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1/ wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIysufjym;apaomy#dyujzpfyGm;&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;
(u) y#dyujzpf&onfh vwfwavmtaMumif;&if;rsm;
(1) rk'def;rIusL;vGefolw&m;cHrsm;
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txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;tzGJYi,fzGJYazmfxkwf&ef
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vdkufcsifvQif ydkufqHay;
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xm;ygovm;
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EdkifiHjcm;odkY b,ftaygufrS xGufajy;MuovJ
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y#dyu\rlvtaMumif;cHwpf&yf
(15) &Gmbk&m; &Gmom; rav;pm;

1
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6

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2/

3/

4/

(16) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vlrsdK;pk (135)rsdK;

30

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(9)rsdK; b,fvdk aysmufoGm;ovJ

33

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axmufjy vIHUaqmfjcif;

35

(19) &cdkifjynfe,fy#dyuonf bmoma&;y#dyu[kwf^r[kwf

(20) 0wfausmif;awmfrsm;ESifh pmoifausmif;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;

37
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(21) yk'fr(144)udk tumtuG,f,l wdkufcdkufjcif;

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40
41

(23) tif;pdefaxmifrS ESpf&Snfaxmifus dk[if*sm-rl*sm[pfrsm;?

b,faysmufoGm;ovJ

43

tcef;(2)
y#dyujzpfyGm;rIaMumifh aoqHk;?'Pf&m&rIrsm;ESifh ysufpD;qHk;IH;rIrsm;

44

(1)
(2)

awmifukwfvlowfrIwGif aoqHk;olrsm;
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44

(3)
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44

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axmiftwGif; tcsKyfcef;twGif; trsm;tjym;aoqHk;

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(6)
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tdk;tdrf tysuftpD;

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tcef;(3)
wnfNidrfat;csrf;rI&&Sda&;twGuf Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; aqmif&GufrI

46

(1)

46

vHkxdef;rsm; Oya'pdk;rdk;rIr&Sd
tcef;(4)

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aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrI

47

(1) dk[if*sm 'kuonfpcef;

(2) aqGrsdK;rsm;\ aetdrfrsm;wGif cdkvHIaeMuonfh 'kuonfrsm;

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5/

tcef;(5)
y#dyucsKyfNidrf;a&;twGuf a&wdk? a&&Snf aqmif&Gufoifhonfhtcsufrsm;
(1) &cdkifa'o&Sd tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tm; Oya'ESifhtnD
EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;xkwfay;&ef
48
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48
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49
tcef;(6)

6/

uGJjym;aom bmomt,l0g'&Sdol rwlnDonfh vlrsdK;pkrsm;tMum;

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EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;
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(3) jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;udk azmfxkwf ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef
51
tcef;(7)

7/

Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tMuHjyKcsufrsm;

52

tcef;(8)
8/

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(9) urmhukvor* vufatmufcHtzGJUtpnf;rsm;

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tcef;(1)
1/ wnfNidrfat;csrf;rI ysufjym;apaom y#dyujzpfyGm;
&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;
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yxrydkif;rSm ta&;tcif;jzpf&onfh vwfwavmtaMumif;&if;rsm;ESifh 'kwd,ydkif;rSm
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tcsKyfcef;twGif; tcsKyfom;rsm; Nynfhusyf jyGwfodyfaom taetxm;wGif
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owif;orm;rsm;ESifh 88rsdK;qufrsm;udkvnf; wufa&mufem;axmifcGifhjyKoifhygonf/
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2

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(3) o&ufoD;cl;xGufol w&m;cHtwk(2)OD;

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tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;taejzifh trIppfaq;yHu
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l pf&yfv;kH rS
trIrSefudk odvdkMuygonf/ ordkif;pmrsufESmwGifvnf; MuD;MuD;rm;rm;? trnf;puf
pGef;xifjyD; jzpfonf/ tem*wfwGifvnf; wapajcmufcH&Edkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh ayghayghqq oabmrxm;Edkifyg/ tem*wf y#dyursm; ray:ap&ef
tav;teufxm; aqmif&u
G &f ygrnf/ tem*wfwiG f y#dyu xyfrH ray:aygufap&ef?
aqmif&Guf&rnhfudp rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/ odkYaomf trIudk twdkif; tav;teuf
rxm;bJ csefvSyfcJhvQif xda&mufrI tvGefenf;ygvdrfhrnf/
xdkYaMumifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifrS &mZ0wfrIMuD;udk jyD;cJhjyD[k oabm
rxm;oifhyg/ rdrdwdkY\ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; vkyfief;pOftm;vHk; atmifjrifrI&ap&ef?
&mZ0wfrIMuD; trIrSefay:aygufa&;onf tc&musygonf/
xdYk aMumifh tqifrh ausmfygESi/hf tem*wfwiG f y#dyursm; xyfrrH ay:aygufap&ef
&nf&G,f tMuHjyK&ygonf/
4

(4) &cdkify#dyuMuD;onf wdkufqdkifrIvm; ^ zefwD;rIvm;

y#dyuMuD;jzpfyGm;pOfu tifwmAsL;rsm;? owif;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;? aMunm
vTmrsm; ponfjzifh yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh vIHYaqmfcJhMuygonf/ odkY vIHYaqmf&mwGifvnf;
trsdK;om;a&; tjrifjzifh? vIHYaqmf&onf[k aMuG;aMumfMuygonf/
w&m;Oya'ESifhnDaom trsdK;om;a&;0g'udk uRefawmfrsm;vufcHygonf/
w&m;Oya'udk I;H edrahf paom trsdK;om;a&;0g'udrk l vH;k 0 vufrcHEikd yf g/ trsdK;om;a&;
0g'onf w&m;Oya'\ txufwGif r&Sdoihfyg/ rsufuef;rsdK;cspfrsm; r&Sdoihfyg/
[pfwvm? rlqdkvdkeD? rDvdkpDApf? &m'dkAefu&Zpf ponfwdkYonf trsdK;om;a&;
aMuG;aMumfoHjzifh &mZ0wfrIrsm;pGmudk usL;vGefcJhonfh rsufuef;rsdK;cspfrsm;jzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh &cdkify#dyuwGif tzGJYtpnf;rsm;uvnf; aMunmcsuftrsdK;rsdK;
xkwcf MhJ uygonf/ rD;avmifaepOf rD;Nird ;f &rnft
h pm;? "mwfqaD vmif;cJMh uygonf/ xdo
k Ykd
"mwfqaD vmif;cJo
h nfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;?pmapmifrsm;?tifwmAsL;rsm;? taxmuftxm;
tjynft
h pHu
k kd &Edik o
f rQ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sirf S pkaqmif;yg&ef tMuHjyKtyfygonf/
odkYrSomvQif pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sif\ vkyfief;rsm; jynfhpHk? rSefuefpGm atmifjrifrI
tjynfht0&rnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk rsufuG,fjyKrnfqdkvQif
qifuef;awmwdk; c&D;raygufjzpfEdkifygrnf/
uRefawmfrsm;taejzifh y#dyuMuD;onf wdkufqdkifrIoufoufr[kwf[k
,lqygonf/
(u) vHkxdef;wyfzGJU0iftcsKdUESifh a'oqdkif&mtmPmydkiftcsdKY
(c) jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;XmeESifh
(*) Edik if aH &;ygwDEpS cf w
k Ykd u wufwufMuGMuG zefw;D cJo
h nf[k oH;k oyfryd gonf/

(5) (10)avmif;jydKifvlowfrI
vlowfrIMuD;udk tkyfpkzGJY vl (300)cefY&Sdaom tkyfpkMuD;u usL;vGefcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ jypfrIrusL;vGefrD MudKwif vlpkcJhMuonf/ ygwDtvHaxmifaMuG;aMuGmfoH
rsm;jzifh vlpv
k al 0;vkycf MhJ uygonf/ xdv
k pl v
k al 0;ESit
fh wl &Jrsm;? a'ocHtmPmydik rf sm;
yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ tu,f Edik if aH &;vky&f ef? vlpv
k al 0;vkyv
f Qif (3)a,muf?(4)a,muf?
dS rl sm;? csufcsif;a&muf? csufcsif;zrf;? csufcsif;rd?
pkatmfjkH zifh &Jrsm;? vHjk cKH a&;wm0ef&o
csufcsif;tcsKyfydkY? xdkodkYrrdvQifvnf; nzuf tdrfwdkif&ma&mufyif oGm;zrf;Murnf?
vGwfvrf;r&Sd/
,ckrl w&m;cH(1)a,mufrQrrd/ (1)a,mufrQrod/ oufaovnf;r&S/d trIvnf;
ray:/ tm;vH;k Zmwfwrl sm; jzpfaeygovm;/ tkypf Mk u;D Mu;D u usL;vGeo
f nfh trIMu;D jzpfae
ygovm;/ tmPmydkifrsm; us,fus,fjyefYjyefYyg0ifaeygovm;/ trIrSefazmfvdkolrsm;?
oufaorsm;tay:wGif MuD;rm;aomzdtm;rsm;&Sad eygovm;/ w&m;Oya'bufawmfom;
rsm;twGuf vHjk cKH rIuif;rJah eygovm;/ ,ckzYJG pnf;onfh pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sirf sm;?
awmifuw
k o
f YkdomG ; trIreS af zmfxw
k &f ef vdt
k yfygovm;/ tu,f trIreS rf azmfEikd v
f Qif
y#dyujzpf&onfh taMumif;&if; trSefvnf; ray:Edkifyg/ uvdrfaphNirf;qif tpD&if
cHpmrQavmufom xGufEdkifygrnf/ tem*wfy#dyursm;udk? [efYwm;&ef toHk;0ifrnf
r[kwfyg/
(10)avmif;jyKd ifvo
l wfrI w&m;cHrsm;udk azmfxw
k Ef ikd v
f Qif w&m;cHwpfyMkH uD;
xGuv
f mygrnf/ 4if;tkypf Mk uD;u y#dyuMuD;udk pepfwus a'otoD;oD;odYk jyefYymG ;
atmif vkycf yhJ govm;/ tzGYJ crJG sm;zGYJ um a'otoD;oD;odYk wm0efay;apvTw
f y#dyu
rsm;wGif OD;aqmifcJhygovm;/ &efukefNrdKUodkyifvQif y#dyuzefwD;&ef tzGJYcGJrsm;apvTwf
cJhygovm; ponf ponfjzifh ta&;MuD;onfh oufaocHcsufrsm; awmifukwf
vlowfrIwGif ay:aygufEdkifygonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fwpfckvHk;eD;yg; ul;qufcJh&onfh
taMumif;&if;rsm; vlowfrw
I iG f &Sad eygonf/ xdYk aMumifh y#dyuMuD;udk OD;aqmif
usL;vGecf o
hJ nfh tzGYJtpnf;rsm;u awmifuw
k v
f o
l wfrMI uD;udk 0dik ;f 0ef; zk;kH uG,Mf urnf/
zdtm;ay;Murnf/ tiftm;oH;k umuG,Mf urnf/ xdo
k YkdumuG,&f ef trsdK;om;a&;wm0ef
jzpfonf[k vGJrSm;onfhtjrifjzifh oufpGefYMudK;yrf; tm;xkwfMurnfjzpfonf/ odkYrSom
y#dyujzpf&onfh jzpfpOfMuD;wpfckvHk;\ taMumif;&if;udk zHk;uG,fEkdifygrnf/
6

trIMuD;udk trSeaf zmfxw

k Ef ikd v
f Qif y#dyuMuD;wpfcv
k ;kH \jzpf&onft
h aMumif;
&if;udkazmfxkwfEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ trIrSefay:&eftwGuf pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifrS
azmfxw
k &f ef wm0ef&o
dS nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/ awmifuw
k v
f o
l wfrt
I wGuf ,cifu
aumfr&Siw
f pf&yf&cdS jhJ y;D jzpf ,ckppkH rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sirf S xyfrpH pkH rf;ppfaq;&efrvd[
k k
oH;k oyfvQiftrSm;MuD;rSm;ygvdrrfh nf/ tem*wfy#dyuwm;qD;a&;twGuv
f nf; MuD;rm;
f &l ygrnf/ tMurf;zuform;rsm;udk tm;ay;onfh rSm;,Gi;f
aomqH;k I;H rIMu;D wpf&yf[k rSw,
rI[k rSw,
f &l ygrnf/ tMurf;zuform;rsm; ydk twif&h v
J mrnfukd txl;pd;k &dr&f ygonf/
udpu
kd OD;aqmifco
hJ nfh Edik if aH &;ygwDMu;D onfvnf; [pfwvm\emZDygwDuo
hJ Ykt
d iftm;
D k od&ygonf/
tqrwefMu;D rm;vmygrnf/ ,ckyifvQif awmifuw
k NLD
f LDcsnefh YJomG ;jy[
N
xdek mZDygwDMu;D onf &cdik jf ynfe,fwpfcv
k ;kH wGif tiftm;tqrwefMu;D xGm;aejyjD zpfonf/
(2010)a&G;aumufyrJG wdik rf D umvuxuf rsm;pGmtiftm; awmifw
h if;vmjyD jzpfonf/
&cdkifjynfe,f&Sd tjcm;ygwDrsm; tiftm;csnhfeYJoGm;jyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh awmifukwf
kd q
f ufE,
G rf &I o
dS nf/
vlowfrMI u;D onf Edik if aH &;tjrwfxw
k yf gwDMu;D \ tusdK;ESihf wdu
k f u
wpfcsdefwGif tiftm;MuD;aom emZDygwDMuD;tjzpf taotcsmawGY&rnfjzpfayonf/
trIrSefay:aygufa&;onf um,uH&Sifrsm;twGufomru wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;
twGuf aoa&;? &Sifa&;wrQ ta&;MuD;ygonf/ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Siftaejzifh
trsdK;om;a&;tjrifjzifh trIreS u
f akd zmfxw
k &f ef vdt
k yfygonf/ w&m;Oya'udk I;H edrahf tmif
vkyfaqmifaeonfh EdkifiHa&;ygwD&Sdaeygonf/ olwdkYonf olwdkY\ usOf;ajrmif;aom
trsdK;om;a&;0g'udk w&m;Oya'\ txufwGif ae&may;vdkMuygonf/ wpfcsdefwGif
4if;wdYkygwDMuD; r[mygwDMuD;tjzpfa&mufvmjy;D ? xde;f r&? odr;f r&? tajctaea&mufrS
qdv
k Qif tcsdeo
f yd af emufusoGm;ygvdrrhf nf/ emZDygwDMuD;vdk tajcaersdK;a&mufrq
S v
kd Qif
Edik if t
H wGuf rsm;pGmepfemoGm;Edik yf gonf/ xdYkaMumifh awmifuw
k f (10)avmif;jyKd if vlowf
rIMuD;onf dk;dk;omref vlowfrI r[kwfyg/ uRefawmfwdkY wpfEdkifiHvHk;\ tem*wfudk
ajcmufvSefYaeaom vlowfrIMuD;jzpfygonf/ ayghayghqq oabmrxm;apvdkyg/
vlMuD;rif;rsm; em;vnfoabmaygufrnf[k,HkMunfygonf/aeYcif;aMumifawmif vlyHk
tv,fusL;vGeo
f nf(h 10)avmif;jyKd ifw&m;cHrsm; rrd? vlu,
G &f musL;vGeo
f nfh rk'ed ;f rI
w&m;cH(3)OD;csufcsif;rdonf/ uReaf wmf [moajymaejcif;r[kwyf g/ jrefrmEdik if &H w
J yfzYJG
tygt0if vHkjcHKa&;wm0ef&Sdolrsm;\ tqifhtwef;udk qdk;qdk;0g;0g;xdcdkufrI&SdaMumif;
axmufjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ udpu
kd pm&Snrf nfp;kd rQEiS o
hf m tqH;k owfvykd gonf/
7

(c) y#dyujzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;cHrsm;

(1) jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xme\ oabmxm;rrSef
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xmeonf rlvuwnf;u oabmxm;rrSeo
f nfh taMumif;cH
rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ tcsdKYudk wifjyvdkygonf/
ausmufeaD rmf rk'ed ;f rIEiS hf awmifuw
k v
f o
l wfrw
I YkdEiS phf yfvsOf; owif;aMunmyHk
oabmxm;rrSefaMumif;tm;vHk;odNyD;jzpfygonf/ owif;pmjyifqifcsufrsm;t&vnf;
oabmxm;rrSeaf Mumif;xyfro
H &d jyefygonf/ owif;pmjyifqifcsufwiG f ]]jynfwiG ;f ae
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;}}[k jyifqifa&;om;ygonf/ t"dym,frSm tpvmrfbmom0if
rsm;onf Edik if rH rhJ sm;jzpfonf[q
k v
kd &kd ma&mufygonf/ apmfum;&mvnf; a&mufygonf/
ta&;tcif;jzpf&ef vIUH aqmf&mvnf; a&mufygonf/ t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &tkycf sKyfpOftcsdeu
f
p tpdk;&tqufqufu w&m;0if jyefwrf;0if trnfrsm;pGm&Sdygvsuf jyefwrf;0if
trnfrsm;udk roHk;pGJbJ oabmxm;rrSefonfh trnfrsm;udk wDxGif oHk;pGJcJYygonf/
,ciftcgrsm;uvnf; tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;xufydk
uefYowfcHcJh&ygonf/ ESdrhfcsqufqHcH&ygonf/ xdkodkY oabmxm;rrSefonfh tcsuf
tvufrsm;onfy#dyursm;udk jzpfyGm;aponfh rlvtaMumif;cHrsm;[k rSwf,l&ygrnf/
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;taejzifh trSeftwdkif; wifjycGifh? azmfjycGifh? a&;om;cGifhrsm;udk
r&&So
d jzifh tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ cHpm;csuftoHrsm;? jyefMum;a&;0efMu;D Xmetaejzifh
vH;k 0 em;rvnfEikd yf g/ tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;vnf; r&So
d avmuf
&Sm;yg;ygonf/ jrefrmrif;rsm;? &cdik rf if;rsm;vufxufu pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udfk jyefvnf
azmfjy&ef tvGefcufcJygonf/ jrefrmbmomjyef usrf;pmrsm;vnf; &Sm;yg;ygonf/
odkYjzifh tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;ESifh tjcm; jynfolrsm; em;vnfrI vGJrSm;Edkifygonf/
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udk jynfaxmifpo
k m;tm;vH;k zwfI
od&SdEdkif&ef? em;vnfrI&&SdEdkif&ef? a&;om; xkwfa0vdkMuolrsm;&Sdygonf/ oYdkrSom
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk; wpfOD;udkwpfOD;em;vnfEdkifMuayrnf/

