ၾကပ္ေျပးနန္းတြင္းအရႈပ္ေတာ္ပံု

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1? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(1)------------------------------------------3
8? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfyHk trSwf(8)------------------------------------------27
10? =uyfajy;eef;wGif;t&_yfawmfykH trSwf(10)----------------------------------------35
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P.O Box 179, Mae Sod, Tak, 63110, Thailand. Tel: 66 (0) 81 7241 281, ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com, ndddrd07@gmail.com
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*****************************
10

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}uD;apmarmif OD;aqmifwJhppftkyfpku rsufvSnfhjy+yD; tm%mudk v$Jajymif;,lvkdufjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
1988 ckESpf pufwbFm(17)&ufae@rSm wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ wyfrawmf
ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@ wdk@[m &efukef+rdK@ AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk
oGm;a&mufcJh+yD; wjynfvHk;rSm jzpfay:aewJh vlxktHkuGr_tajctaeawGeJ@ wyfrawmf&J@ vuf&dStaetxm;awGudk
OD;ae0if;xH &Sif;vif;wifjycJh&ygw,f? aemufwpfae@ pufwbFm(18)&ufae@ reuf(9)em&DrSm OD;ae0if;u rqvygwD
acgif;aqmifawGjzpfwJh OD;pef;,k/ OD;pdefvGif/ OD;at;udk/ a'gufwmarmifarmif/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxifeJ@ OD;xGef;wif
wdk@udk ol@tdrfrSmac:,lawG@qHk+yD; ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@wdk@udkvnf; wufa&mufcdkif;cJh+yD; vuf&dStajctaeawGudk tao;pdwf xyfrH&Sif;jyzdk@
AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@udk OD;ae0if;u !$ef=um;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
a'gufwmarmifarmifacgif;aqmifwJh tpdk;&tzGJ@taeeJ@ wdkif;jynf&J@vuf&dStajctaeawGudk qufvuf xdef;
odrf;oGm;zdk@ b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifawmhwJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OD;aqmif+yD; ppfwyfutm%modrf;zdk@/ tm%m
odrf;ppfaumifpDrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif OuUX/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif!Gef@eJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD; wifOD;
(ppfOD;pD;rSL;AdkvfrSL;}uD;)wdk@udk twGif;a&;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@ wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kwd, AdkvfcsKyf
}uD;oef;a&$ tygt0if umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&Hk;u xdyfydkif;AdkvfcsKyfwcsdK@eJ@ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk tm%modrf; ppfaumifp
tzGJ@0ifawGtjzpfeJ@ xnfhoGif;wm0efay;tyfzdk@/ 'dk@wm0efta&;oHk;yg; tygt0if a&G;aumufyGJawG tjrefqHk; usif;y
jyKvkyfay;zdk@ qdkwJh OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yfudkyg tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm OD;ae0if;u csrSwfay;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ppftpdk;&&J@
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acgif;aqmifwJh yJhudkifaumfrwDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;wm0efay;tyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmf&J@tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; a=unmcsufudkvnf; tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;
rSmyJ vufa&;rleJ@a&;om;cJh+yD; qufoG,fa&;!$ef=um;a&;rSL; AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;oef@ (aemif jyef=um;a&;0ef}uD;) eJ@ ppf
axmufvSrf;a&; 'kwd,!$ef=um;a&;rSL; 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;xGef; (aemif bma&;eJ@tcGef0ef}uD;Xme 'k0ef}uD;) wdk@u
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AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m ueOD;rSm e0wppfaumifpDtwGif; omref tzGJ@0ifwpfOD;taeeJ@om rxifr&Sm; yg0ifcGifh
&&dScJh+yD; ta&;}uD;wJh ay:vpDydkif;qdkif&mudpPawGudkvnf; udkifwG,faqmif&GufcGifh r&&dScJhygbl;? 1989ckESpf arv(23)&uf
ae@rSm pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh e,fpyfa'oESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_taumiftxnfaz:a&;A[dktzGJ@rSm
om OuUXtjzpf cef@tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m cyfxHkxHk trlt&m&dSwJh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay:
olcdkif;or#vkyfrJholtjzpf&_jrif+yD; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftxd wm0ef}uD;awGudkay;tyfcJhayrJh aemufydkif;rSm bm
a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: oabmxm;ajymif;vJoGm;&ovJ qdkwmudkawmh OD;ae0if;uvGJ+yD; b,folrS twdtus
odEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;?
OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$tay: tjrifr=unf jzpfvmwm[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$ wdk@t=um;u
jy\ema=umifh rjzpfEdkifbJ OD;ae0if;&J@orD;}uD; AdkvfrSL;cifpENm0if;eJ@ AdkvfcsK yfoef;a&$&J@ ZeD; a':r}udKif/ orD;awGjzpf=u
wJh cif+yHK;a&$/ =unf=unfa&$/ at;at;opfa&$/ a'0ga&$/ oEWma&$ wdk@t=um;u +ydKifqdkifr_awGeJ@ remvdk0efwdkpdwfawG
a=umifh jzpfEdkifw,fvdk@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmfwcsdK@u oHk;oyfajymqdkcJh=uygw,f?
2008 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm OD;ae0if;&J@ rqvtpdk;&vufu EdkifiHawmftm%mudk wyfrawmfu
odrf;vdkuf+yDqdkayrJh AD vrf;rSm&dSwJh OD;ae0if;&J@aetdrfudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@wdk@ ae@pOfvdkvdk 0if
xGufoGm;vmaewmawG@&+yD; OD;ae0if;xH tpD&ifcHwifjywmawG/ OD;ae0if;&J@=o0g'udk cH,lwmawG/ qufvuf jyKvkyfcJh
11
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ckESpf rwfv(27)&uf wyfrawmfae@(zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ae@) npmpm;yGJrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0wfpHkudk 0wfqif+yD;
tm%modrf;ppfaumifpD0ifawG&J@ pm;yGJxdyfrSm cef@cef@}uD;ae&m,lxm;wJh OD;ae0if;udk e0w owif;rD'D,mawGu
wcrf;wem;az:jyay;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? 'ghtjyif e0wppfaumifpDOuUX&Hk;tygt0if tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmvnf; Adkvf
csKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ "gwfyHkawGudk qufvuf csdwfqGJxm;cJh=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
1990 ckESpftwGif; 'nif;ukef;wyfrawmfa*gufuGif;rSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif/
AdkvfcsKyfbkef;jrifh eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfcspfaqGwdk@ a*guf&dkufupm;aepOf OD;ae0if; &kwfw&ufa&muf&dSvmwJhtwGuf upm;wmudk
acwW&yfem;+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk tav;jyK}udKqdkE_wfqufcJhwJhtjyif olwm0ef,lvkyfaqmifae
wJh a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;vkyfief;tajctaeawGudk wifjytpD&ifcHcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk z,f&Sm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefu
pvdk@ OD;ae0if;tay: AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$&J@ qufqHa&;tajctaeawG[m vHk;0 ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;udk ADvrf;&dS umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaetdrfu qif;cdkif;cJhwJhtwGuf OD;ae0if;[m ol@orD;}uD; cif
pENm0if;&J@aetdrfudk ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? OD;ae0if;&J@ teD;uyfvHk+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@u t&m&dS/ t&mcH/ t=uyf
wyfom; tm;vHk;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m wyf&if;wyfzGJ@awGudk jyefydk@cJh+yD;/ AD vrf;t0eJ@ a':cifpENm0if; tdrfw0dkuf
rSmom trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;u wyfcGJ(1)cGJudk qufvuf csxm;ay;cJhygw,f?
tJ'Daemufydkif; tpdk;&&Hk;awGrSmcsdwfqGJxm;wJh OD;ae0if;&J@"gwfyHkawGudk jyefvnfjzKwfodrf;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$u zdtm;ay;cJhwJhtwGuf 1992 ckESpf arv(4) &ufae@xkwf e0wppftpdk;&owif;pmawG&J@ rsufESmzHk;rSm OD;ae
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vkyfaexdkifcJ&h +yD; bmoma&;tvkyfawGudkom tm&HkpdkufvkyfudkifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$ u a':cifpENm0if;&J@ aetdrfw0dkufu vHk+cHKa&;tapmifhawGudkyg jyefvnf&kwfodrf;cdkif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfoef;a&$[m a':cifpENm0if;udk ydk+yD; rsufrkef;usdK;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif e0wOuUX jzpf
pOfu a':cifpENm0if;wdk@rdom;pkudk csay;xm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGifhawGudk ol@vufxufrSm jyefvnfxdef;csKyfcJhygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@trdef@t& GSM rdkbdkif;w,fvDzkef; wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wpfOD;wnf; rlydkiftjzpf a':cifpENm0if;wdk@
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2001 ckESpf arv(10)&ufae@rSm jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;ypfcJh+yD; GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;a&mif;cscGifhudk wdkuf&dkuf
}uD;=uyfzdk@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;udk wm0efay;cJhygw,f?
GSM w,fvDzkef;awG wifoGif;zdk@udpPrSm t&if;tESD; a':vmoef;(200)avmuf vdktyfwJhtwGuf a':cif
pENm0if; u AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@&J@tultnDeJ@ typf&yf UWSA tzGJ@udk &S,f,m(80)&mcdkifE_ef; a&mif;pm;xm;cJhwJhtjyif
w,fvDzkef;awGudkvnf; }udKwifa&mif;csxm;cJhwma=umifh 'DudpPawGtwGuf oyGwftlvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ wdk@t=um;rSm wif;rmr_awG ydkrdkjzpfay:cJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? tJ'Daemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfcif
!Gef@&J@ =oZmtm%mudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat;wdk@u wajz;ajz; csKyfudkifvm=uwm
a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@ a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ rdom;pktay: oHa,mZOf&dSayrJh ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Edkifwm r&dS
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AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ orD;(4)OD;[m EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmerSm twGif;0ef&mxl;awGudk &,lxm;=uwJh
twGuf OD;ae0if; EdkifiHjcm;udk aq;ukoxGufwJhtcg oufqdkif&mEdkifiHawGrSm&dSwJh jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;awGeJ@ oH&Hk;t&m&dS
awGu OD;ae0if;udk EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJvdk orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if; udk (First Lady) vdk oabmxm;+yD; jymjym
ovJ oGm;a&muf}udKqdk {nfhcaH e=uwmudk remvdkr&_pdwfjzpf+yD; zcifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk wpdwfwtdwf
12
vkyfum wdkif=um;cJh=uygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@&J@rdom;pktay: tjrifr=unfvifawmhwJh

ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u OD;ae0if;&J@ ol@&J@om;orD;awGudk vHk;0 }udKqdkE_wfqufjcif;/ {nfhcHjcif;/
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(trSefuawmh a':cifpENm0if;udk (First Lady) vdk@ ajrSmufyifhac:a0:+yD; }udKqdkcJhwJhEdkifiHqdkvdk@ uGefjrLepf
ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHwpfckwnf;om &dScJhygw,f? 1970 ckESpfaESmif;ydkif;rSm ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiH +yHK,rf;+rdK@awmfudk ppf
tm%m&Sif}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;jzpfol a':cifpENm0if;wdk@ cspf=unfa&; tvnftywfc&D; oGm;a&mufpOfu tJ'Dvdk ac:
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acgif;aqmif}uD;awGu 1988ckESpfrSm wyfrawmfudk tm%modrf;zdk@trdef@ay;cJhpOfuwnf;u tm%modrf;tzGJ@rSm Adkvf
csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif+yD;&if AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk 'kwd,acgif;aqmiftaeeJ@ owfrSwfay;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$[m vpfvyfoGm;wJh ol@&J@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudk &yc wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf
armifat;udk 1993 ck rwfv(27)&ufae@rSm v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf
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tjzpf owfrSwfvsmxm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyf^m%fvif; u usrRma&;raumif;wJhtwGuf 1991 ckESpf
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pdwf0ifpm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@taeeJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk &&dSzdk@ar#mfvifhrxm;ayrJh
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csKyfcif!Gef@udk 'Dvdk&mxl;rsdK;ay;zdk@ rlvuwnf;u pdwfrul;cJhbl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@u &nf&G,fcsuf}uD;+yD;
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ae=uwJhtwGuf 'D&mxl;ay;vdkuf&if e0wOuUXae&mudkyg +cdrf;ajcmufvmrSmpdk;&drfwma=umifh 'D&mxl;udk b,fol@udk
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}uD;armifat;om &xdkufw,feJ@ twGif;}udwf tkyfpkwdkufyGJawGay:aygufcJhonftxd jzpfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufqHk;
rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ wOD;wnf;&J@ qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ e0w 'kOuUX&mxl;udv
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AdkvfcsKyfcif!Gef@udk tm%m&dSoa,mif/ vkyfydkifcGifh&dSoa,mif vljrifuGif; rD'D,mawGay:rSm jyoay;xm;ayrJh ta&;
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13

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16
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aewmudkawmh b,fvdkordkif;ynm&SifrS em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif=urSm r[kwfygbl;? pdwfynm&SifawGtaeeJ@ ordkif;
ynm&Siaf wGxufpm&if wpHkw&mydk+yD; em;vnfEdkifpGrf; &dS=uygvdrR,f?
trSefuawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@rdom;pku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ@ ol@orD;tay: 'Davmuftxd
emusnf; rkef;wD;ae=uwm[m tm%m&Sifa&m*ga=umifhom jzpfygw,f?
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17

AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmif [m 1991 ESpfukefydkif;avmufup+yD; pdwfa0'emcHpm;vm&wJhtwGuf 'k-OuUX
AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;a&$ OD;aqmifwJh e0wtzGJ@u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck odrf;
,lcJh=uygw,f? 1991 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0ef,lxm;wJh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;
wm0efawGudk OD;tHk;a*smfudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhygw,f? 1992ckESpf rwfv(20)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif&J@
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;&,lcJhygw,f? 1992 ckESpf {+yDv(22)&ufae@rSm um
uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfwm0efudkyg v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(23)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; apmarmifudk usef;rma&;
ta=umif;jy tem;ay;vdkuf+yD; e0wOuUX&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$u v$Jajymif;,lcJhygw,f? {+yDv(24)&ufae@rSm
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wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif[m txufuay;wJhtrdef@twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufcJhwJh ppfom;
wpfOD;om jzpfygw,f? ol@rSm tm%mudk a&&Snfqkyfudkifxm;vdkwJhqENeJ@ }uD;rm;wJhEdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf r&dSbl;qdkwm
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awGudk um,uHajrmuf owfjzwfcJh=u&wJh wyfrawmf&J@atmufajcydkif;udk pdwf"mwfa&;&mt& ydkrdkxdcdkufapcJhwm
awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif taeeJ@ 'DudpPudk odrfodrfarG@arG@eJ@ udkifwG,fajz&Sif;vdkwJhqEN&dSayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
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csKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif wm0efcHvkyfaqmifcJhwJh vkyfief;rSefor# oleJ@bmrSrqdkifovdk oabmxm;cJhygw,f? ol@v ufxJu
tm%mudk t"du+cdrf;ajcmufoljzpfvmwJh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfudkvnf; b,fawmhrS tm%mv$Jray;zdk@ qHk;
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ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtygt0if e0w ppfaumifpD0if(19)OD;vHk;[m rqv ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if; udk,f
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ausmfxif jzpf+yD; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifjzpfayrJh wu,fawmh olwdk@(2)a,mufvHk;
18
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'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$udk rqdkxm;eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmif udkawmif
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vdkuf&if jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfydkif;cGJypfvdk@&w,fvdk@ (4)vywftpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm ppf&Hk;csKyfudkawmif cyfajymifajymif
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usef;rma&;tajctae qdk;vmwJhtcsdefup+yD; cyfpGmpGmAdkvfcsKyfawGudk wyfrJhAdkvfcsKyfawGjzpfvmatmif pepfwus
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pdkufysdK;a&;0ef}uD;/ eycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjroif; udk or0g,r0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfa&;csKyf
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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tm%meJ@ywfoufvm&if q&morm;vnf;rxm;/ vkyfaz:udkifzufqdkwmvnf; rxm;wwfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;
}uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;&J@om;ruf OD;at;aZmf0if;eJ@ ajr;(3)a,mufjzpfwJh at;ae0if;/ ausmfae0if;/ ZGJae0if; wdk@udk
EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_/ EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_/ pwJhpGJcsufawGeJ@ 2002 ckeSpf rwfv(7)&ufae@rSm zrf;qD;
ta&;,lcJhygw,f? tm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfrr_ Sm yg0ifywfoufr_&dSw,fqdk+yD; OD;ae0if;rdom;pkeJ@eD;pyfol avwyf um
uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG(av)/ }wd*Ha'owdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcspfoef;/ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXme
csKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;auGeJ@ &JcsKyf AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if; wdk@udkvnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ z,f&Sm;+yD; ta&;,lwmawG jyKvkyf
cJhygw,f? ppftm%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;eJ@ orD;jzpfol AdkvfrSL;a[mif; a':cifpENm0if; wdk@udkawmh touft&G,f
}uD;+yD; bmrSrvkyfEdkifawmhbl;vdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ wyfrawmftwGif;rSm txdkuftav#muf =oZm&dSaeEdkifao;
w,fvdk@ ,lqwmuwa=umif;/ pwJhta=umif;awGa=umifh EdkifiHawmftm%modrf;&ef}uHpnfr_eJ@ w&m;pGJqdkjcif;rjyKcJh
ayrJh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;cJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m OD;ae0if;eJ@ ol@rdom;pktay: b,favmuftxd yk*~dKvfa&;emusnf;csuf jyif;xefcJh
ovJqdkwm OD;ae0if; aoqHk;wJhtcsdefrSm &uful;cGifhray;/ rdom;pktm;vHk;pHkatmif apmifhqdkif;cGifhvnf;rjyKyJ/ csufcsif;
rD;&d_@o+F*dKvf+yD; jymawGudkjrpfxJar#mcdkif;cJhwJhvkyf&yfudk =unf@jcif;tm;jzifh odEdkifygw,f? touf(93)ESpf &dS+yDjzpfwJh tm
%m&Sifa[mif;}uD; OD;ae0if;[m &efukef+rdK@ r&rf;ukef;+rdK@e,f/ arcvrf;&dS orD;}uD;a':cifpENm0if;&J@ tdrfeHygwf(19)rSm
aetdrftus,fcsKyfeJ@ aexdkif&if; 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbm(5)&ufae@rSm aoqHk;oGm;wJhtcg csufcsif; o+F*dKvfcHcJh&ygw,f?
ao'%fcscHxm;&wJh rdom;pk0ifawGeJ@ EdkifiHjcm;rSma&muf&dSaewJh om;orD;awGudkvnf; vma&mufcGifhray;wJhtjyif/
etztzGJ@eJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;u OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@a[mif;awGudkvnf; wufa&mufcGifhray;cJhygbl;?
tJ'Dae@ ae@vnf(1)em&Du a&a0;ok\efrSm rD;oF+*dKvfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&J@ aemufqHk;c&D;udk orD;}uD; a':cifpENm
0if;eJ@ t&yf0wf ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tcsdK@tygt0if vl(25)OD;avmufom vdkufygydk@aqmifEdkifcJh=uygw,f? tJ'DvlawG
xJrSm wcsdefu OD;ae0if;&J@wynf@ t+idrf;pm; a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif yg0ifae
wmudk OD;ae0if;&J@tokbtcef;tem;ta=umif; &dkuful;xm;wJh AGD'D,dkrSwfwrf;rSm jrifawG@&wJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$wa,muf t}uD;tus,f a'goaygufuGJ+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om; a&wyfAdkvfrSL; rdk;oufwif udk
ta=umif;rJh &mxl;ujzKwfypfcJhwJhtjyif AdkvfrSL;csKyfaomif;wif&J@om;ruf weoFm&Da&wyfpcef;XmecsKyf/ XmecsKyfrSL;
AdkvfrSL;}uD; csdKoef;armif udkvnf; csufcsif; t&yfbufudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
?
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24

e0w uae etz tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD;wJhaemufup+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m jrefrmhwyfrawmf
wckvHk;udk ol@pdwf}udKuf jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@toufu (64)
ESpf &dSaeyg+yD? 1956 wyfrawmftufOya't&qdk&if touf(60)ausmfwmeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm b,folrS wm0ef
qufvufxrf;aqmifcGifh r&dSygbl;? jrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;udk jyef=unf@r,fqdk&ifvnf; *ENDpmcsKyft& 1945 ckESpf
pufwbFm(7)&ufae@rSm jyefvnfpkzGJ@cJhwJh tcsdefup+yD; 'Duae@txd umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfaygif; (7)OD;&dScJhwJhteuf
vuf&dS wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uvGJvdk@ b,folrS touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd 'D&mxl;
udk qufvufzufwG,fxm;wmrsdK; rawG@cJh&ygbl;? ,kwfpGtqHk; acwfopfjrefrmhwyfrawmfordkif;rSm yxrqHk; ppftm
%m&Si}f uD;jzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;awmif wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhtxd xrf;
aqmifjcif; rjyKcJhygbl;? 'gayrJh jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ 'kwd,ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$uawmh touf(75)
ESpft&G,fudka&mufaewmawmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk vufrv$wfao;bJ zufwG,fxm;wmawG@&ygw,f?
ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ yxrqHk;umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh u&ifvlrsdK; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;
(BC-5106) qdk&ifvnf; wm0efuz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh 1949 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufae@rSm touf(60) rjynf@ao;
wm awG@&ygw,f? ol@ae&mudkqufcHcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfae0if;(BC-3502) qdk&ifvnf; 1962ckESpfrSm ppfwyfeJ@tm%m
odrf;cJhol jzpfwJhtwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk touf(60)ausmfwJhwdkifvufrv$wfyJ qufvufqkwfudkifoGm;
r,fqdk&if aumif;aumif;}uD; &EdkifayrJh 1972ckESpf {+yDv(20)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;
udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k(BC-3569)udk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;&J@ arG;ouU&mZfu (145-1911) jzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf(60)jynf@wJhtcsdefrSm ppfpnf;urf;udk av;pm;vdkufema=umif;jywJhtaeeJ@ ol@&J@
&mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pef;,k (arG;ouU&mZf 3-3-1918) uvnf; touf(60)rjynf@
cif 1974 ckESpf {+yDv(26)&ufae@rSm ol@&J@ &mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; (BC-3651) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm
awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrawmfom;awGeJ@ jynfolawG&J@ av;pm;cspfcifr_udkcHcJh&wJhtwGuf ppftm%m&SifawGupdk;&drf+yD;
1976ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkufwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@
arG;ouU&mZfu (12-3-1927) jzpfwma=umifh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol@touf[m (50)awmif rjynf@ao;wmudk awG@Edkifyg
w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@&mxl;udk qufcHcJhwJh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&ausmfxif (BC5332) uvnf; (1924) ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJholjzpfwJhtwGuf ol@touf( 60)jynf@wJh 1985 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm ol@&J@
&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (BC-6187) xH v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
wu,fawmh ppftm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m ol@q&mjzpfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifvufa[mif;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;avmuf owWda&m/ t&nftcsif;yg r&dSygbl;? oltm%m&vmwm ESpf(20)eD;yg;&dS+yD; toufuvnf;
(75)ESpft&G,f a&mufaewmawmif/ ol@&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk atmufvlawGxH ,Hk=unfpdwfcspGmeJ@ v$J
ajymif; ray;&Jao;wmudk=unf@&if 'Dtcsufudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awG@jrifEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJh Adkv fcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m
aumufuspf,kwfrmwJhae&mrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xuf ydk+yD;tpGrf;xufwmudk awG@&ygw,f? ol@touf (60)
ausmfvmwJhwdkifatmif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;udk rpGef@v$wfcsifao;wma=umifh 1997 ckESpfrSm e0w uae etz
tjzpf trnfajymif;vdkuf+yD; oleJ@toufr&G,f rwdrf;r,drf; vkyfaz:udkifzuf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; w'gZifausmfudk wyf
rawmftwGif;uae jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;vif;ypfcJhygw,f? topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh etz ppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@xJrSm
ol@wynf@ trsm;tjym;udk xdk;xnf@ ae&may;cJh+yD; oluawmh wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf &mxl;tygt0if xdyf
25
qHk;u vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtm;vHk;udk qufvuf&,l xdrf;csKyfxm;cJhygw,f? ol@wynf@awGu ol@udk ruvefEdkifatmif

vkyfwJhtaeeJ@vnf; ae&mopfawGeJ@ &mxl;opfawG trsm;tjym;udk wDxGifzefwD;+yD; cGJa0ay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
rlv e0wppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(1)eJ@(2)om xm;&dScJh&mu topfzGJ@pnf; vdkufwJh etzppfaumifpDrSm
twGif;a&;rSL;(3)qdkwJh ae&mopfwckudk xyfrHwDxGifzefwD;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh
(BC-8809)udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'Dvdk vkyfvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh[m etztzGJ@rSm (5)OD;ajrmuf
tm%mt&dS qHk;yk*~dKvfjzpfvm+yD; 1988 ckESpfupvdk@ twGif;a&;rSL; (1)eJ@(2) &mxl;awGudk&,lxm;cJh=uwJh 'kwd, Adkvf
csKyf}uD; cif!Gef@eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;wdk@&J@ vkyfydkifc Gifhtm%meJ@ =oZmt&dSeft0gawGudkvnf; av#mhenf;usqif;
oGm;apcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf acsr_ef;&mrSm
a&S@wef;u wufuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(11)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf jzpf
vmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfa&;csKyf
tjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme&dSygv#ufeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m 1997 ckESpf etzacwfrSm wyfrawmfa&;&m
0ef}uD;Xme qdkwmudk wDxGifzGJ@pnf;cJh+yD; ol@wynf@wOD;jzpfwJh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvS (BC-8752)
udk yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif aemufwESpft=um 1998 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufae@rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf &mxl;
udkyg yl;wGJudkifcdkif;cJhjcif;tm;jzifh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifvSudk etztzGJ@rSm (6)OD;ajrmuf tm%mt&dSqHk;yk*~dKvf jzpfvm
apcJhygw,f? 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS [mvnf; 1988 vlxkta&;awmfyHk}uD;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ypfcwfowfjzwf
acsr_ef;&mrSm a&S@wef;uwufuGpGmyg0ifcJhwJh wyfr(22)&J@ vufr&GH@wyfrSL;jzpfcJholrdk@ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ umuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@cef@tyfcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpf
rSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@teD;udk ac:,lxm;cJhwmjzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh etz ppfaumifpDrSm twGif;a&;rSL;(3)OD;txd cef@tyfp&mrvdkbJ wOD;wnf;eJ@wif vHkavmuf
w,fqdkwmudk 'Duae@ wOD;wnf;aomtwGif;a&;rSL;jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; u ouf
aojyaeygw,f? twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;awG azgif;yGaewm[m ol@wynf@ukd,hfwynf@awGudk ae&may;zdk@eJ@ tcsif;csif;
tm%mcsdefcGifv$mxdrf;!dSzdk@twGuf &nf&G,fjyKvkyfae=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f? 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm
&[wf,mOfysufus+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ae&mudk (2)ESpfeD;yg;=umatmif
vpfvyfxm;cJh+yD;rS 2003ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(1)&ufae@rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,HkawmfwOD;jzpfwJh ava=umif;&ef
umuG,fa&;XmecsKyfrSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if; udk tJ'Dwm0ef yl;wGJay;tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh vmbfpm;r_
pGJcsufawGeJ@ 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh twGif;a&;rSL;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;
jrifh &J@ ae&mudkawmh tcktcsdefxd tpm;xdk;cef@tyfjcif;rjyKawmhyJ jyefvnfzsufodrf;vdkufwm awG@&ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGufqdk&if wu,frvdktyfyJeJ@ wyfrawmfeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@
awG&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHkawGudk wdk;vdkufav#mhvdkufeJ@ ol vkyfcsifovdkvkyfcJhwJhom"uawG trsm;tjym;&dScJhygw,f? 1997 ckESpf
Edk0ifbmvrSm e0w uae etztjzpf ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhpOfu jzKwfxkwfz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wpkudk
,m,DESpfodrf@zdk@}udK;pm;wJhtaeeJ@ t}uHay;tzGJ@qdk+yD; zGJ@pnf;ay;cJhayrJh (7)vrjynf@cif tJ'DtzGJ@udk jyefvnfzsuf
odrf;ypfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? tvm;wl 0ef}uD;tzGJ@rSmvnf; 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGudk (3)OD;txdxm;vdkuf aemufjyef
zsufvdkuf/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdk+yD; ckzGJ@vdkuf aemufzsufvdkuf/ etzOuUX&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/
'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 0ef}uD;/ qdkwmawGudkvnf; 2OD;pD/ 3OD;pD cef@xm;vdkuf jyefzsufypfvdkufeJ@ jzpfysuf oHo&m vnf
aewmudk awG@&ygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m (de facto) tpdk;&jzpfwJh etzppftpdk;&&J@ 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; &,lxm;cJh
ayrJh oludk,fwdkif EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@qufqH&rSmudk pdk;&drfa=umufvef@aewma=umifh 1997 ckESpf e0wu etz
trnfudk ajymif;vJcJhwJhtcsdefrSm umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifarmifcif eJ@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
(av) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef; wdk@udk wef;+yD;jzKwfrypfao;bJ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfawGtjzpfeJ@ ol@atmufrSm cef@tyf
wm0efay;cJhwJhtjyif aemufwESpft=umrSm 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS udkyg 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfeJ@ cef@tyf wm0ef
26
ay;cJhwma=umifh 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf (3)OD;txd&dScJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf(3)OD;vHk;udk 2001 ckESpf

