdgwJ. cl
eyF F iswJ.

ca

8.1.1. fhW khRgLj _yf

uL jkhd _yf csd.
mit
1. aif _yf
2. kj braghL _yf
(Mungh)
aif _yf
vkiy btg, fhL, fl c
bj, cd mj, xnt
Mfuz, rJyf, kfuj
f, Jf nghwitfshY,
nkyLUJ
faf
jhJf, fR tkly
Vgl fhuzkhwd.
110

fh 20.9% ct,
78%
ieu#, 0.03% fay th, ah,
lh, iAu# kW f
Fiwjs uh Mad csd.
ah
thfdfUJ
btnaW ifdh 50% fhW
khrilwJ.

gRik y is
UJ
tklyF
brY y mft frhdJ
bgUghY
tklyYs
y
fhW mQf kW gRik y
thf crgL L midJ
irfY cHgLwJ. jdh
nkgu, tkly
mLF btgkilwJ. jid gRik
y is vdyh.

fhW khRf
fhQ mltiz y fhW khRbghUfis mjdh
kjDF VgL isfis fhzyh.
t.
v

khR bghUf
bga

wl

isf

1. fhg nkhdhirL

vbghUf
vfgLj

J kj nkh FnshndhL
izJ fhgh
nkhFnshdhf kh kuzij
VgLjyh.

2. fay th

yf, wF
vfgLj

cyf btgkilj.

3.

ieu#
Mi[Lf

4. fjf il Mi[L

thfdf
my kiH VgLj.
btL if
fjf vj

111

ff vj, Eiupu
Wnehia, MJkhit
VgLJj.

myF

fhW, kW y khRgLj

fhW, kW y khRgLj

my kiH
yf kW bgnuhaij
vF nghJ mYs ieu#,
fjf kW fhg, M#Dl
(c tl) nrJ vJ mj
MirLfis
jUwJ.
J
tklyYs
uhl
iznghJ
Kiwna
ie
my, fjf my kW fhgh
myf cUth nkgu
my kiHahf bghwJ.
my kiHdh VgL isf
kj ff kW njh
vr VgLj.
ijKisj kW ts
ia jil brj.
k tsij kh jhtu
f kW th cdfis
ghj.
fllfis
mizfL
fis mj.

fhW khRghil fLgLJj

tkly
gRik
y
thf ml (fay th,
nj) mfFnghJ miys
Fiwj fRfis L
ia neh U ugJ
btgiyia mfwJ.
thW gRik y thdh
VgL btgiy cait
btgkilj vnwh.

thfdfis Fiwj
gagLj ntL.

Xnrh Xil

ca

Xnrh Jis

Xnrh xU wkw th. J

tkly
nkyLFf
(nunlha)
fhzgLwJ.
y khRbghUf t kly
btnawgLtjh
gaDs
Xnrh mL ml FiwwJ.
jid Xnrh Xil vnwh.
Xnrh Xildh fL F
isF wCjhff ia
milwd.

fhW
khRghil
tf Fiwfyh.

fl

frL vizfis gagLJ

tij jJ jukhd vbghU
fis <akw bgnuh c
Or kW mGjgl aif
thfis gagLj gJiu
brantL.
ms

bjhrhiyfUJ bttU
iffis tofoa d t
klyF btnaw ntL.
Vuhskhd kufis eL ik
ahd fhiw bgWtnjhL RW
NH fay th msit
Fiwf ntL.

8.2. khRgLj
khRgLj vgJ kj
gagLj ayhj iy mj
aa nta kW ca
jikf Ugjfhj khwf
VgLtjhF.

