Arabic

Arabic
The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since the 4th century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and Greek, dates from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were introduced, but are only generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without mistakes. There are two main types of written Arabic: 1. Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature. It differs from Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary, some of which is archaic. All Muslims are expected to recite the Qur'an in the original language, however many rely on translations in order to understand the text. 2. Modern Standard Arabic - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking world which is understood by all Arabic speakers. It is the language of the vast majority of written material and of formal TV shows, lectures, etc. Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken Arabic. These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry, cartoons and comics, plays and personal letters. There are also translations of the Bible into most varieties of colloquial Arabic. Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.
Notable Features
Type of writing system: abjad Direction of writing: words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals are written from left to right Number of letters: 28 (in Arabic) - some additional letters are used in Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do not occur in Standard Arabic, such as /p/ or /g/. Additional letters are used when writing other languages. Used to write:
Arabic, Azeri, Baluchi, Bosnian, Dari, Hausa, Kabyle, Konkani, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Mandekan, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Shabaki, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Tausg, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or on their own. (see below) Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed Arabic. The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in which the script is written vertically. The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, y' and ww respectively. Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special symbols appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less consistency, in other religious texts, in classical poetry, in books for children and foreign learners, and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity. Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles, letterheads, nameplates, etc.
Arabic script
Arabic consonants
The transliteration of consonants used above is the ISO version of 1984. There are various other ways of transliterating Arabic. This chart shows how the letters change in different positions
Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols
Downloads Download an Arabic alphabet chart in Word or PDF format Arabic numerals and numbers These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right. In Arabic they are known as "Indian numbers" ( arqa-m hindiyyah). The term 'Arabic numerals' is also used to refer to 1, 2, 3, etc.
The first set of numbers are Modern Standard Arabic. The second set are Egyptian Arabic and the third set are Moroccan Arabic.
The Arabic language

Arabic is a Semitic language with about 221 million speakers in Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestinian West Bank & Gaza, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uzbekistan and Yemen. There are over 30 different varieties of colloquial Arabic which include: Egyptian - spoken by about 50 million people in Egypt and perhaps the most widely understood variety, thanks to the popularity of Egyptian-made films and TV shows
Algerian - spoken by about 22 million people in Algeria Moroccan - spoken in Morocco by about 20 million people Sudanese - spoken in Sudan by about 19 million people Saidi - spoken by about 19 million people in Egypt North Levantine - spoken in Lebanon and Syria by about 15 million people Mesopotamian - spoken by about 14 million people in Iraq, Iran and Syria Najdi - spoken in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Syria by about 10 million people
For a full list of all varieties of colloquial Arabic click here (format: Excel, 20K). Source: www.ethnologue.com
Sample Arabic text
Sample Arabic text (with diacritics)
Transliteration Yladu jam'u n-nsi arran mutaswna f l-karmati wa-l-uqq. Wa-qad wuhib 'aqlan wa-amran wa-'alayhim an yu'mila ba'uhum ba'an bi-ri l-ikh'.
Lesson 4
Arabic Vowel Marks (Tashkeel or Harakat)
As you should have guessed; the words from last lesson's example were as follows: The first was "DISK" and the second was "TELEPHONE"...... Now, let's go on with the the lesson:
In Arabic there are three kinds of vowels: 1. The three vowel letters, which are (Alef, Waw and Ya') and are used for long vowels (You should be familiar with them by now). 2. The "Hamza" which will be explained in the last lesson. 3. The vowel marks which are used for short vowels. They are called "Tashkeel" in Arabic and they are explained in this lesson (They are also known as Harakat.. just a different name by some references).
To make short vowels distinct from long ones when words are read, the Arabic script uses vowel marks to do so. This is implemented by writing the marks over or under a letter. Let's write the letter "Seen " with the four different vowel marks applied to it: The Mark's Name Applied to the letter Pronounced as.. (Seen)
Fat-ha
Sa
Dhamma
Su
Kas-ra
Si
Sukoon
Let's take a look at how a "Tashkeel" is applied to letters:
1. The "Fat-ha" is an accent mark (a short slanting line over the letter). It is put over a letter when a short sound of "A" is supposed to be pronounced after the letter. 2. The "Dhamma" is a small letter "Waw" over a letter. It is put over a letter when a short sound of "U" is supposed to be pronounced after the letter. 3. The "Kasra" is a short slanting line under the letter. It is put under a letter when a short sound of "i" is supposed to be pronounced after the letter. 4. The "Sukoon" is a small circle over the letter. It is put over a letter when no sound should be pronounced after the letter.
Notes :
In Arabic the the words (Fat-ha, Dhamma, Kasra & Sukun) originally have the following meanings: Fat-ha means "an opening". Dhamma means "a closing". Kasra means "a breaking". Sukoon means "Static".
These meanings refer to the shape of the mouth. For example, you open your
mouth wide when you say the sound of the Fat-ha (which is "A"), and you close your mouth when you say the sound of the "Dhamma" (which is "U"), and your mouth is static when you say a letter that have a "Sukoon" put on top of it. I just wanted you to know this because I think it could help you understand how "Tashkeel" works.
Using the Tashkeel is not obligatory when writing in Arabic, but it is most helpful in some cases (The words are read with the right pronunciation without writing Tashkeel- by convention and the context of the sentence). Vowel marks are very important in Arabic. The word's meaning may differ completely if a vowel mark applied to one letter is changed. Take a look at these examples:
write books gold