Edk0ifbm(9)&ufae@rSm etz wGif;(3) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifheJ@twl wokwfwnf; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; ypfcJh+yD; aemuf
ydkif;rSm 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyfqdkwm wa,mufrSr&dSawmhovdk/ wyfrawmfa&;&m0ef}uD;Xmeqdkwmvnf; wcgwnf; =uuf
aysmufiSufaysmuf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udkvnf; vufrv$wf&J/ xrf;aqmif&zdk@vnf; 0efav;aewJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m 2003
ckESpf 'DyJ,if;vlowfyGJ}uD;t+yD;rSm EdkifiHwumtpdk;&awGeJ@ &ifqdkif&rSmudk ydkrdka=umufvef@vmwma=umifh 'Dwm0efudk
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@xH ycHk;v$Jay;zdk@ qHk;jzwfcJhygw,f? wcsufckwfESpfcsufjywfoabmeJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udkvnf; ppf
&Hk;csKyfu t+yD;tydkif armif;xkwfypfzdk@ }uHpnfcJh=uygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;&J@ wm0ef}uD;av;r_awGudk ta=umif;jy+yD;
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ rlv&mxl;awGjzpfwJh uuvSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ vl,Hkwynf@&if;jzpfwJh
AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;tyfzdk@/ twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udkawmh twGif;a&;rSL;(2)jzpfwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf
}uD;pdk;0if; vufudk v$Jajymif;ay;zdk@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@udk zdtm;ay;r_awG jyKvkyfcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ taeeJ@
twGif;a&;rSL;(1)&mxl;udk vufv$wfEdkifayrJh uuvSrf; !$efrSL;&mxl;udk vufv$wfvdkuf&r,fqdk&if wyfeJ@tquf
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27

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28
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29
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vSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJvnf;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u txl;zdwf=um;cJh+yD; zufvSJwuif;eJ@ awG@qHkE_wfqufcJhygw,f?
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,Hk=unfr_tjynfheJ@ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@u O'gef;usL;&ifhjycJhygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@&J@acgif;rm*dk%f;uawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@vdk oabmxm;tjrifrsdK; r&dS=uygbl;?
u&ifvlrsdK;awG[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'kwd,tiftm;t}uD;qHk; vlrsdK;pkjzpfwJhtjyif trsm;pku c&pf,mefbmom0ifawG
jzpfw,f? taemufEdkifiHawG&J@axmufcHr_udkvnf; &&dSxm;wma=umifh KNU tzGJ@[m jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tEW&m,f
t}uD;qHk;jzpfw,f/ 'ga=umifh KNU tzGJ@udk wjcm;typf&yftzGJ@awGvdk tcGifhta&;rsdK; ray;Edkifbl;/ vHk;0 vufeufcsrS
om vufcHEdkifr,fqdk+yD; ydk+yD;wif;rmwJhoabmxm;rsdK;eJ@ &yfwnfaqG;aEG;cdkif;cJhwma=umifh KNUtzGJ@eJ@ typftcwf
&yfpJa&;aqG;aEG;yGJawGudk wm0efcHaqmif&Gufae&wJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wpfzG J@vHk;[m t&l;rvif
vkyf&ovdk rsufESmysufcJh&w,fvdk@ KNU eJ@ t}udKaqG;aEG;yGJawGjyKvkyfzdk@ rJaqmuf+rdK@udk AdkvfrSL;}uD; pef;yGifheJ@twl
vdkufygcJhbl;ol AdkvfrSL;atmifvif;xGf udk,fwdkifu r=umcifu xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhwm awG@Edkifygw,f?
'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@ acgif;aqmifwJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@twGuf t&l;rvif vkyf&zdk@ =um=um
tcsdef r&cJhygbl;? r+yD;jywfao;wJh zxD;eJ@ zdk;'dkwdk@ Zmwfvrf;udk qufaqG;aEG;zdk@ KNU udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ &efukef+rdK@udk
aemufwpf}udrf xyfrHa&muf&dScJhwJh 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (18)&ufae@nrSm ppftkyfpktwGif;u jzKwf/ xkwf/
30
&Sif; tm%mvkyGJawGtwGif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@wuG ol@&J@ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wzGJ@vHk; &Sif;vif;cHvdkuf&vdk@ jzpfyg

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31

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+cdrf;ajcmufvk,l odrf;ydkuf&wmrsdK;rdk@ vufeufudkifwyfawGudk wdkuf&dkuftrdef@ay;uGyfuJcGifh&dSol ppfAdkvfcsKyftrsm;pk&J@
axmufcHr_udk&&dSzdk@ txl;vdktyfwmawG@&ygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJudk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
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rSm yg0ifzdk@aeaeomom }udKwif+yD;awmhvnf; rodcJh=ubl;vdk@qdkygw,f? 1962 tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if
wyfrSL;}uD; trsm;pk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufawGeJ@ ol@=oZmudkrvGefqef&JwJh qdk&S,fvpfwyfrSL;awG
jzpfae=uwma=umifh Adkvfae0if;u olwdk@udkrwdkifyifyJ tm%modrf;cJhwJhtjyif tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSmvnf; olwdk@
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%m&SifawGjzpfvm&wJh twGuf usdwf0rf;om+yD; rdSef;aecJh=uwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
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aumif;wpfOD;vdk@ qdk&rSmjzpfygw,f? 1962 ckESpf ppftm%modrf;yGJrSmawmh AdkvfcsKyfbvdwfvdk ppfom;aumif;awG
wpfa,mufrSay:xGuv
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ae0if; tm%modrf;cJhpOfu 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmif}uD;udk,fwdkifawmif }udKwifod&dScJhjcif;
r&dSbl;vdk@ =um;bl;ygw,f? tck 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfwJh 'kwd,
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; }udKwif od&dScJh&J@vm;qdkwm pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@
Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@aygif;+yD; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;ypfcJhwJh e0w ppfaumifpD0if 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmfxJrSm trsm;pk
[m Adkvfarmifat;udk 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmatmif qGJwifay;cJhwJh vkyfaz:udkifzufawGjzpfae=uwma=umifh jzpfygw,f?
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wifOD;eJ@ etzwGif;(3)vnf;jzpf ppfa&;csKyfvnf;jzpfwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; 0if;jrifh wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD;eJ@
0if;jrifh wdk@[m AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&wJhwynfh&if;awGjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 'Dtm%mvk y[
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%modrf;yGJ[m t&yfom; 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&xHutm%mudk ppfwyfu odrf;ydkufcJhwmjzpf+yD; 1997 tm%mvkyGJuawmh
wpfa,mufajcvSrf; wpfa,muf t+rJapmifh=unfhae=uwJh ppftm%m&Siftcsif;csif;=um;rSm jyKvkyfcJh&vdk@ jzpfygw,f?
'Dtm%mvkyGJrSmvnf; ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)eJ@
ppfwdkif;rSL;(12)OD;udk }udKwifwdkifyif today;jcif;&dSr&dS pOf;pm;p&mjzpfygw,f?
e0w ppftkyfpktwGif;u jzKwfxkwf&Sif;cHvdkuf&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wpf'gZifausmf[m tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfrJh
AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpfae=urJh olwdk@tm;vHk;[m ol@acwfol@tcgu wyfrawmfxJrSm =oZmtm%mxufcJholawG jzpf=u
32
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qlylr_awGjzpfvmEdkifwJh tvm;tvmudk awG;a=umufcJhwma=umifh ol jzKwfxkwfcJhwJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (13) OD;udk
,wdjywf &Sif;rypf&Jao;yJ t}uHay;tzGJ@qdkwJhtrnfeJ@ (7)veD;yg;txd cef@tyfjy+yD; tajctaeudk apmifh=unfhcJhwm
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odrf;vdkuf+yD; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf }uD;(13)OD;udk vHk;0z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufwm jzpfygw,f?
etz tm%mvkppfaumifpDtopfrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ (OuUX)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; armifat; ('k
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jzpf=uwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG; (eyc)/ AdkvfcsKyf&Jjrifh (vyc)/ AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifoef; (&uw)/ AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if; (ryc)/
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AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifbdk (&yc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOD; (&rc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;0if; (erc)/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifat;
(wyc)wdk@ yg0ifcJh=uygw,f?
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olwdk@udk }udKwiftodray;cJh&ifawmif apm'uwuf+yD; tmcHrJholawGr[kwfwm aocsmygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfbvdwf vdk
ppfom;aumif;wpfOD;wpfav yg0ifcJh+yD; rauseyfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdkcJhr,fqdk&ifvnf; Adkvfoef;a&$u t&SifxGuf
cGifh jyKvdrR,fr[kwfygbl;? 1997 ckESpf ppftkyfpktwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ taetxm;[m ydkrdkcdkifrm
vm+yD; =oZmtm%mydk}uD;vmwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$udk ajc&mcsif;wdkif; ycHk;csif;,SOfEdkifwJh Adkvfarmifat;eJ@
Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@[m arsmufopfudkif;vGwf wJh tajctaeudk a&muf&dSoGm;cJhygw,f? 'DyGJrSm Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvf
cif!Gef@ udk aumif;aumif; toHk;cs+yD; Adkvfarmifat;udk acG xm;EdkifcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
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q&mwl ppftkyfpkwpfckwnf;ujzpf+yD; Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@ wdk@uawmh oif;uGJarsm ufawG jzpfygw,f? wu,f
awmh Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@&J@ q&mawG[m ausmif;awmfu&efbufawG jzpfcJh=uygw,f? Adkv foef;a&$eJ@
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a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;uawmh rqvacwfrSm pufr_(1)0ef}uD; eJ@ rqvygwD A[dk
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wyfr (88)&J@ pDeD,mwyfrrSL;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw ,f? Adkvfat;udkeJ@ Adkvfoef;a&$wdk@[m b,ftcsdefuwnf;u q&m
wynfhjzpfcJh =uovJqdkwm twdtusrod&ayrJh 1975 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u uu=unf;rSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJh
wmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk[m 1976 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifheJ@ 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;) jzpfvm+yD;
ppf&Hk;csKyfudk ajymif;a&$@vmcJhwJhtwGuf Adkvfoef;a&$[m Adkvfat;udk&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)
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aqmifcJh+yD;aemuf q&morm;&J@ apmifr=unfh&_r_eJ@ wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL; (,m,D)/ 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL; pwJh &mxl;
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&if; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;/ EdkifiHawmfaumifpD0if/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if/ wGJbuftaxGaxG
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jzpfolaumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfhawGvnf; aumif;pm;cJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf;
33
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A[dkaumfrwD0ifyg jzpfvmcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
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wm0efawGu z,fay;cJh&ayrJh tJ'DESpftwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh rqv A[dkaumfrwD&J@ pwkwt}udrftpnf;ta0;eJ@
wwd,t}udrf jynfol@v$wfawmf yxrt}udrftpnf;ta0;awGrSm rqvygwD&J@ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiH
awmfaumifpD twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcHcJh&+yD; =oZmtm%mt&dSeft0g ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? q&mu wyfr
awmfxJrSm r&dSawmhayrJh ygwDvdkif;rSm taumif}uD;jzpfvmwma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$uvnf; 1983 ckeSpfup+yD; ewc
wdkif;rSL;/ a'oygwDOuUX/ 1985 Edk0ifbmvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 1988 ZlvdkifvrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;
0ef}uD;eJ@ rqvA[dktvkyftr_ aqmifaumfrwD0if pwJh &mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSvmwm awG@&ygw,f?
etzwGif;(2)eJ@ ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifOD; [mvnf; Adkvfat;udk &J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpf
a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk 'kcsKyftjzpf umuG,fa&;OD ;pD;csKyf&Hk;rSm pwifwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwJh 1976
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awG@Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;udk[m 1977 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;wifOD;udk cr&(106)udk wyf&if;rSL;wm0efeJ@ acwWajymif;a&$@jy
cdkif;cJh+yD; 1979 ckESpfuae ol 'kwyfcsKyfwm0ef u z,fay;cJh&wJh 1981 ckESpftxd 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;wifOD;udk uu=unf;
ppfqifa&;XmerSm ppfOD;pD;rSL;(yxrwef;)tjzpf wav#mufvHk; ac:,lxm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
Adkvfcif!Gef@&J@ q&m&if;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf wifhaqG(zsmyHk)eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; at;udk(usHKaysmf) wdk@[m {&m0wD
wdkif;om;awGjzpfayrJh i,fpOfuwnf; wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; +ydKifbufawGjzpfcJh=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfat;udk eJ@ Adkvf
wifhaqG wdk@[m 1943 ckESpfrSm ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk 0ifa&mufcJh=uygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu t*Fvdyf-jrefrm
(10)wef; atmifxm;wJhtwGuf r*Fvm'HkAdkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ *syefppfwuUodkvfawGrSm wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD;
1948 ckESpfrSm jyefwrf;0if t&m&dS jzpfvmcJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udkuawmh usHKaysmf ae&Sife,ftrsdK;om;ausmif;rSm (10)
wef;txdom ynmoif=um;cJhbl;wJhtwGuf jznfhwif;a&;eJ@o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyf&if;rSm wyfom;tqifheJ@ pwif
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&+yD; aemufydkif;rSm ol@&J@yg;eyfxufjrufr_a=umifh t&mcHAdkvfuav;tqifhtxd cef@tyfcHcJh&yg
w,f? 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; AdkvfwifhaqG u *syefjynfrSm ppfynmoifaecJh+yD; Adkvfat;
udk u o&ufc&dkif a&S@wef;ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfeJ@ wdkif;(1) yJEG,fukef;pcef;awGrSm *syefawmfvSefa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;
aqmifaecJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
Adkvfat;udk[m *syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; topfjyifqifzGJ@pnf;cJhwJh Armhwyfrawmfudk 1946 ckESpfrSm xyfrH
0ifa&mufcJh&ygw,f? jynf+rdK@&dS Adkvfae0if; OD;pD;wJh oeu(4)rSm wyfom;tjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; 1952 ckESpf
usrS Adkvfoifwef; tywfpOf(6)udk wufa&mufcGifh&&dScJh+yD; jyefwrf;0ift&m&dSjzpfvmcJhol jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifhaqGu
1962 ckESpfrSm AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ taemufawmifwdkif;ppfXmecsKyf (ewc)rSm 'kwdkif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aepOf Adkvfat;udkuvnf; ewcrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifheJ@ ppfOD;pD;rSL;yxrwef; (G-1) wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhwm
awG@&ygw,f? {&m0wDwdkif;om;csif;vnf;jzpf/ wyfwpfckwnf;rSmvnf; txufatmufwm0efawGudk twlwuG xrf;
aqmifcJh&olawG jzpfc=Jh ubl;ayrJh Adkvfat;udk [m yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;oljzpfwJhtwGuf 'kwdkif;rSL; Adkvf
rSL;}uD;wifhaqG tay:rSm rvdkrkef;wD;r_awG &dScJha=umif;od&dS&ygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfwifOD;wdk@&J@q&m&if; Adkvfat;udk[m Adkvfae0if;&J@ oeu(4) i,farG;+cHaygufyDyD pdwfo
abmxm; ao;odrf&kwfnHhwJ@ae&mrSm ol@q&m}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfae0if;xufawmif tqaygif;rsm;pGmydkEdkifw,fvdk@ oleJ@
twl wm0efuscJholawGu rSwfcsufjyK=uwm awG@&ygw,f? 1967 ckESpfrSm 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD; at;udk[m wyfr(88)rSm
'kwyfrrSL; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu wyfr(88)&J@ wyfrrSL;[m AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;wifeJ@
Adkvfat;udk wdk@t=um;rSmvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; rwnfhcJ=h ubl;vdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfat;udk&J@ aemuf
34
ausm"m;eJ@xdk;wwfwt
Jh usiafh =umifh ol@txuft&m&dSrSefor# ol@udk t+rJowdxm; qufqH=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
AdkvfrSL;}uD;oef;wif &yc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@oGm;wJhtcg AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk u wyfr(88)rSm wyfrrSL;jzpfvm
cJhygw,f? yk*~dKvfa&;tmCmw }uD;rm;vGef;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk[m wdkif;rSL;a[mif; aexdkifoGm;cJhwJhaetdrfeJ@ wdkif;rSL;
a[mif; pD;oGm;wJhum;awGudk qufroHk;yJ/ ol@twGuf tdrfopfaqmuf/ um;opf0,f+yD; toHk;jyKcJha=umif;vnf; od&dS&
ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfat;ud[
k m rqvygwD&J@ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJhwJhtcsdefrSmvnf; AdkvfcsKyf
&GmrSm ol@twGufaqmufvkyfaewJw
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&ygw,f?
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a[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpfrSm &mxl;jyKwf+yD; wyfrawmfuxkwfy,fcH&atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@
uvdefuuspf vkyfcJh=u&mrSmvnf; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ vefbm; wifOD; (rsufrSef wifOD;) eJ@twl &ef ukef
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;}uD;at;udk yg0ifcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD;&J@ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf
oufwrf; 1974 ckESpfuae 1976 ckESpftwGif; &efukefrSmjzpfyGm;cJhwJh qENjyyGJwcsdK@rSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&wifOD; u
ypfcwfacsr_ef;zdk@ cGifhrjyKcJhwJhtay: vefbm;wifOD;eJ@ wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSl;}uD;at;udk wdk@u rausreyfjzpfcJh=uw,fvdk@ qdkyg
w,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD;udk tjypf&Smvdk@r&wJhtwGuf ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwmwifrdk;a0 [m vl}uD;rdom;pk vdkufem&
rJhpnf;urf;awGudk csdK;azgufcJhw,fvdk@pGyfpGJ+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; udk 1976 ckESpf rwfv(6)&ufae@rSm twif;tusyf
E_wfxGufcdkif;cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (Adkvfat;udk&J@ wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifOD;tay:
tcktcsdeftxd t+idKw}uD;jzpfaewm[mvnf; ol@q&mqDu&&dScJhwJh pdwf"gwfawGa=umifh jzpfEkdifygw,f?)
'Dvdk pdwfaeoabmxm;&dSwJh Adkvfoef;a&$&J@q&m[m 1976 ckESpfrSm 'kwyfcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f? rqvygwD
OuUX}uD; OD;ae0if;uvnf; ol@ajc&meif;rJhwynfhqdk+yD; Adkvfat;udk udk jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm wpfcgrS ray;bl;ao;wJh
'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; qdkwJh&mxl;udk ay;tyf+yD; csD;jrifhajrmufpm;cJhwm awG@&ygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m q&mqdk;wynfh jzpf
ayrJh ae&maumif;awGudkawmh &cJhygw,f? Adkvfat;udk aumif;pm;aecsdefrSm wynfh}uD;jzpfwJh Adkvfoef;a&$[mvnf;
wyfr(88) 'kwyfrrSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pwJh tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wpfck+yD;wpfck &&dScJhygw,f? 1981ckESpf pufwbFmvrSm
Adkvfat;ud[
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rSL;/ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;/ pwJh &mxl;}uD;awG &&dSonftxd qGJwifay;cJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG wyfr(77) wyfrrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOf Adkvf}uD;cif!Gef@ u wyfrrSL;&J@ udk,fa&;
t&m&dS (PSO) tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhwma=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwifah qG[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@vufOD;q&m jzpfcJh
ygw,f? (Adkvcf sKyf}uD;cif!Gef@eJ@ ol@rdom;pktm;vHk; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fawGcsrSwfcHae&csdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;cif!Gef@&J@ajr;/
&JEdkif0if;&J@om;i,fwpfOD;udk AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGu ac:,larG;pm;+yD; ausmif;xm;ay;xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f) AdkvfcsKyf
wifhaqG[m &wc wdkif;rSL;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf&Hk; 'kwd,0ef}uD;/ trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD;
Xme0ef}uD;/ rqvygwD A[dktvkyftr_aqmif/ pwJh &mxl;awGudk&&dScJhayrJh 'kwyfcsKyf &mxl;udkawmh r&&dScJhygbl;? um
uG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&wifOD; vufxufrSm 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(=unf;)tjzpf AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGudk
cef@tyfzdk@qEN&dScJhayrJh OD;ae0if;&J@ !$ef=um;csuft& AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqG&J@ vufa tmuft&m&dSjzpfcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyf ol&ausmf
xif udkom cef@tyfcJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfwifhaqGeJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf ol&ausmfxifwdk@[m pdwfoabmxm; jynfh0ol
awGyDyD wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; tjyeftvSef wav;wpm;qufqHcJh=ua=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ol&ausmfxif
wyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSmvnf; OD;ae0if;u AdkvfcsKyfat;udk udk 'kwyfcsKyftjzpf cef@tyfcdkif;cJhygw,f?
q&m}uD;awGjzpfcJh=uwJh Akdvfat;udkeJ@ AdkvfwifhaqG wdk@&J@ ausmif;awmfu &efpawGudk wynfh&if;awGjzpfwJh
Adkvfoef;a&$eJ@ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@u vufqifhurf; o,faqmifvm+yD; jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ [oFmudk;aomif; tcef;quf
Zmwfawmf}uD;udk qufvufujy/ toHk;awmfcHcJh=uwmjzpfa=umif; oHk;oyfwifjyvdkuf&ygw,f?
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35

