1.

Introduction Mobile Ad-hoc network (Cc mng Mobile Ad-hoc) c th b sung da trn c s h tng cc mng wireless v cho php ngi s dng mobile v nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn c quyn c truy nhp vo cc dch v Internet hoc tng tc trc tip vi nhau ngay c khi h bn ngoi vng ph sng ca cc mng mobile hoc ngoi cc im hotspot ca mng wireless LAN. Tng t cc mng MANET c th cho php truyn thng gia cc phng tin truyn dn, cc sensor v cc trang thit b mobile m khng cn phi trin khai mt mng li c s h tng. Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn c pht trin thit lp v duy tr vic kt ni gia cc node truyn thng trong cc mi trng mng ng nh vy. Tuy nhin thc t s dng ca cc mng MANET ch yu ch thy trong cc mng ng (sensor network) v cc trin khai c kim sot khc (v d: tactical) nhng khng c ph bin rng ri nhng ni khc. Trong khi cc yu t t trng l quan trng, chng ta cng c th a ra hai k thut km hm: Chy cc giao thc Internet gia cc mobile ngang hng yu cu mt ng i end-to-end c tm thy v c duy tr cho trong mt khong thi gian cho php cc tng tc ng dng tng ng hon thnh. Trong cc mng MANET, s tn ti ca cc ng i nh vy r rng ph thuc vo mt ca c node mobile v tnh ng ca cc chuyn ng. Cc thit b thng tin lin lc c nhn (PDA, cellphone...) s khng ng nht vi nhau (vi cc b tnh nng c kh nng khng tng thch) dn n gim hiu qu mt cc node mobile, thm na cc thit lp c nhn v khng sn sng hp tc. Tt c nhng iu ny lm cho vic truyn thng qua mt vi hop l khng ng tin cy. Hn na vic chy chi phi hu ht cc giao thc truyn ti (TCP) trm mt chui cc lin kt khng dy (ah-hoc) s mang li hiu sut thp khi s lng cc wireless hop tng ln. C hai kha cnh ny c th c gii quyt bng cch s dng nhng phng php tip cn mng ad-hoc theo sau cc khi nim v mng DTN (Delaytolerant network). Trong thc t, mt s xut c pht trin ci m s dng cc truyn thng hop-by-hop bt ng b trnh s cn thit ca mt ng i end-to-end, v do cng (ngm) gii quyt vn th hai. Tuy nhin, nhng iu ny thng rng buc cc ng dng vo DTN (m hnh truyn thng sn c trong DTN) v thng yu cu cc giao thc ng dng ring c thit k cho mc ch ny.

i vi nhiu ng dng Internet, chng ta phi tha nhn rng cc thng ip bt i xng da trn DTN, thm ch nu kh thi, ch c th l la chn th hai v rng nhng ngi dng s thch cc truyn thng end-to-end hn: Loi th hai c kh nng tng tc nhiu hn v c th t c hiu sut tt hn, cung cp kt qu ngay lp tc, hoc cc ng dng n gin ph thuc vo kt... Trong bi bo ny, chng ti xut mt cch tip cn lai truyn thng da trn IP trong cc mng mobile ad-hoc: chng ta kt hp vic nh tuyn tng IP MANET bng cch s dng AODV v chuyn tip da trn DTN theo cc c im quy nh k thut ca b (bundle) DTNRG. Chng ta s dng AODV xc nh xem mt ng i end-to-end c sn hay khng gia hai my ngang hng, v ng thi tm hiu v cc router DTN c sn trong mi trng xung quanh. Chng ta cung cp cc ty chn truyn thng c sn cho cc ng dng c th a ra mt quyt nh n gin (l ng i end-to-end c sn hay khng) hoc cn nhc cc ty chn khc da trn cc thng s ca h sau mt s l do phc tp hn. ng dng chn gia truyn thng end-to-end