went
Vowel marks play a major role in grammar in Arabic (oh! Just forget grammar for now!!! Maybe later!!!!). About the "My name" from previous lesson, I think that it should be written (FADY) in English because in Arabic it ends with the letter "Ya' "which is a "Y" in English, but if the name was to be written in Arabic with a "Kasra" at the end instead of the letter "Ya' " then it will be "Fadi" with an "I" at the end (what we are talking about here is the difference between the pronunciation of the letter "Ya' " and the "Kasra", and this is true for the letter "Alef" and a "Fat-ha" and for the letter "Waw" and the "Dhamma"). Anyway I think that I first learnt to write my name in non-Arabic alphabets in French..... ( just forget it !!!).
There are two other marks used in Arabic script and they represent an extra letter, they are:
1 - Shadda:
"Shadda" represents the doubling of a letter and it is a small shape that looks like the letter "Seen" and is put over the letter. For example, the following is the word "Qissah" (which means "Story" by the way) notice the "Shadda" over the letter "Sad":
Notes :
When a shadda is applied to a letter and the "Tashkeel" is also written, the tashkeel is put over or under the shadda itself not the letter. Notice the two dots over the last letter at the end of the word "Qissah" above. It looks like a "Ha' " but in fact it is not a "Ha' " but the other form of the letter "Ta' " (it is called "Ta' Marbootah" which means "Tied Ta' " from its tied shape. It looks like a "Ha' " because it is pronounced as one in general (The word above is pronounced "Qissah"), but when other letters (suffix) are added at the end of the word (for grammatical reasons) the letter "Ta' " is written in its ordinary form. let's look at the word "Qissatuna" (which means "Our Story") after adding the letters "NA" at the end of the word which is a pronoun:
I know that this is confusing but I just wanted to give you an idea
about the "Ta' Marboota" to understand its concept for a start.
2 - Tanween :
The "Tanween" is pronouncing the letter "Noon" at the end of a word (This is also grammar, so just have a general idea for now!!). It has three forms very similar to the "Tashkeel" but it is only put over or under the last letter of a word. The following table show the "Tanween" for the letters "Alef", "Ba' " and "Ta' ":
The letters Pronunciation
AN
BON
TIN
Hamza
Download Print
Save Viewing Arabic Text NEW: Arabic Store
Now, you should be wondering about the letter "Hamza" that was the last letter in the table back in lesson 1, well.. this lesson is all about it:
The "Hamza" is one of the three kinds of vowels in Arabic (vowel marks were explained in the previous lesson). It may be the most complicated subject in Arabic scripting, I think that it needs a tutorial on its own (even some Arab natives can't get it right in dictation in some cases). Anyway I'll try to make it as easy as possible giving only the basics, so here we go: First, the "Hamza" is the pronunciation of "U" as in "UGH" (that was the first appropriate word that came to my mind) where ever it is used in a word, this means that the word should be cut at the "Hamza" and an "U" should be pronounced whenever it appears. Let's have an example on this:
Click to listen to the word:
This word is pronounced as "Sa - Al" (Which means "Asked") this means that you should cut the word when you pronounce it into two parts. You pronounce the part before the "Hamza" then you pronounce the second part as a new word (There is no similar case in English. You may consider the word above as two separate words when they are pronounced). There are four forms of the "Hamza" which is decided by the "Tashkeel" of the "Hamza" itself and the "Tashkeel" of the letter that comes just before it whether it is a "Fat-ha", "Dhamma", "kasra" or "Sukun". The following table has an example for each form of the four forms: Audio The example Pronunciation
Mar-aa
lu-u-lu-u
Bi-er
Dif-e
Notes:
When the "Hamza" comes at the beginning of the word, it is always written over an "Alef " or under it depending on the "Tashkeel" of the "Hamza" itself, if it was "Fat-ha" or "Dhama" then the "Hamza" is written over the "Alef". If the "Tashkeel" was "Kasra" then the "Hamza" Is written under the "Alef". The following word "Ana" (which means "me") is written like this :
The word "Eeman" (which means "faith") is written as follows:
You should have noticed from that table above that the "Hamza" is written in four different cases depending on the "Tashkeel" of the "Hamza" itself and the "Tashkeel" of the letter just before it. I think that this is what you need to know as a beginner. If you want to learn the rules of writing the "Hamza " then ask me and I'll send them to you via email. Some sources don't consider "Hamza" neither a letter nor a vowel mark, it may be in a category of its own!!!
By now you should have learned all the basics of Arabic language script and some words and sentences, and you should be able to read or write some Arabic words. Now, what is left for you to do is learn Arabic vocabulary and some grammar to be able to create sentences. These tasks need more than a simple on-line tutorial, they need some time and work from you! For vocabulary, I highly recommend getting an Arabic electronic dictionary. If you have any questions on something included in this tutorial (or not !!) just send me a message and I'll be happy to answer them as soon as possible. If you have any thoughts, questions or ideas just tell me about them.
ARABIC ALPHABET- NAMES

In this lesson we will learn the Arabic Alphabet In-Sh-Allh (God Willing). The lesson is designed to teach the names of all the alphabets. Click on the letters to hear how the letter names are pronounced.
Please note that some of these letters are very similar to English letter sounds e.g.: /B/ is very close to the letter 'B' in the English language, this is a useful way to remember the sounds of the letters. However many letters have no equivalent sounds in English e.g.: /ayn/, and some letters have subtle but important differences in pronunciation, e.g.: /H/ which is pronounced with a lot more emphasis in the throat than the letter 'H' in English.
In Arabic, it is preferred to use the 'tanween' ('un') to clarify the pronunciation especially on the final letter of a word. We have used the tanween in the sounds
below. For example - instead of /B/ we have said 'B-un'. The letter name is still /B/ but we have used the 'un' to clarify the pronunciation. Finally, please note that the Arabic script is read from right to left. Please read the letters below starting from the right and reading each letter to the left.
Click on Letters to hear pronunciation
Arabic Character
/Jm/
/Th/
/T/
/B/
/Alif/
Letter Name
th
Letter Sound
Arabic Character
/R/
/Dhl/
/Dl/
/Kh/
//
Letter Name
dh
kh
Letter Sound
Arabic Character
/d/
/d/
/Shn/
/Sn/
/Zy/
Letter Name
sh
Letter Sound
Arabic Character
/F/
/Ghayn/
/ayn/
/Z/
//
Letter Name
gh
Letter Sound
Arabic Character
/Nn/
/Mm/
/Lm/
/Kf/
/Qf/
Letter Name
Letter Sound
Arabic Character
/Y/
/Ww/
/H/
Letter Name
Letter Sound
ARABIC SHORT VOWEL-MARKS OVERVIEW

In Arabic, there are 3 short vowel-marks. We shall learn the long vowel-marks in a later lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The short vowel-marks enable the letter to make a sound in a similar way to the English language. In the same way a word cannot be made in the English language without one of the 5 vowels (a, e, i, o or u), in Arabic one cannot make a word without a vowel being used.
We will cover the 3 vowel-marks in Arabic below In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The vowel-marks are the marks below or above the letter /Dl/ in the examples below. The letter / Dl/ has been used to give you an idea of where the vowel is placed.
The Single Vowel-Marks:
The single vowel-marks are the basic vowel-marks which add a sound similar to that of a, i or u in the English language to the letter. Please click on the letters with the vowel-marks to hear the pronunciation.
Arabic Character
/ammah/
/Kasrah/
/Fatah/
Vowel Name
Vowel Sound
The 'u' in put
The 'i' in sit
The 'a' in /ba/
English word with similar sound
The Double Vowel-Marks: The double vowel-marks signs are an extension of the single vowel-marks. The double vowel signs add the '-n' sound to the single vowel. Please see the letters
below. The /Dl/ has been used to enable us to see the position of the double vowel sign which is called /tanwn/. /Tanwn/ refers to the double form of any vowel, the specific name of the double vowel sign e.g.: double /Fatah/ (Fatatn) is also given below as this is unique for each vowel. Click on the letters with the vowel-marks to hear the pronunciation.
Arabic Character
/ammatn/
/Kasratn/
/Fatatn/
Vowel Name
'un'
'in'
'an'
Vowel Sound
The 'on' in dragon
The 'in' in sin
The 'an' in ran
English word with similar sound
In the next lesson we are going to practice each letter we have covered with each short vowel and long vowel, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
SHORT VOWEL MARKS- FATAH
In the following 3 lessons, we will learn the Short vowel-marks pronunciation InSh-Allh (God willing). This lesson will also help us to revise the letters we have already learnt in the previous lessons.
The /Fatah/ is the short diagonal stroke above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Fatah/.
SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRA

The /Kasrah/ is the short diagonal stroke below the letters. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Kasrah/.
ORT VOWEL MARKS- DAMMA

The /ammah/ is the letter which is similar in shape to the Arabic character /ww/ which we learnt earlier. It is placed above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /ammah/.
SHORT VOWEL MARKS- FATATAIN