Adkvfoef;a&$[m 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm tajcydkcdkifvmcJhovdk ol@&J@ wefcdk;=oZmt&dSeft0g
[m vnf; ydkrdk}uD;rm;vmcJhygw,f? tm%mvkyGJrSm ol@bufu axmufcH&yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudkvnf;
vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mawG ydkay;cJhwmawG@&ygw,f? wdkif;rSL;awGudk oufqdkif&mppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif; ppfbufqdkif&mudpP
awGomru EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ 0ef}uD;Xmetm;vHk;&J@ pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mawGudkyg w&m;0ifay;tyfcJh
wJhtwGuf ppfwdkif;rSL;awG[m oufqdkif&mppfa'oawG&J@ ppfbk&ifi,fawG jzpfvm=uygw,f?
1997 tm%mvk etz ppfaumifpDrSm aemufaygufwJ@a&$=umyiftjzpf wefcdk;xGm; wGifus,fvmoluawmh
Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;jzpfwJh ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (=unf;8809) jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$u
Adkvf0if;jrifh udk etz wGif;(3)tjzpf wm0efcef@tyf ay;cJhwJhtjyif Adkvfoef;a&$ udk,fwdkif em,u(OuUX)}uD;vkyf+yD;
zGJ@pnf;xm;cJhwJh }uH@zGH@toif;}uD;rSmvnf; 'kOuUXtjzpf cef@tyfcJhwmawG@&ygw,f? Adkvf0if;jrifh[m wdkif;jynf&J@ tjrwf
tpGef;trsm;qHk; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSefor#udk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfudkifxm;wJh ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhOD;ydkifvDrdwuf&J@ OuUX
}uD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? Adkvfoef;a&$[m ol@wynfh&if;jzpfwJh Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfbufqdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkomru
EdkifiHa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGifhawGudkyg pk+yHKay;tyfcJhwJhoabm jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh [m 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk; vlxkta&;awmfyHkumvtwGif; axmuf}uH@rSmtajcpdkufwJh wyf
r (11)&J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJh+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjycJh=uwJh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;jynfolawGudk t=urf;zufypfcwf owf
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a&;awGrSmvnf; u&ifjynfolawGeJ@ tpPvmrfbmom0ifawGudk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJholwpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS
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tajcpdkufxm;wJh wyfr(11)/ wyfr(77) wdk@&J@ t}uD;tuJwyfrSL;awGtjzpf olwdk@ txl;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&olawGudkrS
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AdkvfcsKyf0if;jrifh[m ol@q&mAdkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUX&mxl;udk odr;f ydkufcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm eyc
wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfolaumif;jyKwmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? 1995 ckESpfrSm Adkvfoef;a&$u Adkvf0if;jrifhudk ppfa&;csKyf &mxl;
ay;tyf+yD; ol@teD;rSmac:,lxm;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?
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csKyfrSm wGifus,fvmolwpfOD;uawmh ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifvS(=unf;8752) jzpfygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m
&Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHkumvrSm qENjyolawGudk &uf&ufpufpufypfcwfowfjzwfcJhwJh bm;tHtajcpdkuf wyfr(22)
&J@ wyfrrSL;jzpfcJhygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m Adkvfoef;a&$&J@ wynfh&if;wpfOD;r[kwfcJhayrJh ol@&J@trdef@emcHr_/ opPm&dSr_awGudk
oabmuswma=umifh Adkvfoef;a&$ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ e0wOuUXjzpfvmcJhwJh 1992 ckESpfrSm ewc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf
cef@tyfolaumif;jyKcJh+yD; 1995 ckESpfrSm ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpfeJ@ ol@tem;udk ac:,lxm;wmudkcHc&Jh ol jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfwifvS[m (18)&ufomcHwJh rqvOuUXeJ@ orRw}uD; OD;pdefvGifeJ@ trsdK;awmfpyfwma=umifh etz tm%mvk
ppfaumifpDrSm tzGJ@0iftjzpf ae&may;zdk@twGufawmh Adkvfoef;a&$u wGef@qkwfaecJh[ef&dSygw,f? AdkvfwifvS[m etz
ppfaumifpDtzGJ@0if rjzpfcJhayrJh ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfwyfydkif jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;&Sif;}uD;&J@ OuUX/ wyfrawmfa&;&m
0ef}uD;/ 'kwd,0ef}uD;csKyf pwJh ae&maumif;awGudk &&dScJhwmawG@&ygw,f?
Adkvfoef;a&$u ol@wynfh vufr&GH@vlowform;awGudk teD;rSmac:+yD; olaumif;jyK ae&may;vmwJhtay:
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cif!Gef@eJ@ wGif;(2) AdkvfwifOD;wdk@t=um; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mtwGuf wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; t+ydKiftqdkifjzpfaewmudk Adkvf
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36
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wdkif;rSL;wm0efudk wyfr(88) wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;auG (=unf;12125)eJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
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&wc ppfXmecsKyfrSm ntdyf&yfem;+yD; aemufwpfae@reufapmapmrSm u&ifjynfe,f bm;tH+rdK@udktoGm; tckvdk
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Adkvfarmifat;eJ@ ol@&J@wdkuf&dkufuGyfuJr_atmufrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf/ txl;ppfqifa&;tzGJ@rSL;qdkwJh wm0efawGudk
xrf;aqmifae&wJh AdkvfwifOD; wdk@[m Adkvfcif!Gef@xufpm&if wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; ydk&if;ESD;Edkifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$
r&dSawmh&if jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm Adkvfarmifat;u wyfcsKyf}uD;/ AdkvfwifOD;u 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmzdk@ aocsmoavmuf
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37
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38
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*****************************
39

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ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu AdkvfcsKyfausmfoef;udk bma=umifh b,ftcsdefrSm b,fvdk z,f&Sm;vdkufovJqdkwmudk tck
tcsdeftxd twdtus rod&ao;ygbl;? avwyfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqGudk avwyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfopf
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40
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tm%mvkyGJt+yD;rSm a&wyfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfopftjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&wJh 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;!Gef@odef; [mvnf;
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41
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and half vdk@ eHrnf}uD;+yD; vlwum zdef@zdef@wkefatmif a=umuf&GH@cJh&wJh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;t}uD;tuJ/ EdkifiHawmf
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42

