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NANOTECHNOLOGY
The Future is Coming Sooner Than You Think 
1.
INTRODUCTION :
Nanotechnology
, sometimes shortened to
nanotech
, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on anatomicandmolecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures 100nanometersor smaller, and involves developingmaterials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that encompasses all fields of science that operate on thenanoscale. Nanotechnology is an extremely diverse andmultidisciplinaryfield, ranging fromnovel extensions of conventionaldevice physics, to completely new approaches baseduponmolecular self-assembly, to developingnew materialswith dimensions on the nanoscale, or the scale of nothing, even to speculation on whether we candirectly control matter on the atomic scale.  Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-rangingapplications, such as inmedicine,electronics, and energy production. On the other  hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of newtechnology, including concerns about thetoxicityand environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics
2.
HOW NEW IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
 Nanotechnology was first introduced in 1959, in a talk by the NobelPrize-winning physicist, entitled "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom". Richard Feynman proposed using a set of conventional-sizedrobot arms to construct a replica of themselves, but one-tenth theoriginal size, then using that new set of arms to manufacture an evensmaller set, and so on, until the molecular scale is reached. If we hadmany millions or billions of such molecular-scale arms, we could program them to work together to create macro-scale products builtfrom individual molecules — a "bottom-up manufacturing" technique,as opposed to the usual technique of cutting away material until youhave a completed component or product — "top-downmanufacturing".In 1986, K. Eric Drexler wrote "Engines of Creation" and introducedthe term nanotechnology. Scientific research really expanded over thelast decade. Inventors and corporations aren't far behind -- today, morethan 13,000 patentsregistered with the U.S. Patent Office have theword "nano" in them.1K. Eric Drexler Richard Feynman
 
3.
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?A basic definition:
 
 Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale.
 
Thiscovers both current
 
work and concepts that are more advanced.
 
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers
 
to the projected ability to construct items
 
 fromthe bottom up
, using techniques and
 
tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.The U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative defines nanotechnology as:
“The science, engineering, and technology related to the understanding and control of matter at the length scale of approximately 1 to 100 nanometers.” 
Fundamental concepts:
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10
-9
of a meter. For comparison purposes, the widthof an average hair is 100,000 nanometers. Human blood cells are 2,000 to 5,000 nm long, astrand of DNA has a diameter of 2.5 nm, and a line of ten hydrogen atoms is one nm.2 Thelast three statistics are especially enlightening. First, even within a blood cell there is a greatdeal of room at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology therefore holds out the promise of manipulating individual cell structure and function. Second, the ability tounderstand andmanipulate matter at the level of one nanometer is closely related to the ability to understandand manipulate both matter and life at their most basic levels: the atom and the organicmolecules that make up DNA.Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materialsand devices are built frommolecular components whichassemble themselveschemically by  principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects areconstructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.4.
HOW NANOTECHNOLOGY WORKS?
There's an unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence of scientists dedicated to the studyof a world so small, we can't see it -- even with alight microscope. That world is the field of nanotechnology, the realm of atomsand nanostructures. Nanotechnology is so new; no one isreally sure what will come of it. Even so, predictions range from the ability to reproducethings like diamonds and food to the world being devoured by self-replicating nanorobots.2
 
As small as a nanometer is, it's still large compared to the atomic scale. An atom has adiameter of about 0.1 nm. An atom's nucleus is much smaller -- about 0.00001 nm. Atoms arethe building blocks for all matter in our universe. You and everything around you are made of atoms. Nature has perfected the science of manufacturing matter molecularly. For instance,our bodies are assembled in a specific manner from millions of livingcells.Cells are nature'snanomachines. At the atomic scale, elements are at their most basic level. On the nanoscale,we can potentially put these atoms together to make almost anything.5.
PRODUCTS WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY
You might be surprised to find out how many products on the market are already benefitingfrom nanotechnology.
•
Sunscreen
- Many sunscreens contain nanoparticles of zinc oxide or titanium oxide. Oldersunscreen formulasuse larger particles, which is what gives mostsunscreens their whitish color. Smaller particles areless visible, meaning that when you rub the sunscreeninto your skin, it doesn't give you a whitish tinge.
•
Self-cleaning glass
- A company called Pilkingtonoffers a product they call Activ Glass, which usesnanoparticles to make the glass
photocatalytic
and
hydrophilic
. The photocatalytic effect means that when UV radiation from3
Ingredients like zinc oxide can leave awhite sheen behind. But sunscreens withzinc oxide nanoparticles rub on clear.
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Mgraj

Can you send this 25 pages to mgraj21@gmail.com for refference

reply12 / 30 / 2009
singh5847

i need the pdf file iam having seminar on this on friday so plz

reply11 / 17 / 2009
singh5847

ok send me ur mailk id i will send u by tomorrow so on singh5847@yahoo.co.in

11 / 24 / 2009
kunalkp88

Please send me the pdf file of the same on my id kunalkp88@gmail.com advance thanks for your co-operation

reply09 / 26 / 2009
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