In the following 3 lessons, we will learn the doubled forms of the three vowel-marks, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing). These differ in pronunciation from the normal vowelmarks in that there is an added '-n' sound e.g. whilst the /Fatah/ makes the 'a' sound, the Fatatain makes the 'an' sound. In this lesson we will cover the /Fatatain/ which makes the 'an' sound In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The /Fatatain/ is written as two /Fatah's/ above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Fatatain/. Unlike the /Kasratain/ and the /ammatain/, the /Fatatain/ has to be followed by Alif in the Arabic writing. Therefore we connect an /Alif/ after each of the letters below when it is signed with /Fatatain/, as in the following table:
SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRATAIN

In this lesson we will cover the /Kasratain/ which makes the 'in' sound In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The /Kasratain/ is represented by two /Kasrah's/ below the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /Kasratain/.
SHORT VOWEL MARKS- AMMATAIN

In this lesson we will cover the /ammatain/ which makes the 'un' sound In-ShAllh (God willing). The /ammatain/ is represented by a /ammah/ with a slight inward 'tail' and is written above the letter. Please click on the letters to hear how they will sound with the /ammatain/.
THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- ALIF AL-MADD

In the following 3 lessons, we shall cover the long vowel-marks In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The long vowel-marks are basically a combination of: o The single vowel.
A letter used to lengthen the sound of the vowel.
The /Alif al-madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Fatah/ from 'a' into 'aa'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letters lengthening the sound. We shall cover the way the letters change shape when joining in a later lesson In-Sh-Allh (God wiling).
THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- YAA AL-MADD

/Yaa al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /Kasrah/ from 'i' into 'ee'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letters lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when joining in a later lesson In-Sh-Allh (God wiling).
THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- WAAW AL-MADD

/Waaw al-Madd/ is the long vowel lengthening the sound of the /ammah/ from 'u' into 'oo'. We have not covered the joining of letters yet, so just read the letter lengthening the sound, and we shall cover the way the letters change shape when joining in a later lesson In-Sh-Allh (God wiling).
SUKUUN AND SHADDAH

In this lesson we will cover one more diacritical mark (i.e. a mark added to a letter to indicate a special pronunciation) in the Arabic language called the /Sukn/ InSh-Allh (God wiling). The /Sukn/ is in the shape of a circle and is written above a letter to show that there is no vowel on the letter. Hence, we emphasise the letter by stopping in our pronunciation of it. This will require us to join letters. Although we have not covered the rules relating to joining of letters (covered in a later lesson). We will use simple words to demonstrate the usage of the /Sukn/. Please click on the words to hear how they are pronounced. This is a good opportunity for you to learn how to read basic Arabic words. Please don't worry if you find it difficult to read the words by putting the letters together. We will go over reading words in more detail later In-Sh-Allh (God wiling). At this stage focus on the principle of the /Sukn/ and try your best to read the words.
Arabic Word
Nose
From
House
Mosque
Translation
/Anfon/
/Min/
/Baytun/
/Masidun/
Transliteration
We will now cover the /Shaddah/ In-Sh-Allh (God wiling). The /Shaddah/ is a diacritical mark written above a letter to show that the letter has been doubled and therefore increases in emphasis. Once again, please don't worry if you find joining the letters and vowel-marks or reading difficult. Try your best to join the sounds and letters at this stage and pay attention to the sound of the letter which has the /Shaddah/ on it.
Arabic Word
Bear
Duck
Cat
Translation
/Dubbun/
/Baun/
/Qiatun/
Transliteration
ARABIC ALPHABET- JOINED FORM

The joining of the Arabic Alphabet can be a difficult subject to master. The reason for this is that the way a letter joins depends on: o The letter being used (e.g.: /Alif/, /Baa/ etc.) as different rules apply to different letters. o o The position of the letter in the word (i.e. beginning, middle or end). Unique letters - i.e. there are 6 letters which do not join to any other letter (but can be joined to) - this is covered below.
As there are so many different scenarios to remember, it is easier to remember the patterns. The table below shows every scenario, i.e.: how each letter will be written in the beginning, middle and end of a word as well as an example of its joined form and the shape of the letter by itself (as we learnt earlier).
The most common patterns you will find below are: o All letters are written in their full form if they occur at the end of a word, some may slightly change shape. o Most letters do join to other letters in front of them, however, there are six letters which do not join to any letter after them, these letters are:
There are groups of letters which have similar shapes in individual (i.e. as learnt earlier). These groups are also similar in joined form (e.g. /B/, /T/ and /Th/). The only difference in these letters is the number or positions of dots around the letter.
By Itself
Joined
End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
/Alif/
/B/
/T/
/Th/
//m
//
//Kh
//Dl
//Dhl
//R
//Zy
//Sn
//Shn
//d
//d
//
//Dh
//ayn
//Ghayn
//F
//Qf
//Kf
//Lm
//Mm
//Nn
//H
//Ww
//Y
Whilst it is important to make an effort to look at the forms above, it is sometimes easier to look for the patterns rather than each individual letter. For example, the following groups of letters are very similar in their joined forms, in most cases the only difference is the position or number of dots used in the letters: o o o o o /B/, /Taa/ and /Th/ /m/, /Ha/ and /Kh/ /Sn/ and /Shn/ /d/ and /d/ // and /Dh/
Finally, to master the different forms of joining will take some time and it is important to practice writing whilst learning the Arabic language to become familiar with the script. This will come with practice In-Sh-Allh (God willing), so it is not necessary to have mastered all the letters joining forms before moving on. Please move on to the next lesson after you have familiarised yourself to a reasonable level of the joined forms above. In the next lesson we will use some examples to practice and familiarise ourselves with the joined form of letters In-Sh-Allh (God willing
ARABIC READING PRACTICE 1

In this lesson we will practice some examples that we covered earlier. Please read from right to left. The first column shows the letters individually. To hear the sound of each letter which forms the word, click on the letter. To hear the full word pronounced, click on the word in the column Final Form.
Pay careful attention to how letters are joined. Remember letters can have different shapes depending on whether they are in the beginning, middle or end of a word.
Final Form
Changed Form
(i.e. how the Meaning letters will look
(i.e. to see how each Letters on their own letter has changed -
when joined)
joined form)
He Sat.
He wrote.
He drank.
He went out.
He opened.
He understood.
We will continue practicing joining letters and reading in the next lesson In-ShAllh (God wil

In this part we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Final Form Changed Form (i.e. how the letters Meaning will look when has changed - joined form) joined) (i.e. to see how each letter Letters on their own
He went.
He took.
Pen
Boy
Man
Camel
In this lesson we have covered some very basic words in Arabic to practise joining the letters and the sounds that they make. In the next lesson we will practice some more words which will include long vowel-marks, /Sukn/ and /Shaddah/ which we covered in earlier lessons In-Sh-Allh (God willing).

