-531
-
Rates Structure Modification Proposalfor Costumer with Nonlinear Loads
August0 A. Abreu
M.
JosC
T.
C.
Villalobos
B.
Energia Elkctrica de Venezuela
CA
PO
BOX
146,
Maracaibo
-
Venezuela
Abstract:
The scope of this paper is to show
a
method ofapplying a different electrical rate to nonlinear loadcustomers in order to recover the impact of this kind of loadcan cause in
the
electrical network, in this
way
thedistributors can be prepared and can invest
on
the network inorder to supply it, and it able
us
to recover technical lossescaused by harmonics current and all other harmonics relatedproblems. This is a
sturjl
case and
it
was done at Zulia
9
substation that supplies electrical power mainly toelectrosumergible pumps used for oil companies at Zuliastate, Venezuela.
Key
Words:
Metering, Harmonics Rates, Energy Losses,Power Quality.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The massive use of nonlinear loadsinthe last decade hascaused great inconvenient due
to
the increase of theharmonics pollution
on
the power system and the relatedproblems that this can cause. it has been focused only to give
us
a solution, by in the real world
our
customers don't want orthey can't fit this problem cause financial problems.
In
order to find an answer to this, let's go back to basis.When the inductive loads started to be common on thenetwork, there was an inconvenient. the power utilities had tosupply great amount
of
reactive power from the source to thecustomers,
so
they had the responsibility of carrying outinvestments in transmission, in order to deliver this power thatit was not billed.There are two ways worldwide used to solve it. One ofthem is regulating the power factor to a desired value and theend user can have a penalty if this value gets below it. Theother one is billing the apparent power, it creates an incentiveto the customers
to
install reactive compensation equipments.This last solution has the advantage to penalize in function ofthe demand, this procedure is used in Venezuela. Like wise, itcan be used in a similar way with the harmonics in current.Establishing an electrical rate that reflects the economicalimpact that such currents multiple from de fundamental cancause
to
the network, which it'll in the majority of the casespush the costumer to search for devices that minimize theinsertion
of
them.
0-
i8036499-6/CO/$lO.
00
2002IEEE
This paper is focused to show the use and simplicity
of
applying harmonics electrical rate to customers
in
order
to
invest and prepare the network and the distributors for it, it'llallow
us
to recover technical losses caused by the harmonicscurrent inserted by nonlinear loads. And also we'll show you aproposal and a study case where a modification of theelectrical rate structure is explained,
so
the costumer thatinserts harmonics currents to the distribution system will becharged with a monthly payment equal to the economicalimpact that such currents have on
our
system, with emphasisin the transformation stage. This involves the substitutionfrom the traditional demand charge to harmonics demandcharge, it based on the proposed method
[5].
11.
ECONOMICAL IMPACT CAUSED
BY
HARMONICS CURRENTS
From
30
different measurement within the
ENELVEN
system, it was found that the voltage harmonics distortion,only the 13% from the sample exceed the limits establishedby the IEEE 519-92 [l].
So
we realized that high levels ofharmonic voltage distortion represent high impedances at thedistribution network, that this parameter is a responsibilityfiom the electric utility
[8].
Therefore, it is important tomaintain this impedance levels
as
lower as possible, to areasonable economic and technical point. Now checkingcurrent harmonics distortion, we found that the
43%
from thesample exceed the limits established by the 519-92 [l],parameter that is costumer's responsibility.This harmonics current generator type of load, causeslosses
on
the elements on the electrical network, mainly onlines and transformers. From these elements, the transformersrepresent the equipments where they produce the mostimportant losses from the power system.
An
energy (kwh) losses estimation can be calculated fiomthe method used to estimate the transformers capacity, whensupply non sinusoidal loads ANSI/ IEEE C57.110-1998
[7].
Such losses represented a
14,04%
fiom the total load. That ifwe calculate this in term of money, we're talking aboutUS$258.218,00 of technical
loss
cause by harmonics currenton the evaluated sample [6].
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532
-
The evaluated sample represent customer's loads, that theyare harmonics current generator, which causes losses on theelements at the electrical network, lines and transformers. thetransformers produce the most important losses in the powersystems, due to it higher impedance.Actually, transformation level losses cannot be adjusted bythe meters, cause the majority of today meters are not capableto get voltage and current waves at the fkequency spectra,and, they are not programmed to quantify such type oflosses.
In
terms of money the losses that harmonics currents cause,we've taken the cost of kwh according to the electrical rateapplicable to each point, which represents
a
low estimate,since
a
current
at
60
Hz
doesn't produce the same losses thatat
180
Hz
(3
harmonic) or
300
Hz
(5
harmonic) etc, thosekwh
at
multiples currents produce higher losses than thefundamental (60Hz), due they're proportional
to
the square
of
the frequency. To realize an adequate estimate is necessarythe elaboration of a study, which specify the cost
of
he kwh atdifferent frequencies. That will be done in the near future inour company.
