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BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

ASSIGNMENT

AUTHORED BY VINEET K. MISHRA

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT I 1. What is a Thermodynamic system? 2. What is the difference between a closed system and an open system? 3. What is a Thermodynamic Cycle? 4. What is the difference between intensive and extensive properties? 5. Can mass cross the boundaries of a closed system? How about energy? 6. What is a quasi-equilibrium process? What is its importance in engineering? 7. What is the concept of continuum? How do you define density and pressure using this concept? 8. Distinguish between path function and point function. 9. Differentiate between flow and non-flow process. 10. Show that Work is a path function and not a state function. 11. Justify the statement that work and heat are not properties. 12. Explain thermodynamic system, surroundings and universe, illustrate the same with examples. 13. a) Distinguish between closed system, open system and isolated system with Suitable examples. b) Define the term property. State the differences between extensive, intensive and specific properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few examples for each. 14. a) Distinguish between Microscopic and Macroscopic approaches in Thermodynamics.
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

b) Explain the following terms State ii) Process iii) Cycle 15. a) What is Quasi Static process and explain its characteristics features b) 1 Kg of a fluid is compressed reversibly according to a law PV=0.25 where P is in bar and V is in m3 /kg. The final volume is of initial volume. Calculate the work done on the fluid and sketch the process on a P-V diagram.

16. a) Show that energy is a property of the system b) A closed system undergoes a reversible process at a constant pressure process of 3.5 bar and its volume changes from 0.15m3 to 0.06 m3. 25KJ of heat is rejected by the system during the process. Determine the change in internal energy of the system. 17. a) What are the different types of thermodynamics systems? Explain with examples b) Discuss Homogenous and heterogeneous systems. 18. A mass of 2.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi static process from 0.1 MPa to 0.7 MPa for which PV = constant. The initial specific volume is 0.80 m3/kg. Find the work done by the piston to compress the air. 19. An engine cylinder has a piston of area 0.12 m2 and contains gas at a pressure of 1.5 MPa. The gas expands according to a process which is represented by a straight line on a pressure-volume diagram. The final pressure is 0.15 MPa. Calculate the work done by the gas on the piston if the stroke is 0.30 m. 20. A system with initial internal energy of 300KJ is receiving heat of 280KJ at constant volume process and rejects heat of 260KJ at constant pressure when 60KJ of work is done on the system. The system is brought to its original state by an adiabatic process. Calculate the adiabatic work and value of internal energy at salient points. 21. A gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process according to the relation P = (-3V+15) where V is the volume in m3 and P is the pressure in bar. Determine the work done when the volume changes from 3 to 6 m3. 22. a) Explain the control volume and its significance.
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

b) If a gas of volume 6000 cm3 and at a pressure of 100 kPa, is compressed quasistatically to pV2=constant until the volume becomes 2000 cm3. Calculate the final pressure and the work transfer.

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT II 1) 2) 3) 4) What is a Zeroth law of Thermodynamics? Define Thermometric Property. What is Thermometer? What is a fixed point? What is a Standard Reference point in the thermometry? Define it. 5) What is a Constant Gas Volume Thermometer? Why is it preferred to Constant Pressure Gas thermometer? 6) What do you understand by Ideal Gas Temperature Scale? 7) How can the ideal gas temperature for the steam point be measured? 8) How can the ideal gas temperature for the steam point be measured? 9) How does Resistance thermometer measure temperature? 10) State First law of thermodynamics undergoing a cycle? 11) What is the property introduced by First law of Thermodynamics? 12) State the first law for a closed system undergoing a change of state. 13) Show that energy is a property of a system. 14) Define Internal Energy. How is energy stored in molecules and atoms? 15) Differentiate between the standard symbols of E & U. 16) What is the difference between Heat and Internal Energy? 17) Define Specific Heat at Constant Volume and at Constant Pressure. 18) What is PMM I? Why is it impossible? 19) Explain System Approach and Control volume Approach in the analysis of a Flow process. 20) What is a Steady Flow process? 21) Under What condition S.F.E.E reduces to Eulers Equation. 22) How does Bernoullis Equation Compare with S.F.E.E? 23) What will be the velocity of a fluid leaving a nozzle if the velocity of approach is very small? 24) Show that Enthalpy of a fluid before Throttling is equal to After Throttling. 25) Write the General Energy Equation for a variable Flow Process. 26) During one cycle the working fluid in an engine engages in two work interactions:15 kJ to the fluid and 44 kJ from the fluid, and three heat interactions, two of which are known: 75 kJ to the fluid and 40 kJ from the fluid. Evaluate the magnitude and direction of the third heat transfer. 27) What is the System Technique in Bottle Filling Process?

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

28) In a cyclic process, heat transfers are + 14.7 kJ, 25.2 kJ, 3.56 kJ and + 31.5 kJ. What is the net work for this cyclic process? 29) 1.5 kg of liquid having a constant specific heat of 2.5 kJ/kg K is stirred in a wellinsulated chamber causing the temperature to rise by 15C. Find E and W for the process. 30) A system composed of 2 kg of the above fluid expands in a frictionless piston and cylinder machine from an initial state of 1 MPa, 100C to a final temperature of 30C. If there is no heat transfer, find the net work for the process. 31) A mass of 8 kg gas expands within a flexible container so that the pv relationship is of the from pvl.2 = constant. The initial pressure is 1000 kPa and the initial volume is 1 m3. The final pressure is 5 kPa. If specific internal energy of the gas decreases by 40 kJ/kg, find the heat transfer in magnitude and direction. 32) A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20C and consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet and outlet velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take Cp of air is 1.005 kJ/kg-K. 33) A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state: Pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: Pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kW? 34) A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. a) Find the velocity at exists from the nozzle. b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m2 and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m3/kg, find the mass flow rate. c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m3/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle. 35) A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of three processes beginning at an initial state where p 1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.5 m3 and U1 = 512 kJ. The processes are as follows: (i) Process 12: Compression with pV = constant to p 2 = 2 bar, U2 = 690 kJ (ii) Process 23: W23 = 0, Q23 = 150 kJ, and (iii) Process 31: W31 = +50 kJ. Neglecting KE and PE changes, determine the heat interactions Q12 and Q31.
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT III