,ckwGif jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xmeudk,fwdkif tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;

em;vnfrI acgif;yg;aMumif;udk awGU&ygonf/ oabmxm; rrSeaf Mumif;udv
k nf; oH;k oyf
&ygonf/
y#dyursm;rjzpfru
D wnf;u wnf&adS eaom pGypf cJG sufrsm;udk tpvmrfbmom
0ifrsm;u MudKwiftajzrsm;ay;Edik yf gvsufEiS hf ay;cGirhf &cJMh uyg/ tu,fom xdpk yG pf JG
csufrsm;\ tajzudk tcsderf aD y;cGi&hf Edik cf v
hJ Qif ,cky#dyuMu;D udk a&SmifEikd af umif; a&SmifEikd f
cJhrnfjzpfonf/
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;onf &cdik jf ynfe,ftygt0if jynfot
l m;vH;k at;csrf;pGm
twl,OS w
f aJG exdik Ef ikd &f ef? tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tay: em;vnfrrI sm;&S&d ef? pme,fZif;
rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;rsm;? owif;rsm;? pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; a&;om;vdMk uygonf/ odYkaomf
a&;om;cGifh r&Sdyg/
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xme\ vGrJ mS ;aomoabmxm;tjrifjzif?h a'gufaxmuf Munhf
jcif;udkomcH&ygonf/ EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;^EdkifiHrJhrsm;tjzpfomvQif qufqHcH&ygonf/
jypfru
I sL;vGet
f phH pJ aJ om yk*Kd vfrsm;tjzpfom qufqcH &H onfursm;ygonf/ xdYk aMumifh
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tay: jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;XmerS tjrifMunfvif&efvdkygonf/
odkYrSom jynfolrsm;onfvnf; tjrifMunfvifvmEdkifygonf/ aoG;xdk;vHIYaqmfrlrsm;
txdkuftavsmuf avsmhenf;oGm;Edkifygonf/
xdkYaMumifh y#dyujzpf&onfhtaMumif;&if;rsm;wGif rlvtaMumif;&if;cHtjzpf
jyefMum;a&;0efMuD;Xme\ oabmxm;tjrifudk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&efvdktyfaMumif;
tMuHjyKygonf/

(2) ordkif;azsmufzsufjcif;

d[
k if*smrsm;onf cd;k 0ifvmolrsm;? w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;? t*Fvyd w
f Ykdu
v,f,mvkyif ef; vkyu
f ikd &f ef ac:vmolrsm;jzpfonf[l vnf;aumif;? wpfbufEikd if w
H iG f
vlO;D a&rsm;aeonf[
l vnf;aumif;? taMumif;jyum 0g'jzefYcsdrI trsdK;rsdK;? aoG;xd;k
vIHYaqmfrItrsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfMuygonf/
EdkifiHa&;ygwD(2)cku pmapmifrsm;? tifwmAsL;rsm;? xkwfjyefaMunmcsufrsm;?
trsdK;rsdK;xkwfjyefMuygonf/ ordkif;vdrfrsm;udk toHk;jyKMuygonf/ &cdkifrif;tcsdKUwGif
tpvmrfbmom0iftrnfrsm;&Sdjcif;udkvnf; zHk;uG,fMuygonf/ '*Fg;rsm;ay:wGif
d[
k if*smpmrsm;&Sad ejcif;udv
k nf; zk;H uG,yf gonf/ tjcm; xif&mS ;onfh ordik ;f taxmuf
txm;rsm;ukdvnf; vdrfnmazmfjyMuygonf/
xdo
k Ykd vdrn
f mazmfjyEdik &f eftwGuf y#dyujzpfonft
h cgwdik ;f ordik ;f 0if d[
k if*sm
0wfausmif;awmfrsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;? 'g&f*grsm;? tjcm;xif&Sm;onfh taqmuf
tODrsm;udk zsufqD; azsmufzsufMuygonf/ tpdk;&tqufqufuvnf; 0wfausmif;
awmfrsm;? pmoifausmif;rsm;? ordkif;0ifocsKif;rsm;ESifh tjcm; taqmuftODrsm;udk
zsufqD;wwfMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ordkif;vdrfa&;om;vdkolrsm;twGufvnf;aumif;?
dk[if*smordkif;udk azsmufvdkolrsm;twGuf vnf;aumif;? rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyK&m
Muygonf/
,cktcg &cdkifordkif;udk aqG;aEG;Muonfhtcg? "m;xrf; aqG;aEG;Mu&rnfh
tajctaeodYk a&mufaeygonf/ y#dyuuo
kd mOD;wnfaeygonf/tem*wfwiG f y#dyu
rjzpfay:ap&ef txl;vdt
k yfygonf/ Edik if w
H umordik ;f 0if okawoDrsm;ua&;om;onfh
ordik ;f rsm;udo
k m bufrvdu
k o
f rdik ;f rsm; tjzpf &SmazG pkaqmif; oH;k oyf&efvt
kd yfygonf/
&cdik rf if;rsm;onf ppfwaumif;NrKd UrS? armfvNrKd if? xm;0,ftxd tkycf sKyfco
hJ nf[k
od&ygonf/ xdkuhJodkY BuD;rm;us,f0ef;vSaom EdkifiHawmfBuD;udk vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;\
tiftm;jzifh wnfaxmifcJhjcif;um; r[kwfay/ kd[if*smrsm;tygt0if EdkifiHom;vlrsdK;
aygif;pHku pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; yg0ifxrf;aqmifcJhMuaMumif; awGY&ygonf/

10

bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;uvnf; ausmom;&ifom; rcGJjcm;bJ tkyfcsKyfcJhonfhtjyif

bk&ifrif;jrwfwdkY\ trnfrsm;wGif dk[if*smtrnfrsm;? '*Fgrsm;wGifvnf; dk[if*sm
pmom;rsm;udk twdtvif; azmfjy pnf;Hk;cJhaMumif; txift&Sm;yif awGY&ygonf/
,cktcsdew
f iG f pnf;vH;k rIysufjym;um wpfbufwpfrsdK;vd&k m t"dym ,fziG q
hf akd eMuygonf/
tNiif;tckef jyif;xefaeMuygonf/
&cdik rf if;rsm;\ txufyg apwemrSm ,cktcg a0'emjzpfaeygonf/ Mum;vlrsm;
0ifulygrS Nidrf;csrf;ygawmhrnf/
tem*wfwGif y#dyurjzpfapa&; Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifa&;twGuf
aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ udk,fvdk&m qGJa&;onfh ordkif;vdrfrsm;? bufvdkufordkif;rsm;udk
a&Smif&ygrnf/ usef&Sdaeao;onfh ordkif;0if taqmuftODrsm;tygt0if? ordkif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfrS wm0ef,l xdef;odrf;&ef vdktyfygonf/ ordkif;0if
taxmuftxm; tenf;i,fom usef&Sdawmhonf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ xyfrHqHk;IH;
aysmufysufrnfudk tvGefpdk;&drfae&ygonf/
jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrS xkwfa0chJonfh tajcjyjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;
pmtkyo
f nf bufrvdu
k f Mum;aepmtkyt
f jzpf rSw,
f yl gonf/ xdpk mtkyt
f & rd[
k mruf&mS ;
trnfyg &cdkifbk&ifudkawGY&ygonf/ rdk[mruf[lonfh trnfonf urmu odonfh
urmausmftrnfjzpfonf/ '*Fg;rsm;ay:wGiv
f nf; ]]tv
m[ft&Sijf rwfrw
S pfyg; tjcm;
udk;uG,fcHxdkufolr&Sd? rdk[mrufocifonf tv
m[f\ wrefawmfjzpfonf}}[k azmfjy
xm;aMumif;od&ygonf/
tvm;wl t*FvefEikd if &H dS jywdu
k rf sm;wGiv
f nf; &cdik jf ynf\ ordik ;f 0if taxmuf
txm; rsm;pGm&Sad Mumif; awGY&ygonf/ xdYk aMumifh Edik if w
H umtygt0if usef&adS eonfh
ordik ;f taxmuftxm;t<uif;tuserf sm;? a&S;a[mif;pmtkyrf sm; pkaqmif; xde;f odr;f &ef
vdt
k yfygonf/ odYkro
S m y#dyujzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;cHrsm;udk z,f&mS ;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf/

11

(3) rrSefowif;jzefYjcif;? yHkBuD;csJYjcif;

y#dyujzpf&onfrh v
l taMumif;cHrsm;wGi?f rrSeo
f wif;jzefYjcif;?yHBk uD;csJUjcif;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifygonf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoHDVB
DVBESifh pmapmiftcsdKYu &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;
wifjyonfh owif;udo
k m t"duazmfjyMuygonf/yHBk u;D csJUMuygonf/vIUH aqmfMuygonf/
dk[if*smrsm;bufrS razmfjyMuyg/ xdrfcsefMuygonf/ ajz&Sif;cGifhvnf; r&Muyg/
dk[if*sm'kuonfrsm;\ tajctaeudk rodMu&yg/ oGm;a&mufulnDvdkolrsm;vnf;
oGm;a&mufcGifh r&Sdyg/
xdkodkYwpfzufowfazmfjyjcif;onf y#dyu BuD;xGm;ysHUESHYap&ef vIHYaqmfonfh
oabm oufa&mufygonf/ wnfNidrfat;csrf;rI ysufjym;&ygonf/
ureftrsdK;om;rsm; owfjzwfc&H ygonf/ tdrrf sm; rD;IUd cH&ygonf/ odYk aomf
ureftrsdK;om;rsm;\ owif; vHk;0rMum;&yg/ &efukefNrdKU&Sd ureftrsdK;om;rsm;onf
tMuD;tus,f idkaMuG; ylaqG;aeMuygonf/ tm;vHk; rsdK;jyKwf aoukefMujyDvm;/
tulnDay;onfh tzGJYtpnf;rsm;onfvnf; 4if;wdkYxH oGm;a&mufEdkifjcif; r&Sd/
tultnDrsm;vnf; rQrQww&&Syd kH r&/ vlenf;pkrsm;\ toHaysmufaeygonf/ vlenf;pk
rsm;udk umuG,&f ef txl; ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ vlenf;pkrsm; rsKd ;jyKwfroGm;atmif umuG,f
&ygrnf/ aumif;rGeo
f nfh tpDtpOfrsm;&S&d ygrnf/ owif;Xmersm;u 4if;wdYk ukd arhaeyHk
&onf/ tMuD;tus,f bufvu
kd rf rI sm;&So
d nf/ zH;k uG,jf cif;? vdrv
f nfjcif;? xdrcf sefjcif;
onf tpOftvmqdk; jzpfonhftjyif vlenf;pkrsm;udk ydkxdcdkufapygonf/
tem*wfwGif xdkodkY rjzpfap&ef tpOftvmqdk;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;&ygrnf/
taMumif;tcsufrsm;onf y#dyujzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;cHvnf; jzpfonf/

12

(4) e,frsm;wGif tokbcs&efvli,frsm;r&Sd

jrefrmEdik if t
H ESYH e,frsm;wGif tokbcs&ef vli,frsm;r&S/d b,fvrl sdK; aoao?
b,fbmom aoao tokbcs&ef vli,frsm;r&S/d tm;vH;k Edik if jH cm;oGm; tvkyv
f yk f
aeMuonf[q
k o
kd nf/ 'DtoHus,fus,fjyefYjyefY Mum;ae&ygonf/ odYk aomf &cdik af 'o
wGif xdkodkYr[kwf/ &cdkifvli,frsm; EdkifiHjcm;oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfMuonf/ dk[if*sm
vli,frsm; EdkifiHjcm;xGuf tvkyfvkyfcGifh r&Sd/ EdkifiHjcm;xGufcGifh r&Sd/&Gmykef;rsm;tjzpf
aeMu&ygonf/ tjcm;&Gmrsm;odYkvnf; oGm;cGihf r&S/d NrKd UwufciG v
hf nf; r&S/d tuefYowf
jzifo
h maeMu&ygonf/ rde;f r,l?uav;arG; tvkyrf S vGJ tjcm; tvkyrf &Syd g/ xdYkaMumifh
vlOD;a&wdk;EIef;vnf; rsm;vm&ygonf/ dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh urefvlrsdK;rsm;u rdrd
arG;Zmwdudk tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xufykd ydk cspfae&ygonf/ ZmwdcsufaMuGarG;&yfajronf
olwYkd\ ocsKif;ajrvnf;jzpfonf/ b,frS ajymif;r&? a&TUr&/ onfum; vufawGU
jzpf&yfrSef? okyfrSefom jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh cdk;0ifvmolrsm; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;[k rw&m;pGyfpGJvm
onfhtcg tonf;eihfatmifyif cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ tcsufudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh
tusOf;axmiftwGif; rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrQ 0ifa&mufvm&ef taMumif;r&Sd/
,kwrd wef/ d[
k if*smrsm;\ &Gmrsm;wGif 0ifvrf;vnf; r&S/d xGuv
f rf;onfvnf; r&S/d
jynfwGif; jynfy {nfhonfrsm;vnf;rvm/ EdkifiHwum oHwrefrsm;vnf; ra&muf/
jynfwiG ;f jynfy owif;Xmersm;vnf; ra&muf/ u,frnho
f l ulrnho
f v
l nf; ra&mufyg/
dk[if*smrsm;tm;vHk; xm;&mae ap&moGm; tqifhom&Sdygonf/
dk[if*smrsm;ESifh urefvlrsdK;rsm;onf EdkifiHom; rSwfyHkwifrsm;vnf; r&&SdMuyg/
tpdk;&tvkyftudkifrsm;vnf; r&Muyg/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm; enf;wl wef;wlqufqHjcif;
rsm;vnf; rcH&yg/ trsdK;rsdK;aom cGjJ cm;qufqrH rl sm;udo
k m cH&ygonf/ zdEydS rf t
I rsdK;rsdK;?
ydwq
f Ykdrt
I rsdK;rsdK;cH&ojzifh tpGe;f a&muf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;u tm;&Muygonf/ 4if;wdYkuyg
vlrsdK;a&;? bmoma&; cGjJ cm;qufqrH rI sm;jyKvkyjf y;D y#dyutrsdK;rsdK; zefw;D vdMk uygonf/
&efprItrsK;d rsK;d MuKH Mu&ygonf/Edik if w
H umvYt
l cGit
hf a&;tzGUJ rsm;uvnf; tcsurf sm;udk
axmufjyMuygonf/ urmhukvor*tzGJYtpnf;rsm;uvnf; axmufjyMuygonf/
13

cH&olrsm;uvnf; ESp&f n
S v
f rsm; cHae&ojzifh bmoma&;t& cGjJ cm;zdEydS cf sKyfcs,f
onf[k rSw,
f Ml uygonf/ tar&dueftpd;k &uvnf; bmoma&;t& cGjJ cm;zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf I
&SdaMumif; ESpfpOfaMunmcsuf xkwfjyefygonf/ urmhEdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
uvnf; twdkif; ,HkMunfMuygonf/ owif;qdk;ausmfMum;rIBuD;udk tcsdefrD
z,f&mS ;&ef vkyd gonf/ odYkr[kwyf gu y#dyujzpfay:&ef vIYHaqmfbo
d uJo
h Ykd jzpfaeygrnf/
tcsufonf y#dyujzpfyGm;&onfh rlv taMumif;&if;cHwpfcsufvnf; jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ Oy"dkyfudk qdk;&Gm;pGm ysufpD;apygonf/
xdkYaMumifh tjcm;e,frsm;wGif tokbcs&ef vli,frsm;r&SdonfhtcsdefwGif
d[
k if*smESihf urefvil ,frsm;udk a'owGi;f tokbcs&ef avSmifyw
d x
f m;ouJo
h Ykd jzpfae
ygonf/ vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;aeonf[k rvIYH aqmfoifyh g/ wpfbufEikd if rH S cd;k 0ifvmonf[k
rpGyfpGJoifhyg/ ,rf;yHkrD;usjzpfatmif rvIHUaqmfoifhyg/
uRefawmfrsm;taejzifh tem*wfwGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;oltm;vHk; Nidrf;csrf;pGm
twlwuG,OS w
f aJG eEdik rf nft
h ajcaersdK;udo
k m vdv
k m;ygonf/ xdt
k ajcaersdK;udk xdcu
kd f
ysufpD;aprnfh vIHUaqmfrIrsdK;pHkudkz,f&Sm;&ef arwm&yfcHvdkygonf/ y#dyuwGif yg0ifol
toD;oD;uvnf; a&Smif&mS ;&efvykd gonf/ tpd;k &uvnf; w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nD wm;qD;
oifhygonf/ pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifonf tcsufudk y#dyujzpfaponfh rlv
taMumif;cH wpf&yftjzpf rSwf,loifhygaMumif; tMuHjyKtyfygonf/