v truyn thng da trn DTN v thm ch c th cung cp gi nh tuyn cho ln sau. n ca chng ti c th cha thit b khng ng nht khng yu cu tt c cc node mobile ngoi tr cc endpoint lin quan ... v cho php cc ng i ad-hoc qua cc node non-DTN-capable gip lp cc khong cch tn ti khc gia cc node DTN. iu ny gip tng cng kh nng kt ni DTN trong khi vn gi cc ty chn ca truyn thng endto-end v do lm tng kh nng giao tip tng th. Trong phn 2, chng ti s tm tt tng quan cc cng vic lin quan t mobile ad-hoc v mng delay-tolerant (DTN) v trnh by hai kch bn ng dng. Trong phn 3 l s thc y vic tch hp hai phng php truyn thng. Chng ti m t cch tip cn nh tuyn lai chi tit hn trong phn 4. Chng ti hng dn mt thit lp kim nghim v bo co thc hin ca chng ti trong nhng kt qu v hiu sut ban u trong phn 5. Cui cng kt lun bi bo ny vi mt bn tm tt v nhng ngh, gi cho nhng pht trin trong tng li phn 6. 2.Background and related work 2.1 Mobile Ad-hoc Network and AODV Nghin cu trn mng mobile ad-hoc dn n s pht trin ca mt lot cc giao thc nh tuyn v vn tip tc ci thin iu ny. Cc giao thc nh tuyn MANET c th c tm chia thnh dng proactive (DSDV v OLSR), reactive AODV), hierarchical (ZRP) v geographic routing. T ng lc thc

y ca chng ti l ci thin cc truyn thng trong c mng tha tht v thng xuyn thay i. Cc dng giao thc nh tuyn proactive xut hin khng ph hp v vic cu trc li mt vi node c th truy cp nhng ng vo mt h phn cp khng c v nh l cn thit. Chng ti cng khng cho rng thng tin v v tr a l l c sn nn giao thc nh tuyn v a l khng ph hp. Nh vy kt qu l chng ti chn AODV nh l mt giao thc nh tuyn reactive, v mt ng ngha ca n cng ph hp theo yu cu ca chng ti v vic pht hin cc node DTN gn. AODV c trong ti liu RFC 3561. N cung cp nhng mc ni cn thit cho phn m rng ca chng ti. AODV kt hp vic khm ph tuyn theo yu cu (on-demand rout discovery), duy tr tuyn, v lu li cc ng i xc nh t mt ngun n mt ch. AODV s dng 3 thng ip dng: - Route Request (RREQ) l thng ip broadcast bi mt ngun khm ph mt tuyn n mt ch c th. S dng mt vng tm kim m rng (bng cch tng trng TTL trong IP) hn ch lu lng mng pht sinh. Mi node chuyn tip mt RREQ to ra (hai chiu) trng thi chuyn tip cc b cho vic nh tuyn tr li ca mt p ng sau tr v ni khi to. - Nu mt RREQ n c ch (hoc n mt node m node bit c mt ng i hp l n ch), th node tng ng s gi li vi mt thng ip Route Reply (RREP) v c chuyn tip tr li ni khi to. Vic truyn gi RREP kch hot c mc nh tuyn c to ra t trc dc theo ng i () v vy cc gi IP c th lu thng. Mt thng ip RREQ m vt qu mc thi gian sng (lifetime) ca n th n s c ngm loi b, khi s tht bi ca qu trnh khm ph s c pht hin qua c ch timeout. - Vic khm ph tuyn c th thit lp hon ton mt tuyn ngc end-toend. Mi mt mc nh tuyn c kt hp vi mt lifetime v c lm mi li cho mi gi tin khi i qua. Nu cc tuyn m b v v l do l cc lin kt hoc cc node b bin mt th mt c ch sa cha cc b s c gi ra. Nu mt tuyn khng c duy tr na, th cc thng ip Route Error (RRER) s c gi dc theo cc ng i m n nh hng n hy b hiu lc ca ca cc trng thi nh tuyn c lu tr trong b nh cache.