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

1) What are the Limitations of First Law? 2) What is the qualitative difference between heat and work? Why are the heat and work not completely interchangeable forms of energy? 3) What is a Cyclic Heat Engine? 4) Explain a heat engine cycle performed by a closed system. 5) Explain the heat engine cycle performed by a steady flow system. 6) Define the Thermal Efficiency of a heat engine cycle. Can this be 100%? 7) Draw block diagram showing the four energy interactions of a cyclic heat engine. 8) What is the thermal Energy Reservoir? Explain the terms Source and Sink. 9) Give Kelvin-Plank Statement of Second Law of thermodynamics. 10) To produce net work in a thermodynamic cycle, a heat has to exchange heat with two thermal reservoirs. Explain. 11) What is PMM-II? Why is it impossible? 12) Give the Clausius Statement of Second law of Thermodynamics. 13) Explain the operation of a cyclic Refrigeration plant with a block diagram. 14) What is a Heat pump? How does it differ from a Refrigerator? 15) Can you use the same plant as a heat pump in winter and refrigerator in summer? Explain. 16) Show that COP of a heat Pump is greater than the COP of a refrigerator by Unity. 17) Establish the equivalence of Kelvin-Plank and Clausius Statements. 18) What is a reversible process? How is this be a limiting process? 19) All spontaneous processes are irreversible. Explain. 20) What are the causes of Irreversibility of a process? 21) Explain the Carnot Heat Engine Cycle executed by (a) Stationary System (b) a steady flow system. 22) What is a reversed heat engine? 23) How does the efficiency of a reversible engine vary as the source and sink temperatures is varied? When does the efficiency become 100%? 24) What do you understand by Internal & external Irreversibility? 25) Explain Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Irreversibility. 26) Show that Entropy is a property of a system. 27) How entropy change of a reversible process is estimated? Will it be different for an

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

irreversible process between the same end states? 28) Why Carnot Cycle on a T-S plot is a rectangle. 29) Giver the criteria of reversibility, irreversibility and impossibility of a thermodynamic cycle. 30) What do you understand by the entropy principle? 31) What are the causes of Entropy Increase? 32) Why is an isentropic process not necessarily an adiabatic process? 33) What is the reversible adiabatic work for a steady flow system when K.E and P.E changes are negligibly small? How is different from that for a closed stationary system. 34) Why are the equations TdS = dU + PdV TdS= dH VdP Valid for any process between two equilibrium states? 35) What is the entropy generation in the isothermal and adiabatic dissipation of work? 36) What do you understand by entropy transfer? Why is entropy transfer associated with heat transfer but not with work transfer? 37) An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in 105 MJ at a temperature of 400 K, rejects 42 MJ at a temperature of 200 K, and delivers 15 kWh of mechanical work. Would you advise investing money to put this engine in the market? 38) Prove that the COP of a reversible refrigerator operating between two given temperatures is the maximum. 39) A refrigeration plant for a food store operates as a reversed Carnot heat engine cycle. The store is to be maintained at a temperature of 5C and the heat transfer from the store to the cycle is at the rate of 5 kW. If heat is transferred from the cycle to the atmosphere at a temperature of 25C, calculate the power required to drive the plant. 40) It takes 10 kW to keep the interior of a certain house at 20C when the outside temperature is 0C. This heat flow is usually obtained directly by burning gas or oil. Calculate the power required if the 10 kW heat flow were supplied by operating a reversible engine with the house as the upper reservoir and the outside surroundings as the lower reservoir, so that the power were used only to perform work needed to operate the engine. 41) A reversible power cycle is used to drive a reversible heat pump cycle. The power cycle takes in Q1 heat units at T1 and rejects Q2 at T2. The heat pump abstracts Q4 from the sink at T4 and discharges Q3 at T3. Develop an expression for the ratio Q4/Q1 in terms of the four temperatures.

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
UNIT IV 1) 2) 3) 4) What is a Pure Substance? What do you understand by Saturation State? What is triple point? What is Critical state? Explain Critical pressure, critical Volume of water and Critical Temperature. 5) What is normal boiling point? 6) Draw Phase Diagram for a Pure substance on p-T Coordinates, T-s plot and h-s plot. 7) Why do isobars on Moiller diagram diverge from one another? 8) Why do isotherms of Moiller diagram become horizontal in the super heated region at low pressures? 9) Explain Degree of Superheat and Sub cooling. 10) What is the quality of steam and what are the different methods of measurement of quality. 11) Derive Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. 12) Show that the slope of the sublimation curve at the triple point is greater than that of the vaporization curve. 13) Define an ideal gas. 14) Show that for an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only on its temperature. 15) Show that Enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature only. 16) What are different forms of energy and how does free expansion has zero work transfer? 17) Why can't a throttling calorimeter measure the quality if the steam is very wet? 18) What is Boltzmann's Constant? 19) What is Throttling? 20) What is Free Expansion Process? 42) What do you understand by high grade energy and low grade energy? 43) What is available energy and unavailable energy? 44) Who pronounced the concept of availability? 45) What is the available energy referred to a cycle? 46) What are Helmholtz Function and Gibbs Function? 47) What is the condition for exact differential? 48) Derive Maxwells Equations. 21) Explain Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics.

BASIC THERMODYNAMICS BY VINEET K. MISHRA

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