14

(5) trdefYr&vQif a&awmif raomuf&

dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;? urefvlrsdK;rsm;onf trdefYr&vQif vufrxyfMu&/
trded Yrf &vQif uav; rarG;&/ trdeYrf &vQif c&D;rxGu&f / trdeYfr&vQif aq;Hrk wuf&/
trdefYr&vQif bk&m;0wfrjyK&/ trdefYr&vQif pmroif&/ pmoifausmif;rzGifh&/
trdeYfr&vQif tdrrf aqmuf&/ tdr,
f mra&TU&/ trdeYfr&vQif tdraf xmifusom;orD;rsm;
tdrfcGJ rae&/ oef;acgifpm&if; rcGJ&/ 0wfjyKausmif; raqmuf& ponf ponfjzifh
uefYowfrl? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,frl trsdK;rsdK;cHMu&ygonf/ ,kwfpGtqHk; trdefYr&vQif
a&awmifraomuf&[k qdk&ygrnf/
d[
k if*smrsm;tm;vH;k taMumufw&m;atmufwiG f MuD;jyif;cJ&h ygonf/ ntdy&f m
0ifwikd ;f tdrrf ufq;kd rsm;om rufaeMu&ygonf/ vljrifwikd ;f aMumufvefY ajy;yke;f ae
Mu&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh ,leaD zmif;0wfvmolrsm;udjk rifvQif wpf&mG vH;k uav; vlMuD;
rusef ajy;yke;f &ygonf/ MumvQif tajctae tvGeq
f ;kd &Gm; oGm;Edik yf gonf/ oHo,
tusdK;udk qdk;&Gm;pGm cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/
taMumif;w&m;rsm;onf y#dyujzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;cHrsm;omjzpfonf/
tpd;k &0efxrf;a[mif;rsm;? yifpifpm;rsm;\ om;orD;rsm;yg tvkyrf &Muyg/ tpd;k &
tvkyv
f ;kH 0r&/ cGjJ cm;qufqcH MH u&ygonf/ d[
k if*smrsm;\ vuf&v
dS ufawGYtajctae
rsm;udk jynfrrS jynforl sm; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;rS jynforl sm; rod&MdS uyg/ owif;Xmersm;?
pmapmifrsm;uvnf; a&;om;wifjyjcif; r&SMd uyg/ odYk aomf Edik if w
H umowif;Xmersm;?
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&tzGJYrsm;u tcsdKYtajctaersm;udk odMuygonf/ tvm;wl
jrefrmEdkifiHjynfolrsm;uvnf; tajcaet&yf&yfudk trSeftwdkif;od&ef vdktyfygonf/
yGiv
hf if;aom vlYtzGYJ tpnf; jzpfvm&ef vdt
k yfygonf/ yGiv
hf if;aomvlYtzGYJ tpnf;jzpf
vmatmif tm;vH;k u 0kid ;f 0ef;aqmif&u
G Mf u&ygrnf/ odYkro
S m 0g'jzefYorl sm;? tpGe;f a&muf
olrsm;\ e,fy,f usOf;ajrmif;oxufusOf;ajrmif;oGm;ygrnf/

15

trsdK;om;a&;udk w&m;Oya'\ txufwGif ae&mray;oifhyg/ tcsdKYu

jrefrmEdik if \
H xl;jcm;onft
h ajctaeudk Edik if w
H umu aumif;aumif;rodMu[k ajymqdk
Muonf? txifao;Muonf/ EdkifiHwumu jrefrmEdkifiHtaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;
odonf[k uRefawmf,HkMunfygonf/
,aeYurmMuD;onf usOf;ajrmif;vmygonf/ owif;acwfoYkd a&mufaeygonf/
rnfolYudkrQ avQmhrwGufoifhyg/ jynfwGif;wGifom zHk;uG,f&rnf? vdrfvnf&rnf?
urmMuD;udkawmh bmrQrod[kqdkjyD; vdrf r&Edkifyg/
yGifhvif;aom vlUtzGJYtpnf;udk xlaxmifEdkifrSomvQif tem*wfy#dyursm;udk
a&SmifvTJEdkifrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/ yGifhvif;aom vlYtzGJUtpnf; r&Sdjcif;u y#dyu
jzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;cHwpf&yf[k oHk;oyfvdkygonf/
yGifhvif;aom vlYtzGJYtpnf; r[kwfonfhtwGuf vlrsdK;a&;wap? bmoma&;
waprsm;\ Ncdrf;ajcmufrIudk cHae&olrsm;pGm&Sdonf/ vIHUaqmfrltrsdK;rsdK;vnf;&Sdonf/
xdo
k rl sm;onf ud,
k rhf suf0wfukd ud,
k rf jrif tjcm;olrsm;\ rsuf0wfuo
kd mjrifMuonf/
yGiv
hf if;aomvlYtzGUJ tpnf;xlaxmifEikd rf o
S mvQif tem*wfy#dyursm;udk a&SmifvEJT ikd rf nf/
w&m;vrf;rSeftay: avQmufvSrf;Edkif&eftwGuf tvif;a&mifwnf;[laom yGifhvif;rIY
vdktyfygonf/
odYkro
S m w&m;vrf;rSeu
f v
kd nf; odjrifMu&rnf/ jynforl sm; vrf;rjrif? urf;rjrif
oGm;ae&onft
h jzpfru
S Rwrf nf? Nird ;f csr;f om,maom vlYtpkta0;udv
k nf; wnfaqmuf
Edkifayrnf/
tem*wfy#dyursm;ray:&ef MudKwifumuG,f&mvnf;a&mufayrnf/

16

(6) (1982)ckESpf EdkifiHom;Oya'udkazmufzsufusL;vGefol b,folvJ

(1982)ckEpS Ef ikd if o
H m;Oya'onf rw&m;aomOya'jzpfonf/ odYk aomfvnf;
xkdrw&m;aomOya't& EdkifiHom;jzpfcGifh&Sdolrsm;? EdkifiHom;vufrSwfavQmufxm;vm
onfhtcgwGifvnf; xyfqifh rw&m;qufqHcHMu&ygonf/ jynfoltajrmuftjrm;?
EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfr&Muyg/ tpvmrfbmom0if tm;vHk;eD;eD;? EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;
vufrSwf&&Sd&ef tcuftcJrsdK;pHkMuHKMu&ygonf/ tcsdefpGJcHMu&ygonf/ cGJjcm; qufqH
cHMu&ygonf/ v0ut&m&SBd uD;rsm;onf uReaf wmfwYkd\ t&Sio
f cifrsm;jzpfMuygonf/
4if;wdYk ukd t&Sio
f ciftjzpf qufqMH u&ygonf/ olwYkdoem;rS uReaf wmfrsm; rSwyf w
kH if
&Edkifygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu (1990)ck bl;oD;awmif jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
OD;ausmfrif;uJhodkY axmifESpf&SnfuscH&EdkifjyD; rdom;pkkwpfpkvHk; b0ysufoGm;Edkifygonf/
pdppfa&;uwfjym;avQmufxm;olrsm;udk tcsdefrDxkwfray;bJ tcsdefqGJxm;jcif;onf
Oya'csdK;azmufjcif;omjzpfonf/ yg;pyf[xm;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf[k oH;k oyf &onf/
Oya'csdK;azmufol b,folvJ oHk;oyfvnf;&onf/
dk[if*smESifh uref vlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifrsm; r&&SdMuyg/
odumrJhaom tjzLa&mif puLrsm;om &&SdMuygonf/ tjzLa&mifpuLonf cGJjcm;
qufqrH \
I oufaocHwpf&yfomjzpfonf/ zdEydS rf \
I oauFwvnf;jzpfonf/ y#dyu
jzpf&ef taMumif;cHwpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/vIUH aqmfrw
I pf&yfvnf;jzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh
tem*wfy#dyuukd a&Smif&mS ;&eftwGuf w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nD? d[
k if*smESihf urefrsm;udk
tjrefq;kH (csufcsif;) Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfrsm;udk xkwaf y;&ef vdt
k yfygonf/ e,fjcm;
a'ojzpf EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfjym; tjrefqHk;xkwfay;xm;&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/
rvdv
k m;tyfonfh oHo,rsm;udk z,f&mS ;Edik &f eftwGuf Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;onf
r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf/ tpdk;&u EdkifiHrJhrsm;tjzpf jyKrlqufqHrIrsm;a&Smifoifhonf/
w&m;Oya'udkav;pm;oifhonf/ acgifup rdk;rvHk rjzpfoifhyg/ jynfolrsm;tMum;
oHo,yGm;atmif rvIHUaqmfoifhyg/ tu,f Oya'ESifhtnD rSwfyHkwif&xdkufolrsm;?
r&&Sb
d J tcsdeq
f aJG evQif y#dyursm;udk zdwaf c:&musrnf/ tcsufonf ,ckjzpfymG ;
cJh&onfh y#dyu\ rlvtaMumif;cHwpf&yfvnf;jzpfonf/
17

(7) urmuodaom urmausmf e*g;rif;pDrHcsuf

e*g;rif;pDrHcsufonf dk[if*smvlrsdK;udk urmESifh rdwfqufay;onfh pDrHcsufMuD;
jzpfonf/ xkdpDrHcsufaMumifhyif dk[if*smudk urmMuD;u ydk ydk odcJhMuonf/
e*g;rif; pDrHcsufonf vlzrf;yGJMuD;? vlowfyGJMuD;? tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkuf ESdyfpuf
yGJMuD;? tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkufajy;yGJMuD;tjzpf EdkifiHwumpme,fZif;rsm;? urmhukvor*
tzGYJtpnf;rsm;? INGO rsm;u em;vnfxm;Muygonf/
jypfru
I kd usL;vGeMf uonfh tmPm&Sirf sm;u 4if;wdYk\apwemudk em;rvnfMu
uJhodkY tusnf;wefcJh&onf[k jyef&Sif;Muygonf/
EdkifiHwumu rtyg/ tjzpfrSefudk em;vnfMuygonf/
d[
k if*smrsm;vnf; e*g;rif;pDrcH suf\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh tar&duef?t*Fvef?
*syef?Mopaw;vs?aqmf't
D a&;AD;,m;?ygupwef?xdik ;f ?rav;&Sm;tygt0if Oa&myEdik if H
rsm;odkYyg ysHUESHUa&muf&SdoGm;Muygonf/
tcsKd Uaumif;pm;aeMuygonf/ tcsKd Uynm&SiMf u;D rsm;jzpfaeMuygonf/ 4if;wdYkonf
rnfonfh Edik if o
H m;jzpfaMumif;?rnfonf&h mG rSm arG;zGm;MuD;jyif;cJah Mumif;? &GmvlMuD;? &GmrS
xif&mS ;olrsm;? q&m q&mrrsm; ponfwYkd ukd oufaotaxmufxm;tjzpf wifjyMu
ygonf/ &GmESihf&Gmywf0ef;usif&Sd xif&Sm;onfhtrSwftom;rsm;? acsmif;rsm;? opfyif
Mu;D rsm;? ocsKif;rsm; ponfponfjzifh tcsuftvufrsm; jynhjf ynfph pkH w
kH ifjyEdik Mf uygonf/
tppfaq;cHEdkifMuygonf/pum;ajymcGifh?wifjycGifhrsm;us,fus,fjyefYjyefY&&SdMuygonf/
EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? pme,fZif;rsm;wGif oufaocHcsufrsm;ay;Edkif
cJhMuygonf/

18

[oFmpDrHcsuf
[oFmpDrcH sufonf e*g;rif;pDrcH suft& armif;xkwcf &H olrsm;udk jyefvnf vufcH
onfph rD cH sufMuD;jzpfonf/ Edik if aH wmfu apwemtjynft
h 0jzifh jyefvnfvufccH o
hJ nf[k
tmPm&Sifu toHaumif;[pfcJhonf/
d[
k if*smrsm;udv
k nf; ZmwdcsufaMuG arG;&yfajrodYk jyefMu&ef Edik if w
H umrS zdtm;
ay;cJhMuygonf/
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rSwf,lMuonf/ ,aeYwdkif tdrfrjyefMuolrsm;&Sdygonf/
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vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufukd wpfoufwiG f wpfMudro
f m ppfaq;qH;k jzwfoifyh gonf/
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jzpfaeygonf/ tcgcgppfaq;cHae&onfudk pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifrS od&efvdktyf
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k if*smrsm;? urefrsm;\ Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;ESihf pyfvsOf;onfh
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EdkifiHom;oHo,qdkonfh pum;&yf\ aemufuG,fwGif pm;rukef aomufrukef
jzpfaeMuygovm;/ tcsufudk pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SifrS tav;teufodapvdk
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19

(8) avSpD;NyD; yifv,fork'&mxJodkYxGufajy;Murvm;?

vdkufcsifvQif ydkufqHay;
d[
k if*smrsm;onf touf&iS &f yfwnfEikd &f eftwGuf yifv,fork'& mxGuv
f rf;rS
tcsdKUxGufajy;Muonf/ tvG,fwul xGufajy; r&/ ydkufqHwwfEdkifolrsm;omvQif
xGuaf jy;cGi&hf onf/ a&xJu tmPmydik u
f kd ydu
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udkvnf; ydkufqHay;Mu&onf/ ydkufqHay;EdkifrS xGufajy;cGifh&onf/ tvGeftE&m,f
rsm;aom opfom;avSi,fjzifah jy;Muonf/oufMu;D &G,t
f rkd sm;?rde;f rrsm;?uav;i,frsm;?
ud,
k 0f efaqmifrsm;vnf;ygonf/ a&TUajymif;vkyo
f m;rsm;tjzpf ajy;jcif; r[kw/f tvkyf
tudik &f mS azG&efr[kw/f tu,f tvkyt
f udik &f mS azG&efqv
kd Qif vli,frsm;omygMurnf/
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xGuaf jy;jcif;jzpfonf/ b,fa&mufa&muf? b,faygufayguf? xGuaf jy;jcif;jzpfonf/
tcsKd U yifv,fxw
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yifv,fxJodkY jyefvnfarQmay;Muonf/ tcsdKUEdkifiHrsm;u 'kuonftjzpf vufcHxm;
Muygonf/ odYk jzifh Edik if w
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toH;k cscrH sm;vnf;jzpfomG ;Edik yf gonf/ pmrwwf?ayrwwfjzifh tdik ;f pdik ;f rsm;vnf; jzpfomG ;
Edik yf gonf/ aemifa&;twGuf pd;k &dryf yl ef&aom? vli,ftyk pf Mk uD;ay:aygufvmEdik o
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EdkifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? 'kuonfpcef;rsm;wGif aexdkifjcif;u ydk aumif;onf/
EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;u axmufyHhauR;arG;Muayrnf/
20

d[
k if*smrsm;onf rdrw
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f ;kH 0raevdak wmhyg/ xdYk aMumifh d[
k if*sm
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k if*smudpu
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k if*smudpa y:ayguf&eftaMumif;r&S/d ppftmPmodr;f cJjh cif;\ qd;k &Gm;aom
&v'ftjzpf tarG&&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ ppftmPm&Sirf sm;u ud,
k af rT;onfh rD;udk ud,
k rf Nird ;f
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tcgvnf;jzpfonf/ jyemMuD;uvnf; aqG;ajrUaejyD;jzpfonf/ jyemta[mif;
MuD;jzpfonf/ jyem xyfcgwvJvaJ y:aejcif;onf vH;k 0rjzpfoifyh g/ ,cifygvDref
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&vufxufu ar,ke,fjcm;cdkifudk A[dktpdk;&u wdkufdkuftkyfcsKyfcJh
onfudk owdjyKoifhygonf/
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,ckxuf ydk MuD;rm;aom y#dyursm;vnf;jzpfvmEdik yf gonf/ xdYkaMumifh bufpakH xmifph kH
oHk;oyf&mwGif tcsufudkvnf; tav;teuf xnfhoGif; oHk;oyf&ef vdkygonf/
,cktcg dk[if*smrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ trnfudkyifvQif rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkifqHk;jzwf
jy|mef;cGirhf &/ rdrw
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f ufonfh trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:qdjk cif;cHae&ygonf/
odkYqdkvQif avSpD;ajy;olrsm;udk tjypfqdk r&/ 4if;wdkY vlpm&if;wGifyif r0ifawmh/
EdkifiHom;jzpfa&; rjzpfa&;udk tpdk;&u Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&GufcGifh&Sdygonf/
odYk aomf d[
k if*smrsm;onf rdrw
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jy|mef;cGi&hf ydS gonf/ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sit
f aejzifh tcsufukd tav;teufxm;
oHk;oyfoifhygonf/ tNiif;yGm;rIonf a&&Snf rjzpfoifhyg/ tNiif;yGm;rIonf
,cky#dyujzpf&onfh taMumif;&if;cHrsm;teufrS wpfckjzpfaMumif;Ijrifygonf/