2.2 Delay-tolerant Network (Mng chu li) Trong khi cc giao thc MANET c in tm cch thit lp mt ng i end-to-end gia cc my ngang hng giao tip vi nhau v do cho php cc giao thc end-to-end tng cao hn hot ng m khng b thay i qu nhiu, nhu cu cho cc hot ng trong mng mobile ad-hoc cho cc node phn tn ri rc dn n s pht trin ca cc giao thc ng dng c bit lm vic s dng cc truyn thng bt i xng v khng yu cu mt ng i end-to-end bt k thi im no. Cc hng tip cn khc c nghin cu cho cc mng sensor network, truyn thng c nhn, v truy cp Internet cc vng xa xi, ngoi ra cng h tr ca truy cp internet di ng. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti tp trung vo cu trc DTN cho cc truyn thng bt i xng nh c pht trin trong DTN Research Group (DTNRG) ca Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Thay v trao i cc gi end-to-end, cc DTN endpoint s dng cc thng ip c kch thc bt k (bundle - gi) c chuyn tip bi cc router DTN bng phng php hop-by-hop t ngun n ch. Cc hot ng ca giao thc DTN bundle trn tng giao vn v c th lin kt cc mng khc vi bt k chng giao thc no bn di. Cc bo co trng thi truyn ti thng tin v tin trnh phn phi ca mt bundle t cc router trung gian cng nh cc vic nhn t pha thu hon thnh cc ng end-to-end v mt ng ngha. Cc DTN endpoint v cc ng dng c nh danh bi cc Endpoint Indentifiers (EID) c quy nh trong mt dng URI-style: scheme:specific-address. scheme: l phm vi m trong cc specific-address c hiu. nh tuyn trong cc mng DTN c nghin cu trong trng hp tng th cng nh c bi cnh c th ca cc mi trng mng mobile ad-hoc. Cho sau ny, vic nh tuyn DTN thng da vo vic nhn rng thng tin cho cc bundle chuyn tip lm ti a ha kh nng phn phi v/hoc lm ti thiu ha thi gian vn chuyn. Nh vy cc phng php chuyn tip theo sau, v d, khi nim nh tuyn dch. C rt nhiu bin th v ci tin c pht trin nh vy. Trong khi vn node tnh ton di ng v s khng sn sng ca cc ng i end-to-end c tha nhn trong cc mi trng mng MANET v cc phng n nh tuyn DTN cho cc mng mobile c nghin cu v ci tin. Cc phng php tip cn hin nay c im chung l h tnh hoc l mt cch tip cn end-to-end da trn gi truyn thng hoc l s dng trao i thng tin c quyn bt i xng hop-by-hop. Chng ti tin rng cc phng n gn lin cc

khi nim DTN cho truyn thng end-to-end c th gip cc ng dng c th c hng li ch t nh tuyn DTN nh chng ti s phc tho trong phn tip theo. 3.Application Scenarios (Cc kch bn p dng) Nh ni trn, ngy nay c mt s ng dng da trn IP gi nh mt s khi nim v hot ng end-to-end trong giao thc ca h, ngay c khi chng r rng h tr nhng hnh thc trung gian. V d: Khi gi mail thng qua server SMTP bn ngoi ca h, cc mail client lm ng b v tm hiu v chp nhn hoc t chi s b ca mail. Khi gi mt tin nhn tr chuyn cho mt bn khc, mt qu trnh vn chuyn end-to-end n cho ngi nhn cho php ch ra rng tin nhn nhn c phn phi trong mt tng tc end-to-end vi mt server t nht xc nh c iu , tng t nh mail server. Khi truy nhp mt trang web qua mt proxy, cc tng tc request-response c thc hin end-to-end gia client v server ngun nu cn thit ngay lp tc xc nh sn sng v ti mi ca ti nguyn c yu cu. C ba ng dng c th, v mt nguyn tc, cng hot ng