Part 3:

Measure of Dispersion

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Why to analyze measure of dispersion

To evaluate central tendency of a data set. To compare distribution of two or more data set.

Measures of Dispersion
(Range) (Mean deviation) (Variance) (Standard deviation)

Non-grouped data measure of dispersion

(Range): The difference between maximum and minimum values in a data serie.

R = Maximum value Minimum value

Range
Series 1 2 3 6 7 8 10 __ X=6 R = 10 2 = 8 Series 2 5 5 5 6 7 8 __ X=6 R=85=3

Grouped data set Range

Hourly wage YTL 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 Frequency
10 21 9 5

R = 25 5 = 20 YTL

(Mean Deviation or Mean Absolute Deviation)

Absolute deviations of all values in a population from the populations aritmetic mean.

X-X

__

M.D. =

___________

N
__

XX

= absolute deviation

Mean deviation (Non-grouped data)

Calculate absolute deviation of the following value serie: 15, 16, 18, 21, 25
__ __

Values 15 16

X-X 15-19 16-19

X-X 4 3

16 M.D. = ____ = 3.2 5

18
21 25

18-19
21-19 25-19 TOTAL

1
2 6 16

Mean Deviation (Grouped data set)

Group Frequency Group Midpoint ( X ) (f) 7 14 16 9 5 51 15 25 35 45 55 fX

_
X-X 15-33.2 25-33.2 35-33.2 45-33.2 55-33.2

_
X-X 18.2 8.2 1.8 11.8 21.8

_
f XX 127.4 114.8 28.8 106.2 109 486.2

10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total

105 350 560 405 275 1695

fX 1695 _ X = _____ = _____ = 33.2 N 51

_ f X-X 486.2 M.D. = ___________ = _____ = 9.53 N 51

(Variance and Standard Deviation)

Variance , is the square aritmetic mean of all deviations of values from the mean)

(XX )

__

=
N

Standard Deviation
is the square root of variance of a data set.

(XX )

__

=
N

Characteristics of Standard Deviation and Variance

(Xa)=(X) (X+a)=(X)

( cX ) = c ( X )

( cX ) = c ( X )

Standard Deviation and Variance (Non-grouped data)

Calculate standard deviation and variance of the following values: 22, 25, 28, 30 ve 35 X 22 25 28 30 35
_ (XX) _ (XX) _ 140 X= = 28 5

-6
-3 0 2 7
_ (XX)=0

36
9 0 4 49
_ ( X X ) = 98

98 = 5 = = 19.6

19.6 = 4.43

X = 140

Standard Deviation and Variance (Grouped data set)

groups Frequen. (f) 8 11 7 6 32 Group Midpoint ( X ) 100 300 500 700 fX

_
(X X) -270 -70 130 330

(X X) 72900 4900 16900 108900

f (X X) 583200 53900 118300 653400 1408800

0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 Total

800 3300 3500 4200 11800

_ 11800 X = _____ = 370 32

1408800 _______ = 44025 32

44025 = 209.82

Variance
Its difficult to comment on asingle data set. Likely average mean deviaiton or range, variance is used to compare variation in two data sets.

Relation between standard deviation and aritmetic mean in symmetric frequency distributions

Relative Dispersion
Coeffient of variation : is expressed in %. Standard deviation divided by aritmetic mean.
COV (%) =

_ X

* 100

to benchmark two data sets which have different units (cm, Rp.) to compare data which have same units same but means are very different

50000

_
X = 500000, = 50000

COV

= 500000 2000

* 100 = 10%

X = 12000, = 2000

COV

=
12000

* 100 = 16.7%

Example (Relative Dispersion)

For a product A T1 machine T2 machine _ _ Length mean (X1) = 67 mm Length X2 = 64 mm Standard deviation (1) = 2.5 mm 2 = 2.4 mm _ _ X1 > X2 1 > 2 (as seen). It can be said that theres much variation in first machine, however this comment is wrong.
COV (%) = _ X * 100

V1 = (2.5 / 67) * 100 = % 3.73 V2 = (2.4 / 64) * 100 = % 3.75

In fact, much variation in machine T2

Skewness
Expresses the skewness grade of frequency distributions.

Skewness is zero at symmetric frequency distributions.

_ 3 (X median) Skewness =

Skewness usual vary between -3 and +3 .

Skewness

Symmetric Skewness = 0

Negative Skewness

Positive Skewness