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THE NEW DR-TB NATIONAL POLICY AND STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Dr. Norbert Ndjeka

MD, DHSM (Wits), MMed(Fam Med) (MED), Dip HIV Man (SA)

Director Drug-Resistant TB, TB and HIV National Department of Health

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

OUTLINE
Burden of disease Available DR-TB services Detecting DR-TB Treating DR-TB in the hospital Decentralization of MDR-TB services Conclusion

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

BURDEN: TB
WHO estimated 1% of the population gets TB annually (490,000)
Over 400,000 notified in 2010

RSA 3rd high burden country after India and China RSA is the 5th high burden country globally for DR-TB and 2nd country with notified DR-TB patients on treatment

Laboratory diagnosed MDR-TB

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

PROVINCE Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZuluNatal Limpopo Northern Cape North West Western Cape TOTAL Mpumalanga

2004 379 116 537 583 59 162 168 130 1085 3219

2005 545 151 676

2006 836 198 732

2007 1092 179 986 2208 91 506 199 397 1771 7429

2008 1501 381 1028 1573 185 657 290 363 2220 8198

2009 1858 253 1307 1773 204 446 631 520 2078 9070

2010 1782 267 934 2032 126 312 353 158 1422 7386

TOTAL 7993 1545 6200 11393 782 2356 1984 1996 10947 45196

1024 2200 40 134 155 203 77 139 188 225

1192 1179 4120 5774

MDR-TB Cases Started on Treatment

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 EC FS GP KZN LP MP NC NW WC 2007 2008 2009 2010

MDR-TB Outcomes 2007

Province Rx Succes s 10.0% 41.9% 19.2% 70.9% 38.1% 56.5% 18.9% 66.3% 35.4% 41.9% Failure Default ed 2.3% 23.6% 7.0% 7.0% 22.5% 1.4% 15.9% 6.4% 28.8% 9.6% Died E/Cape F/State Gauteng KZN Limpopo Mpumala nga N/Cape N/West W/Cape RSA 10.2% 8.1% 2.0% 0.7% 2.8% 9.7% 6.2% 1.9% 8.8% 4.8% 21.0% 20.9% 16.8% 16.0% 31.0% 32.4% 44.1% 18.5% 23.4% 20.4%

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

T/Out

Still on Rx 41.4% 0 49.2% 5.3% 0 0 13.1% 0 2.5% 18.2%

HIV +ve

15.1% 5.5% 5.7% 0 5.6% 0 2.1% 7.0% 2.5% 5.1%

44.4% 46.6% 50.2% 0 52.1% 36.6% 17.9% 0 32.9% 24.5%

RSA Treatment Outcome 2003- 2008 (Sensitive TB)

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2003

Rx Success Rate

Cure rate

Defaulter rate

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

MDR-TB units
Dr Norbert Ndjeka

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MDR-TB Units before 2009 Decentralized MDR-TB Units after 2009

Limpopo Gauteng Mpumalanga

North West

Free State Northern Cape

KZN

Eastern Cape Western Cape

South Africa: 24 M(X)DR Units = ~2,000 Beds

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Patient Load & Bed Availability

Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Province

MDR-TB Started on treatment (2010) 927 167 607 1788 119 298 230 143 1034 5313

XDR-TB Started on treatment (2010) 244 5 30 235 3 6 37 14 61 635 635

Available Beds (Apr11) 622 162 266 777 50 130 65 97 363 2532 Required: 3290 Gap: 758

EC FS GP KZN LP MP NC NW WC RSA

Bed requirements 2655

CURRENT TRENDS
MDR-TB Year 2007 2008 2009
2010 2011 2012 2013

MDR-TB annual increase

Started Started Diagsed Registd Diagsed Registd on Rx on Rx 7429 8198 9070 3 757 4 552 4933 3334 4 031 4143
9% 10 % 10 % 8 % 7 % 7 % 49 % 44 % 54 % 60 % 70 % 75 % 80 % 89 % 89 % 84 % 90 % 92 % 94 % 95 %

PROJECTION
MDR-TB Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Diagnosed 7429 8198 9070 9977 10801 11601 12461 Registered 3757 4552 4933 5986 7561 8701 9968 Started on treated 3334 4031 4143 5388 ACTUAL: 5313 6956 8179 9470

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

TB microscopy TB culture DST (MGIT) Line Probe Assay Genexpert

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Recommendation from NDOH

At PHC level: request TB microscopy and DST for Rifampicin and INH (not ethambutol and streptomycin) Laboratory (NHLS): If TB culture negative, no DST will be done; if MDR-TB diagnosed, lab needs to do DST for injectable and fluoroquinolone without waiting for such a request

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

TB DRUGS GROUPING

Group 1 2

Anti-TB agents First-line oral Injectables

Drugs Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), Ethambutol (E)and Pyrazinamide (Z) Streptomycin (S), Kanamycin (Km), Amikacin (Am), Capreomycin (Cm) and Viomycin (Vi) Ofloxacin (Ofx), Levofloxacin (Lfx), Moxifloxacin (Mfx) and Gatifloxacin (Gfx) Ethionamide (Eto), Protionamide (Pto), Cycloserine (Cs), Terizidone (T) p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) Clofazimine (Cfz), Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Amx/ Clv), Thioacetazone, Imipenem, High-dose INH Clarithromycin (Clr), Linezolid (Lzd)
Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Fluoroquinolones