21

(9) jynfwGif;ae c&D;oGm;rsm;tm; owfjzwfMu

,cktcg ]EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfrsm;tm; ulnDMuyg}[kaMumfNimqdkif;bkwfrsm;
ae&mteSYHawGYae&ygonf/ jynfwGif;aec&D;onfrsm; awmifukwfwGif owfjzwfjyD;
w&m;cHrazmfEdkifonfh ,cktcsdefrsdK;wGif xdkaMumfjimrsdK;zwf&onfhtcg awmifukwf
vlo
l wfru
I kd owd&rdygonf/ Edik if jH cm;om;c&D;onfrsm;xuf jynfwiG ;f aec&D;onfrsm;u
yd
k ta&;MuD;ygonf/ jynfwiG ;f aec&D;onfrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;onf y#dyuMuD;wpfck
toGijf zifh MuD;MuD;rm;rm;qd;k usdK;oufa&mufcjhJ y;D jzpfonf/ Edik if jH cm;om; c&D;onf *syef
trsdK;orD; tm;owfjzwfco
hJ nft
h rI? bmrQMuD;MuD;us,fus,fjzpfvmonfukd rMum;&yg/
jynfwGif;c&D;onfrsm;udk [dkae&m*dwfzGifhppf? 'Dae&m*dwfzGifhppf? ppfaq;rItxyfxyf?
aiGawmif;rItrsdK;rsdK;? axmufccH suftrsdK;rsdK;jy&efMuKH awGY&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh tpvmrf
bmom0ifc&D;onfrsm; tcufcJtrsdK;rsdK;MuHK&ygonf/ xdktcuftcJrsm;udk vufawGY
ususz,f&mS ;&efvt
kd yfygonf/ e*g;rif;pDrcH sut
f csed rf pS ,ck ESpaf ygif;(40)wdik f jynfrrS
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm; &cdkifa'oodkY roGm;&JMuyg/ v0ursm;udkaMumuf&onf/
tjyefwGif jyefvrf;r&Sd/ wpfbufEkdifiHrS cdk;0ifvmonf[k pGyfpGJcH&jyD; tzrf;cH&ygrnf/
twif;tMuyfajzmifch suf?0efccH sufrsm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ axmiftwGi;f td;k aqG;oGm;
rnfudkaMumuf&ygonf/ ,cktcg v0uxufqdk;aom rsufuef;rsdK;cspftpGef;a&muf
rsm;udv
k nf;aMumuf&ygonf/&cdik af 'oonf tvGeq
f if;&Jaoma'ojzpfonf/jynfwiG ;f
c&D;oGm;rsm;tm;vH;k c&D;oGm;&ef aMumuf&UHG aoma'ovnf;jzpfonf/ c&D;onf tenf;qH;k
oGm;a&mufonfah 'ovnf;jzpfonf/ odYk qv
kd Qif a'o tb,foYkd p;D yGm;zGUH jzKd ;aytH/h
jynfwiG ;f c&D;onfrsm;roGm;0Hah omt&yfoYkd Edik if jH cm;om;c&D;onfrsm;tb,foYkdomG ;0ht
H /hH
Edik if jH cm;om;c&D;onfrsm;udu
k n
l yD g[k rnfoYkyd ifqakd pumrl rnforl Q oGm;&JMurnfr[kw/f
txl;ojzifh EdkifiHjcm;om; tpvmrfbmom0if c&D;onfrsm; oGm;0HhMurnfr[kwf/
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ 'kuo
nfpcef;odYk oGm;a&muf Munfh I ulnv
D o
kd rl sm;udk tpGe;f
a&mufrsm;u ,ckwikd t
f yk pf zk UJG aESmih,
f u
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k ajctaersm; atmuf
wGif c&D;oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;cGio
hf nf vH;k 0rjzpfEikd /f xdYkaMumifh tkypf zk UJG tMurf;zufaeolrsm;udk
csufjcif;ta&;,laqmif&u
G &f efvykd gonf/ awmifuw
k v
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f rl sm; ta&;,l
zrf;qD;jcif;rcH&ao;onft
h wGuf xdt
k zGUJ uqufvuf tMurf;zufaeonf[k oH;k oyfrnf
qdkvQif&Edkifygonf/wnfNidrfat;csrf;aomtajcaeodkYa&muf&SdEdkif&ef tMurf;zufrsm;?
tpGe;f a&mufrsm;udk xdxad &mufa&muf ta&;,lEikd rf o
S mvQif tem*wfwiG f y#dyursm;
rjzpfatmifwm;qD;Edkifrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
22

(10) yifv,fork'&mxJodkYxGufaygufay;yg/
v0u0efMuD;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;owif;Xmewpfck\ ar;jref;cef;wGif&ckdifjynfe,frS
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;? (d[
k if*smrsm;)onf vGecf o
hJ nfh ESpaf ygif;(120)cefYu a&TUajymif;
vmolrsm;jzpfonf/ v0urS vmbfpm; cdk;oGif;vmonfqdkjcif;rSm r[kwfrrSefyg/
cdk;oGif;vmvQif taxmuftxm;jzifhwdkifMum;yg? ta&;,lygrnf? vGefcJhonfESpfaygif;
(120)ausmfu a&mufvmolrsm;qdkvQif tvdktavsmuf EdkifiHom;rjzpfbl;vm;[l
ar;&mwGif 0efMuD;u avQmufxm;&efvdkonf[k ajzygonf/ tenf;tusOf;vnf;
EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;vufrSwfay;xm;jyD;[k ajzonf/ uRefawmfrsm;em;vnfxm;onfrSm
avQmufxm;olrsm; b,favmufMumMum apmif&h rnfukd rodEikd yf g/ &Edik f r&Edik f tajzudk
yifvQif &Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ ,cktcsdeftxd tenf;tusOf;omxkwfay;xm;onf[k
qdv
k Qif aemufxyfxw
k rf ay;ygESi[
hf t
k MuHay;vdyk gonf/ 4if;wdYktm;vH;k udk yifv,fxo
J Ykd
armif;xkwfvdkufonfu ydk aumif;onf[k tMuHjyKvdkygonf/ rsdK;cspfrsufuef;rsm;
uvnf; vlMuD;rif;tm; ol&Jaumif;wpfa,mufozG,f vufckyfMobmwD; aomif;
aomif;jzjztm;ay;Muygvdrfhrnf/ vlxkaxmufcHMudKqdkyGJrsm;vnf; tifwdkuftm;wdkuf
ay:vmygvdrrhf nf/aeYcsif;ncsif; trsdK;om;ol&aJ umif;MuD;tjzpfa&muf&o
dS mG ;ygvdrrfh nf/
tu,fxdo
k Ykdarmif;xkw&f efrjzpfEikd v
f Qif (1982)ckEpS f Edik if o
H m;Oya'udk jyifyg/
EdkifiHom;jzpf&ef ESpfaygif;(200)rQ vdktyfaMumif;jy|mef;yg/ jy|mef;csufonf
aemufaMumif;jyef tmPmoufa&mufcGifh&SdaMumif;udkyg jy|mef;yg/ 4if;dk[if*smwdkYudk
ESpaf ygif;(120)txd Edik if o
H m;ray;bJ? &ufpufpmG zdEydS x
f m;rnft
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qH;k jzwf&rnht
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k MkH unfygonf/ ,cky#dyujzpf&onfh rlvtaMumif;
cHrsm;udk pOf;pm;rnfqdkvQif tcsufudk arhavsmhxm;&ef roifhyg/
jynfrrSmvnf;EdkifiHom; pdppfaq;a&;uwfr&&Sdolrsm;pGm&Sdonf[kod&ygonf/
avQmufxm;olrsm;vnf; jyefMum;csufwpfpw
kH pf&mr&bJtcsdepf cJG &H aMumif;od&ygonf/
xdYk aMumifh Edik if o
H m;Oya'b,favmufaumif;aumif; vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;vnf;aumif;&ef
vdt
k yfygonf/0efxrf;rsm;apwemrSe&f efvnf; vdyk gonf/ uReaf wmfrsm;taejzifh &cdik f
jynfe,f y#dyuonf v0uvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifhvnf;aumif;?v0u0efxrf;rsm;\
apwemESifhvnf;aumif; wdkufdkufqufpyf ywfoufrI&SdaMumif; oHk;oyfvdkygonf/
23

(11) b,fbufvufarmif;wGif ausmufa&m*gumuG,faq;xdk;xm;

ygovm;
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ausmufa&m*gumuG,af q;udk b,fbufvufarmif;wGio
f m
xdk;Mu&jyD; b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)EdkifiHwGifrl nmbufvufarmif;wGif xdk;Mu&ygonf/
vufarmif;udk ppfaq;Munhf jkH zifh rnfonhf Edik if o
H m;jzpfonfukd tMurf;tm;jzifh cGjJ cm;
odEdkifygonf/
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k if*smrsm;onf jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm;jzpfaMumif; tjcm;taxmufxm;rsm;pGmvnf;
wifjyEdik Mf uygonf/ 4if;wdYkukd cd;k 0ifygonf[k rawmfrw&m; pGypf o
JG w
l Ykdu 0g;vH;k &Snjf zifh
r&rf;oifyh g/ armifjzL? armifeD pojzifh twdtus pGypf o
JG ifyh gonf/ w&m;Oya'&Sjd y;D jzpf
w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDom ta&;,l oifhygonf/ pGyfpGJcH&oludkvnf;Oya'ESifhtnD ckcH
ajz&Si;f cGihf ay;&ygrnf/ yGiv
hf if;aom vlYtzGUJ tpnf;jzpf&ygrnf/ INGO ESifh N G O
rsm;udkvnf; wufa&muf em;axmifcGifhjyK&ygrnf/
Oya't& rD;aoqH;k jzwfjy;D olrsm;udk Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfxw
k af y;&ef vdt
k yf
olrsm;udk Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwf csufjcif;xkwaf y;&ef vdt
k yfygonf/ w&m;Oya't&
aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdbJ? 0g;vHk;&Snfjzifh &rf;aejcif;rSm y#dyujzpfapvdkolrsm;\ rrSefuef
onfhapwemygonf[kqdkcsifygonf/
uReaf wmfrsm;taejzifh d[
k if*smrsm;tm; txyfxyfppfaq;aejcif;udk &yfoifjh y[
D k
jrifygonf/ Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;udk tjrefq;kH (csufcsif;) xkwaf y;yg&ef arwm
&yfcHygonf/

24

(12) csif;jynfe,fESifh b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)e,fpyf&Sd csif;jynfolrsm;

EdkifiHjcm;odkY b,ftaygufrS xGufajy;MuovJ
csif;rsm;onf b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)EdkifiH\ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wGif yg0ifonf/
k if*smrsm;enf;wl zdEydS cf MH u&ygonf/ bmoma&;t&vnf;
tcsdKU csif;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;? d[
zdESdyfcHMu&onf[k ,HkMunfolrsm;&Sdonf/ tcsdKUjrefrmwkdif;&if;om; csif;jynfolrsm;
jynfyodkY xGufajy;vdkMuygonf/ xdkodkY xGufajy;&mwGif b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)EdkifiHudkjzwf
jynfyodkY xGufajy;Muygonf/
b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f Edik if o
H Ykda&mufvQif vGwv
f yfonfh urmMuD;xJa&mufomG ;onfEiS hf
wlonf/ b,fEdkifiHodkYrqdk tvG,fwuloGm;Edkifonf/ [kwfr[kwf jynfya&muf
csif;rsm;udk yGifhvif;aomvlUtzGJUtpnf;xlaxmifolrsm;taejzifh ar;jref;avhvmyg/
ydkufqHwwfEdkifaom dk[if*smrsm;onfvnf; b*Fvm;&Jrsm;udk ykdufqHay;
jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkY b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)EdkifiHrS tvG,fwuloGm;EdkifMuygonf/ tu,f
&efuek rf S oGm;rnfqv
kd Qif b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f rS oGm;onfxuf aiGuek af Mu;usp&dw(f 2)q
rS(3)qtxd ydkukefygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf)rS jzwfoef;oGm;vmonfu ykd
rsm;onf/
b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f Edik if o
H m;rsm; axmifEiS w
hf al omEdik if o
H Ykd cd;k 0if&ef taMumif;r&S[
d k
trsm;uqdMk uonf/ jrefrmEdik if b
H ufro
S m b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f udjk zwf Edik if w
H umodYk omG ;
aMumif;? Edik if w
H umowif;rsm;t& od&onf/ xdYkaMumifh tcsufukd pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;
aumfr&Sirf S owdjyKoifah Mumif; ,HMk unfygonf/ vufawGYtjzpfreS Ef iS hf ruif;uGmoif[
h k
,HMk unfygonf/ tpd;k &owif;pmESihf 0efxrf;rsm;\ tmabmfuo
kd m ,HMk unfrnfqv
kd Qif
vufawGYtjzpfreS rf sm;ESihf uif;uGmoGm;ygrnf/ em;? rsufpd zGihf tpd;k &u rodem;rvnf
ao;aom vufawGY tjzpftysuf trSefrsm;udk odatmifMudK;pm;&ygrnf/
b*Fvm;a'h(&Sf) EdkifiH 'gumjrdKUawmfwGif cdkvHI &cdkif'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
Edik if aH &;wufwufMuGMuG vIy&f mS ;oHrsm;udk Edik if jH cm;owif;Xmersm;rS rMumcP Mum;&
ygonf/ tu,f b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f Edik if o
H m;rsm; &efuek o
f Ykd vm odYk Eikd if aH &;vIy&f mS ;
ygu ESp&f n
S af xmifeef;pH&rnfomjzpfonf/ b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f ESihf jrefrmEdik if o
H nf odYk
jcm;em;onfh tjcm;tcsufrsm;pGm&Syd gonf/ vGwv
f yfciG rhf sm;vnf; rsm;pGmjcm;em;ygonf/
25

b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f rS cd;k 0ifonf[k pGypf &JG mwGif vufawGYtajcaersm;udyk g xnfo

h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&efvykd gonf/d[
k if*smrsm;udk vlrsdK;a&;?bmoma&;t& rke;f wD; b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f rS
cdk;0ifvmonf[k pGyfpGJMujcif;yifjzpfonf/
xdYk aMumifh &cdik jf ynfe,fwiG f a&&Snw
f nfwrhH nfh Nird ;f csrf;a&;? wnfNird af t;csrf;
a&;? tem*wfwiG f y#dyuxyfrH ray:aygufa&;twGuf t&Sw
d &m;rsm;udk rsufu,
G jf yK
ajz&Si;f Murnfqv
kd Qif rnfoYkd rQ atmifjrifrnfr[kwyf g/ aemufxyfEpS af ygif;(40)ausmf
xyfrHtcsdefukef&efom&Sdygonf/
b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f rS cd;k 0ifonfqo
kd nft
h csufonf ,kwv
d ;kH 0r&Syd g/ d[
k if*smrsm;udk
w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nDtjrefq;kH Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;xkwaf y;yg&ef xyfrH tMuHjyK
wifjytyfygonf/

26

(13) ydef;&Gufpm;Murvm;
EGm;rsm;onf jrufpm;Muygonf/ odYkaomf yde;f &Gurf pm;Muyg/ ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;wGif
jynfolrsm;jrufpm;Mu&onf[k owif;Xmersm;rSwpfqihf Mum;&ygonf/ odkYaomf
d[
k if*smrsm;onf yde;f &Guo
f mru? yde;f Ovnf;pm;? yde;f EG,v
f nf;pm;? yde;f d;k vnf;pm;?
ydef;yGifhvnf;pm;? ydef;wpfyifvHk;pm;Mu&onf/ tu,f dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;ae&mwGif
tjcm;vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfvQif rsdK;wH;k aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;Edik yf gonf/ d[
k if*smvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfom
odYk 'kuc
H opfO?opfz?k opf&u
G rf sdK;pHpk m; touf&iS &f yfwnfEikd &f ef MudK;pm;aejcif;
jzpfonf/ iSufaysmzl;ESifh iSufaysmtlwdkifrsm;udkvnf; pm;Mu&onf/ xif;ckwf?0g;ckwf
awmwuf? ig;zrf;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfudkifMuonf/ rnfolrQ olaX;jzpf&ef arQmfvifh
aeMuolrsm;r[kw/f ajy;vdMk uolrsm;om jzpfonf/ 4if;d[
k if*smrsm;udk bmoma&;t&
wdkufcdkufaeolrsm;u dk[if*smrsm; yifv,fxJ ig;zrf;oGm;Muonftcg? ig;ygvQifyg?
rygvQif ukvm;ygonf[k apmfapmfum;um;pGypf MJG uonf/ a&wyfukd ydu
k q
f aH y; cd;k 0if
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&yfwefYomG ;atmif pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Siu
f azmfxw
k Ef ikd rf nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/
xdkodkY rawmfrw&m;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk &yfwefYoGm;&eftwGuf dk[if*smrsm;udk-

w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;xkwfay;yg/

odumcsjyD;? apmfum;onfh puLjzLrsm;xkwfay;jcif;udk csufcsif;&yfyg/
y#dyursm;udk odum&Sd&Sd ajz&Sif;yg/
jzLpifonfh &nf&G,fcsufxm;yg/
tjzpfrSefrsm;udk rzHk;uG,fygESifh/
avmavmq,fjzpfysuaf eaom jynfwiG ;f jynfyowif;rsm;udk rjywfem;axmifyg/
"m;xrf;aqG;aEG;Mu&rnfh ordkif;tvdrfrsm;udk bufrvdkufbJ ab;z,fxm;yg/
vufawGY usonfh? vkyfief;rsm;udkom aqmif&Gufyg/
odkYrSom ,ckjzpfyGm;cJhaom y#dyuMuD;udk em;vnf&musrnf/
tem*wfy#dyursm;udkvnf; MudKwifwm;qD;&mvnf;usayrnf/
27

(14) puyfcRwf-xbD0wf-xbDcRwf-puyf0wf?