In this lesson we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God willing). We will also practice reading words with: o /Sukn/ - We should pronounce the letter sound with no vowel sound i.e. /Sukn/ acts like a stop.
/Shaddah/ - We should increase emphasis on the letter which has the /Shaddah/.
Long vowel-marks - As we learnt in previous lessons there are 3 long vowelmarks; these lengthen the sound of the single vowel-marks.
Final Form Changed Form (i.e. how the letters Meaning will look when has changed - joined form) joined) (i.e. to see how each letter Letters on their own
Mosque
Star
Cat
Bed
Key
Donkey
We shall continue practising reading more words in the next lesson. Remember, the more practice you do, the better your Arabic will be Insha'Allah (God will

In this part we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Changed Form
Meaning
Final Form
(i.e. to see how each letter
Letters on their own
has changed - joined form)
Rich
Chair
Teacher
Sharp
City
Lazy
We shall continue reading one more group of words in the next lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The words in the next lesson will be more difficult, however, the Arabic Language course will start with basic words so please try to familiarise yourself with the principles of reading the Arabic text as there will be an opportunity to practice further in the Arabic Language course

In this lesson we will continue practising joining letters and reading, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Changed Form
Meaning
Final Form
(i.e. to see how each letter has
Letters on their own
changed - joined form)

Nurse
Farmer
Spoon
Iron (for ironing)
Coffee
You have now completed the Arabic Reading Course. If you feel you need more practice before moving on to the Arabic Language Course then please revise the lessons where you feel you need improvement. In the Arabic Language Course the lessons begin with very basic words so if you have grasped the ability to read the Arabic script in this course then you should find the Arabic Language Course easier to understand In-Sh-Allh (God willing). Please click here to move on to the Arabic Language Course.
Introduction -
Please read the sentences below. After completing the sentences we shall go over the rules for this lesson.
In Part 1 of Lesson 1 we learn how to use the pronoun
which means 'This' but is
(called the demonstrative pronoun in grammar). /Hdh/ is pronounced
written without the first /alif/. The second word is the noun (object) being referred
to, e.g.:
means house.
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be pronounced.
This is a book
This is a mosque
This is a door
This is a house
Arabic has no word which is equal to the English word "is" which is referred to as a copula in grammar. We can see this rule demonstrated above where we see the
words for
and the noun/predicate
being referred to without any
copula. i.e.
If read literally this sentence would read "This a
mosque", however, the word "is" can be implied in this sentence so that it reads "This is a mosque". There is no word in Arabic corresponding to "a" in English as in: "This is a book". The n-sound, i.e. the /tanwn/ (doubled vowel sign) at the end of the Arabic noun (kitbu-n, baitu-n, masidu-n) is the Arabic indefinite article corresponding to the English "a/an".
Please click on the button for part 2 below to move onto the next section where we will practice this principle further In-Sh-Allh (God-willing
Lesson 1
...
This is -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continued...
In-Sh-Allh (God-willing), we will continue practicing with some more examples of
using the phrase /hdh/
which means 'This is'.
This is a pen.
This is a chair.
This is a key.
This is a bed.
This is a desk.
We have learnt how to say 'This is' using the phrase /hdh/. Now, we will learn how to say 'What is this?' to ask a question followed by the answers to the questions InSh-Allh (God-willing). Please click on part 3 below to proceed.
Continued
In this part of lesson 1 we will learn the phrase
which means "What's
this". We shall then answer the questions with the phrase we learnt in the earlier
parts, i.e. /hdh/
. .....which means "Is this...?", for example
We will also learn the phrase
which means "Is this a house?.

In addition, we will learn the words for Yes and No in Arabic to answer these
questions. The word for Yes in Arabic is
,and the word for No in Arabic is .
As we have already learnt, the Arabic script is read from right to left, please read the sentences below from right to left.
Picture
Answer
Question
This is a house.
What is this?
This is a shirt.
What is this?
No, this is a pen.
Is this a key?
Yes, this is a house.
Is this a house?
No, this is a chair.
Is this a bed?
This is a star.
What is this?
In the next parts we will learn the phrase
which means "Who is this?"
followed by some more sentences to revise what we have learnt in this lesson, InSh-Allh (God willing
Exercise
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this lesson so far.
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the correct option for each question below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain your mark.
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the earlier parts of lesson 1 to learn the meanings if necessary.
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Exercise
We will continue to test the knowledge that we have learnt so far in this part of the lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the correct option for each question below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain your mark.
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the earlier parts of lesson 1 to learn the meanings if necessary.
Question 2 Question 1
Question 3
Question 4
Exercise
We have practiced reading words and learning phrases and grammar. However, it is very important to learn how to write Arabic while you are learning the
language. Please read the sentences below and write them down on a piece of paper. You have already learnt what the sentences below mean in the earlier parts of the lesson so try to remember what they mean also. In Arabic, more experienced readers do not require the vowel-marks or diacritical marks to read the word. We have started lesson 1 showing all the vowel-marks, for
example
(house)
where
we
can
see
the
/fatah/,
/sukn/
and
/ammah/. However, with experience, we know from a combination of the letters used and the context of the sentence what the word actually means. Below, the words will appear without vowel-marks or diacritical marks (e.g. /sukn/, /fatah/,
/kasrah/ etc). Hence, the word will be written in Arabic as
Read and Write
: . .
. .
. .
In the next part of this lesson we will learn the phrase
which means
"Who is this?" followed by some more sentences to revise what we have learnt in this lesson, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Lesson 1
...
This is -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Who is this? -
which means 'Who is this?'. We
In this section we shall cover the phrase
shall then answer the questions and learn some more words, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
Picture
Answer
Question
This is a doctor.
Who is this?
This is a boy.
Who is this?
This is a student.
Who is this?
This is a man.
Who is this?
This is a merchant.
Who is this
Lesson 1
...
This is -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continued
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and we shall learn some new vocabulary.
Picture
Answer
Question
This is a dog.
What is this?
This is a cat.
What is this?
This is a donkey.
What is this?
This is a horse.
What is this?
This is a rooster.
What is this?
This is a camel.
What is this?
Lesson 1
This is -
...
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Revision
In this section we shall cover a number of the phrases we have already learnt and we shall learn some new vocabulary In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
Picture
Answer
Question
.
Low Bandwidth
This is a teacher.
Who is This?
.
Low Bandwidth
No, this is a toilet paper (handkerchief).
Is this a shirt?
In the next part of this lesson we will practice writing and reading skills, In-Sh'Allh (God willing). Please write out the following words below including their translation. It is important to practice writing in the duration of this course and to be able to read without translations. If you are unsure what the words below mean, please revisit the previous sections of this lesson, all the words below have already been covered earlier.
You will also notice that the words below do not have vowel-marks, i.e. /ammah/, /kasrah/ and /fatah/. The vowel-marks have been deliberately omitted because when you read Arabic in normal literature, vowel-marks are seldom used. The context and your experience of words will enable you to read the word properly. The words below should be apparent without the vowel-marks as we have covered them several times already.
Read and Write
() () . . () () . . () ()
. ()
() .
. () ()
You have now completed lesson 1. To summarise, the areas we have covered are:
The Demonstrative Pronoun -
' This is'
The particle
as in ...i.e. 'Is This a...?'
The word
which means 'what' as in' - What is this?' and respectively.
The words for Yes and No -
The word
which means 'who' as in ' - Who is this?'
Several new words - these have to be memorised as vocabulary is very important to learn the Arabic language. The following table shows the new words that we learnt so far in this lesson:
Vocabulary Revision
This (this is)
Home
Door
Mosque
Book
Key
Chair
Pen
Desk
Bed
Shirt
Star
Doctor
Boy
Student
Man
Merchant
Teacher
Handkerchief
Dog
Cat (masculine)
Donkey
Horse
Rooster
Camel
Yes
No
If you feel confident with the lesson covered, please move on to the next lesson
where we will cover the Demonstrative Pronoun
which means 'That is. The
next lesson is a short and relatively straightforward lesson, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). Please click on next lesson button below to go to lesson two.
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we have including:
Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusion.
Vocabulary Flashcards Practice your vocabulary by category.
Questions Flashcards Practice questions related to the grammatical topics covered in the lessons.
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (God willing). LESSON 2
That is.... -
...
Part
1 2
Introduction -

