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[ikfaj Ka}fsaj @i~re
 
[ikfaj Ka}fsaj Xi~jc @i~re >=1> [xbcbl
Jfpflh N~fchb{
 
Xbjkieb si sob laj bpbls i >=1>{ [i%kfaj Ka}fsaj Xi~jc @i~re [xbcbl ‛ Jfp%flh N~fchb{, Sof{ f{ al bpbls xofko xfjjikr{ il cf{kr{{flh alc xi~dflh il{ijrsfil{ il ir~ }~b{{flh koajjblhb{ fl{ikfbsv, Sob{b a~b qrb{sfil{ i~ bae}jb~bjasbc si virso rlbe}jivebls* blpf%~ileblsaj }~injbe{ alc pa~fir{ i~e{i bkjr{fil, Koajjblhb{* xofko xfjj ~b%qrf~b lbx bls~b}~blbr~faj a}}~iako%b{ fl nr{flb{{ alc lbx xav{ si xi~d sihbsob~, Sof{ f{ al bpbls i~ }bi}jbfl nr{flb{{b{* kfpfj {ikfbsv* akacb%ev alc erlfkf}ajfsfb{* ajj xi~dflhsi cbpbji} a ~b{fjfbls {ikfbsv, Sob [ikfaj Ka}fsaj Xi~jc @i~re/[KX@ xa{ jarlkobc fl [kisjalc fl>==6 nv Kijfl Kae}nbjj* [kisjalc alcC~, Eal~bc Objj~fhj* Ar{s~fa, Sob flsbl%sfil i sob i~re f{ si n~flh sihbsob~i~half{asfil{ ~ie kfpfj {ikfbsv* LHI{* {i%kfaj blsb~}~f{b{ bsk, xi~dflh as a ~bhfilaj)lasfilaj jbpbj, [KX@ kil{fcb~{ {ikfaj ka}fsaja{ a dbv ~b{ir~kb i~ bloalkflh kieer%lfsv xbjj%nbflh alc {r{saflanfjfsv, Sob afexfso sob i~re f{ si flsbh~asb a kieeiljalhrahb soas xfjj akfjfsasb sob }~ih~b{{i ir~ kieerlfsfb{ {ikfajjv* blpf~ilebl%sajjv alc bkiliefkajjv,Fl >=1> al ilhiflh {b~fb{ i bpbls{oa{ nbbl ki%}~icrkbc nv sob a{{ikfa%sfil [ikfaj Ka}fsaj @i~re fl Nb~h{gðl*Hisoblnr~h [xbcbl fl kii}b~asfilxfso pa~fir{ aksi~{ a~irlc sob xi~jc,A {}bkfaj ikr{ cr~flh sob vba~ oa{nbbl oix si n~fchb }bi}jb alc lbs%xi~d{ xi~dflh il k~basflh {ijrsfil{il {ikfbsaj }~injbe{, @i~ sof{ ~ba{ilsob ebsa}oi~ alc eissi i >=1> f{‚Jfpflh N~fchb{―, Sob kilb~blkb f{kji{flh sof{ }~ikb{{* soas {sa~sbcxfso sob dfkd%i bpbls il Ea~ko12so fl Hisoblnr~h,Pfcbi xfso Kijfl Kae}nbjjalc C~, Eal~bc Objj%~fhj }~b{blsflh sob{sa~s i >=1> vba~{i~re7
oss}7))nfs,jv){kx1>{sa~s
 Sob kilb~blkb flHisoblnr~h xfjjhfpb }a~sfkf}als{ a}i{{fnfjfsv si jba~lei~b anirs oix {i%kfaj ka}fsaj kal nb {sfe%rjasbc alc nb r{bc fl}~aksfkaj xi~d i~ koalhb,Fs xfjj aj{i }~ipfcb al i}%}i~srlfsv si k~basb {ikfajka}fsaj alc kijjbksfpb ak%sfil, Sob kilb~blkb xfjjib~ a lrenb~ i }~b{%blsasfil{ nrs sob~bxfjj nb xi~d{oi}{aj{i fl xofko }bi}jbxfjj sadb }a~s alcki%k~basb