111.
ALTERNATIVE CHARGES TO CUSTOMERSHARMONICS CURRENTS CONTAMIZATION
A.
Energy Quality Regulation.
Actuality, just in South America is known the applicationof an altemative of penalty for currents harmonic contents,which is applied in Argentina. This resolution has aninconvenience, it offers high limits
in
both current and voltageharmonics distortion, additionally, the costumer it onlygranted a period of 6 months to resolve the problem, during
this
period
the
costumer
has
a penalty
and
if he doesn't solvethis problem within this period, the Distributor can disconnectit fron the network. That's not possible in
our
country.
B.
Power Factor Method.
This is a very good initial altemative to recover in someway the technical losses by harmonics current at thetransformers which was explained by Alexander McEachemand W. Mack Grady
[5].
It is based on power factor. It
is
considered a form of pondering in such a way that the currentson each frequency are incremented in function
of
thetransformer impedance and
as
higher the frequency higherwill be the given factor. This comes from the fact that athigher frequency higher the losses, proportion to the square ofthe frequency.where, EH:
RMS
voltage of the common point.IH:
RMS
current at the common point.N: frequency.X: transformer impedance.This procedure comes from the measurement of the electricpower, where the demand in volts-amperes is adjusted in suchmanner that it will reflect the economic effect opposite to theharmonics current. This technique use the acquisition of thefrequency spectra from the current an voltage waveforms atthe
PCC
(point common coupling).The inconvenient to apply this method is that, not all
of
thecountries have the power factor regulation. Another problemis to quantify in terms
of
money, when the power factor isunder the regulation. besides, it is not taken
in
account thesize of the load. Other inconvenient
is,
that this altemative donot take changes in the impedance of the system, consideringit fix.
C.
roposed Harmonics Volt-AmperesAdjusted Method.
This proposal comes
from
the original equations ofAlexander McEachem and
W.
ack Grady
[5]
and take intoaccount the impendance of the system proposed by WilsunXu and Yilu Liu[
81.
In Venezuela is used the appearance power charge andbecause of this, it only takes the procedure proposed in
[SI
upto the point where it estimates
EH
*
IH, which will be theharmonics power adjusted.Once you get volt-amperes
at
higher fi-equency fkom thefundamentals, it proceeds to under the same rate structurewithout making any modification to it.
Figure
1.
Comparing
both
methods
This way is easy to implement due the meters right now arecapable to sample the voltage and current fi-equencies spectraand other point is the calculation in terms of money is simple,just take into account the "normal" electrical rate.
K,
=
1+
x(N2
-
)]
IV.
CASE
STUDY
4aml~
35poo
B(100
”
15
om
10
mo
s(100
A.- Costumer’s Characteristics.
.................................
--
. --
3am-..--cu--.
I
-.
-
--
...
..................................................
..................................................
....................................................................................................
........
..~.
..................
0,.
..............
“Zulia
9”
sub station, was chosen due to it feeds a veryimportant oil field in the region (a concession from Petroleumde Venezuela-PDVSA to CHEVRON), that represent
a
highdemand from ENELVEN’s system. This substation is fed by
two
138 kV lines and distributes in 23,9 kV. It has
two
transformers
of
25/33/42 MVA, 138123.9kV which feed 12distribution feeders, 10 of then are exclusive of the oil field(fig 2)
Zuu4
9
,
Figure
2.
SE
Zulia
9.
The oil field load comes from flow stations and oilextraction wells devices with high percentage fromelectrosumergible pumps. This type of equipment is a AC-ACfrequency static controlled device. In Venezuela the oilindustry uses this technology because of it good performance,representing the six pulse power converter, the most usedwhich has a typical value of 40% current harmonicsdistortion from the fundamental.
B.- Implementation.
The test consisted in programming an electronic meter
(ION
8500-PML) using the equations from AlexanderMcEachem[S] and the equations presented by Wilsun Xu andYilu Liu
[SI.
It is important to emphasize that this meter isnew in the market and it has the capacity to obtainthecurrent and voltage harmonic spectra, with enough memory toperform the required mathematic operation. Such meter wasinstalled in parallel to the legal meter (fig.
3).
Legalmeter
ION8500
meterFigure3.Implementation.
During the metering period, we obtained an average of4407kVA between the Harmonics Adjusted Demand and thetraditional demand charge at
60
Hz.
Applying the actual rateof US%/kVA
6.00
this
costumer would be paying an increaseon
its
monthly payment of
US$26600.
On
ig
4, you can see
a
registration of the kVA to
60
Hz
and the adjusted by harmonic current, where it can beappreciated by the constant client’s demand.
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533
-
Figure 4. Record
from
the
Test
at
“Zulia
9”
substation.
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