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Unit Five
-38-
Chapter Twelve
Wave Particle Duality
Overview:
Studying physics can be divided into two branches:
Classical physicsQuantum (Modern) physics
•
Explain everything in our daily lifeand our common experiences.
•
Explain some phenomena at whichthe classical physics can’t explain.
•
It deals with atomic and subatomicsystem.
•
It explains all phenomena involved inelectronics.
Light:
•
Light is electromagnetic waves, therefore it reflect, refract, interfere anddiffract.
•
Visible light is a small part of the electromagnetic waves.
•
Electromagnetic waves propagate in space at a constant speed (3x10
8
m/sec).
Summary 2007/2008
γ raysx raysUVInfra redMicrowaves TVradio10
-12
10
-9
10
-6
10
-3
110
3
Wavelength in meter
Unit Five
-39-
Chapter Twelve
•
Electromagnetic waves differ in frequency and wavelength.
Planck’s distribution:
•
Hot bodies emit light and heat.
•
The light emitted from the hot bodies consists of all wavelengths, but indifferent intensity.
•
By drawing a graphical relation between the wavelength and theradiation intensity, we found thatthe radiation intensity increase byincreasing the wavelength then itdecrease again.
•
The wave length at with theradiation intensity has its maximumvalue is decrease by increase thetemperature of the source of radiation.
Wien’s law:
The wavelength at which the peak of the (radiation intensity – wavelength) curveoccurs is inversely proportional to temperature.
Example one:
•
Sun surface temperature is 6000ºK.
•
The wavelength at the peak is 5000 A.(visible range of light)
Summary 2007/2008
Unit Five
-40-
Chapter Twelve
•
40% of the total energy emitted by sun is in the radiation visible range, 50% isheat (infra radiation), while the rest of energy is distributed over the remainingspectrum.
Example two:
•
Glowing incandescent lamp’s temperature is 3000ºK.
•
The wavelength at the peak is 10000 A.
•
20% of the total energy emitted by the lamp is in the radiation visible range,and most of the rest of energy is heat.
Explanation of Planck’s distribution:
Disadvantage of classical physics:
•
Classical physics can’t explain the distribution.
•
Where the energy is directly proportional to the frequency.
•
Therefore by increase the frequency the radiation intensity will increase.
•
Which mean by decrease the wavelength the radiation intensity will increase.
•
That can explain the right part of the curve, but not the left part.
Modern physics (Planck’s explanation):
•
Radiation made up of small units (packets) of energy, each called Quantum(Photon).
•
Electrons rotate in energy levels each has energy = n h
ν•
The atom does not radiate as long as it remains in one energy level.
•
If the atom shifts from a high energy level to a lower energy level, it emits a photon whose energy = h
ν
•
Therefore, Photons are not equal in energy, but the energy of the photon isdirectly proportional to its frequency.
Summary 2007/2008
of 00
su5c12 by adel khamis
unit 5 chapter 12 egyptian thanawia ama in physics by adel khamis
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