bng cch s dng cc thao tc DTN c quyn bt i xng. R rng, cc ng dng s cn phi c tng cng h tr DTN hoc s yu cu cc hnh thc trung gian thc hin s iu chnh cc b cn thit nh chng ta tho lun cho HTTP mt ni no khc. Trong c hai trng hp, chng ta gi s rng c hai thit b endpoints tham gia vo l DTN-capable. Ngay c mt ng dng DTN-capable c th thch truyn thng end-to-end hn bt c khi no n c th: cho hiu sut tt hn, cho vic duy tr end-to-end vi cc p ng ngay lp tuwcsm hoc n gin bi v mt vi tng tc khng th thc hin bng cch s dng DTN. Nhng truyn thng bt i xng da trn DTN c th c coi l d phng ph hp trong nhiu trng hp. Cc ng dng do cn c thng bo v cc ty chn truyeenfthoong c sn m c th c xc nh khi c gng kim c mt tuyn n ch (thng qua AODV). Cc thng bo ny s bao gm cc ng i c kh nng cho cc truyn thng end-toend (cng vi s lng hop ca chng) v thng tin v cc node DTN trung gian (bao gm c s lng hop v s liu nh tuyn DTN) cc ng dng c th lm mt la chn tt (t ch da trn chnh sch ngi dng, hoc sau khi hi ngi dng). Truyn thng end-to-end (nu c) c th c la chn nu s lng ca cc hop wireless v s n nh ca cc tuyn c k vng c coi l ph hp vi kch thc ca thng ip c truyn i. Ngc li, cc ng dng c th la chn cc truyn thng hop-by-hop (v cung cp cc gi v cc hop tip theo c

th n th thng con DTN) hoc quyt nh l giao dch d kin l khng ph hp cho tng tc bt ng b, bo co tht bi vi th li sau. Tng t cng p dng vi nh tuyn DTN (xem xet mt router DTN nh dtnd nh l mt ng dng). Ging mt ng dng c gng tip cn mt peer, mt router DTN c gng tm v lin lc vi cc peer cho vic chuyn tip bundle. i vi mc ch ny, cc router DTN c th da trn cc tng thch hp tn cc lin kt xc nh hoc n c th s dng, V d nh, tng TCP convergence. Trong khi trc y c th hn ch cc tng tc n cc node lin k trc tip, sau ny cho php t n mt peer thng qua mt s bt k ca cc IP hops. Tuy nhin, nu mt peer c bit l nhiu wireless hop, hiu sut suy gim v s bt n nh tuyn c th lm cho vic truyn thng trc tip (end-to-end) khng th thc hin c. Hop m peer mc tiu (or its present non-reachability) c th c hc bi vic tm kim tuyn AODV. Qu trnh ny c th cng mang li closer available DTN routers (of which those more than one hop away would not be found by link layer interactions only) ci m c th sau c s dng bi router DTN cho quyt nh chuyn tip ca n. C hai lp ca cc ng dng c th c h tr bi nhng phn m rng nh vi AODV (v c th cc giao thc nh tuyn ad-hoc khc) v mt tch hp ti thiu vi nh tuyn DTN, trong router DTN v/hoc ng dng, nh chng ti trnh by trong phn tip theo. 4. Integrating DTN and AODV. DTN v AODV thc hin y , c lp cc chc nng v cc hot ng cc tng khc nhau: AODV t ng xc nh v duy tr mt ng i end-to-end gia hai peer mun truyn thng trong cc mng MANET trong khi DTN thng c s dng khi s tn ti ca mt ng nh vy l khng chc chn v vy s dng truyn thng bt ng b l khng ph hp. Trong khi chy DTN trn nh tng IP, truyn thng DTN khai thc nh tuyn multihop end-to-end gia hai node DTN. Tuy nhin, nh tho lun trn, Cc node DTN khng ph thuc vo kh nng truyn thng multihop tng di nhng cng c th thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn tng ng hop-by-hop tng lin kt. Tuy nhin s sn sng ca vic nh tuyn multihop t cc tng di xut hin mang li nhng li ch, v n nng cao ci nhn ca mng cho cc node DTN v do kh nng ca chng t c l kh nng tng s lng v s a dng ca cc hop DTN c th tip theo cho chuyn tip bundle. iu ny c m t trong hnh 1, vng trn c chm bn trong nh du nhng hng xm trc tip ca node DTN O c th truy cp ti