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43
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44
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trsm; tjym;&dSaeEdkifygw,f? 'ghtjyif AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif[m ol@pdwfxJrSm r[kwfbl;/ rrSefbl;vdk@xif&if txufvl}uD;
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0g&Dv &[wf,mOfysufus&mrSmawmh uHraumif;EdkifawmhyJ aoqHk;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif aoqHk;cJh&r_[m
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ ol@vlawGtwGuf tcGifhta&;aumif;wpfck jzpfoGm;cJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ &wc wdkif;
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&wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ armfv+rdKif+rdK@rSm (6)vomaecdkif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$&J@ wcsufvGwftrdef@t& tJ'DESpf Edk0if
bm (15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ csufcsif;ac:,lvdkufwm awG@&ygw,f?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$[m AdkvfcsKyfppfarmif&J@ +ydKifbufw pfOD;jzpfwJh taemufawmifwdkif;
ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfol&a&$ref; (=unf;11534) (DSA-11) udk tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ umuG,fa&;
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uGyf) qdkwJh &mxl;opfudk wDxGifzefwD;um &efukefppf&Hk;csKyfudk ac:,lxm;vdkufjyefygw,f?
45
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46

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&[wf ,mOfysufusaoqHk;oGm;cJhwJh ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(=unf;) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;&J@ Chief of Staff (Army)
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47
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apmarmifu =unfhr&jzpf+yD; ppf&Hk;uarmif;xkwfwmudk cHcJh&bl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;apmarmifudk jzKwfxkwf
48
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AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;uawmh yifudk,fpdwf&if;aumif;rGefwJh ppfom;aumif;wpfOD;jzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
txuftrdef@udkav;pm;vdkufem+yD; at;at;aq;aq;aewwfwJh ol@&J@p&dkufa=umifh wyfrawmfxJrSm ol@udkav;pm;ol
rsm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifaxG;[m wyfr(55)wyfrrSL;/ eyc wdkif;rSL;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifcJh&yg
w,f? AdkvfcsKyfausmf0if;uawmh OTS ausmif;qif;wpfOD;jzpfayrJh 1980 ckESpfrSm cv&(86) 'k&if;rSL;b0eJ@ tar&duef
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cJhbl;wJhtwGuf rycwdkif;rSL;tjzpfuae wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyftjzpf ac:,lwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&oljzpfyg
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49

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wifOD; (ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf=unf;)/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;0if;jrifh (ppfa&;csKyf)/ AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@odef;(a&) (umuG,fa&; OD;pD;
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ppfarmifuvnf; 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufusum aoqHk;oGm;jyefwJhtwGuf vpfvyf
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AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;auG eJ@ wyfr(11)wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqGwdk@udk u&c eJ@ &wc wdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf 2001 ckESpf arv
twGif;rSm M.S Order xkwfjyef+yD; cef@tyfcJhwmjzpfygw,f?
usefwJh etzppfaumifpD0ifawGjzpf=uwJh twGif;a&;rSL;(2) 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD;u 2001 ckESpf azaz:0g&D
(19) &ufae@rSm &[wf,mOfysufus aoqHk;cJh&ygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfa& 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;!Gef@odef;u 2000
ckESpf =o*kwfv(28)&ufae@rSmuwnf;u tem;ay;cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(a&) AdkvfcsKyf=unfrif; eJ@
tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfav 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ausmfoef; uvnf; 2001 ckESpf Zlvdkif(17)&ufae@
rSm wm0efu&yfpJ cHcJh&+yD; ol@ae&mrSm ppfOD;pD;t&m&dScsKyf(av) AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ tpm;xdk;cJhygw,f?
1997 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm tcsif;csif; tm%mvk+yD;wufvmcJhwJh etztzGJ@[m ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; tJ'Dvdk
taoxGuf/ t&SifxGufawGeJ@ tajctae ,drf;,dkifvmcJhygw,f? etzoufwrf; (4)ESpfrjynfhcif 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm
(9) &ufae@rSmvnf; etzppfaumifpDeJ@ etzppftpdk;&tzGJ@twGif; tcsif;csif; jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; tm%mvkyGJwpf&yf
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50
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Edk0ifbm(15)&ufae@rSm &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk ajymif;a&$@ay;cJh+yD; etzppfaumifpDtzGJ@0iftjzpf vkyfydkifcGifhyg wdk;jrifh
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51
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wm0ef,l wnfaqmufaewJh qnfajrmif; wmwrH/ vrf;wHwm;eJ@ puf&Hktvkyf&Hk aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;}uD;awGvdk
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qufa=u;ay;xm;wJh pDrHudef; rsdK;awGudkawmh av#mhav#mhayghaygh wifjyavh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? upxrSL;awGudk
etzppfaumifpDeJ@ 0ef}uD;tzGJ@ukd,fpm; }uD;=uyfvrf;!$efcGifhawG ay;tyfxm;w,fqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh ol}uD;
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ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD; OD;aomif;wdk@vdk/ v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;eJ@qnfajrmif;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD; wdk@vdk/ jyef=um;a&;
0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@vdk/ 0ef}uD;rsdK;awG eJ@ olwdk@udk,folwdk@ tem*gwfEdkifiHawmfeJ@ jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@
t}uD;tuJavmif;awGtjzpf pdwful;,Ofb0ifjrifhae=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;wcsdK@udkawmh xdxda&mufa&muf rudkifwG,f&J
wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; tm%myg0gawGjyae=uwJh upxrSL;awG/ ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awG=um;rSm =um;nyfae&ol
awGuawmh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG jzpfygw,f? etzacwfrSm Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;awGtwGuf b,fAdkvf
csKyfudk taz ac:&rSef;rodwJh jy\emawGeJ@ &ifqdkifae=u&ygw,f? upxrSL;awGuvnf; pDrHudef;vkyfief;cGifawG
udk ppfaq;wJhtcg t"duwm0ef&dSwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGeJ@ 0ef}uD;awGudk ajymvdk@r&wdkif; ukvm;rEdkif &cdkifrJ qdkwmvdk
atmufajc0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawGudk qlylqJqdk }udrf;armif;wmawG/ e,fajymif;ypfwmawG/ tvkyfjzKwfypfwmawG/
zrf;csKyfcdkif;wmawG/ jyKvkyfavh&dSygw,f? trSwf(1)ppfqifa&;txl;tzGJ@rSL; 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&Jjrifhqdk&if rEWav;
&wemyHk jrpful;wHwm;wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;u tif*sifeD,mwpfOD;udk ol@!$ef=um;csuf rvdkufemvdk@qdk+yD; zrf;csKyf
cdkif;cJhbl;ygw,f?
ppfwdkif;rSL;awGuvnf; olwdk@omv#if olwdk@ppfwdkif;e,fajrtwGif;rSm&dSwJh ppfa&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/
vkyfief;awGudk wm0efcH=u&wmrdk@ pm;aumif;aomufaumif;&Hk/ &kyfjrifoH=um;ay:rSm vla&;jy&Hk/ vSnfhvnf=unfh&_+yD;
vdktyfcsufawGudk bmrSvnf; jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;Edkifjcif;r&dSbJ jyefoGm;avh&dSwJh upxrSL;awG&J@ !$ef=um;csuf
awGtay: *&krpdkufzdk@/ 'ghtjyif EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawGu olwdk@udk ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0eftjyif 0ef}uD;wOD;&J@ wm0efawG
udkyg ay;tyfxm;wJhtwGuf olwdk@cdkif;wJhtwdkif;om twdtus vdkufemvkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ qdk+yD; 0efxrf;awGudk +cdrf;
ajcmufajym qdkwmawG vkyfavh&dSygw,f?
2005 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;u ucsifjynfe,f jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh ajrmufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;
Adkvf csKyftkef;jrifheJ@ jynfe,ftqifh Xmeqdkif&m0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ (4)vywfvkyfief;!dEd_if;tpnf;ta0;wpfckrSm
52
ppfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifhu ol@t&if rycwdkif;rSL;wm0efudk,lcJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifarmifaqGvufxuf EdkifiHawmfu

csay;cJhwJh a'ozGH@+zdK;a&;&efyHkaiGawGudk xda&mufpGm toHk;rcscJhwJhtwGuf avvGifhysufpD;r_awGeJ@ vkyfief;ratmifjrifr_
awG trsm;tjym;&dScJha=umif;/ ol@vufxufrSm 'DvdktjzpfrsdK;udk vHk;0 vufcHrSmr[kwfa=umif;/ ol@udk EdkifiHawmft}uD;
tuJu ppfwdkif;rSL;wm0eftjyif tpdk;&tzGJ@0if 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudkyg ay;tyfxm;wJhtwGuf 'Dtm
%mudk tjynfht0 toHk;cs+yD; wdwdusus ta&;,lvkyfudkifoGm;r,fvdk@ }udrf;armif;ajymqdkcJhwm awG@&ygw,f?
oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;awGuvnf; 0efxrf;awGudk olwdk@XmeawGu wm0efay;cef@tyf+yD; vpmxkwfay;aewmjzpf
vdk@ 0ef}uD;Xmetvdkuf csrSwfay;xm;wJh pDrHudef;vsmxm;csufawGeJ@ !$ef=um;csufawGtwdkif; waoGrwdrf; vdkufem
vkyfaqmif=uzdk@/ rvdkufemwJh0efxrf;udk 0efxrf;pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;t& xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,ltjypfay;r,f
qdk+yD; +cdrf;ajcmuf tusyfudkifwmawG vkyfavh&dSygw,f? 0ef}uD;trsm;pk[m ppfwyfuvmwJh pDeD,m AsL[mrSL;a[mif;
}uD;awGeJ@ pDeD,m ppfwdkif;rSL;a[mif;}uD;awG jzpf=uwJhtwGuf wcsdefu olwdk@vufatmufrSm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=u
bl;+yD; rae@wpfae@urS wdkif;rSL;jzpfvm=uwJh ppfAdkvfaygufpawGudk *&kpdkufaep&mrvdkbl;qdk+yD; 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG
udk E_wfrdef@eJ@ ajymqdk!$ef =um;cJhwmrsdK;awGvnf; &dScJhygw,f?
0ef}uD;&J@pum;udk,Hk+yD; eD;&m'g;udk a=umuf&rSef;rodbJ udk,fhXme&J@!$ef=um;csuftwdkif; twdtus vdkufem
vkyfaqmifrdvdk@ tvkyfjyKwf b0ysufoGm;&wJh 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawGvnf; etzacwfwpfav#mufrSm trsm;tjym;
awG@&ygw,f? xif&Sm;wJh OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ yJcl;wdkif; a=u;wdkifeJ@ajrpm&if;OD;pD;Xmeu wdkif;OD;pD;rSL; OD;jrifhodef; qdkol
[m awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfwifat;&J@ !$ef=um;csufudk rvdkufembJ/ oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;jzpfwJh
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;eJ@ qnfajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ !$ef=um;csuftwdkif; twdtus vdkufemvkyf
aqmifrdwJhtwGuf &mxl;uae xkwfypfwmudk cHcJh&bl;ygw,f?
2000 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtwGif; usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL;eJ@ yJcl;wdkif;twGif;&dS wdkif;t
qifh 0efxrf;t}uD;tuJawG&J@ av;vywf yHkrSefvkyfief;!dSEd_if;tpnf;ta0;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;u wdkif;twGif;&dS v,f,m
ajrawGeJ@ ajrvGwfajr&dkif;awG&J@ {upm&if;udkwifjyzdk@ OD;jrifhodef;udk trdef@ay;cJhygw,f? OD;jrifhodef;wifjywJh pm&if;awG
[m t&ifuwifjycJhwJhpm&if;awGeJ@ uGJvGJaewJhtwGuf ajz&Sif;csufay;zdk@ wdkif;rSL;u xyfrHtrdef@ay;wJhtcg OD;jrifhodef;
u ol@0ef}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf!Gef@wif&J@ E_wfrdef@!$ef=um;csufudk &Sif;jycJhygw,f?
ppfwdkif;rSL;awGu v,f,majrawGudk ig;eJ@ykZGeaf rG;jrLa&;uefawGtjzpf ajymif;vJtoHk;jyKcdkif;aewJhtwGuf
wdkif;eJ@ jynfe,ftoD;oD;rSm v,f,majrawG t}uD;tus,f avsmhenf;ysufpD;vmaewm awG@&a=umif;/ 'ga=umifh ol@
trdef@r&bJ v,f,majrawGrSm ig;eJ@ykZGef arG;jrLa&;uefawGwl;az:wmudk vHk;0 cGifhrjyK=uzdk@eJ@ wu,fvdk@ ppfwdkif;rSL;
awGu ig;eJ@ykZGeu
f efawGwl;az:zdk@twGuf v,fajr{upm&if;awG ar;jref;vmcJh&ifvnf; pm&if;rSeftwdkif;rajymbJ
avsmhajym=uzdk@ 0ef}uD;udk,fwdkif !$ef=um;xm;w,fqdk+yD; ajz&Sif;csufay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfwifat;u rifh
0ef}uD;eJ@ igeJ@ b,folu wm0efydk}uD;ovJ vdk@ar;+yD; OD;jrifhodef;udk tpnf;ta0;cef;rtwGif;u csufcsif;armif;xkwf
cJhwJhtjyif aemufydkif;rSm tvkyfyg jzKwfypfcJhygw,f?
awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfudkudk vufxufrSmvnf; aZ,s0wDo=um;pufu puf&HkzGifhyGJwpfck
rSm puf&HkrSL;u ol@udkrzdwfbJ oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;udkom zdwfrdcJhwJhtwGuf puf&HkrSL;udkac:+yD; rif;wdk@0ef}uD;u 0efxrf;
t}uD;tuJomjzpf+yD; igu ppfwdkif;rSL;vnf;jzpf a'oqdkif&mtm%mydkifwpfOD;vnf;jzpf/ 0ef}uD;wpfOD;&J@vkyfydkifcGifhvnf;
&dw
S JhtwGuf ightrdef@udk t"duemcH&r,f qdk+yD; qJqdk}udrf;armif;cJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
?
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53