y#dyu\ rlvtaMumif;cHwpf&yf
pma&;q&mr (ESi;f yef;tdr)f \ tarSmifcef;twGi;f rS ol&aJ umif;wdYk \wdik ;f jynf
acgif;pOfjzifh EkdifiHjcm;owif;XmewpfckrS toHvTifhcJhygonf/ bl;oD;awmif axmifwGif
axmif0ifpmoGm;a&mufawGUqHkaom tpvmrfbmom0iftrsdK;orD;i,f (dk[if*sm)rsm;
axmif0ifpmawGY&ef trnfpm&if;ac:onft
h cg tvsit
f jref puyfcRwf xbDajymif;0wf
&ygonf/jy;D aemuf trnfpm&if;ac:onfah e&modYk oGm;&ygonf/trnfyg ryg em;axmif
&ygonf/ trnfrygvQif jyefomG ;&jy;D xbDcRw
f puyfjyef0wf&ygonf/ aemufwpfcg
trnfac:onft
h cg puyfcRwf xbDjyef0wfMu&ygonf/odYk Murd zf efrsm;pGmjyKvkyjf y;D rS
axmif0ifpmwpfMudr?f accPomawGYciG &hf Muygonf/axmif0ifpmrSmvnf; ikwo
f ;D
awmifh tenf;i,fEiS hf qm;tenf;i,fomvQiyf g&Syd gonf/ tjcm; pm;p&mrsm; ryg&Syd g/
qif;&JveG ;f qm;ESihf ikwo
f ;D awmifo
h m wwfEikd Mf uygonf/ tvGeaf MuuGpJ &mzdEydS rf ?I
&ufpufr?I tEdik u
f sifrh ?I vlY*P
k o
f u
d m udk qd;k &Gm;pGmcsdK;ESrd rf ?I pufqw
k zf ,
G &f mtjyKtrljzpf?
urmuodatmif EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm;odatmif Ak'bmom pma&;q&mrwpfOD;u
&J&ifhpGm toHvTifhcJhygonf/
4if;tjyif armif;awmaxmifwiG f tzrf;cHxm;&aom tpvmrf bmom0ifvil ,f
(d[
k if*sm)wpfO;D taMumif;toHviT yhf gonf/ xdv
k il ,fonf armif;awmrS bl;oD;awmif
odYk axmufccH sufrygbJ tvkyv
f mvkyo
f nft
h wGuf tzrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ om;aZmESihf
rdciftMkd uD;onftvGeMf urf;wrf;onfah wmawmifujkd zwf ajcvsifc&D;jzifh armif;awmrS
bl;oD;awmifaxmifodkY om;udkawGY&efvmygonf/ axmifa&SUwGif&SdaeMuaomjynfol
rsm;u rdciftt
kd wGuf pd;k &dryf yl efMuygonf/ rdciftMkd uD;wGif rSwyf w
kH if&o
dS vm;[k ar;Mu
ygonf/ tartdkMuD;u r&Sd[kajzygonf/ xdktcg tartdkMuD;twGuf ywf0ef;usif&Sd
vltm;vH;k u pd;k &dryf yl efomG ;Muygonf/ tartdMk u;D udv
k nf;axmif0ifpmrawGYbJ jyefomG ;
Mu&ef 0dik ;f 0ef; azsmif;zsMuygonf/ tartdMk uD;yg xyfrH tzrf;cH&rnfukd tm;vH;k u
&Si;f jyMuygonf/ om;aZmuyfaeaom tartdMk u;D u om;aZmjzifh bmudrk Q rodawmhyg/
tm;vHk;u twefwefazsmif;zsrS bl;oD;awmifrS armif;awmodkY jyefoGm;ygonf/

28

tjzpftysufrsm;onf yHkjyifr[kwfyg/ Zmwfvrf;xGifjcif;r[kwfyg/ urmu

odjy;D om; tjzpfreS o
f mjzpfygonf/ odYk yif aMuuGpJ &m tjzpftysufrsm;pGm &Syd gonf/
xdYkaMumifh taMumif;cHr&Sb
d J y#dyurjzpfay:Edik yf g/ taMumif;cHrsm;udk z,f&mS ;ukpm;&ef
twGuf d[
k if*smrsm;tm; w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nD tjrefq;kH Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm;
xkwfay;yg&ef tav;teuf tMuHjyKtyfygonf/
ae&mrSae pma&;q&mr ESif;yef;tdrftm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD;taejzifh vlrsdK;bmomrcGJjcm;bJ t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; urmodatmif
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nft
h wGuf txl;av;pm;rdygonf/ q&mr\ ajymifajrmufonfh owdu
kd
vnf; csD;usL;ygonf/ pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&Siv
f Ml uD;rsm;onfvnf; vlrsdK;bmomrcGjJ cm;bJ
w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD pHkprf;azmfxkwfrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/

(15) &Gmbk&m; &Gmom; rav;pm;

,ckjzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh y#dyursdK;rjzpf&ef Zmwfwrl sm;jzifh umuG,w
f m;qD; r&Edik yf g/
oufaocHtjzpf ,cky#dyuMuD;onf vHak vmufonfh xif&mS ;onfh oufao om"u
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/tu,f c&pf,mefbmom0if? [dEL bmom0ifEiS hf tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;
vHx
k ed ;f rsm;? tmPmydik rf sm;? 0efxrf;rsm;&Scd v
hJ Qif y#dyuMuD;udk tcsderf w
D m;qD;Edik cf rhJ nf
jzpfonf/ tem*wfy#dyursm;rjzpfap&eftwGuf c&pf,mefbmom0ifEiS hf [dEL bmom0if
rsm;udk ydrk ckd efYxm;&eftMujH yKvdyk gonf/ c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;rsm;jri w
hf ifjcif; Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrK yf
ESHrIrsm;udk wdk;jrifhjcif;? pmoifausmif;rsm;wdk;csJUjcif;? vQyfppfrD;rsm; aus;&Gmta&muf
(24)em&Day;jcif; ponfjzifh pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufatmif aqmif&u
G af y;vQif tem*wfwiG f
tvm;wly#dyursm;ray:Edik [
f k awG;aumif;awG;ygvdrrfh nf/ odYk awG;vQif tjynft
h 0
rrSeEf ikd yf g/ &Gmbk&m; &Gmom; rav;pm; qdo
k nfukd owdjyKoifyh gonf/ tjcm;jynfe,f
wdik ;f rsm;rS c&pf,mefbmom0ifEiS hf [dEL bmom0ifrsm;tygt0if vlrsKd;aygif;pHu
k kd vlrsdK;
bmomrcGJjcm;bJ w&m;rQwpGm cefYxm;yg&ef tMuHjyKvdkygonf/

29

(16) awmfvSefa&;aumifpD\ vlrsdK;pk(135)rsdK;

v0u vlrsKd ;pk(135)rsKd ;ygpm&if;onf ygvDref (jynfoUl vTwaf wmf)u jy|mef;cJjh cif;
r[kw/f tmPm&SiMf uD;wpfO;D u ol\tMudKuf wpfzufowf jy|mef;cJjh cif;omjzpfonf/
tpGe;f a&mufjy|mef;csuw
f pf&yfjzpfonf/ w&m;rQwrI vH;k 0r&So
d nfh jy|mef;csujf zpfonf/
pm&if;wGif rnfoyl g rnfou
l sefonfukd yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; rod&/ usefco
hJ rl sm;vnf;
ajz&Si;f cGirf &cJ/h tmPm&Siw
f pfO;D wnf;\ oabmjzifh jy|mef;cJo
h nfph m&if;udk bk&m;ay;
usr;f tjzpf rSw,
f l r&yg/ odYkaomf jyefrajym&/ raqG;aEG;&/ rvdu
k ef mvQif ausmif;om;
acgif;aqmif qvdkif;udkwifarmifOD;uJhodkY MudK;pifa&mufoGm;Edkifygonf/ vlrsdK;jcm;
bmomjcm;rsm;twGuf MudK;pifonf tqifoif&h o
dS nf/ qvdik ;f udw
k ifarmifO;D \ tjzpf
tysufonf jrefrmjynf&dS vlrsdK;jcm;bmomjcm;tm;vH;k udk owday;vdu
k o
f uJo
h Ykdjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlrsdK;pk (135)pm&if;udk vlenf;pkrsm;taejzifh apm'urwuf0Hhyg/,cktcg
pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifay:vmjyDjzpfom t&JpGefYwifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
v0u (135)pm&if;wGif ryg&So
d nfv
h rl sdK;pkrsm;&Syd gonf/ Zdrk ;D vlrsdK;ESihf ud;k uefY
vlrsdK; pm&if; rygyg/ rsm;rMumrDu Zdrk ;D trsdK;om;rsm; Edik if jH cm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif qEjy
cJhMuonfudk EdkifiHjcm;owif;rsm;wGifMum;cJh&ygonf/ dk[if*smvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wnf;om
pm&if;rygouJo
h Ykd v0u0efMu;D u xyfcgwvJvt
J oHaumif;[pfonfukd Mum;&ygonf/
tvm;wl uGwfuD;vlrsdK;rsm;\ pm&if;udkvnf; rawGY&yg/ tcsdKUvlrsdK;rsm;\trnfudk
xdpk m&if; olwYkdrMudKufEpS o
f ufonft
h rnfjzifh azmfjyxm;onfrsm;vnf;awGY&ygonf/
vlrsKd ;wdik ;f vlrsKd ;wdik ;f ud,
k Mf uKd ufEpS o
f ufonfh trnfukd oH;k pGcJ iG &hf ydS gonf/ wpfzufowf
tjrif wpfzufowfjy|mef;csufrsm;udk pGeYfvw
T o
f ifyh gonf/ txl;ojzifh vlenf;pkrsm;udk
tedkifrusifhoifhyg/ Adkvfrusoifhyg/
vlenf;pk\toHudk em;axmifyg/ jcm;em;onfhtjrifrsm;udk em;axmifay;yg/
yGifhvif;onfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;udk xlaxmifay;yg/ y#dyuwpf0uf tvdkvdkaysmufuG,f
oGm;rnf/
w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfyg/ usefy#dyu wpf0uf tvdkvdk
aysmufoGm;ygrnf/
30

uReaf wmfrsm;taejzifh Edik if o

H m;jzpfa&;^rjzpfa&;? wdik ;f &if;om;jzpfa&;^rjzpfa&;?
Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nDq;kH jzwfciG &hf adS Mumif; em;vnfygonf/ odYk aomf
d[
k if*smtrnfukd oufqikd &f mvlrsdK;uomvQif qH;k jzwfciG &hf ydS gonf/ tjcm;rnfow
l pfO;D
wpfa,mufrQ pGuzf ufciG hf jy|mef;cGihf r&Syd g/ 4if;wdYk rMudKufonft
h rnfukd rac:oifyh g/
ESrd chf sonfh trnfrsm;udk roH;k oihyf g/ cGjJ cm;qufqo
H nfh toH;k tEIe;f rsdK;udk roH;k oifyh g/
d[
k if*smvlrsdK;rsm;\ trnfukd olwYkd u,
kd w
f ikd f a&G;cs,fciG rhf &So
d nfu y#dyujzpf&onfh
rlvtaMumif;cHtjzpf oHk;oyfyg&ef tMuHjyKtyfygonf/
dk[if*smrsm;udk b*FgvD[k ac:qdkjcif;udk jynfaxmifpkom; b*FgvDrsm;u
rMuKd ufyg/ vufrcHyg/ oabmrwlyg/ b*FgvDvrl sKd ;wGif b*FgvD[Ed L ? b*FgvDA'k b
mom?
b*FgvDc&pf,mefESifhewfudk;uG,folrsm;vnf;&SdMuygonf/ 4if;wdkYtm;vHk;u dk[if*sm
vlrsdK;rsm;udk b,fwkef;urS b*FgvDtjzpfvufrcHcJhyg/ dk[if*smudk ppfwaumif;&cdkif?
k if*smrsm;udk b*FgvD[k b*FgvDvrl sdK;
tm&fuefe?D &diG ;f *,m;[lom ac:qdMk uygonf/d[
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onfvnf; (2)ck&o
dS nf/ b*Fvm;a'h(&S)f (ta&SUb*Fvm;)ESihf taemufb*Fvm;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh b*FgvDvlrsdK;rsm;\ oabmqErygbJ wpfzufowfrac:qdkoifhyg/
dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;onf EkdifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfjym;xkwf&mwGif b*FgvD[k
azmfjyMu&onf/ odYkazmfjyMuonfrmS 4if;wdYk\ vGwv
f yfonfh oabmqEr[kwyf g/
tvGeMf uD;rm;onfzh t
d m;&Sad ejzpfonf/ taMumufw&m;aMumifjh zpfonf/ vGwv
f yfpmG
wifjycGirhf &Sjd cif;aMumifjh zpfonf/ Edik if o
H m;tcGit
hf a&;udk rw&m;ojzifh tqH;k I;H rcHEikd
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onf ,Ofaus;onfv
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tv,fwiG f MuD;rm;aom trnf;pufjzpfonf/ &Suzf ,
G af umif;aom vky&f yfjzpfonf/
tm;enf;onfhvlenf;pkrsm;tay: tEdkifhtxufjyKusifhjcif;omjzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;t&
tjrifuGJvGJolrsm;udk taoowfonfh rw&m;onfhvkyf&yfomjzpfonf/
31

dk[if*smrsm;onf trsdK;udkapmihfMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfyg;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh

vufxyfonfudk odyfrawGY&/ tenf;tusOf;omvQif&SdEdkifonf/ olwdkYvlrsdK;udkom
olwdkYvufxyfMuonf/ b*FgvDvlrsKd;rsm;ESifhvnf; vufxyfrIr&Sdoavmuf&Sm;onf/
b*FgvDvrl sdK;rsm;onf d[
k if*smvlrsdK;rsm;ESirhf wlyg/ b,fvrl sdK;udrk qdk vufxyf
onf/ b,fbmomESirhf qdk vufxyfonf/wkwv
f rl sKd ;vnf; rcse/f t*Fvyd v
f rl sKd ;vnf;
rcsef vufxyfMuonf/ vef'efjrKd U\ 'kw,
d vltrsm;qH;k onf b*FgvDjzpfonf[Mk um;zl;
ygonf/ odYkaomf b*FgvDEiS hf d[
k if*smvufxyfonfrmS r&So
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ygonf/ xdYkaMumifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sit
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dk[if*smtcef;u@udk wpfpdwfwpfa'o avhvmrdrnfjzpfygonf/

32

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(9)rsdK; b,fvdkaysmufoGm;ovJ
v0u\pm&if;wGif rlvpm&if;trSerf mS (144)rsdK;jzpfonf/ (135)rsdK; pm&if;onf
aemufrw
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f w
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rsdK;pm&if;wGif dk[if*smrsm;\ pm&if;udk ppfwaumif;&cdkif[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;
ygonf/ pm&if;topfwiG f ppfwaumif;&cdik t
f ygt0if (9)rsdK;udk wpfzufowf okwo
f if
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jzpfygonf/ oufqdkifonfhvlrsdK;rsm;udk ckcHajcycGifh? ajz&Sif;cGifhray;cJhyg/ ajz&Sif;cGifh?
ajcycGiu
hf akd y;jy;D rSomvQif jzKwfoif?h rjzKwfoifh qH;k jzwfoifyh gonf/ ,ckrl xdo
k Ykdr[kwf
tjzKwfcH&onfh vlrsdK;(9)rsdK;u odawmifrodvdkufyg/ tjzKwfcH&onfh vlrsdK;rsm;
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f nfh pm&if;Z,m;rsm;aMumifh y#dyursm;
jzpfcJh&onf[k xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&efvdkygonf/
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k if*smryg[kom txyfxyfajymaeygonf/
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f jzpf yg0ifaeaMumif;udk r&Si;f jyyg/ 0efMuD;ud,
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XmerS tqifq
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jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh dk[if*sm rkefwD;olrsm;\ pum;ESifh ,cif ppftpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;\
wpfzufowfpum;udkom em;0ifaeygonf/ (135)pm&if;udkom olodyHk&onf/
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k if*smrsm;udk tpd;k &tquf
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33

odYk jynfoUl vTwaf wmfu,

kd pf m;vS,Mf uD; pGypf o
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rD;IUd rIrsm; ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmygonf/ y#dyuvnf;ydk us,jf yefYcyhJ gonf/ 4if;ud,
k pf m;vS,Mf u;D
ajymMum;cJhonfh &ufpGJudkMunfh &cdkifjynfy#dyu ,SOfwGJ avhvmyg/ dk[if*smrsm;
aomif;ausmf 'kuo
nfpcef;a&mufaeygonf/ ae&mwGif tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;omqdyk gu
4if;jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fMuD; toufESifhcEm tdk;pm;uGJrnfrSm aocsmonf/ ajredrfh&m
vSrH pdu
k o
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aMumif;? em;vnfonft
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kH ufprkH S oH;k oyfEikd &f ef wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepft& wufvmcJhaom 0efMuD;csKyf
wpfO;D jzpfygonf/ 0efMuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf d[
k if*smrJrsm;&&S&d ef rawmfrw&m;vkycf o
hJ nf[k
pGypf MJG uonf/ d[
k if*smudpu
kd 0efMuD;csKyfO;D Eku wpfO;D wnf;aqmif&u
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OD;ausmfNird ;f ? OD;baqG? Adv
k rf LS ;atmif? OD;atmifMuD;tygt0if tm;vH;k u wnDwnGwf
wnf; qH;k jzwf aqmif&u
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wpfckvHk;wGifvnf;wm0ef&Sdonf/tb,faMumifh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek wpfOD;wnf;udka&G;
pGypf &JG ygoenf;/ pGypf cJG sufonf w&m;rQwrIr&Sad om pGypf cJG sufjzpfonf/ yk*Kd vfa&;
qefaompGypf cJG sufjzpfonf/OD;ae0if; tmPmodr;f rIukd axmufcaH om pGypf cJG sufjzpfonf/
ppftmPm&Sipf epfukd axmufcaH om pGypf cJG sujf zpfonf/ 0efMu;D csKyfO;D Ek tpd;k &\ w&m;0if
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wpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf/ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sit
f aejzifh 'Dru
kd a&pDabmiftwGi;f rSom
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kd a&pDpepfuzkd sufvzkd sufq;D ajymqdrk rI sm;udk owdjyK
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kd a&pDpepfukd wnfaqmuf&efMudK;yrf;aeonfh ta&;MuD;
aomtcsdejf zpfonf/ avSajy;wke;f wufusdK; tjzpfq;kd rsdK; ra&muf&ef owdjyK&ygrnf/
tMurf;zufonfh trsdK;om;a&;0g'Drsm;onf 'Dru
kd a&pDrsufEmS zH;k jzifh vTw
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kd a&pDrsufEmS zH;k pGyf
trsKd;om;a&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif; oHk;oyf&efvdkygonf/
34