112

gy tf khrilwJ.
njs iyf ehSF
eh khrilJ Jehw Rt

njhL bfhRf m f , iyf fyJ mtiw

mfkhd
v i f khrila brwJ.
bgUf kilJ knyahit
bjhrhiyfUJ bttU
njhWwd.
btg aif RHia
Fs cs Fj, J ghwJ. jid btgkhRgLj
Jitj _ykhf khrilwJ. vnwh. Fiwj btgiy
vdnt eh Fs Jfis thG jhtu tiff btg dh
bfhygLwd. fiuJs
JitfTlhJ.
c t msit FiwwJ.
8.2.1. iu khRgLJ bghUf bjhrhiyf kW cg
F%oahf
khRgLjyh trha, Fo, iyaf
Ff gagL kW f gagL nu MF.
UF ikahd ms khRgLjiy fLgLJj
FiwwJ. Kakhf bjhrhiy, kW jLj
trha giz kW f
f id iyf bt
mikfUJ bttU khR
naWK RffntL.
bghUfns
id
ghwJ.
njhlfSnfh myJ F
bjhrhiyf xbthU ML
%Ltjnfh
Rffgl
bgUksF ffis iyf
id
L
gagLj
nrwd. gizf cUthF
ntL.
fheil ff cuf kW
mfgoahf
id
ga
bfhf trha ghrd
gLJtij jLf ntL.
iyfis khrila brwd.
Lf, mYtyff kW bjh
zWF mgh Jfis
rhiyfUJ btnaW f
Jitf ntL.

khR mikj

113

myF

fhW, kW y khRgLj

fhW, kW y khRgLj

8.3. id Rfj

f vwh vd?

f iyfis tjil
Kd Ys khR bghUfis
FtJ id Rfj MF.
tifahd Rf Kiw f
Rf vW miHfgL.

Lf, bjhrhiyf, kUJt

kidf, mYtyff kW gy
tifUJ btnawgL
f vdgL. kiH bjUf
btskhf Xo f fygJ
mlF.

f Rf iya
f Rf Kiw aa, nta kW ca Kiwf
mlF.
1. Kj ryil nghw mik Cnl f brYjgLwJ.
2. bga ms cs Ff, of, sho thf nghwit
tofo fgLwd.
3. d toflggl kziy bjhoF brYjgLwJ.
4. d bga bjho id frL gotjfhf lgLwJ.
5. lff mogF gowJ.
6. d ntW xU bjho iuL vbz, nghw jF
ff toflgLwJ.
7. mLJ fhid bjho L fhid
ghOahit bgU mj_y njityhj
mghOah cbfhL Rj brwJ.

RthF
ffis

ca

8. thW Rffgl Fiwj ms mff bghUfis

jF bghUfis bfhoUF. d MWf
lgLwJ.

f Rf iya

114

8.4 y khRgLj
aghd ygughdJ,
bjhrhiy,
tf,
L
cgnahf, trha braghLfsh
khRgLwJ.
sho,
yF
ff, tz rhaff kW
trha ff yij khrila
brwJ.

8.5.yijkhRgLJbghUf
ykhdJ mfgoahf gagLj
gL cuf, bfhf, f
kW bjhrhiy ffsh
khrilwJ.
Fig
Tsf
Kakhf yid khrila
brwJ.
F isF y khR
bghUf
ytiw
v
btnaw ayhJ. cyryit
gagLjgL y ntbghUf
jF vLJfhlhF. ghJfhghd,

Rfhjhukhd
RW
NHYF
aikahjJ.
cufis mfgoahf ga
gLJtJ k cg wid
FiwF. jhafis ghF
fis bfhy gagLjgL
bfhf k eik
br y cfis mF.
tifahd gh k mgjF
ttFF. k cs ts
fgLtJ km vdgL.
jdh kiz oJs kuf
kW jhtu tiff fgLwd.
jdh fhW kiz vjhf
moJ brYwJ. kiH k
nkw tsij moJ brW ts
mwjhf khWwJ. ftdFiwthd
trha Kiw, y rhiyf
mikj
kW
Lkidf
cUthFj Mait khRgL
jYF fhuzkhF.

115

myF

fhW, kW y khRgLj

fhW, kW y khRgLj

8.6. iwa ma gnahngh c sho-gaf

mfh#f vD EQ
fsh cUthfgL KGikahf
knghF aifahd sho
bghU ahghu bganu gnahngh
vdgL. tif sho X
nAhnkhghk MF (gh iA
uh onu (PHB)

bghUfis ciwpL (Package)

brj, kUJtJiw, ntshik
Jiw nghw gy tf c
sho gagLwd.

