Conservation of Energy-22

Derivation
The energy equation is:
Using the definition and simplifying
Q u P gw
V
Dt
D
z
T
k
z y
T
k
y x
T
k
x
+ + +

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|

\
|

= .
2 Dt
De
2

V
2
Using the definition and simplifying
gives the above equation gives:
( ) Q u P T k u + = . .

Dt
D

gz
V
u e + + =
2

2
(13.1)
Conservation of Energy-23
Derivation
The equ
n
(13.1) is not a very convenient to use
since we wish to have temperature as the
variable.
Use thermodynamics to modify this form Use thermodynamics to modify this form
Enthalpy h is a function of pressure and
temperature:
dP
P
h
dT C
dP
P
h
dT
T
h
dh
P T h h
T
P
T P
|

+ =
|

+
|

=
= ) , (
(13.2)
Conservation of Energy-24
Derivation
The second term in equ
n
(13.2) is not easily
usable and needs manipulation
Entropy s is also a function of T and P.
P T s s = ) , (
For an isothermal process
dP
P
s
dT
T
s
ds
P T s s
T P
|

+
|

=
= ) , (

T T
h s
dh dP ds dP
p p
| |
= =
| |


(13.3)
Conservation of Energy-25
Derivation
Again from thermodynamics we borrow the
following relationship:
For an isothermal process substitute equ
n
vdp Tds dh + = (13.4)
For an isothermal process substitute equ
n
(13.3) in equ
n
(13.4) :
The second term is not easily usable and
needs modification
T T
h s
dP T dP vdP
P P

| |
= +
| |


(13.5)
Conservation of Energy-26
Derivation
Again from thermodynamics borrow the
equation for the Gibbs Free Energy
g is also a function P and T. Therefore
sdT vdP dg =
(13.6)
g is also a function P and T. Therefore
Comparing equ
n
(13.6) and equ
n
(13.7):
( , )
T
P
g g T P
g g
dg dP dT
P T
=
|

|
= +
| |

1
;
T
g
P

|
=
|

(13.7)
(13.8)
P
g
s
T

|
=
|

(13.9)
Conservation of Energy-27
Derivation
Differentiate equ
n
(13.8) with T
Note that the derivative of g with respect to
2
1
P
g
T P T
| |
=
|

\
(13.10)
Note that the derivative of g with respect to
P can be a function of T even though T is
maintained constant in the process
Differentiate equ
n
(13.9) with P
2
T
g s
P T P

|
=
|


(13.11)
Conservation of Energy-28
Derivation
Equate equ
n
(13.10) with equ
n
(13.11):
Substitute equ
n
(13.12) in equ
n
(13.5)
1
T
P
s
P T
| |
|
=
| |

\
(13.12)
Substitute equ
n
(13.12) in equ
n
(13.5)

1 1

1 1

2
+
|

=
+
|
|

\
|

=
+
|

=
|

P
T T
T
T
T
T
P
s
T
P
h
(13.13)
Conservation of Energy-29
Derivation
Using the definition of coefficient of thermal
expansion
Use equ
n
(13.14) in equ
n
(13.13) to get:
P
T
|

1
(13.14)
Use equ
n
(13.14) in equ
n
(13.13) to get:
Use in equ
n
(13.2)
) 1 (
1 1
T
T
P
h
T

= + =
|

dP T dT C dh
P
) 1 (
1

+ =
(13.15)
Conservation of Energy-30
Derivation
Note that for an ideal gas =1/T and therefore
Note that for an incompressible fluid also
.
dT C dh
P
=
(13.16)
.
For an incompressible fluid h=h(T) i.e. putting
=0 in equ
n
(13.15) is meaningless
From thermodynamics definition of enthalpy:
dT C dh
P
=
1

h u P

= +
(13.17)
(13.18)
Conservation of Energy-31
Derivation
Differentiate equ
n
(13.18)

d
dt

d 1
u dh dv dP
P v
dt dt dt
u dh d dP
P


=
= +
(13.19)
Use continuity equ
n
(10.7) in equ
n
(13.19):

d 1
dt
u dh d dP
P
dt dt dt

= +
dt
dP
u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
P
+ = . ) 1 (

d
.
dt
u dh dP
P u
dt dt
=
(13.19)
Conservation of Energy-32
Derivation
The final relationship between internal energy and
temperature is therefore
Now substitute in the energy equation
u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
dt
u d
P
.

= (13.20)
Now substitute in the energy equation
The above is the final form of the energy equation
we use in future.
Q
dt
dP
T T k
dt
dT
C
Q u P T k u P
dt
dP
T
dt
dT
C
P
P
+ + =
+ =


. or,
. ) .( .
(13.21)