which means 'That' (called a
In Part 1 of Lesson 2 we learn the noun
demonstrative pronoun in grammar). /dhlika/ is used to refer to objects that are further away whereas /hdh/ is used to refer to objects that are closer.
Picture
Answer
Question
That is a star.
What is That?
This is a mosque and
What is this and what is
that is a house.
that?
This is a horse and that
What is this and what is
is a donkey.
that?
No, that is a cat.
Is that a dog?
That is a bed.
What is That?
This is a teacher and
Who is this and who is
that is an imam.
that?
LESSON 2
...
That is.... -
Part
1 2
Continued
In-Sh'-Allh (God willing), we will continue practising the demonstrative pronoun /dhlika/ which refers to objects that are further away.
Picture
Answer
Question
That is a rock.
What is That?
.
What is this and what is that?
This is sugar and that is milk.
Please read the words below and then write them down on a piece of paper. Once again, this will enable you to practice writing Arabic which is a very important part of learning the language.
Read and Write
. .
Vocabulary Revision
English Translation
Arabic
Milk
Sugar
Rock
Imam (Muslim Prayer Leader)
Please move onto the next lesson where we cover the use of the definite article (i.e. 'the').
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-ShAllh (God willing).
Introduction -
which corresponds to the
In this lesson we will learn about the definite article
word 'The' in the English Language (known as the definite article in grammar as it refers to a specific object). Take particular note of the change in the vowel ending when a word is changed to its definite form, i.e. the /tanwn/ (double vowel) which represents indefinite form e.g. (a house) has been changed to a single /ammah/. It is hence also important to remember that a word can never take /alif lm/ at the beginning and /tanwn/ at the same time (i.e. it can never be both indefinite and definite at the same time). Remember to always start reading the examples below from right to left. The first example below will illustrate the change from indefinite form (e.g. a house) to definite form (e.g. the house).
The mosque: A mosque
The book: A book
The pen: A pen
The house: A house
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Continued
We will study some practical sentences using the definite article
which
corresponds to 'the' in the English language In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing).
Please click on the words to hear speech
Picture
Answer
Question
The pen is broken.
The door is open.
The boy is sitting and the
teacher is standing.
We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to memorise the words and common sentence structures.
Please click on the words to hear speech.
Picture
English
Arabic
The book is new and the pen is old.
The donkey is small and
the horse is big.

The chair is broken.
The handkerchief is dirty.
The water is cold.
The moon is beautiful.

The house is near and the mosque is far away.

The stone is heavy and the
paper is light.
The milk is hot.
The shirt is clean.
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we have learnt In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and using the on-screen keyboard or your actual keyboard.
Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
Do not use diacritics in the following cases:
The Alif followed by laam
( while the laam itself can be signed with
a vowel)
The laam followed by alif
( while the Alif itself can be signed when it
comes with hamzah).
Do not put the small Alif on words like
Do not put diacritics on long vowels.
Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and to get your mark.
For more instructions click here.
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write the following words again with the correct endings". In each of the words below simply type the word again using the keyboard (as above) with the vowel-marks and punctuation, e.g. /masid/ = masidun/ as below:
Remember: a word can be either definite (with /alif lm/ but not /tanwn/) or indefinite (with no /alif lm/ but with /tanwn/). The proper pronunciation (and hence answers) can be heard by clicking on the speaker image by the sentences, but please don't click on these until you have attempted to complete the exercise so that you may benefit In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we have learnt In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). To answer the questions:
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write". In each of the sentences below simply type the words again using the keyboard as in the previous questions and including the vowel-marks which have been omitted. Once again, upon completing the exercise you can click on the speakers by each sentence to hear the correct pronunciation and hence answers.
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we have learnt In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
Fill in the blanks in the questions below by using one of the possible options in the top section (below). Click on the question you would like to answer (this will be highlighted), then click on the correct option from the blocks above the questions area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced with your selected option. Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and obtain your mark.
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the words given". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).