(18) tMurf;zuform;u udkqdkAdkESifh ygvufpwdkif;udk

axmufjy vIHUaqmfjcif;
&cdik yf gwDMuD;wpfc\
k Ou|u tifwmAsL;rsm;wGiv
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vnf;aumif;? ygwDrx
S w
k o
f nfah Munmpmwrf;wGiv
f nf;aumif; udq
k Akd Ekd iS yfh gvufpwdik ;f
udkaxmufjy qlylaomif;Murf;rI MuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmatmif t&SdefjrifhwifcJhygonf/
,l*q
kd vm;AD;,m;jynfaxmifpo
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f rw&m;zdEydS
f &mZ0wfrsm;usL;vGecf hJ
onfhtwGuf (1) rufqD'dk;eD;,m; (2) cdkat;&Sm; (3) abmpeD;,m;[mpD*dk;AD;em;
(4) udq
k Akd kd (5) rGew
f eD *D dk ponfjzifh vGwv
f yfonfEh ikd if rH sm;tjzpf ay:xGucf yhJ gonf/
&cdik jf ynftMurf;zufvo
kd rl sm;u udq
k Akd kd wpfcw
k nf;udak xmufjy tMurf;zufrrI sm;udk
t&SdefjrifhwifcJhygonf/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;usL;vGef w&m;Oya'a&SUarSmufa&mufaeol
rsdK;cspfrsufuef;acgif;aqmifrsm;udak rhavsmhaeyH&k onf/ trSew
f u,f t&Sw
d ikd ;f oH;k oyf
&rnfqdkvQif &cdkifjynfe,fwGif 4if;ygwDu EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf tMurf;zufrIudk
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh vIUHaqmfcJhjcif;omjzpfygonf/
4if;tjyif d[
k if*smrsm;udk tkww
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pwdkif;a'oodkY tpkvdkuf tjyHKvdkuf ajymif;a&TUcJhMuygonf/ ZD,Gef0g't&vnf; EkdifiH
toD;oD;rS &[l'rD sm; ygvufpwdik ;f a'oodYk ajymif;a&TUvmMuygonf/ tpa&;Edik if v
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,ckwdkif ajz&Sif;r&ao;yg/ taemufa*skpvifwGif *sL;tdrf&mpcef;rsm; wnfaqmuf
aejcif;ud&k yfwefY&ef tar&dueftygt0if Edik if w
H umrSawmif;qdak eouJo
h Ykd ygvufpwdik ;f
rsm;udkvnf; tpa&;EdkifiHtm; todtrSwfjyK&ef tar&dueftygt0if EdkifiHwumrS
awmif;qdMk uygonf/xdyk #dyuonf qufvufajz&Si;f ae&qJ&o
dS nf/ ,ckrl xdt
k aMumif;
tcsufrsm;udk em;rvnfMuaom &cdkifjynfolrsm;tay: EdkifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf
&cdik Ef ikd if aH &;ygwDBuD;wpfcu
k vIUH aqmfjcif;udk w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nDwm;jrpfoifyh gonf/
y#dyuudk t&Sdef jrifhcGifh ray;oifhyg/
35

ygvufpwdkif;rsm;udkvnf; rGwfpfvifrf EdkifiHxlaxmifvdkoltjzpf azmfjyjcif;rSm

vIYaH qmfjcif;oufoufjzpfonf/ ygvufpwdik ;f vGwaf jrmufa&;tzGUJ (PLO)onf wyfaygif;
pkjzpfonf/ 4if;tzGUJ wGif yg0ifonfh ay:jyLvmwyfO;D onf c&pf,mefvrl sdK; a*smh&[
f mb&Sf
wnfaxmifonft
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f ifrEf ikd if x
H al xmif&ef MudK;yrf;jcif; r[kw/f &cdik f
EdkifiHa&;ygwDMuD;u &cdkify#dyuudk bmoma&;y#dyujzpfapvdkonf/ &cdkify#dyuukd
bmoma&;y#dyutoGifodkY t&Sdefjrifh&ef toHk;csjcif;udk wm;jrpfoifhonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&efS idk if o
H nfvnf; rGwpf v
f ifrEf ikd if rH [kw/f bmoma&;udk tajcrcHonfh
Edik if jH zpfonf/ Edik if \
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f ifrjf zpfaomfvnf; 'kw,
d
tmPmt&SdqHk; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efMuD;rSm Ak'bmom0if 'Dyrked jzpfonf/ Ak'bmomESifh
[dEL bmom0if tjcm;0efMu;D rsm;vnf;&So
d nft
h jyif ppfwyfwiG f Adv
k cf sKyfrsm;vnf;&So
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jref r mEd k i f i H q d k i f & m b*F v m;a'h & S f o H t rwf M uD ; onf Ak ' b mom0if
Akv
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fS kd bmoma&;tajccHEidk if w
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&cdkifEkdifiHa&;ygwDMuD;u y#dyursm;wGif toHk;csygonf/&cdkifEdkifiHa&;ygwDMuD;u
&cdkifjynfe,fwGif ygvufpwdkif; EdkifiHuJhodkY xlaxmif&ef MudK;pm;aeonf[k
pmjzifhxkwfjyefaMunmjcif;onf rGwfpfvifrf rsm;ESifh jzpfyGm;onfhy#dyutjzpf
yH k a zmf j cif ; omjzpf o nf / y#d y u j zpf a epOf u mvtwG i f ; ? rD ; uk e f , rf ; uk e f
t&Sdefjrifhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 4if;EdkifiHa&;ygwDMuD;aMumifh y#dyuonf jzpfoifhonfxuf
ydk MuD;rm;us,fjyefYcJhygonf/ tcsufudk aumfr&Siftaejzifh [kwf^r[kwf txl;
tav;ay; ppfaq;oifhygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu ygwDMuD;onf
emZDygwDMuD;uJo
h Ykd tpGe;f a&mufygwDMuD;tjzpfoYkd ajymif;vJomG ;jyD ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;
uvnf; [pfwvmESifh aemufvdkufacgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodkY ajymif;vJoGm;ygrnf/
uRefawmfrsm;taejzifh vlrsdK;rcGJ? bmomrcGJ tm;vHk;udk cspfygonf/ wpfbuf
bufu tpGe;f xGurf nfukd vH;k 0vufrcHEikd yf g/ trsdK;om;a&;udk w&m;Oya'txufwiG f
ae&mray;vdyk g/trsKd ;om;a&;taMumif;jycsujf zifh w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;udrk zsuq
f ;D oifyh g/
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tMuHjyKtyfygonf/
36

(19) &cdkifjynfe,f y#dyuonf bmoma&;y#dyu [kwf^r[kwf

,cky#dyuMuD;onf omref&mZ0wfrrI S y#dyuoYkd toGiaf jymif;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
4if;y#dyuudk OD;aqmif usL;vGefcJhMuonfholrsm;onf bmoma&;udk a&S;IcJhonf/
awmifukwfwGif c&D;oGm;um;ay:ygvmolrsm;teufrS tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;udkom
wpfO;D csif;a&G;cs,f at;at;aq;aq; taESmiht
f ,Surf &S?d twm;tqD;r&S?d &uf&uf
pufpuf owfjzwfcJhonfh jzpfpOfMuD;jzpfygonf/
towfcH&olrsm;rSm dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm; r[kwfyg/ jrefrmEdkifiHom; tpvmrf
bmom0ifrsm;omjzpfonf/ um;ay:wGif tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;yg&Sad omfvnf; towfcH
&olrsm;wGif tjcm;bmom0ifrsm; vHk;0 ryg&SdcJhyg/ xdkYaMumifh vlowfrIMuD;onf
tpvmrfbmomouf0if,MkH unforl sm;udo
k m a&G;cs,f cGjJ cm;owfjzwfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/
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odYk o;kH oyf&jcif;rSm jyemudk yHMk uD;csJUvdo
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aq;wjcm;jzpfoGm;ygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh temod&ef azmfjy&jcif;omjzpfygonf/
rnfolUudkrS r&nf&G,fyg/
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a&;udk OD;wnf vIUH aqmfcyhJ gonf/ rD;IUd rIrsm;? vlowfrrI sm;udak vhvmrnfqv
kd Qiv
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rD;IUd &mwGiv
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37

bmoma&;udk OD;wnfvIYHaqmfcJhaom &cdkifygwDMuD;ESifh aemufvdkufrsm;tm;

trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ &Si;f vif;jywfom;aom Edb
k ,fvq
f Ek iS hf
xdkufwefaom pdwf"mwfudk wifjyvdkygonf/ (1947)ckESpf? arvwGif usif;ycJhonfh
(z-q-y-v) yPmrjyifqifrInDvmcHwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK\ tqdkESifh pyfvsOf;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u]]... 'DrSm q&m? uRefawmfwdkYu vlBudKufatmif vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? 'Dvdk
r[kwfr[wf udk,fxif&mawG avQmufvkyfaeMur,fqdkvQif uRefawmfwdkY
wdkif;jynf[m rMumrD ysufpD;jydKuGJjyD; uRefoaygufjzpfoGm;rSmbJ/ uRefawmfwdkY
wdik ;f jynfrmS tavmif;bk&m;vufxufuwnf;u rlqvifawG&w
dS ,f/ bk&if*sD
awG&w
dS ,f/ tpwke;f uwnf;u&Sv
d mMuwJh ewfu;kd uG,w
f hJ awmifwef;om;awG
&Sdw,f/ tJonfawmifwef;om;awG[m t*Fvdyfvufatmufwkef;u wpfcsdKY
c&pf,mefawGjzpfjy;D td;k pGaJ eMuwm&Sw
d ,f/ olwYkdwpfawG[m tm;vH;k Edik if o
H m;
awGy/J wdik ;f jynfukd uRew
f iG ;f u vGwaf tmif wdu
k x
f w
k Mf uwke;f u uReaf wmfwYkd
csnf;r[kwfbl;/ olwdkYwawG ygMuw,f/ ,ck uRefwGif;u vGwfrnfrMuH
ao;bl;/ olwYkd awGtay:rSm tedik u
f sifjh y;D igwdYk vrl sm;pk&UJ bmomudk Edik if aH wmf
bmomjzpf&r,fvdkY vkyfvdkufvQif uRefawmfwdkY[m acG;avmufawmif
aomufo;kH ruswJh taumifawG jzpfomG ;MurSmayghq&m/ wdik ;f jynfukd wdik ;f jynf
a&;vdk awG;prf;yg/ bmoma&;awG bmawG nmawG vkyfraeprf;ygESifh/
uRefawmfwdkY[m wdkif;jynf wpfckvHk; pnf;vHk;MuzdkYvdkw,f/ .....,cktcsdefrSm
vdkcsifwmu jynfaxmifpkxJrSm&SdaeMuwJh vlrsdK;tm;vHk;? bmomtm;vHk;
b,fawmhrS rjyKd uGb
J J cGx
J u
G o
f mG ;rnfh vlawG ay:rvmapbJ Edik if aH &;pdw"f mwf
wpfckwnf;&SdatmifoGif;jyD;pnf;vHk;zdkYvdkw,f/ EdkifiHawmfbmomudk Ak'bmom
vkycf sif&if Ak'b
momEdik if aH wmfvYkd q&mhbmom q&maMunm?uReaf wmfrygbl;}}
uRefawmfrsm;taejzifh bmoma&;ckw;kH vkyf ? Edik if aH &;tjrwfxw
k ?f y#dyursm;udk
t&Sed jf rifah tmif aoG;xd;k vkyaf qmifaeMuolrsm;udk odapvdyk gonf/ jyKjyifapvdyk gonf/
jynfaxmifpMk uD;wpfcv
k ;kH ? wnfNird af t;csrf;apvdyk gonf/ w&m;Oya'ESit
hf nD tkycf sKyf
apvdkygonf/ odkYrSom ,cky#dyuMuD;csKyfNidrf;um wnfNidrfat;csrf;vmrnf[k
,HkMunfygonf/
38

(20) 0wfausmif;awmfrsm;ESifh pmoifausmif;rsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;

uReaf wmfonf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm owif;em;axmifow
l pfO;D jzpfygonf/ tar&duef
Edik if u
H ESppf Ofxw
k jf yefonfh aMunmpmwrf;wGif 0wfausmif;awmfrsm; zsuq
f ;D jcif;? pmoif
ausmif;rsm;zsuq
f ;D jcif;?ordik ;f 0ifocsK if;rsm;zsuq
f ;D jcif;?ponf ponfjzifh bmoma&;zdEydS f
csKyfcs,frrI sm;Mum;od&ygonf/ awmfveS af &;aumifpv
D ufxufrS ,aeYtxdMum;ae&
ygonf/xdt
k ajctaersKd; r&So
d ifyh g/ wnfNird af t;csrf;aom Edik if aH wmfMuD;jzpfa&;twGuf
jyKjyif&ef vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk jyKjyif&ygrnf/ ajzavQm&h ef vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk ajzavQm&h
ygrnf/tpd;k &uyg0ifzEd ydS o
f nfyh #dyursKd ;rjzpfoifyh g/bufEpS zf uf&o
dS nft
h euf wpfzufukd
ajrmufay;&ma&mufonfh aoG;cGJtkyfcsLyfonfh pepfrsdK; rusihfoHk;oifhyg/
bmoma&;y#dyutjzpfodkY OD;wnfvdkolrsm;uvnf; 0wfausmif;awmfrsm;udk?
t"duOD;wnfwdkufcdkufMuygonf/ y#dyursm; pwif&mwGif 0wfausmif;awmfrsm;udk
cJrsm;jzifh ypfaygufjcif;jzifhvlpkvla0;rsm;jzpfvmatmif? vkyfMuygonf/ vlpkvla0;rsm;
vmonfhtcg tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ tdrfrsm;? qdkifrsm;udk a&G;cs,f wdkufcdkufMu
ygonf/ tpdk;&u enf;ay;? vrf;jyjyKouJhodkY jzpfaeygonf/ uRefawmfhtjrifjzihf
wpfzufowf pGypf aJG ejcif; r[kwyf g/ tar&duefEikd if EH iS fh tjcm; INGOrsm;\ oabm
xm;tjrifrsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif; oHk;oyfapvdkygonf/
ql;avbk&m;teD;&Sd 0wfausmif;awmfESifh &efukef0wfausmif;awmfrsm;udk
axmufjy bmoma&;zdESdyfrIr&Sd[k tpdk;&u jyefvnf acsycJhonfrsm;vnf;
od&Sdygonf/ odkYaomf jrdKUopfrsm;ESifh tcsdKUe,frsm;wGif 0wfausmif;rsm;r&Sd
vlaetdrfrsm;wGif 0wfjyK&ygonf/ tmPmydkifrsm;od&Sdonfhtcg tzrf;cH&jcif;?
tydwfcH&jcif;rsm;udkvnf; Mum;&ygonf/ 0wfjyKcGifh r&Sd/ t&ufqdkifrsm;om
wdk;csJUzGifhcGifh &Sdonf/ tjzpfrSefrsm;udk trSeftwdkif; rwifjy0hHyg/
,cktcg pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifay:aygufjyD;jzpfom t&JpGefYwifjy&jcif;
jzpfygonf/ odYk wifjy&jcif;twGuf wpfO;D OD;udk xdcu
kd cf yJh gvQif r&nf&,
G b
f J xdcu
kd f
onf[k rSwf,lyg&ef tel;tnGwf awmif;yeftyfygonf/

39

(21) yk'fr(144)udk tumtuG,f,l wkdufcdkufjcif;

yk'fr(144)xkwfonfhtcsdefrSp tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm; tdrfjyifodkY rxGufEdkif
Muyg/ wpfzufrv
S nf; yk'rf (144)udk tumtuG,,
f jl y;D &Jrsm;ESit
hf wl tpvmrfbmom
0ifrsm;\ tdrrf sm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu
k cf u
kd Mf uygonf/ rD;wif&UdI Muygonf/ yk'rf (144)onf
bmoma&;tpGe;f a&mufwu
kd cf u
kd o
f rl sm;twGuf tumtuG,jf zpfcyhJ gonf/ yk'rf (144)
xkwfjyD;rS rD;&IdUwdkufcdkufrIrsm; ydk ydkyif rsm;vmcJhygonf/
4if;rD;IUd wdu
k cf u
kd o
f rl sm;u pGypf cJG sut
f rsKd ;rsKd ; Edik if jH cm;owif;Xmersm;odYk tifwmAsL;
trsdK;rsdK;xkwyf gonf/ ud,
k t
hf rd u
f u
kd ,
kd f rD;IUd Muygonf[k txyfxyf pGypf MJG uygonf/
[kwfr[kwf ,cktcg y#dyupHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifu ppfaq;cGifh&aejyDjzpf
tcsufudk t"duxm; ppfaq;ay;apvdkygonf/ trSefw&m;ay:rnf[k ,HkMunf
ygonf/ rD;avmifaoqHk;olta&twGufvnf; ydkrsm;vmrnf[kem;vnfxm;ygonf/
aoqHk;ol(80)ausmftpm; (800)ausmf jzpfoGm;Edkifygonf/
yk'fr(144)xkwfjyD;aemuf tb,faMumifh tMurf;zufrIrsm;wdk;vm&ygoenf;/
yk'rf (144)onf tMurf;zuform;rsm;twGuf vHjk cKHpw
d cf s&onfh tumtuG,jf zpfcjhJ y;D
tjcm;wpfzuftwGuf MuD;rm;aom twm;tqD;MuD;jzpfcJhygovm;/
tu,fom yk'rf (144)tpm; ud,
k t
hf rd u
f ,
kd u
f muG,cf iG &hf cJv
h Qif rQ qd;k qd;k
&Gm;&Gm;rxdcu
fkd Ef ikd [
f k oH;k oyfrrI sdK;udv
k nf; Mum;&ygonf/ xdYk aMumifh yk'rf (144)onf
wpfzufowfepfemrIrsdK; jzpfcyhJ govm;[k ar;cGe;f xkwpf &m&Syd gonf/ pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;
aumfr&Siftaejzifhvnf; tajzudk trSeftwdkif;&&Sdrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

