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NIST Special Publication 800-22
(with revisions dated May 15, 2001)Andrew Rukhin, Juan Soto, James Nechvatal,Miles Smid, Elaine Barker, Stefan Leigh,Mark Levenson, Mark Vangel, David Banks,Alan Heckert, James Dray, San Vo
 
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ABSTRACT
This paper discusses some aspects of selecting and testing random and pseudorandomnumber generators. The outputs of such generators may be used in many cryptographicapplications, such as the generation of key material. Generators suitable for use incryptographic applications may need to meet stronger requirements than for otherapplications. In particular, their outputs must be unpredictable in the absence of knowledge of the inputs. Some criteria for characterizing and selecting appropriategenerators are discussed in this document. The subject of statistical testing and itsrelation to cryptanalysis is also discussed, and some recommended statistical tests areprovided. These tests may be useful as a first step in determining whether or not agenerator is suitable for a particular cryptographic application. However, no set of statistical tests can absolutely certify a generator as appropriate for usage in a particularapplication, i.e., statistical testing cannot serve as a substitute for cryptanalysis. Thedesign and cryptanalysis of generators is outside the scope of this paper.
Key words
: random number generator, hypothesis test, P-valueCertain commercial equipment and materials were used in the development of this testsuite. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipmentidentified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1INTRODUCTION TO RANDOM NUMBER TESTING...............................1
1.1General Discussion.........................................................................................................................1
1.1.1Randomness............................................................................................................................11.1.2Unpredictability......................................................................................................................21.1.3Random Number Generators (RNGs).....................................................................................21.1.4Pseudorandom Number Generators (PRNGs)........................................................................31.1.5Testing....................................................................................................................................31.1.6Considerations for Randomness, Unpredictability and Testing..............................................6
1.2Definitions and Abbreviations.......................................................................................................61.3Mathematical Symbols.................................................................................................................11
2RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION TESTS..........................................13
2.1Frequency (Monobit) Test...........................................................................................................14
2.1.1Test Purpose..........................................................................................................................142.1.2Function Call........................................................................................................................142.1.3Test Statistic and Reference Distribution..............................................................................152.1.4Test Description....................................................................................................................152.1.5Decision Rule (at the 1 % Level)..........................................................................................152.1.6Conclusion and Interpretation of Test Results......................................................................152.1.7Input Size Recommendations...............................................................................................162.1.8Example................................................................................................................................16
2.2Frequency Test within a Block...................................................................................................16
2.2.1Test Purpose..........................................................................................................................162.2.2Function Call........................................................................................................................162.2.3Test Statistic..........................................................................................................................172.2.4Test Description....................................................................................................................172.2.5Decision Rule (at the 1 % Level)..........................................................................................182.2.6Conclusion and Interpretation of Test Results......................................................................182.2.7Input Size Recommendations...............................................................................................182.2.8Example................................................................................................................................18
2.3Runs Test.......................................................................................................................................18
2.3.1Test Purpose..........................................................................................................................182.3.2Function Call........................................................................................................................192.3.3Test Statistic and Reference Distribution..............................................................................192.3.4Test Description....................................................................................................................192.3.5Decision Rule (at the 1 % Level)..........................................................................................202.3.6Conclusion and Interpretation of Test Results......................................................................202.3.7Input Size Recommendations...............................................................................................202.3.8Example................................................................................................................................21
2.4Test for the Longest Run of Ones in a Block..............................................................................21
2.4.1Test Purpose..........................................................................................................................212.4.2Function Call........................................................................................................................212.4.3Test Statistic and Reference Distribution..............................................................................22
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