EQf
ijjYF
ik
kW
irnrhik
nghw EQf fhuzkhwJ.
c sho, bghUjToaJ,
khwToaJ, kW EQfsh
ijaToaJ.

brobjhof jahf

ciwpL brj : gHf, Kil,

gjgLjgl
iw,
F
ghdf nghwtiw itf ga
c sho vgJ fhff,
kfhnrhs kh, glh kh gL jLf kW fyf, rhf
nghw J fToa bghUfis jahf.
EQfsh ijJ cUthf ntshik : brof kW
gl sho MF.
fhf brof tsf gagL
kUJt : braif ja thf,
guik, vY K uik
jfLf kW braif njh
jahf.

bra 8.1
c sho jahF Kiw.
njitahd cgfuzf

ca

1. kfhnrhs kh

2. r

3. f

4.

brKiw : xlhj ghu xiw vLJ bfhs. m xU njfuo

kfhnrhs khit, ehF njfuo iu vLJ bfhs. mJl xU
njfuo rD, xU njfuo fU nrJ girngh M, jkhd
btg ewhf fyf.
Kj girnghw bghU cUthF. d mJ b# (GEL) nghw
bghUshf khW. btgij Fiwjl fhW Ffsw, bjthd bghUshf
khWwJ. mjid X fodkhd sho jo C gug. d xU eh
KGtJ cyj. nghJ c sho ilwJ.

116

cfSF bjkh?
cf
ifdhnyh
myJ
cUbgUF
fzhoahnyh
nrhJ ghJ mjij g
bra.
vd
ghfnsh
mjid vGJf. nghJ wif
m XU lf fJ
vLJ ghUf vd czf.
njitaw bghUf VnjD nghJ cUbgUf by _y
jwdth?
vgo
mRj ghJ F vLJ bfhSf.
mLJ
rikf
gagL
kiljd? f FHhf VnjD
izJsdth? ff vbzia m fyJ m
vitnaD kfsh iyf wif mJ vLf. vd
mU
bfhlgLwduh? czf? nrhJ ntWghil
ahnuD Ffnth myJ J ftf. vbz girs
Jitfnth brwduh? myJ wif vj ghfgLwJ?
fheilfis
fGwduh?
myJ thfdf myJ cH
vuij fGwduh? m
iyia NJ yfnsh myJ
bjhrhiyfnsh csdth?
iyfis cW nehFf.
cf oF myJ gF
mUfhik iyf csdth?
mJ W Fsnkh myJ nuhilnah,
Vnah, Mnwh flnyh vJthD
cdJ bgnwh myJ Ma
cjl eF cW nehFf.

khR ffh (Pollution Patrol)

gwitfis

fyJs
vbz gwitfis vthW gh
wJ. jid fla Kanthkh?
gwit x wif vLJ
bfhSf, mJ vjik vgij
czJ, cW nehFf.

117

myF

fhW, kW y khRgLj

fhW, kW y khRgLj

nfhfis khRgLJj
1. xU a lDF nkgl
vbzia
cy
cs
bgUflf
xbthU
ML fyfis fGnghJ
btnaWwhf.
2. cuf gf tsia
iugLJ. Mdh MWfS,
nuhilfS erhwd.
fl
gwitf
wiff
3.
bkGdh _lgoUF.
cs
sbz
bkGid
ijJ gwitia _f
brnjh myJ fL Fdhnyh
cHf br.
4. bjhrhiy
kW

cg
iyafUJ
btnawgL
fjf
ilMirL nghw thf
iyff kW ghf nghw
EQfis bfhwd.
5.
gwitf
aifF
khwhf
bka XLila Kilfis l
bfhf fhuzkhwd.
6. iwa iy gjhuF
nkgl
khRgLf
fhW,

kW
k
Ugjhf jhtu kW yF
Rf
CLUtjhf
flagLsJ.