The words to use to complete the sentences are: Once again - by clicking on the speakers you can hear the correct answer to the question. Please do not do this until you have attempted the exercise.
..... ..... .....
..... ..... .....
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we have learnt In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). To answer the questions:
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with a suitable word". For each of the questions below, type out the full sentence starting with the word in the bracket followed by the word noted. E.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks). Once again, the sound has been included (click on the speaker icon by the sentence to hear the sound) but once again please only listen to the sentences after doing the exercises.
.........
(The pen)
.........
(The handkerchief)
.........
(The mosque)
.........
(The water)
.........
(The teacher)
.........
(The moon)
.........
(The stone)
.........
(The student)
.........
(The bed)
.........
(The house)
The Moon and Sun Letters -
In this section we will learn some new vocabulary and we shall also learn the rules relating to the sun and moon letters. The most important point to understand with this rule is that it governs the spoken (pronunciation) Arabic and not the written word.
Arabic has 28 letters. Of these 14 letters are called Solar Letters, and the other 14 are called Lunar letters. In the articulation (speaking) of the Solar letters, the tip or blade of the tongue is involved as in t, n, r, s, etc. The tip or blade of the tongue does not play any part in the articulation of the Lunar Letters as in b, w, m, k etc.
When /alif-lm/ al is prefixed to a noun beginning with a Solar letter, the l of al is assimilated (joined) to the Solar Letter, e.g. al-shamsu (the sun) is pronounced /ash-shamsu/.
No change takes place in writing
The assimilation is indicated by the
/shaddah/ on the first letter of the noun after al. No such assimilation takes place with the Lunar Letters, e.g. /al-qamaru/ (the moon)
is pronounced /al-qamaru/
.Here are some more examples of the assimilation
of the l of al to the Solar Letters (don't worry about the meanings of the words yet):
o o o o
/al-namu/ becomes /an-namu/. /al-raulu/ becomes /ar-raulu/. /al-dku/ becomes /ad-dku/. /al-samaku/ becomes /as-samaku/.
Note that the a of al is pronounced only when it is not preceded by another word. If it is preceded by a word it is dropped in pronunciation, though it remains in writing, e.g. /wal-baitu/. Here the a is dropped and the phrase is pronounced /walbaitu/ not /wa al-baitu/. To indicate this omission in pronunciation, this sign: ( is placed above the /alif/. )
The initial vowel (a, i, or u) which is omitted when preceded by a word is called /hamazatu l-wasl/.
We have learnt that the /tanwn/ is the indefinite article, and it is to be translated as
a e.g.:
means a house. "broken".
This rule does not apply to adjectives like
"open", and
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
Choose a word from column
that can be used to complete the sentence in column that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) .
Upon completing all possible
Click on a word in column
then click on its suitable complement in column
questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain your mark.
)()(
The sentence above means "Match the words in
with those in
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is important that you practice your writing skills in the duration of this course to master the language In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
( )
()
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Continued...
The sentence above means "The Moon and The Sun Letters". See section 7 (which should have already been covered) if you do not already understand the rules relating to the sun and the moon letters. Remember, this rule affects the
pronunciation of the word and not the written form. Please listen carefully to the
pronunciation. Pay attention to how in the Sun Letters
, the
/lm/ of /alif-lm/ is assimilated to the first letter in pronunciation. The table below covers each letter in the Arabic alphabet along with an example of a word which starts with that letter under the relevant column depending on whether it is a sun or moon letter.
The Sun Letters
The Moon Letters
(): (): ():
(): (): ():
(): (): (): (): (): (): (): ():
(): (): (): (): (): (): (): ():
(): (): ():
(): (): ():
LESSON 3
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Exercise
The sentence above says: "Read and write the words keeping in mind the rules pertaining to the Solar and Lunar Letters". Once again, please write the words below with a pen and paper and read the words prior to clicking on them below to hear the correct pronunciation. As these words have already been covered before, the vowelmarks and diacritical marks (e.g. /fatah/, /kasrah/, /ammah/, /sukn/ etc) have not been used over the letters. This is the way standard Arabic is written and it is important to get used to this.
EXERCISE:
3 LESSON
Definite Article
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 11
Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
Sweet
Sick
Shop
Rich
Tall
Poor
Short
Apple
Cold
Hot
Sitting
Standing
New
Old
Near
Far Away
Clean
Dirty
Small
Big
Light
Heavy
Paper
Water
Beautiful
Lesson 4
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things: o The rules for using prepositions (the words used to connect two or more words or sentences) and the four most common prepositions (Click on the Arabic words to hear the correct pronunciation of that word).
English
Arabic
English
Arabic
In
On
From
To
The rule for the use of interrogative expressions - i.e. the sentences used to ask the questions, and some of the interrogative (questioning) words like:
English
Arabic
English
Arabic
Where
Is
What
Who
Some of the Personal pronouns - e.g.:
English
Person
Gender
Arabic
1st
(person
Masculine/Feminine
speaking)
2nd
You
(person being
Masculine
spoken to)
2nd
You
(person being
Feminine
spoken to)
3rd
(person being He spoken about Masculine
i.e. not present)
3rd
(person being She spoken about Feminine
i.e. not present)
The difference between the masculine and the feminine words and their punctuation and the three ways of changing a masculine noun to the feminine.
English
Arabic Symbol
Arabic
By adding /ta marbta/
By adding /alif maqra/
By adding /alif mamdda/
The difference between the nominal sentences (starting originally- with a noun) and the verbal sentences (starting originally- with a verb):
The Nominal Sentence Grammatical term /Al umla tul Ismiyya/
The Verbal Sentence
/Al umla tul Filiyya/

Arabic
Transliteration
/Ahmadu dhahaba ilal miati/
/Dhahaba Ahmadu ilal miati/
Literally Reading
Ahmad went to the university
Went Ahmad to the university
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Lesson 4
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The Cases
An important part of learning any language is to learn the grammar. Grammar is the stud form sentences. For example, we may learn that: o o A word is written differently in the past tense as compared to the future tense. A word referring to a person may be different depending on the gender (male or called. o A sentence starting with a verb (action word - e.g. run, eat, drink) has different with a noun (object, place or thing - e.g. cat, door, man).
Whilst the examples above are simple, one has to make an effort to understand gramma
part of the language and becomes more complicated later on - in particular relating to ver
to focus on the rules - e.g. what happens in each circumstance and over time the te become easier (both in Arabic and English) - In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
This should be balanced with an effort to increase your vocabulary and general understa goal will be to help you to take the rules gradually and understand how they relate to begin to understand the language In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing).
Cases of the nouns in the Arabic Language: o
A noun in Arabic grammar has three 'cases' which are called nominative, accusative cover the Arabic terms for these a bit later).
Something will cause a word to be in one of these 'cases'. For example, wher subject noun, the noun will be in nominative case.
There will be a consequence of a word being in a certain 'case'. In each of these
word will change to a different vowel - e.g. if the noun is in genitive case as a res
letter of that noun will change from a /ammah/ to a /kasrah/ (this is assuming th the same vowel in which case no change will occur). o See below for a summary of the cases and the signs used for each of these cases: o
A word being in the nominative case will end (originally) with a /ammah/ o
A word being in the accusative case will end (originally) with a /fatah/ or /f
A word being in the genitive case will (originally) end with a /kasrah/ or /kas
At this stage it is important to understand the principle that there are causes of a
case and consequences of a word being in a certain case - i.e. the change in the for o
The rules of what causes a word to be in each case and what consequences arise in
and repeated throughout the course, there are many such rules and these are an im
Arabic language. Below you will find a summary of the terms used for each of the c
Case
Arabic term
Arabic term (Transliteration)
Consequen
Nominative
A word in this c Hlat-ur-raf
(originally) in a /
,/ammata
A word in this c
Accusative
Hlat-un-nab
(originally)
/fatah/,/fata
A word in this c
Genitive
Hlat-ul-arr
(originally)
/kasrah/,/kasr
In the next part of the lesson we will learn about some prepositions used commonly in t Allh (God willing). We will also learn the rules for their application.
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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Lesson 4
Part
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The Prepositions -
In this lesson we will learn about some of the prepositions, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). A
shows the relation of one word to another. For example, "....the key is in the car...." table....". Some of the most common prepositions are:
Preposition (English)
Preposition (Arabic)
In
On
From
To
We will also learn about the rule applied for the use of prepositions in Arabic Language. Th for the use of prepositions:
1. A preposition (
- called /harf ul arr/ in Arabic) is a single letter or
nouns, or a verb and a noun to form a sentence. As above this is generally showing another. It always precedes a word and never follows the word. 2. A preposition always comes before a noun and it does not come before a verb.
3. The noun following a preposition is changed from nominative case to genitive cas
letter of the word will be changed from a /ammah/ or /ammatain/ to a /kasrah/ o
4. The noun followed by a preposition is called /Marr/
which means th
change in its case (from nominative to genitive case) as mentioned in the previous
Lets look at an example (please read from right to left):
Phrase (preposition before word)
Word without preposition
Preposition
In the house
The house
In
We can see here that the preposition has caused the last letter of
to change to.
5. When a proposition precedes an indefinite noun (e.g. "a house"), the noun is affec learnt earlier, a noun which is indefinite takes two /ammahs/ (ammatain) and is
The two /ammahs/ change to two /kasrahs/ (kasratain) when a preposition com examine the example as above with relation to an indefinite noun:
Phrase (preposition before word)
Word without preposition
Preposition
In a house
A house
In
Some more examples can be found below.
Picture:
Phrase with preposition
Phrase without prepositio
In a kitchen
A Kitchen
To a mosque
A Mosque
From a house
A house
On a book
A book
In this part of the lesson we will study some practical sentences using the preposition relating to prepositions.
In Arabic language when it is required to make a noun definite,
is added to that noun
previous lessons about the solar and the lunar letters.
However when a preposition comes before a definite word the /alif/ - i.e. "a" sound - of
pronounced. Please note that the "a" of "al" is pronounced only when it is not preceded b "al" is preceded by any word the letter "a" is dropped and hence not pronounced.
So we will read the sentence as /Fil Baiti/ and not /Fee Al baiti/ but this rule is applicable i
writing the sentence - i.e. the /alif/ will still be written but not pronounced in spoken langu
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be prono
Picture
Translation
Transliteration
Arab
The moon is in the /Alhillu fis Sam-i/ sky.
To the door
/Ilal bbi/
From the teacher
/Minal muddarrisi/