sob kil%sbls, Fl accfsfil*xb xfjj fe}jbebls {ieb bjbebls{ i alfllipasfpb kilb~blkb {s~rksr~b, Xb xfjjkillbks sob jikaj xfso sob pf~sraj* ~bako%flh a hjinajjv cf{s~fnrsbc arcfblkb* r{%flh {ikfaj ebcfa alc sob Jfpflh N~fchb{]jalbs lbsxi~d, Sob kilb~blkb xfjj kblsb~ il so~bb si}%fk{7Ebsoic{ ‛]a~sfkf}asi~v ebsoic{ si i{%sb~ blcr~anjb }a~sfkf}asfil alc blhahb%ebls Siij{ ‛Oix ci xb r{b siij{* a{ i~ b%ae}jb a}}{* i~ {ikfaj ebcfa* si hblb~asb{ikfaj ka}fsaj,Eba{r~bebls ‛Oix ci xb dlix soasxb oapb k~basbc {ikfaj ka}fsaj* alc oixkal xb eba{r~b sob irskieb,]~bjfefla~v }~ih~ae ‛ Xb jbapb i}bli~ a bx accfsfilaj kils~fnrsfil{ fl sob}~ih~ae,
@~fcav Lipbenb~ ;=[sa~s 1;7==
Fls~a}~blbr~{ cbpbji}flh {ikfaj ka}fsajIl @~fcav* xb xfjj eafljv ikr{ il oixaksi~{ a{ erlfkf}ajfsfb{* ~bhfil{* rlf%pb~{fsfb{ alc LHI7{ xi~d xfso {ikfajka}fsaj, @i~ bae}jb* xb xfjj {bb oix aoir{flh kie}alv* ixlbc nv sob er%lfkf}ajfsv Oaje{sac* nv ikr{flh il sob{ikfaj cfebl{fil i sob bkiliev alcnrfjcflh {ikfaj ka}fsaj xfso sob ~b{fcbls{oapb nbbl ofhojv {rkkb{{rj fl lcflhlbx gin{ i~ jilh sb~e rlbe}jivbcalc hbs }bi}jb blhahbc fl cbpbji}flhsob lbfhoni~oiic, Xb xfjj aj{i jiid assob koajjblhb{ i~ jikaj cbeik~akv alcfs{ {v{sbe i pajrb{ fl sob lbsxi~dbcbkiliev, Ei~bipb~ xb xfjj aj{i oba~sob nakdh~irlc si sob ~{s {sasb fl R[*Fjjflif{* xofko ~bkblsjv {sa~sbc fsm{ sa{d i~kb i~ [ikfaj Fllipasfil alc Bls~b}~b%lbr~{of}* rlfqrb fl fs‖{ flsblsfil si xi~d xfso {ikfaj ka}fsaj a{ al bjbpasi~ i~ }~i%h~b{{ fl sob {sasb,
 
[ikfaj Ka}fsaj Xi~jc @i~re >=1> [xbcbl
Jfpflh N~fchb{
 
 Sob ei~lflh {b{{fil xfjj {oix {ikfajka}fsaj ~ie pa~fir{ }b~{}bksfpb{, @i~bae}jb xb xfjj jiid flsi f{{rb{ i oixsi eba{r~b fs alc oix {ikfaj alc bki%jihfkaj cfebl{fil{ hi sihbsob~, Xb xfjjaj{i oba~ bae}jb{ il oix lbx fllipa%sfpb }jasi~e{ a~b i~eflh xofko {r}%}i~s }rnjfk% }~fpasb }a~slb~{of}{ alc{ikfaj ka}fsaj cbpbji}ebls* k~basflh{oa~bc pajrb{,[ikfaj Ka}fsaj ebbs{ H~bbl Ka}fsaj7H~bbl Ebcfa @i~re* C~, Kja~a Eapbjjfa*Cf~bksi~ i Krjsr~aj Bls~b}~blbr~{of}Fl{sfsrsb Nb~jfl* Hb~ealvN~flhflh {ikfaj fllipasfil si ea~dbs*Jirf{b Crxa* Fldjrcb~a Flpb{s* [sikd%oije* [xbcblKblsb~ i~ ]rnjfk Bls~b}~blbr~{of}* aLi~cfk bae}jb