thng qua chuyn tip DTN da trn L2 n gin trong khi cc cc vng trn nt gch bn ngoi biu din tm vi nu trn 2 hop c h tr bi nh tuyn mobile ad-hoc. cng mt thi im, bao gm c nh tuyn da trn DTN m rng tm vi ca ngun khi to thng qua nhiu hop DTN n mc tiu T ci m s khng th chm ti c nu ch vi AODV. Trong on ny chng ti s trnh by phng php tip cn ca chng ti theo hng tch hp ti thiu ca DTN v AODV, t c ba mc tiu a ra trn: + M rng tm nhn ca cc node DTN v do cho php s linh hot tt hn trong nhng quyt nh nh tuyn. + Cho php truyn thng bt ng b vi cc peer vt ra ngoi tm vi. + Cho php cc ng dng cc router DTN t ng tng tc ngay lp tc cho kh nng lin lc vi cc my xa. 4.1 Conceptual Overview Chng ta gi s rng mt node ngun O mun giao tip vi mt node ch T nh m t trong hnh 1. L tng nht, mt s tng tc nh th s c thc hin bi mt ng end-to-end gia O v T m khng cn n cc node trung gian nhiu hn so vi nh tuyn IP n gin. Nh ni trong phn 2, AODV s bt u khm ph tuyn theo yu cu khi mt packet cn c chuyn n mt node IP ch v khng c mt tuyn hp l no c lu tr trong cache l hp l. Trong sut qu trnh khm ph tuyn, mt node AODV thc hin mt vng trn tm kim m rng cho node mc tiu trong vng lnh th xung quanh, trong khong thi gian cc RREQ s c x l v c chuyn tip bng tt c c node hng xm trc tip hoc gin tip. Vng trn tm kim m rng ln n mt ng knh ti a hoc cho n khi node mc tiu c tm thy. Chng ti tng cng cho qu trnh tm kim tuyn ny mi node AODV trn mt ng lu - trong request v sau ny trong reply- cho d n h tr nh tuyn DTN, ty chn, bo co, cc s liu nh tuyn DTN cho node mc tiu (v node ngun). T y l phn ca tm kim tuyn AODV, khng c thng ip b sung l cn thit; cng c lu tr v hy b hiu lc tuyn c th lm vic cho DNT thng tin nh tuyn c lin quan nh chng lm trong cc ng i AODV. iu ny v c bn lm tng cho vic khm ph tuyn AODV tr thnh mt c ch pht hin dch v ngm cho cc router DTN. Vic x l timeout ca

DTN-specific m bo rng tuyn reply cha cc router DTN c tr v ngay c khi ch cui cng khng th chm ti c. Cc c ch lu tr v timeout cho nhng phn m rng DTN c th ngn chn mng b trn vi nhng thng tin tuyn lp i lp li. Khi ni khi to nhn kt qu t qu trnh khm ph tuyn, n c th khng tm cc tuyn AODV n mc tiu cng nh c 0, 1 hoc nhiu hn cc router DTN sn sng trong tm vi. Nh tho lun mc 3, pha khi to quyt nh xem c x dng truyn thng IP end-to-end, i hop-by-hop hay l thng bo tht bi cho im ny kp thi (vi cc ty chn ca cc ln th li sau khi c xem l c th chp nhn bi cc ng dng). Nu DTN c s dng, pha khi to s nh gi thng tin nh tuyn DTN thu c t khm ph tuyn xc nh mt b cc hop tip theo ph hp. Lu rng chng ta gi s rng mt giao thc nh tuyn DTN l ti ch, l c kh nng a ra quyt nh chuyn tip thch hp da trn nhng thng tin kh nng lien lc vi cc my xa c cung cp bi nhng phn m rng AODV ca chng ti.