/Almiftu alal The key is on the book kitbi/
We shall continue with some more practical sentences, please make an effort to memor sentence structures.
Please click on the words to hear speech.
Picture
Translation
Arabic
A horse in the farm
The man is from India.

The lion is on a rock.
.
The boy is in the garden.
In the next part of the lesson we will go over some interrogative expressions (i.e. e questions) covering the areas you have learnt in this lesson In-Sh'-Allh (God willing).
Part
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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Lesson 4
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
The Interrogation -
In this part of lesson 4 we will learn about the formation of the interrogative (questioning (God-Willing).
We know that "Interrogative expression is the term used to refer to a group of word
question (e.g. Where is the book? What is on the book? Is the key on the book? Who
interrogative expressions and the words which are used to ask a question are called the we cover below:
Interrogative Article
... ... ...
Where?
What?
Is?
Who?
...
Take a look of the following examples of interrogative expressions:
Picture
Translation
Transliteration
Arab
Where is the key?
/Ainal miftu?/

/Mdh alal What is on the book? kitbi?/

/A miftun alal Is a key on the book? kitbi?/

Who is in the kitchen? /Man fil mabakhi?/

/Mdh alal What is on the rock? aari?/
The following are the rules governed for the use of the interrogative articles (i.e. words us as where?, what? etc.):
When an interrogative article comes before a noun, it will take the nominative case changed to a /ammah/ (if it is not already a /ammah/).
Case
Rule
Arabic
The definite noun will take one /ammah/ on its ending letter
proceeding a definite noun

Interrogative Article The noun without the definite article will take two /ammahs/ on proceeding a noun without
definite Article
its ending letter
The preposition will not take the
nominative case when preceded by
preceding a preposition
interrogative article - see below for
the reasons for this.
A definite noun preceded by an interrogative article will take one /ammah/ and the in /ammahs/).
However when a preposition is preceded by an interrogative article, it will not take the
letter will remain with the same ending sound. This is because the preposition is indec
change its ending - this is an important principle - we will learn in Arabic that some rul over other rules).
Please take a careful look to the ending vowels of the nouns in both the interrogative (que answering expressions in the text below.
Please click on the words to hear speech, i.e. how the words should be prono
Picture
Translation
Arabic

Where is Muhammad?
Muhammad is in the room.

And where is Yasir?
Yasir is in the wash room.

Where is Aminah?
Aminah is in the kitchen.

Where is the book?
The book is on the desk.

And where is the watch?
The watch is on the bed.

Is Muhammad in the wash room?
No, but in the room.
Who is in the Kitchen?
Aminah is in the kitchen.

What is on the bed?
The watch is on the bed.
In the next part of the lesson we will have multiple questions /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God-Willing of the principles we have learnt so far.
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16
Exercise
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and keyboard or your actual keyboard.
Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use fu answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
( while the laam itself can be signed with a vowe
( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes .
Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answe
The Arabic sentence above means "Read and write specifying the vowel ending of th
questions below, type out the full word or the sentence but include the vowel marks whi ends of the words.
Once again, the sound has been included (click on speaker icon by sentence to hear) but o to the sentences after doing the exercises.
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Exercise
( while the Alif itself can be signed when it comes
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". In each of the sen
the questions based on the material you have covered in this lesson so far using the k
lesson and including the vowel-marks. Once again, upon completing the exercise you c each sentence to hear the correct pronunciation and hence answers.

(On the rock)

(On the bed)
(Yasir)
(Muhammad)

(No, but in the bath room)
(Yes, Aminah is in the kitc

(The watch)

(The book)
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The masculine and the feminine -
In Arabic both living things and inanimate (non-living) things are treated as either masculi
In this part of the lesson /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God willing) we will learn about the masculine a
will also learn how to change a masculine word into a feminine word. There are thre
masculine word to a feminine word when added on the end of a masculine word and they a
English Symbol of feminine word Feminine Masculine Feminine

Female student Male student
)(
Left (for feminine words)
Left
)(
Noble woman
Noble man
)(
It should be remembered that the penultimate (second to last) letter of a feminine word al Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:
Picture
Translation
Transliteration
Ara
I am a doctor.
/An abbun/
I am a female student.
/An libatun/
You are a male /Anta mudarrisun/ teacher.
You are a lady doctor.
/Anti abbatun/
He is an engineer.
/Huwa muhandisun/
She is a female nurse.
/Hiya mumarriatun/

Aminah is in the /minatu fil mabakhi/ kitchen.
Where are you from?
/Min ayna anta/
I am from China. /Ana min-a ni/
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Exercise
In this part of the lesson we will have some exercises in order to test your knowledge of w
that can be used to complete the sentence in column .
Clic
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable complement in c
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain
)()(
The sentence above means choose a word from column
that can be used to complete a
column . To make this task slightly easier we have put English words in brackets in co
that need to be chosen from the Arabic words in column
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is impo writing skills in the duration of this course to master the language Insha'Allah.
( )
()
(sick)
(young)
(standing)
(Tall)
(Tall)
(Broken)
(Open)
(Closed)
(New)
(Old)
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The Nominal Sentence -
In Arabic language there are two types of sentences: o o
The Nominal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Ismiyya/ - this sentence starts (mostl
The Verbal Sentence meaning /Al umla tul Feliyya/ - this sentence starts (mostly)
Please read the following carefully and note the difference between the sentences:
The Nominal Sentence
The Verbal Sentenc
"Al umla tul Ismiyya"
"Al umla tul Feliyy

Arabic
Transliteration
/Amadu dhahaba ilal /miati/
Dhahaba Amadu ilal /m
Literally Reading
Ahmad went to the university
Went Ahmad to the univ

Arabic
Transliteration
Al mudarrisu kharaa min falin
Kharaa al mudarrisu min
Literally Reading
The teacher went out of a class
Went out the teacher of a
Two of the sentences in the above table are the nominal sentences and the other two are
A nominal sentence is called /al umla tul Ismiyya/ and a verbal sentence is called /al uml A nominal sentence /al umla tul Ismiyya/ follows the following rules:
o o
It (originally) starts with a noun or a pronoun.
It has two parts. The first part is the subject of the sentence and is called /Mubt the predicate and called /Khabar/.
The subject /Mubtada/ should always be a noun or a pronoun but it is not necessar to be a noun or a pronoun so it may or may not be a noun.
Each of the subject /Mubtada/ and the predicate /Khabar/ are originally in the n
letter takes a single /ammah/ if definite (with definite article /al/) and takes t (without the definite article al). o
/Mubtada/ is the subject of the sentence i.e., it represents a person or thing whic
and the /Khabar/ is the description or the explanation of the /Mubtada/ e.g., w
standing then Muhammad is the subject and "is standing" describes his condition is the case with Arabic sentences. The subject is highlighted in red below, the predicate.
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic
Ahmad is a student
/Amadu libun/
He is a good student.
/Huwa libun ayyidun/

Muhammad went out of the /Muhammadun kharaa minal miati/ university.