40

(22) vlrsdK; (2)rsdK;tMum; &efwdkufay;aeygovm;

roifhrwifhjzpfaeMuaom vlrsdK;(2)rsdK;tMum; oHo,yGm;aeaom vlrsdK;(2)
rsdK;Mum;wGif &efwu
kd af y;onfh tajymtqdk tjyKtrlrsm;udk a&Smifoifyh gonf/ d[
k if*sm
tdraf xmifpw
k pfcu
k kd axmuf v0u0efMuD;u rdom;pk(70)ausmf &Sad eaMumif;? a0zef
ajymqdyk gonf/ d[
k if*smtm;vH;k \ tdraf xmifpw
k iG f xdo
k Ykd rsm;aeygovm;/ xdo
k Ykd v;kH 0
rjzpfEikd yf g/ vlrsdK;wdik ;f ? bmomwdik ;f wGif xdo
k Ykdpek ;f jyL;rsm;&SEd ikd yf gonf/ rif;wke;f rif;wGif
om;orD;(100)ausmf&Sdonf[k Mum;zl;ygonf/
uReaf wmfrsm;od&x
dS m;onfrmS d[
k if*smrsm;\tdraf xmifpw
k iG f tdraf xmifcJG om;
orD;rsm;?tdrfaxmifcGJ ajr;rsm;tm;vHk; ? tdrfaxmifpkZ,m;wpfckwnf;atmufwGifom
aeMu&ygonf/ oef;acgifpm&if;cGJcGifh r&Sdyg/ xdktcsufudk v0u 0efMuD; odyHkr&yg/
&SufzG,faumif;ygonf/ rajymrjyD; rwD;rjrnfjzpfaeom wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf/
dk[if*smrsm;\ tdrfaxmifa&;pepfonf wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfjzpf\/ tdrfaxmif
usjy;D vQif tdraf xmifjyKd uGjJ cif;r&So
d avmuf&mS ;ygonf/ uGm&Si;f jywfpjJ cif; r&So
d avmuf
&Sm;ygonf/ tdraf xmifumG &Si;f jywfpjJ y;D vQif jyefvnfaygif;oif;cGihf vH;k 0r&S/d xdYk aMumifh
uGm&Si;f jywfpjJ cif;&Sm;yg; ygonf/ ZeD;wpfa,mufxuf yd,
k o
l rl sm;onf rdom;pk0iftm;vH;k
udk ky0f wKypn;f rsm; tnDtrQay;&ygonf/ xdo
k Ykd ky0f wKypn;f rsm; tnDtrQay;&ef
jzpfaumif;jzpfEikd af omfvnf; arwmudrk l tnDtrQcaJG 0ay;&ef vH;k 0rjzpfEikd yf g/ odYk aomf
arwmudkyg tnDtrQcGJa0ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ZeD;wpfOD;xufydk,l&ef
rjzpfEdkifygaMumif; dk[if*smrsm;em;vnfygonf/
xdkodkY arwmw&m;udkygtnDtrQ rcGJa0cJhvQif rvdkvm;tyfonfh vlrIa&;
jyemrsm; ay:aygufrnf[w
k &m;awmft& odxm;jyD;jzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh ZeD;r,m;
wpfa,mufxufydk,l&ef olawmfpif? olawmfaumif;rsm;twGufom jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkif
ygonf/omref vlwpfa,muftwGuf vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af Mumif; olawmfaumif; w&m;awmf
t& odxm;MujyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh dk[if*smrsm;\ oef;acgifpm&if;udkwdwdusus
avhvm &mcdik Ef eI ;f twdtusjzifo
h m ajymapvdyk gonf/ uReaf wmfrsm;odxm;onfrmS
wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfusifo
h ;kH ol 99%&Syd gonf/ wpfvif wpfr,m;txuf yd
k ,lol
1% atmufom&Sdygonf/
41

vlO;D a&wd;k EIe;f rsm;onf[q

k jkd cif;udk tenf;i,f&iS ;f jyvdyk gonf/ d[
k if*smrsm;onf
tjcm;vli,frsm;eD;wl EdkifiHjcm;xGuftvkyfvkyfcGifhr&Sd/ tjcm;a'orsm;odkYvnf;
oGm;vmcGirhf &S/d xdYkaMumift
h jcm;vlrsm;ESiphf mvQif vlO;D a&;wd;k EIe;f rsm;Edik yf gonf/ xdYktjyif
d[
k if*smvli,frsm;onf tdraf xmifrjyKbJ taysmftyg;vdu
k pf m;jcif;r&S/d rdbrsm;uvnf;
tjyif;txefMuyfrwfMu\/ jypfrIusL;vGefvQif ao'PfuJhodkYMuD;av;aom jypfrI
xdkuf\/ wrefawmfjrwfaemuf qufcHol 'kwd,ajrmuf orwMuD; tkr&fudk,fwdkif
4if;\ om;jzpfou
l kd ao'PfcsrSwcf o
hJ nfo
h rdik ;f udk d[
k if*smrsm; od&edS m;vnfMuonf/
xdYk aMumifh t&G,af &mufvQif w&m;0if vufxyfMuonf/ ud,
k 0f efzsufcsonfh pepfukd
qefYusifMuonf/ om;qufjcm;jcif;udkrl em;rvnfonfu rsm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh
0efMuD;taejzifh vlrsdK;(2)rsdK;tMum;txiftjrifrmS ;aprnft
h ajymtqdrk sdK;udk a&Smif&mS ;&ef
arwm&yfct
H yfygonf/ ajymvdv
k Qiv
f nf; taotcsmavhvmjy;D rSomajymapvdyk gonf/
,cktcsdefonf y#dyutuif;raoao;onfhtcsdeftcgjzpfonfudk owdjyKyg/
tdE,
d Edik if w
H iG f rsdK;aysmufrmS qd;k aMumufygonf qdo
k nfh [dEL tpGe;f a&mufrsm;\
apm'uudk wdusrSefuefaomtajz a'gufwm ZmuD;Edkufu tajzay;cJhjyD;jzpfonf/
tdEd,EkdifiH\ oef;acgifpm&if;rsm;udk twdtus avhvmaomtcg rGwfpfvifrfrsm;u
wpfvifwpfr,m; pepfyrkd sm;jy;D [dEL rsm;u ZeD;r,m;wpfa,mufxufyo
kd nfu ydrk sm;\/
rGwpf v
f ifrrf sm;u tdraf xmifumG &Si;f jywfpjJ cif; r&So
d avmuf &Sm;yg;\/ [dEL rsm;url
tdrfaxmifjydKuGJMuonfu ydkrsm;onf/ t&G,fa&mufol rGwfpfvifrfrsm;u w&m;0if
vufxyfMuonf/[dEL rsm;u olwYkd \ vGwv
f yfonft
h aetxm;udk yd
k MudKufonf/
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaeMuonf/ toufMuD;rS vufxyfMuonfursm; tcsdKUqdkvQif
om;orD;rsm;yg rxGe;f um;Muyg/ rGwpf v
f ifrrf sm; umvom;a&m*gjzpfymG ;rI tjcm;olrsm;
xufy
kd enf;\/odYk jzifh apm'uwufvmonfh tpGe;f a&mufrsm;udk pepfwus wdwd
ususaxmufjyEdik cf jhJ y;D jzpfonf/ tpGe;f a&mufrsm;uvnf; olwYkd \ vGrJ mS ;aom rsdK;wH;k
Ekid af om tusifq
h ;kd rsm;ud?k rdrw
d Ykd u,
kd w
f ikd jf yKjyif&efvakd Mumif; em;vnfvmMuygonf/
olwpfyg;tm; rvdrk ek ;f xm;ajymqdak ejcif;udk a&Smif&mS ;&efem;vnf vmp &Sv
d mygonf/
&cdkifjynfe,f y#dyuudk tpGef;a&mufrsm;u ,kwdrwefaom apm'ursm;jzifh
vIHUaqmfaeaMumif;odapvdk ,ckuJhodkYwifjycJh&jcif;jzpfygonf/ tajcaetrSefudk
wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ rnforl qdk tpGu
J if;uif;jzifh bmom omoemtm;vH;k udk avhvm
oifhygonf/ xdkYodkYavhvmyg&ef uRefawmfrsm;zdwfac:tyfygonf/ tpGJuif;rSomvQif
trSefw&m;udk jrifEdkifygrnf/
42

(23) tif;pdefaxmifrS ESpf&Snfaxmifus dk[if*smrl*sm[pfrsm;

b,faysmufoGm;ovJ
awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwfEiS hf jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfacwfwiG f tif;pdeaf xmif
xJ d[
k if*sm rl*sm[pfrsm; rsm;pGm&Scd yhJ gonf/ xdo
k rl sm;udak xmifrS vTwaf y;vQiv
f nf;
b,frS xGufroGm;Muyg/ tjyifokdY tvkyfcdkif;&ef vTwfvQifvnf; xGufrajy;Muyg/
axmifaqG;aqG; vlaqG;aqG;ae aeMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ 4if;wdYktm;vH;k udk v0u nTecf sKyf
Adv
k rf LS ;Mu;D xdev
f if;[k xifygonf/ tm;vH;k udk ygupwefEikd if o
H Ykd vTaJG jymif;ay;cJyh gonf/
ygupweforwMuD; Adv
k cf sKyfMuD; ZD,mtkv[
f wfuf ud,
k w
f ikd f 4if; d[
k if*sm rl*sm[pf
rsm;udk ygupwefEidk if H vufc&H ef trdeUf xkwcf yhJ gonf/ ygupwef v0urS vTaJ jymif;
,lcJhygonf/
,ck &cdkify#dyuudkvnf; ygupwefjynfolrsm;u a'gowMuD;wkHYjyefMuonfh
twGuf ygupweftpd;k &u xde;f odr;f ae&ygonf/ ygupweftpd;k &onf tpGe;f a&muf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;\ tE&m,fudk tqdk;&Gm;qHk;cHae&onfh EdkifiHjzpfonf/ jrefrm
Edik if o
H m;wpfO;D wpfa,mufurkd Q tpGe;f a&muform;rsm;u toH;k rcsEdik &f efvt
kd yfygonf/
ynmrwwfo?l pmrwwfo?l tem*wfrahJ eolrsm;udk tpGe;f a&muform;rsm;u toH;k cs
avh&Sdygonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHonf ygupwefESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif tpGef;a&mufr&Sdoavmuf
enf;yg;ygonf/ Ak'bmom0ifrsm;? [dELbmom0ifrsm;? tpdk;&tzGJUwGif &SdMuygonf/
txufwef;&mxl;rsm;wGifvnf; &SdMuygonf/ &cdkify#dyuudk tMurf;zuform;rsm;
tcGiahf umif;r,lEikd &f ef umuG,x
f m;jy;D jzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf/ Edik if (H 2)Ekid if u
H kd
EIdif;,SOfod&SdEdkif&eftwGuf tif;pdefaxmifrS dk[if*sm rl*sm[pfrsm;taMumif;udk wifjy
&jcif;jzpfygonf/
tem*wfy#dyursm; a&Smif&mS ;Edik &f eftwGuf toH;k wnfrh nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/

43

tcef;(2)
2/ y#dyujzpfyGm;rIaMumifh aoqHk;? 'Pf&m&rIrsm;ESifh
ysufpD;qHk;IH;rIrsm;
(1) awmifukwfvlowfrIwGif aoqHk;olrsm;
awmifuw
k v
f o
l wfrw
I iG f jrefrmEdik if o
H m; tpvmrfbmom0ifc&D;onf(10)OD;udk
tMurf;zufolta,muf(300)ausmfu wkwfrsm;? "m;rsm;? cJvHk;rsm;jzifh tMurf;zuf
owfjzwfcJhonf[k od&ygonf/

(2) y#dyuwGif rygvdkolrsm; towfcH&

y#dyuwGif rygvdk ab;vGwf&modkY xGufajy;Muolrsm;udk vdkufvH&SmazG
owfjzwfrIrsm;&Sdygonf/ aemufrSvdkufvm aoewfjzihf ypfcwf owfjzwfrIvnf;
&Sdygonf/ taotaysmufpm&if; twdtus rod&yg/

(3) rD;avmif&mwGif ydwfrdNyD; rD;avmifaoqHk;Muolrsm;

rD;avmif&mwGif ydwrf ad eolrsm;? xGurf ajy;Edik o
f rl sm;&Syd gonf/ vHx
k ed ;f tcsKdUu
xGurf ajy;Edik &f efvnf; ypfcwfMuygonf/ tMurf;zuform;rsm;uvnf;? vHx
k ed ;f rsm;ESihf
twl"m;rsm;? 0g;cRerf sm;ESit
hf wl 0dik ;f ywfyw
d q
f Ykdxm;ygonf/ xdYkaMumifh rD;avmif aoqH;k
olrsm;qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm;rsm;onf[k od&ygonf/ pm&if;twdtus od&ef cufcJygonf/

(4) rD;ab;rSxu
G af jy;vGwaf jrmuforl sm; aoewf'Pf&m "m;'Pf&mjzifh
aoMu&
rD;ab;rS toufraoxGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufMuoltcsdKU? aoeufypfc&H ? aoqH;k
Mu&olrsm;&Syd gonf/ "m;'Pf&mrsm;jzifah oqH;k Muolrsm;vnf;&Syd gonf/ aoqH;k ol ta&
twGuo
f nf owif;xkwjf yefonf(h 80)ausmfqo
kd nfxuf rsm;pGmydak Mumif;od&ygonf/
44

(5) axmiftwGif; tcsKyfcef;twGif; trsm;tjym;aoqHk;

d[
k if*smtrsm;tjym;udk tpkvu
kd t
f jyKH vdu
k yf if zrf;qD;xm;aMumif;od&ygonf/
wpfaeY(2)em&DcefYom tdycf iG &hf jyD; awmufa&Smuf rtdyrf em; tppfaq;cHae&ygonf/
xrif;udk Murf;jyifay: yHkauR;ygonf/ ntdyfonfhtcg udk,fvHk;wD;? 0wfvpfpm;vpf?
Murf;jyifay:wGif tcif;r&Sd tdyfMu&ygonf/ aeYwdkif; wjzKwfjzKwf aoaeMuygonf/
taotaysmufpm&if;udkvnf; xkwfjyefjcif; r&Sd/ yGifhvif; vlUtzGJUtpnf;qdkolwdkY\
toHvnf;aysmuf? tm;vHk; tvdkwl tvdkygvdkjzpfaeMuonf/

(6) avSpD;xGufajy;olrsm;aoMu&
aMumufvefY avSjzifh xGufajy;Muolrsm;&Sdygonf/ ukef;ay:wGif tMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;apmifhaeMu ukef;ay:wufr&yg/ jrpfxJwGif avSjrKyf tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf
aoqHk;cJhMu&onfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ taoaysmufpm&if; twdtus rod&/

(7) tdk;tdrf tysuftpD;

rD;avmifysufp;D onft
h ;kd tdrpf m&if;rSm owif;xkwjf yefonfxufrsm;pGmydak Mumif;?
(10000)ausmfaMumif; owif;xGufygonf/ rD;avmifysufpD;onfh 0wfausmif;awmf
ta&twGufrSmvnf; (50)ausmfaMumif; od&ygonf/

