Project Presentation On:

Designed by: Adeel Fayyaz (12 P.E 01) Rehan Hasan (12 P.E 33) Zohaib Siddiqui (12 P.E 44)

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Tables Of Content

History What is Reverse Osmosis? Membrane & Its types Reverse Osmosis Membranes & its comparison Membrane Materials Membrane Modules Membrane Fouling Work Plan of our Project Testing Desalination Benefits

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History
The first studies on osmosis were carried out as early as 1748 by the French scientist Nollet. The early 1960's, Loeb and Sourirajan developed a method for making asymmetric Cellulose acetate membranes In 1970, the development of new-generation membranes such as the thin-film, composite Membrane that can tolerate wide pH ranges, higher temperatures and harsh chemical environments. An estimate indicated that sales of RO membrane

products had grown to $280 million yearly in 2006

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What is REVERSE OSMOSIS?

Osmosis is a natural phenomenon in which a solvent (usually water) passes through a semi permeable barrier from the side with lower solute concentration to the higher solute concentration side. As shown in Figure(a). A reverse osmosis membrane acts as the semi permeable barrier to flow in the RO process, allowing selective passage of a particular species (solvent, usually water) while partially & completely retaining other species (solutes). As shown in Figure(b).
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Membrane & Its types

Water treatment processes employ several types of membranes. They include
MF membranes have the largest pore size and typically reject large particles and various microorganisms. UF membranes have smaller pores than MF membranes and, therefore, in addition to large particles and microorganisms, they can reject bacteria and soluble macromolecules such as proteins. RO membranes are effectively nonporous and, therefore, exclude particles

and even many low molar mass species such as salt ions, organics, etc.
NF membranes are relatively new and are sometimes called loose RO membranes

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Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Cellulose Acetate Membrane Thin Film Composite Membrane

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CA Membrane
These initial RO membrane was

made by the Loeb-Sourirajan

These

CA membranes were asymmetric and exhibited NaCl rejection values of approximately 99.5%
The

degree of acetylation describes the how many pendent OH groups are replaced acetyl groups, CH3COO.
It ranges from 0 to 3 they have excellent mechanical

properties & resistant to chlorine.

CA membranes can tolerate up to 5

ppm

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Thin Film Composite Membrane

The first TFC RO membrane was

developed by John Cadotte at North Star Research in 1972, based on aromatic polyamides.
interfacial polymerization are use

to create a polyamide coating.

Most TFC membranes are made

with a porous, highly permeable support.

Nowadays, This technique can also

be used to produce Commercial RO membranes

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Comparison of Reverse Osmosis Membranes

CA Membranes Rejection of Organic
Rejection of low mol. weight organics

TFC Membranes High

High

Low
Low

Water Flux pH Tolerance

Temperature stability Oxidant tolerance Compaction tendency Biodegradability Cost

Medium 4-8
Max. 35c High High High Low

High 2-11
Max. 45c Low Low Low High

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Membrane Materials

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RO Membranes
There are typically cellulose acetate Polysulfone coated with aromatic polyamides

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MF & UF Materials
Poly (vinylidene fluoride)
Polysulfone Poly (acrylonitrile) Poly (acrylonitrile)-poly(vinyl chloride) copolymers Poly (ether sulfone) is also commonly used for UF

membranes poly (tetrafluoroethylene).

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Membranes Modules

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Modules of membrane
There are four main types of modules:
plate-and-frame

Tubular
spiral wound

hollow fiber

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Membrane fouling

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Causes of Fauling
Bio-fouling
(it results from microbial contamination of feed water)
Scaling

(It arises from the deposition of salts)

Organic
(It comes from substances i.e. C-H which coat the surface)

Colloidal (It mainly stems from particles)

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Strategy of Project

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Strategy of Work Plan

Develop a CA Reverse Osmosis Membrane selecting

p formulations. Market Survey of chemicals & testing equipments. Study and analyze the characteristics of RO Membrane. Different plant surveys. Carry out the following tests:
Pressure test of Water
Flux Desalination
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Testing of Membranes

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Major Tests of Membranes

Non-Destructive Tests: 1. 2. 3.

Bubble test- test physical integrity of the membrane envelope Membrane performance - flux, pressure and percent reject Analysis of cleaning solution

Destructive Tests: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Internal visual exam Coupon testing of membrane surface Metals analyses Digestion

Organic Analyses: 1. 2.

FTIR Spectroscopy UV Spectroscopy

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Desalination

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Desalination Techniques
Multi-effect distillation (MED) Multi-stage flash (MSF) Reverse osmosis (RO) Electro dialysis (ED) Capacitive deionization (CDI) Mechanical vapor compression (MVC)

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Benefits & Applications of Membrane

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 CA membranes will reduce the cost of RO treatment processes RO processes are used in the production of food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, and chemical products. a new alternative to many areas where drinking water is in short supply. RO technologies can make use of use an almost unlimited and reliable water source, the sea. RO has a negligible environmental impact RO technologies can be used to remove organic and inorganic contaminants. Most economical process for salinity reduction associated with secondary effluent

(or other wastewater source) TDS levels.

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Future Aspects

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