Second-line oral bacteriostatic Antituberculosis agents with unclear efficacy

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

MDR-TB regimen
6 Km MfxEto- Trd Z/18 Z -Mfx-Eto- Trd
INTENSIVE PHASE CONTINUATION PHASE

MINIMUM NUMBER OF MONTHS OF TREATMENT

Source: RSA MDR-TB Guidelines, 2011

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Duration of treatment
1. 2. 3. Duration of Injectable phase: Check treatment initiation date Determine conversion date (if patient converted) Add 4 months to conversion date to calculate the last day of the injectable phase 4. Calculate duration from treatment initiation to the above (last day of injectable phase) 5. If the above is 6 months or more: it is acceptable and must be followed 1. Total duration of treatment: Total duration of treatment: add 18 months to date of TB culture conversion

Sources: RSA MDR-TB Guidelines,2010

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Cost of drugs to treat TB in KZN (2010): patient > 50 kg

Drug-susceptible TB Intensive phase Continuation phase R 67/month R 42/month Drug-Resistant TB MDR-TB Injectable phase Continuation phase XDR-TB Injectable phase Continuation phase R 6654/month R 4263/month R 1207/month R 968/month

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Cost drivers (2010)

Drug cost- 30 days per patient PAS 4 g bd Capreomycin 1 g 5x Moxifloxacin 400 mg dly Hospitalization Cost per patient /day (Dr JS Moroka) R 1800 R 2358 R 2391 R 911

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Cost drivers
Drug cost- 30 days per patient PAS 4 g bd Capreomycin 1 g 5x Hospitalization Cost per patient /day (Dr R 1800 JS Moroka) 2010 R 2358 R 2391 2011 R 2487.3 R 108.3

Moxifloxacin 400 mg dly R 911

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Cost of MDR-TB Drugs

Drug cost- 30 days per patient Kanamycin 1 g vial Moxifloxacin (400 mg, 30 tablets) Ethionanide (250 mg, 84 tablets) Terizidone (250 mg capsules- 100 caps) Pyrazinamide (500 mg tablets, 84 tablets) Total Ofx was R 322, reduced to R 122 in April 2011 R 108.3 R 122 R 641.82 R 31.35 R 903.47 I Kana/Amk 2010 2011 (Tender HP01-2011TB)

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

What are we doing differently?

Use of standardized regimen for newly diagnosed MDR-TB patients Patients previously exposed to second line TB drugs get an individualized regimen which is an adjustment of our standardized regimen based on DST results and history of TB drug use Introduction of Moxifloxacin for all MDR-TB patients Injectable phase continues until conversion Ethambutol no longer used routinely

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

M(X)DR-TB care
Diagnosed M(X)DR-TB Transferred to DR-TB Centre
Cured & Completed Are followed Up for 2 years Drug management Patient tracing If default

Start Rx with Standard Regimen ADMISSION AT MDR-TB CENTRE

Monthly or bi-monthly Visits to MDR TB Centre

Discharged to clinic For outpatient Follow-up IF CULTURE CONVERTED

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Issues
Nearly half of diagnosed cases are not started on treatment 1-2 months of waiting for admission, sometimes more Long distance of transportation for admission and follow up Negative impact on social and economic status of the individual and family due to a long stay in hospital Risk of transmission in hospital due to inadequate implementation of infection control measures Non-uniformity in current, sporadic efforts of decentralized management Poor outcome of DR-TB cases

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Provincial MDR/X-DR TB Unit
Dr Norbert Ndjeka

Decentralised MDRTB Unit

Decentralised MDR-TB Unit

Satellite MDR-TB Unit

Satellite MDR-TB Unit

Satellite MDR-TB Unit

Satellite MDR-TB Unit

PHC Clinic

Mobile MDRTB Unit/

Injection team

PHC Clinic

PHC Clinic

Mobile MDR-TB
Unit/Injection team

PHC Clinic

Community DOTS Plus supporters/Households

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

What do we want to do?

Start all smear microscopy negative (TB culture positive) MDR-TB patients on outpatient treatment (30 %) All smear positive patients are to be admitted until they get 2 negative TB smear microscopy (2 months admission) Patients who refuse admission but are willing to take MDR-TB medication may not be denied treatment Very sick MDR-TB (patients with extensive resistance patterns, pulmonary cavitations, MDR-TB retreatments), XDR-TB patients need to be admitted until they achieve TB culture conversion

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Dr Norbert Ndjeka

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WHAT ARE WE DOING TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES

Intensified case findings Early diagnosis: by increasing access to new quick & effective diagnosis such as geneExpert, Line Probe Assay Early treatment through community-based treatment, hospitalization and decentralization and de-institutionalization of MDR-TB care A d e q u a t e a p p l i c a t i o n o f S T O P T B STRATEGY to ensure that those started on treatment finish Improve TB Infection Control

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THANK YOU!

Dr Norbert Ndjeka