45

tcef;(3)
3/wnfNird af t;csr;f rI&&Sad &;twGuf Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;aqmif&u
G rf I
(1) vHkxdef;rsm; Oya'pdk;rdk;rI r&Sd
vHkxdef;rsm;onf tMurf;zuform;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif; tMurf;zufcJhMuonf/
tdrrf sm;udk rD;IUd cJMh uonf/ vHx
k ed ;f rsm;onf &cdik rf sm;jzpfMu tMuD;tus,fbufvu
kd f
Muonf/ c&pf,mefbmom0if? [dEL bmom0ifEiS hf tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; vHx
k ed ;f rsm;r&S
d
tMurf;zufrIrsm;tMuD;tus,fjzpfyGm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;rI vHk;0 r&Sdyg/
yk'rf (144)udt
k umtuG,,
f
l vHx
k ed ;f rsm;onf tMurf;zuform;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;um
tMurf;zufrIrsm;udk tMuD;tus,f usL;vGefcJhMuonf/ tu,fom ppfwyfa&muf
rvmvQif dk[if*smvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf urefvlrsdK;rsm; rsdK;jyKwfaysmufuG,foGm;Edkifygonf/
d[
k if*smvlrsdK;rsm;ESihf urefvrl sdK;rsm;u ppfwyfa&mufvmonfukd aus;Zl;wifMuonf/
ppfwyfu 4if;wdkY\toufudk u,fwifMuonf[k ajymMuqdkMuygonf/ tMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;u ppfwyfuv
kd nf; trsKd ;rsKd ;pGypf MJG uonf[o
k &d ygonf/ ppfwyfonf d[
k if*sm
rsm;xHrS vmbfpm; tultnDay;onf[pk yG pf MJG uonf/tvm;wlpyG pf rJG rI sdK;UNHCR ,
WHP,tygt0iftjcm; INGOrsm;vnf; pGyfpGJcH&ygonf/
tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf dk[if*smESifhurefrsm;udk armif;xkwfvdkMuygonf/
wwd,EdkifiHwpfckckodkY xGufajy;apvdkygonf/ odkYr[kwfygu wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ
t&Sifrxm;vdkyg/ 4if;tMurf;zuform;rsm;\ Ou|onf 4if;\ oabmxm;aMunm
csufukdtwdtvif; aMunmxm;jyD;jzpfonf/ dk[if*smrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'kuonfpcef;
oGi;f rnf/ wwd,Edik if w
H pfcck o
k Ykd ydYk ypfrnf/ odYk r[kwyf gu tkww
f w
H ikd ;f cwfxm;rnf/
,cktcg 4if;Ou|udk tMurf;zuform;rsm;u trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif? trsKd;om;
ol&aJ umif;tjzpfrw
S ,
f Ml uonf/ 4if;Ou|\ oabmxm;aMunmcsuu
f kd aomif;aomif;
zszs tm;ay;Muonf/ xdYk aMumifh d[
k if*smrsm;onf ppfwyfuo
kd m tm;ud;k ae&aMumif;
od&ygonf/ ppfwyfudkom wdk;csJUcsay;xm;apvdkygonf/
,cktcg w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;twGuf d[
k if*smrsm;onf ppfwyfwpfcw
k nf;udo
k m
tm;ud;k ae&ygonf/ um; trSew
f &m;jzpf\/ ppfwyfukd ajrm ufyifah aejcif; r[kwyf g/
46

tcef;(4)
4/ u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufay;EdkifrI

(1) dk[if*sm'kuonfpcef;
d[
k if*sm'kuo
nfpcef;rsm;onf 'kuo
nfta&twGuEf iS hf rumrdavmufatmif
vlO;D a&tvGerf sm;jym;vSonf/ wJrsm;\ tajctaeonf tvGeq
f ;kd &Gm;onf/ aumuf;kd
rsm;cif; aeMu&onf/ tpm;taomufrsm;vnf; rvHkavmuf/ jyifyodkYvnf;
oGm;a&muf 0,fciG hf r&S/d tcsKd U iSuaf ysmyifrsm;pm;ae&onf/ tcsKd U uGr;f oD;yiftnGeUf rsm;
cl;pm;ae&onf/ ppfwyfrS pmemoltcsdKU dk[if*smrsm;udk ulnDaomfvnf; tMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;u vmbfpm; ulnDMuonf[k rawmfrw&m; pGyfpJGMuonf/dk[if*smpcef;
rsm;odYk tulnaD y;vdo
k rl sm; roGm;a&mufEikd /f vHjk cKH a&;r&S?d Oya' pd;k rd;k rIr&S?d ,aeYwikd f
tajcae rxl;jcm;ao;aMumif; od&onf/

(2) trsdK;rsm;\ aetdrfrsm;wGif cdkvHIaeMu&onfh 'kuonfrsm;

'kuo
nfpcef;wGif 'kuo
nfrsm;vGe;f tcsdKU'kuo
nfrsm; trsdK;rsm;\aetdrw
f iG f
cdv
k MIH u&onf/ odYk aomf tpm;taomufr&S/d qefjyKwfaomufaeMu&onf/tultnD
ay;olrsm;vnf; ra&mufEdkif/ [efYwm;aESmifh,SufrIrsm;&Sdonf/ ppfwyftultnDjzifh
pm;p&menf;enf;yg;yg;0,f&ygonf/ tjyifrxGuf&JMu/ udk,f0efaqmif rD;zGm;vdk
olrsm;yg 'kua &mufMu&onf/ rD;zGm;ay;rnfh vufonfr&S/d aq;Hw
k ufciG hf tcuftcJ
&Sdonf/

47

tcef;(5)
5/ y#dyucsKyfNidrf;a&;twGuf a&wdk a&&Snfaqmif&Guf
oifhonfhtcsufrsm;

a&wdkaqmif&Guf&ef
(1) &cdkifa'o&Sd tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tm; Oya'ESifhtnD
EdkifiHom;pdppfa&; uwfjym;rsm; xkwfay;&ef
tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tm; Edik if o
H m;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkwrf ay;onfrmS MumjyD
jzpfonf/ ,ck Oya'ESit
hf nD csufjcif;xkwaf y;yg/ tjzLa&mifpuLrsm;xkwaf y;jcif;udk
&yfyg/ avQmufxm;vmolrsm;udk tcsdef rqGyJ gESi/hf tajzray;bJ rqH;k jzwfbx
J m;onfh
tpOftvmudk azsmufyg/

(2) EdkifiHjcm; tvkyf vkyfcGifh tygt0if c&D;oGm;cGifhjyKyg

&cdik af 'o&Sd tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;udk tjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;enf;wl Edik if jH cm;odYkomG ;
tvkyfvkyfcGifh ay;yg / c&D;oGm;vmcGifhudk ay;yg / csKyfaeSmif rxm;ygESifh /

48

a&&Snfaqmif&Guf&ef
(3) b*Fvm;a'h&Sfe,fpyfudk tkwfwHwdkif; jrifhjrifhumyg
rawmfrw&m;pGypf cJG sufrsm;udk &yfwefYEikd &f ef e,fpyfukd tkww
f w
H ikd ;f jrifjh rifu
h myg/
e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;pcef;rsm;udk ydwfyg/ ppfawGukefoG,fa&;pcef;udkvnf; ydwfyg/
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf e,fpyf ukefoG,fa&;tm;vHk;udk &yfyg/

(4) c&pf,mefESifh [dEL vHkxdef;rsm;cefYxm;&ef

&cdkifa'owGif c&pf,mefESifh [dELvHkxdef;rsm;r&Sdyg/ tMurf;zuf &cdkif vHkxdef;
rsm;om&Syd gonf/ c&pf,mefEiS hf [dEL vHx
k ed ;f rsm; rsm;rsm;cefYxm;&efvykd gonf/ vHx
k ed ;f
pcef;rsm;vnf; wd;k csJUxm;&efvykd gonf/ ppfwyfrsm;udv
k nf; wd;k csJUcsxm;&efvykd gonf/

(5) vlenf;pktcGifhta&;rsm;jy|mef;&ef
&cdik af 'o&Sd vlenf;pkrsm;\ w&m;rQwaomtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk azmfxw
k jf y|mef;&ef
vdkygonf/ vlenf;pkrsm;tm; umuG,fonfhOya'rsm;&Sd&ygrnf/

(6) vlrsm;pkrsm;u jynfolUppfzGJY vufeufwyfqifay;&ef awmif;qdk

jynfolUppfzGJU vufeufwyfqifay;vQif jrif;udk csdKwyfay;ouJhodkYjzpfrnf/
tajctaeydk qd;k rnf/ vufeufwyfqifay;rnfqv
kd Qiv
f nf; bufEpS zf ufv;kH udrk QrQww
wyfqifay;&ygrnf/ odYk r[kwyf gu vlrsdK;wk;H owfjzwfc&H rIrsm; jzpfay:vmEdik yf gonf/
xdYkaMumifh jynfoYlppfrzGUJ oifyh g/ ppfwyfrsm;udo
k m wd;k csxm;oifo
h nf/ tmPmydik t
f zGUJ
tpnf;tqifq
h ifw
h iG f c&pf,mefEiS hf [dEL bmom0ifrsm;udyk g rQrQwwcefYxm;oifo
h nf/
tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;yg yg0ifEikd v
f Qif ydak umif;onf/ &ckid f wpfrsdK;wnf;udk cefYxm;&ef
roifhyg/

49

tcef;(6)
6/ uGjJ ym;aombmomt,l0g'&So
d rl wlno
D nfv
h rl sKd ;pkrsm;tMum;
Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm;
(1) tjynfjynfqikd &f m "avhx;kH wrf;rsm;? tjynfjynfqikd &f m pmcsKyfrsm;?
EkdifiHwumOya'rsm;
&cdik af 'o&Sd tmPmydik t
f qifq
h ifu
h kd oifwef;rsm;ay;&efvt
kd yfonf/ tjynfjynf
qkid &f m"avhx;kH wrf;rsm;onf tjynfjynfqikd &f mpmcsKyfrsm;? Oya'rsm;r[kw
f av;pm;
vdu
k ef m&efrvd[
k k rqdEk idk yf g/ ,Ofaus;onfu
h rmEh ikd if rH sm;u av;pm;vdu
k ef maom "avh
xH;k wrf;rsm;&Syd gonf/ xd"k avhx;kH wrf;rsm;udk av;pm;vdu
k ef m&ef pnf;aESmiftm;vnf;
&Sdygonf/
tvm;wl tjynfjynfqikd &f m pmcsKyfrsm;udv
k nf; yg0ifvufrw
S x
f ;kd oltoD;oD;u
av;pm;vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/ tu,f vufrSwfxdk;xm;jcif;r&SdygvQifvnf;
qefYusifciG rhf &Syd g/ Oyrm... genocide jyemrsm;? ppf&mZ0wfrrI sm;? vlom;
rsdK;EG,t
f ay:usL;vGeo
f nfh &mZ0wfrrI sm;qdik &f mpmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrw
S rf xd;k olrsm;yifvQif
qefYusifusL;vGefcGifh r&Sdyg/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;tay:wGifpnf;aESmiftm;&Sdygonf/
tvm;wl EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;udkvnf; av;pm;vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sdygonf/
,cktcg &cdik af 'orS vHx
k ed ;f rsm;ESihf tmPmydik t
f csdKUwdYk onf rsufuef;wap raMumuf
jzpfaeMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifhpepfwus oifwef;rsm;ay;oifhygonf/ rsufuef;rsdK;cspf
rsm;onf aoonftxd4if;wdkY\ tpGef;a&mufonfhtpGJtvrf;rsm;udk NrJNrJudkifqGJxm;
avh&ydS gonf/ tjynfjynfqikd &f mcHk;kH rsm;wGif tjypfay;cH&oltm;vH;k eD;eD;? H;k wifc&H qJ
yk*Kd vftm;vH;k eD;eD; acgif;rmMuaMumif;awGY&onf/ rnfonft
h cgrS 4if;wdYk\ tMurf;zuf
0g'udk rpGefYvTwfMuyg/
xdYk aMumifh &cdik af 'owGif tpGrJ sm;cRw&f ef? pepfwus oifwef;rsm; ay;&ygrnf/
50

(2) tmPmydik t
f zGYJ tpnf;twGi;f uGjJ ym;aom bmomt,l0g' &S&d efvkd
uGJjym;aom bmomt,l0g'&Sdolrsm;tMum; Nidrf;csrf;pGm twlwuG aexdkif
Edik &f eftwGut
f yk cf sKyfot
l mPmydik t
f zGUJ tpnf; tqifq
h ifw
h iG f uGjJ ym;aombmom t,l
0g'&Sdolrsm; rQrQwwyg0ifzGJUpnf;&ef vdktyfygonf/ wpfbufudk tmPmydkifrsm;tjzpf
cefYxm;jy;D ? tjcm;wpfbufukd zdEydS cf sKyfcs,frnfqv
kd Qif Nird ;f csrf;pGmtwl,OS w
f aJG exdik &f ef
vH;k 0rjzpfEikd yf g/ cGjJ cm;qufqrH t
I m;vH;k udk &mZ0wfrt
I jzpfjy|mef;vsuf jywfjywfom;om;
ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/

(3) jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;udk azmfxkwf ta&;,ltjypfay;&ef

&cdkifa'owGif tMurf;zufusL;vGefol vlenf;pkrsm;u wpfzufowfta&;,l
tjypfay;cHae&ygonf/ tMurf;zufusL;vGeMf uoltrsm;pku ta&;,ltjypfay;rcH&bJ
tMurf;zufrrI sm;udk qufvufusL;vGeaf eMuygonf/ Oyrm- awmifuw
k v
f o
l wfrMI uD;
onf xif&Sm;aom om"ujzpfonf/ tMurf;zufusL;vGefMuonfh vHkxdef;rsm;vnf;
tmPm&Sjd r&J adS eonf/ w&m;rQwrIr&So
d Nird ;f csrf;pGmtwl,OS w
f aJG exdik &f ef rjzpfEikd yf g/
&cdik yf gwDMuD;wpfcu
k wifjyonft
h wdik ;f vlel nf;pkrsm;tm;vH;k udk armif;xkwrf o
S mvQif
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u auseyfvufcHMuygrnf/ xdkYaMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefolrsm;udk
Oya'ESifhtnDta&;,lrSomvQif Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaeEdkifrnf[k oHk;oyfygonf/

51

tcef;(7)
7/

Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; tMuHjyKcsufrsm;

(1)

ppfwyfudk qufvufcsxm;yg/

(2)

vHkxdef;wyfzGJUwGif c&pf,mefrsm;ESihf [dELrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;ay;yg/

(3)

&Jpcef;rsm;udk wdk;csJUay;yg/

(4)

vlenf;pktcGifhta&; umuG,fonfhOya'jy|mef;ay;yg/

(5)

cGJjcm;qufqHrItm;vHk; z,f&Sm;ay;yg/

(6)

tpvmrfbmom0ifrsm;tm;? Oya'ESifhtnD
EdkifiHom;pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; xkwfay;yg/

(7)

tdrfaxmifcGJrsm;udk tdrfaxmifpkZ,m;rsm;cGJay;yg/

(8)

c&D;oGm;vmcGifh uefYoufcsufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;yg/

(9)

v,f,mudkif;uRef;rsm; rw&m;odrf;jcif;udk &yfqdkif;ay;yg/

odrf;jyD;om;rsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfay;tyfyg/

(10) 'kuonftm;vHk;udk w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD rQrQww qufqHyg/

rQrQww tdrf&mrsm; wnfaqmufay;yg/
rw&m;odrf;jcif;cHxm;&onfh tdrfrsm;? qdkifcef;rsm;tm;vHk;?
rlvydkif&SifodkY jyefay;yg/
52

tcef;(8)
8/ pD;yGm;a&;ESiv
hf rl aI &;zGUH jzKd ;wd;k wufrq
I ikd &f mtMujH yKcsurf sm;
(1)

vQyfppfr;D

aus;&Gmrsm;ta&muf vQypf pfr;D rsm; aeY?n (24)em&D&&Sad &; aqmif&u

G af y;yg/
a'oxGuf"mwfaiGUrsm;udk a'ocHjynfolrsm; &&SdcHpm;Edkif&ef aqmif&Gufay;yg/

(2)

aps;qdkifrsm;

aps;rsm;(3)qcefY wd;k csJUwnfaqmufay;yg/ tdrq

f ikd rf sm;vnf; wd;k csJUzGiv
hf pS Ef ikd &f ef?
pDpOfay;yg/ pnfyifom,m ajrvGwrf sm;wGif aps;a&mif;csEdik af tmif pDpOfay;yg/ aps;onf
rsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;? aps;aumufrsm; wdk;jrifhaumufjcif;rjyKygESifh/ tjcm;tcGef
taumufrsm;vnf; txyfxyfraumufygESi/hf aps;onfrsm;onf vlrsdK;rcG?J bmomrcGJ
aps;a&mif;Muolrsm;omjzpfonf/ xdYk aMumifh aps;onfrsm;&efvo
kd nf/ aps;onfrsm;udk
tm;ay;&ef umuG,f&efvdkonf/

(3)

vrf; wHwm;rsm;

ysufp;D aeaom vrf;wHwm;rsm;udk jyKjyif&efvykd gonf/ vrf;wHwm;rsm;udk wd;k csJU

aqmufvyk &f efvykd gonf/ odYk ro
S m pD;yGm;a&;zGUH jzdK;&ef taxmuftuljyKrnf/ o,f,l
ydYkaqmifa&;vkyif ef;wGif tvkyt
f udik t
f opfrsm;ay:rnf/ odYkro
S m wpfbufEiS w
hf pfbuf
&efaqmifrI wjznf;jznf; avsmhyg;oGm;rnf/

(4)

c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm; zGHUjzdK;&efvdk

&cdik af 'oonf urmwGif acsmiftusqH;k ae&mjzpfonf/ urmvSnrhf sm;vnf;r&S?d

EdkifiHwumowif;orm;vnf;r&Sd? INGOrsm;vnf; tvGef&Sm;? jynfwGif;rS tpvmrf
bmom0ifrsm;vnf; &cdkifodkYroGm;&JMuyg/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; tenf;tusOf;om
oGm;Muonf/ xdYkaMumifh c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;zGUH jzKd ;&eftvGecf ufco
J nf/ v0u\ uefUowf
csufrsm; avQm&h efvo
kd nf/ tEdik u
f sifAh v
kd u
f srIrsm; z,f&mS ;&efvo
kd nf/ odYk ro
S m tvkyf
tudik ?f tcGit
hf vrf;rsm; wd;k yGm;vmrnf/ wnf;cdck ef;vkyif ef;rsm;vnf; wGiu
f s,v
f mrnf/
y#dyursm;vnf; avsmhenf;vmrnf/
53

(5)

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfeSHrIonf a'ownfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh wdkufkdufoufqdkif

ygonf/ a'ocHrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfeSHrIvkyfief;wGif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
yg0ifvmEdkif&ef oifwef;rsm;ydkYcs&efvdkonf/ 4if;wdkYudk,fwdkifuvnf; 4if;wdkYa'o\
xl;jcm;aomvkyif ef;rsm;udk azmfxw
k v
f yk u
f ikd Ef ikd &f eftm;ay;&rnf/ a'ocHrsm;ud,
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(zdk;vIdif)
B.Sc.,H.G.P, R.L

55