7.
khRfLghL
vgJ
cq
urid kLkW J xU
cyfyha urid.
8. Frhjd bgoUJ bt
naW FnshnuhSnuh fhg
(CFC) Xnrh mLif ghJ
njh Wneh Vgl fhuzkhwJ.
9.
gts
ghiwf
gh
Fshwd.

bra 8.2
cyf btgkakhjiy jLF
tz
cyfs
VnjD
xgj
bragLsjh
vd
izajs cf Ma
cjl fhz.
jkjdhf,
vj
khRWjiy jfyh?

fhW

1. f cf ef efkw
cWduhf Ujh
2. cf gF kfSF Rjkhd
, fhW ilf vthW cj
f vd goaLf.
3. cyf btgkakhj g RUf
khf cf tFgiw ciu
fJf.

bra 8.3

ca

fhW khRgLj myJ y

khRgLj g mJ j
kL brJ cfSila
mifia rkf.
khRgLj kW fhW
khRgLjiy jLf njitahd
thd fUJUit tz
Rtbuhoahf jah brf.
fhW khRgLj

118

fhW, kW y khRgLj

myF

bra 8.4
brf Nis kW bjhrhiy
if mf tU lfis
flFnghJ
_if
bgh
bfhtJ, nghFtuJ Fj
lf elFnghJ UKtJ
a. fh juij fhQ
lF Vg xLf.
fh
kW
ber.

nghFtuJ

FoU
gFf
bjhrhiy gFf.

kW

uhk kW efw.
(khR jL kW fLghL)
rl 1974
fhW (khR jL kW fLghL)
rl 1981
RWw NH (ghJfh) rl 1986

f Filf Xuf
ijy kufis (eucalyptus) eL
tsFgo Mnyhrid Tw
gLsJ. Vbd kuf
fiu
iuthf
c
bfhL a uhia t
kly btLwJ.

mf ms f beUa bjhl
xiwbahW rhUf t
brJsJ. cuw bghUf
aikahj
fhu
MF.
aifahf, kj braghLf
shY jnghJ e gwhFiw
cyfs jiyaha urid MF.
ia
ghJfhf
Vuhskhd
kufis eL ghJfhngh. eh
Vuhskhd kufis elh kiH ms
bgU e thF njitahd ey
njhZz iy y. ct ms
mfJ
ekJ
FHijfis
khRghlh VgL nehfUJ
ghJfhfyh.

RWNHiy ghJfhf ekJ W

gf Tl bga khwij V
gLJ. fhQ _W Ffis
eh njhW id bfhL
gw ntL. Fiwj, L
gagLJj kW kWRH.
RWw NHyhdJ cs
cUs kW cuw fhufnshL
119

kufis fhngh
thit fhngh

fhW, kW y khRgLj

kL
1.

eKila vfhy rjdUF ey RW NHiy mikJ

juntLkhdh vjifa vbghUis rikaYF gagLJf.

(wF, khLrhz, rika vth, kbzbz, rhzvth)

2. fl bghUfis L vthW
gagLJf.
cgnahfgLjgl fhj ciw
cgnahfgLjgl thJ mil
fh jfuFtis (o)

gaDs

bghUfshf

3. lh, mUzh filF brW I rhlhf. lh,

jh rhl I Ftisia oF vLJ brW mFs
FigTil nghlh. Mdh mUzhnth Ftisia rhiy
nghlh. mj iy Ujh vd brth? V?
4. FGthf RWyh brw l jhf gagLa fh jfu
Ftis, fzho o, jKs czf, gagLa fhj jLf,
ifFilf Matiw mgona LL brwd. vit
knghF bghUf? vit kfhj bghUf. mnf brw FGd
mj bghUfis vyh vd brUf ntL vW f
fUJf.
5. uhK ehFUj jhfis nrj itwh. mjh xU
gF btWikahf Ugij ftwh. mtdJ j braUJ
mtJ vd?
6. fltF jFj fhuzfis TWf.)
m. bjhrhiy mU tsJs kuf midY Rf.
goJsd.
M. kiygFfYs kufis mf btLtjh k m VgL
MgJ clhF.

ca

. F isfToa nt bghUf MW fygjh MgJ

clhF.

nkY ma
f

World science- Bay books Pollution - Macmillan

izajsf

www. kidsforsavingearth.org, www. tiki.oneworld.net

120