1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$bufu &yfwnfay;cJh=uwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGudk ppf
tm%m&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv(13)&ufae@rSm umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xmeatmuf
udk ac:,lwm0efay;cJha=umif; tywfpOf(14)rSm wifjycJ+h yD;jzpfygw,f? ,QKwpfywfrSmawmh vpfvyfoGm;wJh tJ'D ppf
wdkif;rSL;awGae&mudk wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@ tpm;xdk;cef@tyfcJhyHkawGudk qufvufwifjyoGm;rSm jzpfyg
w,f?
rqv/ e0w acwfwpfav#mufrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf pDeD,m wyfrrSL;awGudk wm0efay;cef@tyfavh&dSayrJh
1997 ckESpf jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif;yGJt+yD;rSm ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wyfrrSL; (Division Commander) awGudkomru
pucvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfrSL; (MOC-Military Operation Commander) awGeJ@
'upvdk@ vlodrsm;wJh a'ouGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyfrSL; (ROC-Regional Operation Commander) awGudkyg
wm0efay;cef@tyfvmwm awG@&dS&ygw,f? ppftpdk;&[m 1991 ck ESpfaemufydkif;up+yD; wpfjynfvHk;rSm pucawGudk
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufcJhwm tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if puc trSwf(1)uae (21) txd pucaygif; (20)udk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif
cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? (puc-11 udkrl wyfr-11 ESifh a&maxG;Edkifojzifh rzGJ@pnf;yJ csefvSyfxm;cJha=umif; od&dS&onf)
puc wpfck&J@atmufrSm wyf&if;(10)ckpD&dS+yD; zGJ@pnf;yHkt& puc wpfckudk tiftm;(9 ,000)pDeJ@pkzGJ@zdk@ &nfrSef;
xm;a=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? pucawGeJ@ wyfrawG[m zGJ@pnf;yHkeJ@ tiftm;rSmomru &mxl;tqifhawGrSmvnf; wlnD
=uwmudk awG@&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;awGeJ@ pucrSL;awG[m AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifh&dSolawG jzpf=u&ygw,f? uGyfuJr_ yHkpH rSm
vnf; pucawGudk wyfrawGvdk uu=unf;uae wdkuf&dkufudkifwG,fuGyfuJwm awG@&ygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftkyfpkvufxufrSm wyfrawGudk wyfr(11)rS wyfr(101)txd (10)ckomxm;+yD; puc trnf
eJ@ ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;cJhwm[m olwdk@&J@wyftiftm; tvGeftu|Hwdk;csJ@aer_udk jynfwGif;jynfyu tvG,fwul rod&dSEdkif
atmif vsdK@0SufzHk;uG,fxm;zdk@ &nf&G,fcJhwmjzpfEdkifygw,f? pucawGudkomru e,fajrus,f0ef;wJh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyf
wcsdK@&J@ atmufrSmvnf; 'up ac: a'oqdkif&muGyfuJr_ppfXmecsKyf (ROC-Regional Operation Command)
(7)ckudk cGJjcm;zGJ@pnf;xm;ygw,f? 'upawGudkawmh ppfwdkif;XmecsKyfawG&J@ uGyfuJr_atmufrSm xm;&dSwmawG@&ygw,f?
2001 Edk0ifbmv (19)&ufae@rSm vpfvyfoGm;wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;ae&mawGrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ 'uprSL;awGeJ@
tpm; xdk;cef@tyfcJhygw,f? ppfwdkif;(12)ck&dSwJhteuf &efukefwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfeJ@ urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyftwGuf
AdkvfcsKyfjrifhaqG eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfat;auGwdk@udk 2001 ckESpf arvtwGif;rSmuwnf;u cef@tyfxm;+yD;jzpfwJhtwGuf usefwJh
ppfwdkif;(10)ck twGufudkom xyfrHa&G;cs,fcef@tyfcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsdefu ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dSwJh wyfrrSL;(10)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;udkudk (=unf;14235)
(DSA-19) wyfr(11) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf ol&jrifhatmif (=unf;13970) (DSA-18) wyfr(22) wyfrrSL;/ Adkvf
rSL;csKyf cifaZmf (=unf;13242) (OTS-49) wyfr(33) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; pdk;EG,f (=unf;14268) (DSA-19)
wyfr(44) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdefvGif (=unf;12297) (DSA-14) wyfr(55) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD; rif;atmifvd_if
(=unf;14232) (DSA-19) wyfr(66) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG (=unf;12829) (OTS-47) wyfr
(77) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhvd_if (=unf;13875) (DSA-19) wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD; (=unf;
12133) (DSA-19) wyfr(99) wyfrrSL;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh (=unf;121607) (DSA-19) wyfr(101) wyfrrSL;/
wdk@jzpf=uygw,f?
wyfrrSL;awGvdkyJ ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfzdk@ tvm;tvm&dS=uwJh pucrSL; (15)OD;uawmh AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;aX; (=unf;12
-020) (DSA-13) puc(1)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;vGif (=unf;12127) (OTS-43) puc(2)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif
jrifh (=unf;12875) (Tayza-1) puc(3)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfapmvSrif; (=unf;12630) (DSA-15) puc(4)rSL;/
54
AdkvfrSL;csKyf =unfodef; (=unf;12080) (DSA-13) puc(5)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfodef;aqG (=unf;12027) (DSA-13)

puc (6)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&pdefaomif; (=unf;13273) (OTS-49) puc(7)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD; (=unf;
12039) (DSA-13) puc(8)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSjrifh (=unf;12034) (DSA-13) puc(9)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf[efwifh
(=unf; 12671) (DSA-15) puc(10)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmifpdk; (=unf;12610) (DSA-15) puc(12)rSL;/
AdkvfrSL;csKyf vSjrifh (=unf;13068) (DSA-16) puc(13)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfxGef;xGef; (=unf;13133) (DSA-16)
puc(14)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif (=unf; 13853) (DSA-17) puc(15)rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifat; (=unf;12933)
(Tayza-1) puc(16)rSL;/ wdk@ jzpfygw,f?
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmerSm wyfrawmfppf&mxl;cef@csKyf(uuxl;) eJ@ M.S Board tzGJ@qdkwm&dSayrJh wdkif;
rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL; tqifhawGudk cef@tyf&mrSmawmh ppftm%m&Si fawG&J@xHk;pHtwdkif; AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;
oef;a&$udk,fwdkif twnfjyKrSom cef@tyfcGifh/ ajymif;a&$@cGifheJ@ E_wfxGufcGifh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? 1993 ckE Spf rwfv
twGif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmwJhtcsdefrSm wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;eJ@ 'uprSL;
&mxl;awGtwGuf AdkvfcsKyf armifat;u trnfpm&if;jyKpk+yD; wifjyay;&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm DSA ppfwuUodkvfausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ OTS Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tvkyf
oifAdkvfoifwef;(awZwyfcGJ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS/ tajccHynmtxufwef; atmifjrifxm;wJhtjyif uef@owfxm;
wJh touft&G,ftwGif;&dSwJh wyf=uyf}uD;pma&;eJ@ wyf=uyftqifhawGuae Adkvfoifwef;wuf+yD; jzpfvmwJh t&m&dS
tqifheJ@ (Other Ranks) vdk@ac:wJh tjcm;tqifhuae tqifhqifh&mxl;wuf+yD;jzpfvmwJh t&m&dSqdk+yD; jyefwrf;0if
t&m&dS (5)rsdK;(5)pm; &dSaewmudkawG@&ygw,f? tjcm;tqifhuae t&m&dSjzpfvmoltrsm;pku tjrifhqHk; Adkvf}uD;/
AdkvfrSL;b0avmufeJ@ *dwfqHk;avh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;/ &mxl;awGtxd wufvSrf;Edkifjcif; r&dSygbl;?
jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;ae&mawGudk OTS eJ@ DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGuom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; &,lxm;
=uwm awG@&ygw,f?
1988 ckESpfrwdkifciftxd jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawGu v$rf;rdk;
xm;cJh=uayrJh DSA tywfpOf(1)ausmif;qif; AdkvfcsKyfarmifat; 'kwd,umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhwJhtcsdefup+yD;
xdyfqHk;&mxl;awGrSm DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dSawG wajz;ajz; ae&m,lvmwm awG@&ygw,f? DSA ausmif;qif;
t&m&dSawG[m tem*gwfjrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@ t}uD;tuJawGjzpf&r,f qdkwJh 1959 ckESpf ZGefv(1)&ufae@ DSA
tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;yGJrSm wyfrawmfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk,fwdkif ajymqdkoGm;cJhbl;wmudk pdwfxJrSm
oHrd_eJ@pGJxm;ovdk taorSwfxm;cJhwJh AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u oludk,fwdkif 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfvmcsdefrSm 'Dpum;udk t
aumiftxnfaz:zdk@ pwif}udK;pm;cJah =umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
1996-97 ckESpfavmufup+yD; 'kwyfcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;armifat;u ppfwdkif;rSL;avmif;awG&J@ trnfpm&if;awGudk
jyKpkwifjycJh&mrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;auG (OTS tywfpOf 47) wpfOD;wnf;uvGJ+yD; usefwJholtm;vHk;[m DSA
ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGcsnf; jzpfaecJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? xHk;pHtwdkif;qdk&if 'kwyfcsKyfudk,fwdkif jyKpk
wifjywJhtrnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;udk,fwdkifutwnfjyKay;zdk@ (90)&mcdkifE_ef;avmuftxd aocsma=umif; od&dS&yg
w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kwyfcsKyfwifjycJhwJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ wyfcsKyf}uD;&J@ ppfbuf
vufaxmufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u oabmruswma=umifh jyifqifajymif;vJr_awG trsm;tjym;jyKvkyfcJh=uyg
w,f? AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u (OTS) ausmif;qif;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;u tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif;
qif;awG jzpfaewma=umifhvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; armifat;eJ@ ol@&J@ (DSA) tkyfpkawG =oZmv$rf;rdk;vmrSmudk pdk;&drf
vGef+yD; jyifqifcJh=uwm jzpfEdkifygw,f?
'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh wdkif;rSL;avmif;trnfpm&if;xJu (DSA)ausmif;qif; wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL; trsm;tjym;
udk wyfcsKyf}uD;trdef@eJ@ 0ef}uD;XmeawGudk ajymif;a&$@ypfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? ajymif;a&$@cHcJh&olawGxJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyf
odef;atmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;jrifheJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifodef;wdk@vnf; yg0ifw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 'kwyfcsKyfwifjywJh trnf
pm&if;udk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfae0if;wdk@u (2)}udrfwdwd y,fcscJhbl;a=umif; pHkprf;od&dS&ygw,f? tJ'D
55
aemufydkif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif wdkif;rSL;awG&J@trnfpm&if;udk wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkiftwnfjyKwJh pepf

udk toHk;jyKvmcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpf Edk0ifbm(19)&ufae@rSm M.S Order xkwf+yD; cef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;(10)OD;[m wyf
csKyf}uD;udk,fwdkif trnfpm&if;wifoGif;+yD; oludk,fwdkif twnfjyKcef@tyfcJholawG jzpfEdkifygw,f? wdkif;rSL;topfawG
tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&olawGuawmh rycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifarmifaqG/ &rcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf Adkvrf SL;csKyf jrifhvd_if/
&ycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ w*cwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef;/ &wcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf
ol&jrifhatmif/ ewcwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ eycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ wycwdkif;rSL;tjzpf
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;/ vyc wdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh eJ@ ercwdkif;rSL;tjzpf AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkifwdk@ jzpf=uygw,f?
(&ucwdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqGESifh u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfat;auG wdk@rSm 2001 ckESpf arvrSmuwnf;u wdkif;rSL;rsm;
tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&+yD;jzpfonf)
topfcef@tyfcHcJh&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL; (12)OD;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhr,fqdk&if DSA ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (8)OD;/
OTS ausmif;qif;t&m&dS (3)OD;eJ@ tvkyfoifAdkvfoifwef; (awZ) ausmif;qif;t&m&dS(1)OD ;/ &dSwmudk awG@&ygw,f?
Batch taeeJ@ajymr,fqdk&if DSA-13 u (2)OD;/ DSA-15 u (3)OD;/ DSA-17 u (2)OD;/ DSA-18 u (1)OD;/
OTS-43 u (2)OD;/ OTS-47 u (1)OD; eJ@ tvkyfoif-1 u (1)OD;wdk@ jzpfygw,f? wyf&if;wyfzGJ@taeeJ@ ajymr,fqdk
&if wyfrrSL;b0u vmol (7)OD;/ pucrSL;b0uvmol (4)OD;eJ@ 'uprSL;b0uvmol (1)OD;/ wdk@jzpfa=umif; awG@&dS&yg
w,f?
ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygvsufeJ@ jzpfrvmolawGxJrSm DSA (13, 14, 15, 16) vdk pDeD,muswJh wyfrrSL;/ puc
rSL;awG trsm;tjym;usefcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;wpfOD;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yf/ +rJ(3)+rJ/ jrif(4)jrif
jynfpHk&Hkr#eJ@ rvHkavmufa=umif;udk aemufwpfywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f?
?
*****************************
56
=uyfajy; eef;wGif;t&kyf awmfyHk trSwf(16)

jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm uuxl; vdk@ vlodrsm;wJh ppf&mxl;cef@csKyf (MAG/ Military Appointment
General) eJ@ ppf&mxl;cef@bkwftzGJ@ (M.S Board/ Military Service Board) qdkwm&dSayrJh xdyfydkif;ppfbuf
&mxl;}uD;awGjzpfwJh wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppf&Hk;csKyf vuf&Hk;tul0efxrf;wyfawG&J@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;tqifh
awGudk ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk,fwdkif pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fcef@xm;avh&dSwm awG@&ygw,f?
rqvacwfrSm ppftm%m&SifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u oludk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awGudkom ppfwdkif;
rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;avh&dSovdk etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSmvnf; ppftm&Sifvufopf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$udk,fwdkif
pdwf}udKufa&G;cs,fxm;wJh wyfrrSL;awG/ pucrSL;awGeJ@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;awGudkom ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfeJ@
wm0efay;cef@tyfcJhwm awG@&ygw,f? e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&acwfrSm ppftiftm;awGudk tvGeftu|H wdk;csJ@zGJ@pnf;
cJhwma=umifh wyfrawGtjyif wyfrawGeJ@zGJ@pnf;yHkwlwJh puc ac: ppfqifa&;uGyfuJr_XmecsKyfawGyg ay:aygufvmcJhyg
w,f? 'ga=umifh 2001 ckESpfup+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf wm0efay;cef@tyf&mrSmvnf; wyfrrSL;awGxJuomru
pucrSL;awGxJuyg a&G;cs,fvm&wmjzpfygw,f?
2001 ckESpfrSm topfcef@tyfcH&wJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGteuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfat;auG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf
armifarmifaqG/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfol&jrifhatmif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfaX;OD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifrif;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyf&Jjrifh wdk@u wyfrrSL;
awGjzpf=u+yD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhvd_if/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcifarmifjrifh/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfpdk;Edkif/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfcspfoef; wdk@
u pucrSL;awG jzpf=uygw,f?
e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufrSm jrefrmhwyfrawmf[m tvGeftuH pnf;ysufurf;ysuf jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
ppfwuUodkvfeJ@ ppfoifwef;ausmif;}uD;awGudk t&ifuvdk raumif;ausmif;ydk@ cH&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;awG &J@vufxJ
0 uGufrtyf&JawmhyJ wyfrrSL;awGxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;eJ@pnf;urf;ydkif;rSm xl;c|efolawGudka&G;cs,f+yD; ppfwuUodkvf
ausmif;tkyf}uD;awGtjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyfwm0efay;wJh yHkpHopfudk wDxGifoHk;pGJvmcJh&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 2003 ckESpfu
p+yD; ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpfa&G;cs,f&mrSm wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGxJuom ruawmhbJ ppfwuUodkvf ausmif;tkyf}uD;
awGudkyg xnf@oGif;a&G;cs,fvm&wm jzpfygw,f?
tck uu=unf;rSm upxrSL; wm0efudkxrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifh qdk&if wyfr(88) wyfrrSL;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mu 2002 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@cef@
tyfcHcJh&+yD; 2003 ckESpf =o*kwfvusrS urf;&dk;wef;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfeJ@ ajymif;a&$@wm0efay;jcif; cHcJh&ol
jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl tckupxrSL;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaewJh AdkvfcsKyfrif;atmifvd_if qdk&ifvnf; ,Qifu wyfr (44)
&J@ wyfrrSL; jzpfcJhygw,f? 2003ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm ar+rdK@ ppfwuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$ @wm0efay;cH&
+yD; 2004 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvusrS taemufydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f?
wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awG[m ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk odyfrufarm=uygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfvmcJh&if udk,fha'o t
wGif; bk&ifi,fwqlvdk =oZmtm%mawG&&dSEdkifwJhtjyif a'oqdkif&m0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;&J@ vkyfydkifcGifhrsdK;awGudkvnf; &&dS
vmrSmrdk@ jzpfygw,f? ppfwdkif;rSL;uwqifh uu=unf;&J@ tqifhjrifh&mxl;awGudk wqifhwuf ar#mfrSef;EdkifwJhtjyif
tajctaeray;vdk@ 'D&mxl;awGudk r&cJh&ifawmifrS 0ef}uD;tjzpfawmh wm0efay;cH&zdk@ aocsmaewma=umifh ppfwdkif;
rSL;&mxl;udk rufarm=uwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'D&mxl;udk&&dSEdkifzdk@twGuf AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhavmufuwnf;u
tusdwfte,f }udK;pm;,SOf+ydKif=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ,SOf+ydKifw,fqdkwmu ppfa&;pGrf;&nf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;pGrf;&nf/
pnf;&Hk;a&;pGrf;&nfqdkwJh pGrf;&nf(3)&yfrSm ,SOf+ydKif=u&wmr[kwfbJ 'D&mxl;&&dSzdk@twGuf ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awG ESpf
ouf oabmusvmatmif t+ydKiftqdkif zm;=u&wm jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmf&J@t&m&dSawGudk Adkvf/ rSL;/ csKyf qdk+yD; tqifh(3)qifh cGJxm;ygw,f? (Adkvf)tqifhrSm 'kAdkvf
tqifhuae Adkvf}uD;txdyg0if+yD; (rSL;)tqifhrSmawmh AdkvfrSL;uae AdkvfrSL;}uD;txd yg0ifygw,f? (csKyf)tqifhrSm
57
awmh AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhuae AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tqifhtxd yg0ifygw,f? (Adkvf)tqifh t&m&dStm;vHk; wyfrawmf

(=unf;) wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif;awGudk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifh t&m&dSawGuawmh OD;pD;wuUodkvf
udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f? (rSL;)tqifhuae (csKyf)tqifhudk wufvSrf;rJholawGtwGufuawmh EdkifiHawmfumuG,f
a&;wuUodkvf (NDC / National Defence College) udk wufa&muf=u&ygw,f?
'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGu wdkif;rSL;/ wyfrrSL;eJ@ pucrSL;awGtygt0if xdyfydkif;ppfbuf&mxl;}uD;awG
rSm wm0efay;zdk@&nfrSef;xm;wJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awGudka&G;cs,f+yD; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfrSm wufa&mufcdkif;avh
&dSygw,f? jrefrmhwyfrawmfwckvHk;rSm ,leDazgif;rc|wfao;wJh 0ef}uD;/ 'k0ef}uD;wcsdK@eJ@ e,fbuft&m&dS}uD;wcsdK@ tyg
t0if AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS pkpkaygif; (320)avmuf&dSygw,f? 'DtxJu ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&rJh toufi,f&G,fol awGeJ@
vmbfrsm;rsm;xdk;EdkifolawGudkom a&G;cs,f+yD; wufcdkif;avh&dSa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
vuf&dS EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&m vrf;!$eftzGJ@rSm e,u}uD;u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/
OuUX}uD;u 'kAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat;/ twGif;a&;rSL;u umuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;/ tzGJ@0if(8)OD;u !dS
uGyf(=unf;/ a&/ av)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf(av)/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ wyfrawmf
avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ava=umif;&efumuG,fa&;t&m&dScsKyf/ ppfbufa&;&mvHk+cHKa&;t&m&dScsKyfwdk@ yg0if=uwmawG@
&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcsifwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;awG[m 'DtzGJ@rSmyg0ifwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk olwdk@&J@
uawmfawG/ ra[oDawGxHuwqifh vufaqmiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ csOf;uyf=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? Adkvfavmif;wOD;jzpfzdk@
twGuaf wmif wyfrawmfAdkvfa&G;tzGJ@udk odef;eJ@csD vmbfxdk;cJh&wmrdk@ wyfrrSL;pucrSL;avmif; / wdkif;rSL;avmif;/
EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJavmif;jzpfrJh 'DwuUodkvfudk wufa&mufcGifh&&dSzdk@ta&;rSmvnf; rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@udk
usyfaiGoef;csD vmbfxdk;=u&wm[m rqef;vSbl;vdk@qdkEdkifygw,f? vmbfpm;olawGbufu usm;}uD;vdk@ ajc&mvnf;
}uD;vmwJo
h abm jzpfovdk/ vmbfxdk;olawGbufuvnf; bDvD,Hjrifvdk@ rDvD,HpGef@wJhoabmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f?
ausmif;wufcGifh&&dSjyefawmhvnf; trSwfaumif;aumif;&rSom wyfrrSL;pucrSL;awG jzpfrSmrdk@ wuUodkvfu
ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;awGudk vmbfxdk;=u&jyefygw,f? wuUodkvfwufcGifh&zdk@twGuf um
uG,fa&;wuUodkvf&J@ rl0g'qdkif&mvrf;!$eftzGJ@u oef;eJ@csDvmbfpm;aewmudk zrf;qD;az:xkwf ta&;,lwmrsdK; r=um;
cJhbl;ayrJh odef;*%ef;tqifhavmufom vmbfpm;&wJh ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ 'kausmif;tkyf}uD;eJ@ XmerSL;wcsdK@uawmh
2006 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvrSm zrf;qD;ta&;,lwmudk cHcJh=u&ygw,f? ausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;/ 'kwd,ausmif;
tkyf}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;armifeJ@ XmerSL;awGjzpf=uwJh AdkvfrSL;}uD;&JxGef;0if;/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;0if;EdkifeJ@ AdkvfrSL;}uD;!Gef@a0
wdk@udk vmbfpm;r_awGeJ@ zrf;qD;ta&;,l z,f&Sm;ypfcJhwm jzpfygw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;[m (DSA)trSwfpOf(10)ujzpf+yD; pmtoiftjyeJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_aumif;rGefwJhtwGuf Axl;
wdkufcdkufa&;oifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyftjzpfuae EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;
a&$@ wm0efay;tyfcHcJh&ol jzpfygw,f? 1994 ckESpf pufwbFm(18)&ufae@rSm EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0efay;
cHcJh&wJh 'k-wyfrawmf avhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf ppfOD;pD;wuUodkvfausmif;tkyf}uD; AdkvfcsKyfOm%f0if; (DSA-18) qdk&if
vnf; vmbfpm;&mrSmeHrnf}uD;olwOD;jzpfayrJh txufudktzm;aumif;wJhtwGuf ta&;,lrcH&wJhtjyif EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0ef}uD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;ay;cHcJh&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvfudk EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;wJhay:vpDawGeJ@tnD t*~r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf
(Grand Strategy) awGudk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifzdk@twGuf tqifhjrifhacgif;aqmifawG ay:xGef;vmatmif avh
usifhay;zdk@ zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifcJhwmqdkayrJh vufawG@rSmawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifzdk@twGuf
pdwfcs&wJh vl,Hkwynf@&if;awGudk pDppfa&G;cs,favhusifhay;wJhausmif;om jzpfygw,f?
'Dae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh oD[ol& wifatmif
jrifOD;/ armifbdk/ ausmf0if;eJ@ tkef;jrifhwdk@[m 1994 ckESpf rwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf
tywfpOf(1)oifwef;qif;awGjzpf+yD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrifhaqG/ AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD;/ AdkvfcsKyfaX;OD;eJ@ AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfqef; wdk@
u 1996 Edk0ifbmvrSm zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(2) oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh cif
armifoef;/ jrifhvd_ifeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfawGjzpf=uwJ armifarmifaqG/ pdk;Edkif/ cifarmifjrifh/ cifaZmf/ wdk@u 1998 =o*kwfv
58
rSmzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(3) oifwef;qif;awGjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGjzpf=uwJh omat;/ jrwf[def;eJ@ AdkvfcsKyf

AdkvfrSL;csKyfawG jzpf=uwJh rif;atmifvd_if/ Om%f0if;/ a0vGif/ wifEdkifodef;/ cif&D wdk@u 2000 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvrSm pwif
zGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(4)oifwef;qif;awG jzpfygw,f? AdkvfcsKyfAdkvfrSL;csKyfawGjzpf=uwJh aomif;at;/ vSaX;0if;/
atmifoef;xGf/ cifaZmfOD;/ oufEdkif0if;/ vSrif; wdk@u 2002 ckESpf =o*kwfvrSm pwifzGifhvSpfcJhwJh tywfpOf(5) oif
wef;qif;awG jzpfwmudk awG@&dS&ygw,f?
etzppftpdk;&[m 1994 ckESpfup+yD; 2006 ckESpftwGif; EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUodkvf oifwef;(7)ckudk
zGifhvSpfcJh+yD;jzpfygw,f? AdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifht&m&dS (351)OD;udk avhusifhyHkoGif;ay;cJh+yD; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dt&m&dSawG
tm;vHk; wyfrSL;/ pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;eJ@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJawG jzpfvmjcif;awmhr&dSygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif}uD; awG ,Hk
=unftm;udk;wJh wcsdK@avmufom wyfrrSL; pucrSL;/ wdkif;rSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yD; trsm;pkuawmh oHtrwfawG/ ppfoH
rSL;awGeJ@ !$ef=um;a&;rSL;awGtjzpf acsmifxdk;cH&/ e,fESifcHcJh=u&ygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm xdyfwef;&mxl;}uD;awGudk&&dSzdk@twGuf pGrf;&nf(3)&yfjynf@pHkae&HkeJ@ rvHkavmufbJ/ awmf
(3)awmfxJrSm tygt0ifjzpfwJh tzm;awmfzdk@/ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGeJ@ aqGrsdK;awmf zdk@vnf; ta&;}uD;a=umif;
udk aemufwywfrSm qufvufwifjyoGm;yghr,f?
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59

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(3) awmf qdkwJh yifudk,fawmf / aqGrsdK;awmf/ tzm;awmf zdk@vnf; vdktyfw,fvdk@ jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;
rSm ajymprSwfjyKavh&ydS gw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif;rSm yifudk,fawmf olawG trsm;tjym; &dSygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfol trsm;pk
[m wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfydkif;&mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSavhr&dSbJ ppfwuUodkvf/ ppfausmif;awGrSm aemufqHk;ydwftqifhu
atmifcJh=uolawGuom wyfrawmf&J@ xdyfqk;H &mxl;}uD;awGudk &&dSvm=uwmawG@&ygw,f? vuf&dS jrefrmhwyfr
awmf&J@ OD;pD;csKyfeJ@ 'kOD;pD;csKyfawGqdk&if Adkvfoifwef;ausmif;eJ@ ppfwuUodkvfawGrSm oifwef;qif;cJhpOfu olwdk@aemuf
rSm qdkif;bkwfyJ usefawmhw,fvdk@ qdkprSwfjyKcHcJh&olawG jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm yifudk,fawmf zdk@xuf tzm;awmf zdk@eJ@/ aqGrsdK;awmf wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,f
qdw
k mudk tcdkiftrmoufaojyEdkifwJh om"uawG trsm;tjym;&dSygw,f? 'Dom"uawGteuf trsm;jrifomrJh
OyrmwpfcktaeeJ@ etzppftpdk;& ody`HeJ@enf;ynm0ef}uD;Xme&J@ 0ef}uD;OD;aomif; &J@ b0jzpfpOfwcsdK@udk xkwfE_wfEd_if;
,SOf wifjyvdkygw,f? 'Duae@ EdkifiHawmft}uD;tuJqdkol&J@ oufawmf&Snf0ef}uD;awGxJrSm wpfyg;tygt0ifjzpfaewJh
0ef}uD; OD;aomif;qdkol[m 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? ol[m vuf&dS etz'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf 'kAdkvf
csKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; tjyif 1997 ckESpf bvufcfEdk0ifbmrSm jzKwf/ xkwf/ &Sif; cHvdkuf&wJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; xGe f;=unf/
wdk@eJ@twl DSA tywfpOf(1) ausmif;qif;t&m&dSwpfOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f?
Adkvfavmif;armifaomif;[m yifudk,fawmfolwpfOD; jzpfwJhtwGuf DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm taumif;qHk;Adkvf
avmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? 'kAdkvfarmifaomif;&J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;7856) jzpf+yD;/
'kAdkvfxGef;=unf &J@ udk,fydkifeHygwfu (=unf;7864)/ 'kAdkvfarmifat;&J@ udk,fydkifeH ygwfu (=unf;7875) jzpfygw,f?
yifudk,fawmfwJh Adkvfarmifaomif;udk tJ'Dtcsdefu 'kumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaewJh AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;u ol@&J@
PSO tjzpf awmfaumufcJhayrJh Adkvfarmifaomif; wpfa ,muf uHraumif;cJhygbl;? ppftm%m&Sif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
ae0if;eJ@ ol@vufaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD;wdk@&J@ 1963 ckESpf tm%mvkyGJrSm AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmif}uD; u jzKwf/ xkwf/
&Sif;cH&+yD; Adkvfarmifaomif; u acsmifxdk;cHcJh=u&ygw,f?
Adkvfarmifaomif; [m yifudk,fawmfwmrSefayrJh tJ'Dtcsdefu zm;wJhae&mrSmawmh av#mf cJhw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifyg
w,f? bmjzpfvdk@vnf;qdkawmh b,fol tm%mt&dSqHk;vJ/ b,fol@udk ydkzm;&rvJ/ qdkwmudk ra&G;cs,fEdkifcJhvdk@
jzpfygw,f? Adkvfarmifaomif;[m rzm;wwfwJholawmh [kwf[efrwlygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ol@&J@ t&Sifocifudk
zm;wJhtaeeJ@ 1971 ckESpfrSm arG;zGm;cJhwJh ol@&J@om;OD;udk atmif}uD; ac: atmif=unf vdk@ trnfay;cJhwm=unfh&if
odEdkifygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; ol@udk tm%m&Sif}uD;OD;ae0if;u wyfuxGufcdkif;cJh+yD; owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeatmufu
b"& ac: blrdaA'eJ@ "gwfowWK&SmazGa&;OD;pD;XmerSm txl;t&m&dStjzpfcef@tyfum awmawmifawGxJukd e,fESif
'%fay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh yifudk,fawmfwJh OD;aomif;[m rqvacwfukefumeD;rSm b"& &J@ !$efcsKyf jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
1988 ckESpfrSm rif;ajymif;rif;v$Jjzpfawmh OD;aomif;twGuf uHZmwm wufvmcJhygw,f? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh
OD;aomif;eJ@ ausmufqnfwe,fxJom; &yfaqG&yfrsdK;awmfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ DSA tywfpOf(1)rSm twl
ausmif;wufcJh=uwJh oli,fcsif;awGw+yHKwr}uD; tm%modrf;ppfaumifpDrSm ygvmcJhwJhtwGuf jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tcsdef
up+yD; OD;aomif;[m yifudk,fawmf zdk@xuf tzm;awmf zdk@eJ@ t}uD;tuJqdkolawGudk }uHzef+yD; aqGrsdK;awmf
wwfzdk@u ydkta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk aumif;aumif; oabmaygufvmcJhyHk &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;aomif;[m enf;AsL
[majymif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;/ AdkvfcsKyfxGef;=unf wdk@tdrfawGudk acsmif;aygufrwwf 0ifxGuf
oGm;vmr_awG jyKvkyfcJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ol@ZeD;jzpfwJh a':ar=unfpdef udkvnf; r,fawmf}uD; a':}udKif}udKifeJ@ orD;
awmfawGxH ae@pOf tcpm;0ifcdkif;cJhw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
60
tJ'Dvdk tzm;awmfr_awGa=umifh OD;aomif;[m 1996 ckESpfrSm tar&duefoHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ajymif;vJcef@tyf

