The Respiratory System

Instructor's EKG a few hours after class: October 29 2012

P - atrial contraction QRS - ventricular contraction T - repolarization of muscles P to Q - AV-node delay Functions of the Respiratory Tract Deliver oxygen Remove carbon dioxide Regulation of pH Temperature control Voice production Primary Functions Ventilation - moving air in and out of the lungs Gas exchange between air and blood Partnership with cardiovascular system for: Gas transport in blood Gas exchange between blood and cells Secondary Functions Regulation of carbon dioxide and pH CO2 = blood pH = respiratory acidosis CO2 = blood pH = respiratory alkalosis

Chemistry of Blood pH H2O + CO2 H+ + HCO3Water + carbon dioxide = hydrogen + bicarbonate Basic Anatomy

Nostril Palate Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lung Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose External nares Nasal cartilage Sensory hair Mucous membranes Nasolacrimal Duct

Naso = nose Lacrimal = tears Duct = passageway between the two Occasionally needs to be ushed Blockages happen in people also - 20% of neonates Olfactory System Flehmen Response Curling of upper lip when smelling an object of interest Reveal vomeronasal openings in upper lip that lead to nasal cavity

Anatomy of the Nose Nasal septum Nasal turbinates Mucous membranes Oactory senses Ethmoid turbinates

Ethmoid Turbinates Contains vascular mucous membranes that warms and humidies the air Also contains olfactory epithelium and sensory nerve endings of the olfactory nerve Ethmoid Hematoma is a slowly expanding (blood vessel origin) mass that originates from the mucosa (lining) of the ethmoid turbinates Sinuses

The Pharynx

Gutteral Pouches

These structures are diverticula of the auditory (eustachian) tubes Have slit-like openings into the pharynx Contain: Carotid arteries Cranial nerves Lymph nodes The Larynx

Protects the entrance to the trachea Regulates the size of the airway Organ of vocalization Epiglottis Elastic cartilage Thyroid cartilage 2 parallel plates Cricoid cartilage Ring-shaped Arytenoid cartilages Paired, with vocal cords Have vestibular ligaments Form lateral ventricles Roaring - Laryngeal paralysis Injury to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve The nerve is susceptible to trauma because it runs from the brainstem to the thorax and back up the neck to the larynx Causes paralysis of the muscle that moves one or both arytenoid cartilages Occurs in dogs

The Lung

Trachea Formed by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings Joined together by annular ligaments and muscles Primary bonrchi Bronchioles Alveoli Gas exchange occurs here

The Thorax

Lined by a membrane called the "pleura" Thorax = parietal pleura The pleura also surrounds each lung Lungs = visceral pleura The lungs are divided (left and right) by the mediastinum Mediastinum = important stuff int he middle of the chest (i.e. heart)

The Diaphragm Large muscle Located along posterior wall of chest cavity Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity Convex towards thorax Concave towards abdomen Allows sufcient room for gas exchange