Example 4

Evaluate

Here we remove the restriction of example 2
and 3 that Q(x) has no real zeros. As in
example , we consider
dx
x
x

sin
dz
z
e
iz

To avoid the singular point at z=0 , we integrate around thr contour

shown in Figure 7.3. We then let the radius r shrink to zero so that
in effect we are integrating straight throught the simple pole at the
origin. We are going to show (later in this section and Problem.21)
that the net result of integrating in the counterclock wise direction
around a closed contour which passes straight throught one or
more simple poles is 2i (sum of the residues at interior points plus
one-half the sum of the residues at the simple poles on the
boundary). (Warning : this rule does not hold in general of multiple
pole on a boundary.) You might expect this result. If a pole is inside
a contour, it contributes 2i residue, to the integral ; if it is outside ,
it contributes nothing ; if it is on the straight line boundary , its
contribution is just halfway between zero and 2i residue. Using
this fact , and observing that , as in example 3 , the integral along
the large semicircle tends to zero as R tend to infinty

We have

(residue of at z = 0 ) = 2i . , 1 = i


Taking the imaginary parts of both sides, we get


2
1
. 2 i dx
x
e
ix
t =
|
|
.
|

\
|

z
e
iz
2
1
t =

dx
x
x sin







To show more carefully that our result is correct, let us
return to the countour of figure 7.3 . Since is
analytic inside this contour , the integral around the
whole contour is zero. As we have said , the integral
along C tends to zero as R by the theorem at the
end of Example 3. Along the small semicircle C
z
iz
e

We have




As r=0, z=0, and the integral (along C in
the direction indicated in Figure 7.3) tends to




=
= = =
c
iz
c
iz
i i
id e
z
dz e
i
z
dz
id re dz re z
u
u u
u u
, ,
1 =
iz
e


Then we have as R= and r=0

=
0
t
t u i id

t
t
i dx
x
e
i dx
x
e
ix
ix
=
=

0
Principle value
Taking real and imaginary parts of this
equation (and using eulers formula

= = =
= =
+ =
0
0
cos
2
sin
2
1
0
sin
0
sin
, 0
cos
sin cos
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
x
x i x e
ix
t