cHcJh&ygw,f?? 1997 ppftkyfpkwGif; tm%mvkyGJawGt+yD;rSm ppftm%m&SifvufopfjzpfvmwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;
a&$u udkaomif;a& Oo#pfoD;t&G,favmufyJjzpfjzpf tEkjrLAHk;wpfvHk;avmufawmh &atmifvkyfAsm qdkwJh wpf
csufvGwftrdef@eJ@twl 1998 ckESpfrSm topfay:aygufvmcJhwJh ody`HESifhenf;ynm0ef}uD;XmerSm 0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@
tyfwm0efay;wmudk cHcJh&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; OD;aomif;[m =oZmt&dSeft0g}uD;wJh oufawmf&Snf trwf}uD;
wpfyg; jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol&SmazG&&dSor#xJu wyfcsKyf}uD;(2)OD;udk yHkrSefqufa=u;ay;avh&dSwJh OD;aomif;udk wyfcsKyf}uD;
(2)OD;vHk;u oabmus+yD; pm;aygufacsmifwJh jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_aumfr&Sif(MIC) rSmyg OuUXtjzpfeJ@ yl;wGJwm0ef
ay;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh etztzGJ@xJrSmvnf; 'Dae&mudkvdkcsifolawG trsm;tjym;&dSaewma=umifh ol@xufydk+yD; vmbfxdk;
EdkifwJ@ arG;jrLa&;eJ@a&vkyfief;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf armifarmifodrf;udk 1997 ckESpfrSm 'Dwm0efudk wyfcsKyf}uD;
u v$Jajymif;ay;tyfcJha=umif; od&dS&ygw,f?
(aemufydkif;tcGifh}uHKv#if oufawmf&Snftrwf}uD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;aomif;ESifh OD;atmifaomif;wdk@. ta=umif;
rsm;udk qufvufwifjyygrnf?)
jrefrmhwyfrawmfrSm yifudk,fawmf+yD; ppftm%m&SifawGudk zm;zdk@/ aqGrsdK;awmfzdk@/ tvGef0efav;wJh
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awGudk okwfoif&Sif;vif;+yD; wyfrawmfeJ@ jynfolvlxkudk u,fwifzdk@}udK;pm;&if; ao'%fay;cHcJh&wJh Adkvf}uD; tkef;
ausmfjrifh qdk&if OTS tywfpOf(29)rSm taumif;qHk; Adkvfavmif; (Best Cadet) qkudk &&dScJholjzpfygw,f? Adkvf}uD;
tkef;ausmfjrifh tr_eJ@ wyfxJuxkwfy,fcHcJh&+yD; 1988 ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;vlxkta&;awmfyHkeJ@ trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@
csKyfrSm wufuGpGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifh tcktcsdeftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcHae&wJh Adkvf}uD;0if;xdef qdk&ifvnf;
1963 ckESpf DSA tywfpOf(5) oifwef;qif; (Best Cadet) wpfOD;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtr_eJ@ qufEG,f +yD; ta&;,lcHcJh
&wJh Adkvf}uD;pdefaomif; qdk&ifvnf; OTS tywfpOf(30)&J@ (Best Cadet) wpfOD; jzpfcJhwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f?
rqv/ e0w/ etz ppftm%m&SifacwfawGrSm ppfwdkif;rSL;jzpfoifhygv#uf rjzpfbJ acsmifxdk;/ z,f&Sm;cHvdkuf
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omru yifukd,ft&nftcsif;eJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwfr_tydkif;rSmvnf; xl;c|efxufjruf=uayrJh ppftm%m&Sif}uD;awGudk
zm;wJhae&mrSm !HhwJhtwGuf e,fpm;y,fpm; ppfbk&ifi,fawGvdk tm%m&dSwJh ppfwdkif;rSL;awGtjzpf ae&may; cef@tyf
rcH=u&wmjzpfa=umif; od&dS&ygw,f? wyfrrSL;/ pucrSL;awGjzpfvm=u+yDqdk&if wdkif;rSL;jzpfvmzdk@twGuf ppftm%m
&Sif}uD;awGudk ol@xufig t+ydKiftqdkif zm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? etzwyfwGif;u jzKwf/ xkwf/ ajymif;a&$@yGJawGudk
av;vywftpnf;ta0; yGJawGt+yD;rSm vkyfavh&dSwma=umifh ppfwdkif;rSL;&mxl;udk irf;irf;wuf vdkcsifae=uwJh wyfrrSL;
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csDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;=u&w,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?
2005 ckESpf ESpfqef;ydkif;rSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhwJh av;vywftpnf;ta0;awGudk ,laqmifoGm;&wJh yJcl;tajcpdkuf
wyfr (77)&J@ wyfrrSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh&J@ vufaqmifypPnf;pm&if;udk avhvm=unf@r,fqdk&if ppfwdkif;rSL;wOD;jzpfzdk@
twGuf t&if;tESD; b,favmuf}uD;w,fqdkwmudk cef@rSef;od&dSEdkifygvdrR,f?
wyfcsKyf}uD;eJ@ 'kwyfcsKyf}uD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$eJ@ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;armifat; wdk@twGuf usyf
wpf odef;pDwefwJh vufaqmifypPnf;/ =unf;/ a&/ av !dSuGyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ol&a&$ref;eJ@ZeD;/ ava=umif;&efumuG,f
a&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ ppfa&;csKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;odef;pdefeJ@ZeD;/ wdk@twGuf usyfav;aomif;pDwef
vufaqmifypPnf;/ upxrSL;awGjzpf=uwJh 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifaxG;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;
cifarmifoef;eJ@ZeD;/ 'kAdkvfcsKyf }uD;armifbdkeJ@ZeD;/ ppfaxmufcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oD[ol&wifatmifjrifOD;eJ@ZeD;/ uu
xkwf vdk@ac:wJh umuG,fypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&;t&m&dScsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifat;eJ@ZeD;/ wyfrawmfavhusifha&;t&m&dScsKyf
'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;ausmf0if;eJ@ZeD; wdk@ twGuf usyfoHk;aomif;pD wefzdk;&dSwJh vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?
uua& 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;pdk;odef;eJ@ZeD;/ uuav 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD;jrwf[def;eJ@ZeD;/ &uw wdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyf jrifhaqG
eJ@ZeD;/ (uua&;) AdkvfcsKyfvSa&$eJ@ZeD;/ (uuaxmuf) AdkvfcsKyfxifatmifausmfeJ@ZeD;/ (uuO) AdkvfcsKyfpdk;armifeJ@ZeD;/
61
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vufaxmuf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;eJ@ZeD;/ (euw) AdkvfcsKyfrdk;[def;eJ@ZeD;/ wyc AdkvfcsKyfudkudkeJ@ZeD;/ vyc AdkvfcsKyf&JjrifheJ@ZeD;/
(uutif) AdkvfcsKyf aiGodef;ESifhZeD;/ ppfOD;pD;AdkvfrSL;csKyf AdkvfrSL;csKyfvSaX;0if;eJ@ZeD;/ uuaxmuf AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifarmif
xGef;ESifhZeD;/ (uuaq;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;atmifESifhZeD;/ udk,fa&;t&m&dS AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;&dSef wdk@twGuf usyfESpfaomif;pD
wef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?
u&cwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyftkef;jrifheJ@ZeD;/ wocwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifaZmfeJ@ZeD;/ &ycwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfcifarmifjrifheJ@
ZeD;/ ewcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfpdk;EdkifeJ@ZeD;/ ercwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfomat;eJ@ZeD;/ &rcwdkif;rSL; AdkvfcsKyfjrifhvd_ifESifh ZeD;/ ryc
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}uD; vSjrifha&$/ 'up(ppfawG) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoef;xGef;atmif/ 'up(uav;) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfOD;vGif/ 'up(jynf) AdkvfrSL;
csKyfvSrif;/ wrc(22) AdkvfrSL;}uD;ausmfaqG/ wrc(33) AdkvfrSL;csKyfwifxGef;atmif/ wyfrc(44) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufEdkif0if;/
wrc(55) Adkvf rSL;csKyfoufOD;/ wyfrc(66) AdkvfrSL;csKyf cifaZmfOD;/ wyfrc(88) AdkvfrSL;}uD; xGef;xGef;OD;/ wrc(99)
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at;/ puc(3)rSL; AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifh [def;/ puc(4) AdkvfrSL;}uD;jrifhaemif/ puc(5) AdkvfrSL;csKyfjrifhpdk;/ puc(6) AdkvfrSL;}uD;
wifaiG/ puc(7) AkdvfrSL;}uD;rsdK;at;/ puc(8) AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfatmif/ puc(9) AdkvfrSL;}uD;&mjynfh/ puc(10)
AdkvfrSL;}uD;pdk;0if;/ puc(12) AdkvfrSL;csKyfarmif&dSef/ puc(13) AdkvfrSL;csKyfoufOD;armif/ puc(14) AdkvfrSL;csKyf wif,k/
puc(15) AdkvfrSL;}uD;atmifEdkif/ puc(16) AdkvfrSL;csKyf pdk;OD;/ puc(17) AdkvfrSL;csKyf!Gef@vd_ if/ puc(18) AdkvfrSL;csKyf
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usyf oHk;axmifwef vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;?
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atmif aZmfrif;/ Adkvf}uD;pdk;jrwfxGf / 'kwyfcsKyf&Hk; Adkvf}uD;udkudkOD; wdk@twGuf usyf wpfaxmifig;&mwef vufaqmif
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ponfjzifh AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;uae ppf&Hk;csKyf taygufapmifht&m&dStqifhtxd vufaqmifypPnf;awG ay;&wmudk
wG@Edkifw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf av;vywftpnf;ta0; wpf}udrfwufwdkif; vmbfxdk;zdk@ usyf(1)oef;(2)odef;(1)
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tpnf;ta0;udk wpfESpfoHk;}udrf jyKvkyfavh&dSwma=umifh wyfrrSL;wpfOD;twGuf wpfESpfpm vmbfxdk;&wJhaiG[m
usyf(4) oef;eD;yg;&dSwmudk awG@Edkifygw,f? wyfrrSL;wpfOD;&J@vpm[m 'Davmufay;urf;Edkifatmifvnf; rrsm;wmudk
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63

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A/C Name
:
A/C No
:
A/C Address :
BANK Name :
(OCBC)
BANK Adress :
AUNG THOUNG
501-110357-201 (USD)
No. 6, DAFU LANE4
SINGAPORE 539410
OVERSEA CHINESE BANKING CORPORTION LTD.
OCBC CENTRE 65, CHULIA STREET, SINGAPORE 049513
66
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?
*****************************
67

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*****************************
75

tckwavm jynfy jrefrmowif;rD'D,mavmurSm uae'gEdkifiHtajcpdkuf UDP (United Democratic
Party of Myanmar) ac: nD!Gwfaom'Drdku&ufwpfygwD (jrefrmjynf) &J@acgif;aqmif rdkufu,f[Gm[l;
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rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 66593-94 (29-10-93) rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 45796-97 (11-7-96)
vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304305)
vdyfpm? tcef;trSwf (304305)
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wavawmif rawG@&ygbl;?
MYANMAR KYONE YEOM GROUP CO. , LTD.
urBmvHk;yHkESifh
World Group
pmwef;yg
(ukr`%DwHqdyf)
BUILDING 3, ROOM 304/305

BOTATAUNG PAGODA ROAD.
PAZUNDAUNG TOWSHIP
TEL : 951-295612, 951-295708
FAX : 951-297897
pmtrSwf 19971210
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79
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80

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82

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85

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86
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94

ၾကပ္ေျပးနန္းတြင္းအရႈပ္ေတာ္ပံု

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ၾကပ္ေျပးနန္းတြင္းအရႈပ္ေတာ္ပံု

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