il oix si xi~d xfso[ikfaj Ka}fsaj*Lfj{ ]ofjjf}{* Kblsb~ i~]rnjfk Bls~b}~blbr~{of}* Eajeð* [xb%cbl[ikfaj Ka}fsaj hib{ Bkiliebs~fk{ % @f~{s{sb}{ si b{sanjf{o {ikfaj ka}fsaj a{ alflcfkasi~*Ajbalcb~ Cfjj* Ealahflh cf%~bksi~ Na{bj Fl{sfsrsb i~ kieeil{ alcbkiliefk{* [xfswb~jalc[ikfaj Ka}fsaj ~ie a lalkflh }b~{}bk%sfpb7 B}b~fblkb i lalkflh sob {i%kfaj bkiliev*Gal [pbl{{il* Ealahb~*K~bcfs Hra~alsbb Rlfil [ikfaj BkilievXb{s i [xbcbl* Hisoblnr~h* [xbcblKillbksflh F{jalc{7 sob Oreal Qrb{si~ S~al{fsfil fl sob >1{s kblsr~v*^aabj^bflbo~* @irlcb~ i Kiijebfa ‛ Fcba{i~ Ki%i}b~asfil* A~a~alhrá* [alsa Ka%sa~fla* N~awfjK~basfpb [ikfaj Lbsxi~dflh* a siij i~K~basfpb [ikfaj Ka}fsaj % a ~baj {kbla~fi*Awi{da [afls [febilb* Hoala* EPBL% SR^FAL HJINAJ JKK* & @jbfxahhilAN* [xbcblIljflb flsb~aksfil ‛ }i{{fnfjfsfb{ alcin{sakjb{ xobl xi~dflh xfso virlh}bi}jb*Ea~fsa F{ad{{il* ealahb~ GIFLAalc ~bbjalkb i~halfwasfil kil{rjsals*Hisoblnr~h* [xbcblNrfjcflh al bcrkasfil kfsv na{bc ilhasob~flh ir~ virlh {ikfaj ka}fsaj*Gr{%si Eælcbw A~áenr~r* Lrb{s~a B{krbjacbjbhasfil* ]rb~si ^fki]albj cf{kr{{fil ‛Oix ci xb jbpb~ahb{ikfaj ka}fsaj9 ‛ Xoas a~b sob koajjblhb{alc i}}i~srlfsfb{9A {bjbksfil i sob }~b{blsasfil{7I~halfwflh {ikfaj bls~b}~blbr~{of}7 Sob}ixb~ i a{{ikfasfil{* ]~i, [sbal Sblh%njac* [dðpcb Rlfpb~{fsv* [xbcbl[ikfaj Ka}fsaj % cib{ fs ef xfso sob }rn%jfk {bksi~9Soiea{ Ea~sfl{{il* Cb}rsvEavi~ Hisoblnr~h Kfsv* [xbcbl^f{b i sob Kfsfwbl B}b~s*Lacfa BJ%Feae* Cf~bksi~ i Bchb~vcb~{* N~r{{bj{*[sikdoijeB}b~fblkb{ ~ie jbpb~ahflh i {ikfajka}fsaj fl a {eajj pfjjahb alc fs{ fe}i~%salkb i~ jikaj {ikfbsfb{*Alcb~{ V Ja~{%{il* Hjikaj @rsr~b Prijjb~fe* [xbcbl[ikfaj Ka}fsaj ‛ Xoas‖{ sob ]~injbe* ]b~%B~fk Rjjnb~h%I~lbjj*Ea~dbsflh [s~asbhf{sJfcdð}flh Erlfkf}ajfsv* [xbcbl Sob blanjflh Oir{flh kie}alv*ObjblbNjienb~h* Cf~bksi~ i~ [ikfaj Fe}aks*Oaje{sac{ Oir{flh Kie}alv* ]b~ So~ilæb* Be}jivebls ikb fl Oaje%{sac* [xbcblOix [ikfaj Blsb~}~f{b ]ijfkv Nbkieb{Jax7Fjjflif{‖ [ikfaj Ka}fsaj Flfsfasfpb*Ea~k G Jalb* Koaf~eal i sob Sa{d i~kbi~ {ikfaj fllipasfil alc bls~b}~blbr~%{of}* Fjjflif{ {sasb* R[A /[dv}bK~basflh a ebbsflh }jakb i~ {ikfaj fl%lipasfil*]fa [palqpf{s* Cf~bksi~ Hiso%blnr~h Kfpfk Kblsb~]albj cf{kr{{fil ‛Oix cib{ sob }rnjfk{bksi~ pfbx ki%i}b~asfil xfso kfpfj {ikfbsv9Bae}jb{ ~ie ^bhfil [dâlb fl {r}%}i~sflh jikaj cbpbji}ebls* Rj Dv~jflh*^bhfilaj Cbpbji}b~* [dâlb* [xbcblFcblsfsv i a }jakb a{ a s~fhhb~ i~ jikajcbpbji}ebls* Ja{{b @~vd* Dieerlrlf%pb~{fsbsbs* Hisoblnr~h* [xbcbl
Bpblflh hasob~flh xfso haeflh as‚Hajabl― fl Nb~h{gðl7
Fl sob bpblflh xb xfjj b}b~fblkb sobrlfqrb blpf~ilebls i Hajabl fl Nb~h%{gðl, A ~r~aj jalc{ka}b fl al r~nal {bs%sflh, Aj{i xb xfjj oapb sob ]~b Jarlkoi Kjba~ @ba~ Haeb % Aksfpasb vir~ {ikfajka}fsaj7 }~icrkbc nv ]ofjf}}b H~bfb~ ~iesob ]javeadb~{ Flcr{s~fb{* Ar{s~fa alcEa~sfl Xbnnb~* Rlfpb~{fsv i Vi~d* RD 
[asr~cav Cbkbenb~ 1
Irsjflflh sob jalc{ka}b i {ikfaj ka}fsajJrlko N~bad Fl sob asb~liil sxi xi~d{oi}{ xfjjnb objc soas xfjj ikr{ il oix si i{sb~alc cbpbji} {ikfaj ka}fsaj, Xi~d{oi} 1xfjj {oix a krssflh bchb bae}jb ~ie[xbcbl fl oix si cbpbji} a }jasi~ei~ k~basflh {oa~bc pajrb{ aeilh kfpfj{ikfbsv* erlfkf}ajfsfb{ alc nr{flb{{b{,Xi~d{oi} > xfjj sadb a cbb}b~ jiid flsioix xb kal cbpbji} }jasi~e{ nbsxbblkirls~fb{, Fl sof{ ka{b Ebfki alc [xb%cbl,
Xi~d{oi} 17
Ebsoic{ alc Siij{ i~cbpbji}ebls* a xi~d{oi} nv Kblsb~ i~]rnjfk Bls~b}~blbr~{of}*Flhbea~ Oijealc Lfj{ ]ofjjf}{* Kblsb~ i~ ]rnjfk Bls~b%}~blbr~{of}* Eajeð* [xbcbl,
Xi~d{oi} >7
Ea~fa S~flfcac ‛ Sob {of}i sob rsr~b ‛ Sixa~c{ a ei~b orealalc gr{s xi~jc*Gi{æ Ealrbj [áblw A~%~ivi ‛ Kiwrebj* Ebfki* Ni Jilc~æl *Jilc~a @ð~jah Aldf Nblsblfr{* Hisobl%nr~h* [xbcbl
Krjsr~aj Bpblflh fl Nb~h{gðl
 Sob eahfk i ~b % Si~kob{ alc nil~b*Nv Sbae Dja~a Oal{{il* [ikfaj Bls~b}~b%lbr~{ Hisoblnr~h* [xbcblFl sob Li~cfk xflsb~ ca~dlb{{* ~b oa{ajxav{ objc a {}bkfaj }jakb fl }bi}jb{oba~s{,Il [asr~cav bpblflh a eahfkaj xajd xfso aeflh si~kob{ xfjj nb jbc nv ilbi sob jikaj {ikfaj bls~b}~blbr~{* Dja~aOal{{il, Dja~a xfjj hrfcb sob }~ikb{{filso~irho sob i~b{s i Nb~h{gðl* blcflhr} nv a nil~b fl sob xiic{ xob~b {si%~fb{ ~ie sob }a{s xfjj nb }a{{bc il silbx jf{sblb~{,
[rlcav Cbkbenb~ >
[ikfaj Ka}fsaj alc Ki%Xi~dflh ‛ Sobxav i i~halfwflh fl sob >1{s kblsr~vIpb~ sob ja{s vba~{ ki%xi~dflh oa{
Notes
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