Khalid is in the hospital. /Khlidun fil mustashf/
In the above sentences all the words appearing in red are the /Mubtada/ which must be remaining parts of the sentences in black are the /khabar/. A /mubtada/ must be in the originally- single /ammah/ when definite and two /ammas/ when indefinite.
Therefore the subject /Mubtada/ is always a single noun or pronoun, while the predic following types:
Types of /Khabar/
English
Arabic
A Noun Muhammad is a student. /Ismun/
A nominal Sentence Ahmad, his father is intelligent. /umla Ismiyya/
A verbal Sentence Khalid went to the hospital. /umla Filiyya/
An expression with a
preposition
Fatima is in the kitchen.
/r wa Marr/
When the /Khabar/, is a nominal sentence (/umla ismiyyah/), a verbal sentence (/umla
phrase ( /r wa marr/) it will not be signed with the main sign of the nomina
/ammatain/) because each word in these structures will be signed according to its sentence.
In this section we have learnt many principles and rules. Please go over this section a few
learnt are very important for understanding later lessons. Please remember that revision
the learning process and you have to have a foundation to build upon and progress. If th
learning the language will become more difficult. Our goal is to make the learning p
enjoyable one, In-Sh'-Allh (God willing). We will continue revising these principles everything is not clear or understood at this stage.
In the next part of the lesson /In-Sh'-Allh/ we will take some exercises to test your und
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Exercises on the Nominal Sentence -
In this section we will have multiple questions /In-Sh'-Allh/ (God-Willing), to test you principles we have learnt.
Fill in the blanks in the questions below by using one of the possible options in the top sectio
question you would like to answer (this will be highlighted), then click on the correct option fro
questions area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced w Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and
enter the answers to the questions below using the keyboard and mark your answers by pre buttons.
The Arabic sentence above means "Add an appropriate Khabar for every Mubtada from the fo
of the sentences below simply type the Mubtada (subject) followed by the Khabar (predicate above.
.....
At home
.....
Sick
.....
Open
.....
Noble book
.....
Hardworking
.....
Went to the hospita
.....
House of God
.....
A kind girl
.....
Went out of the classroom
.....
From China
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Exercises on the Nominal Sentence -
In this part of lesson we will have some exercises in order to test your knowledge for what
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable compl
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and o
) ()(
The sentence above means "Choose a predicate from the column
for every subject in
following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is important that you pract duration of this course to master the language In-Sh'-Allh (God-Welling).
( )
()
(in the classroo
(Noble)
(standing)
(on the roof)
(went out of the h
(Went to the doc
(fast animal)
(Big)
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The Verbal Sentence -
In this part of lesson we will learn The Verbal Sentence In-Sh'-Allh (God-Wellin
Feliyyatun/
in Arabic.
Please read the following sentences carefully:
Verbal Sentence /umla Filiyya/
Arabic
Transliteration
/ahaba Amadu ilal miati/
Literally Reading
Went Ahmad to the university
Arabic
Transliteration
/Kharaa almudarrisu min falin/
Literally Reading
Went out the teacher of a class
The two sentences above are the examples of verbal sentence /umlatun Feliyyatun/. A verbal sentence is called /umla Feliyya/ and the rules relating to such sentences are: o o It mostly starts with a verb. It has three parts.
1. The first part is a word that describes an action. This word is called "Verb" in Eng Arabic. In English language the verb can be a single word or combination of two verb /Filun/ is always a single word. A verb generally refers to three times: Past,
the verb is the most important part of the language and therefore it is very impo verbal sentences to understand
In this part of lesson we will be discussing the masculine verb used to describe
time. This type of verb is called Past Tense in English and /Filun Min/
/Filun Min/ always takes accusative case but no nunation - a single /fatah/
learn the present and future tenses at a later stage In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing
language different types of the verb
are used for masculine and feminine
verbs used for feminine subjects later also In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
2. The second part of a verbal sentence /umla Feliyya/ is the person or the thing d
the verb. This person or the thing is called Subject of the verb in English and /
"Filun" always takes nominative case - single /ammah/ when it is definite i.e.,
article al - and /ammatain/ when it is indefinite i.e., appearing without the definite
3. The third part of a verbal sentence /umla Feliyya/ is the thing on which the actio is called the Object in English and /Maflun/ in Arabic language. A /Maflun/ can
Types of Object /Maflun/ Arabic English
. .
A noun
Ahmad ate apples
Genitive
Construction /rrun wa Marrun/
Yasir went out of the sc
The man went to the h
In the above sentences all the words appearing in red are the /Maflun/ which migh construction /rrun wa Marrun/.
When a /Maflun/ is a noun it always takes accusative case i.e., it will be originally s
when appearing definite - (i.e. with the definite article al) - and double /fatah/ (fatatai
(i.e. without the definite article al). However when the object /Maflun/ is an expression Marrun/ then it takes the genitive case as a result of the preposition.
We will have some tests in the next part of the lesson to test your understanding In-Sh-
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Exercises on the Verbal Sentence -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions taking help from th
vowel ending of the words. For each of the questions below, type out the full sentence w
again, the sound has been included (click on speaker icon by the sentence to hear) but o to the sentences after doing the exercises.
( )
( )
( )
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13 14 15 16
Exercises on the Verbal Sentence -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles Allh (God willing).
Fill in the blanks in the questions below by using one of the possible options in the top sect
question you would like to answer (this will be highlighted), then click on the correct option f
questions area to complete the answer you will find the blank in the question is replaced w
Upon completing all the questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and ob
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with a suitable word". For each of the
type out the full sentence below each section, filling the blanks with the words from the lis
sound has been included (click on speaker icon by sentence to hear) but once again p sentences after doing the exercises.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
You (feminine)
....
You (masculine
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Exercise
In this part of the lesson, we will test the knowledge that we have learnt in this lesson so f
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. Please click on the corre
below. Upon completion, click on the Mark button to see the correct answers and to obtain
Question 1
Question
What is genitive case in Arabic?
Th
Question 3
Question
The Preposition is called....
Th

Question 5
Question
The interrogative (questioning) article is called....
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16
Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
English
Arabic
English
Arabic
The university
The school
Japan
China
India
The director
The garden
The farm
The rock
The lion
The class room
The room
The toilet
The wash room
The watch
The kitchen
He went
He went out
On
In
From
To
Is?
Where
What
You (Feminine)
You (Masculine)
She
He
Verbal Sentence
Nominal Sentence
Accusative Case
Nominative Case
The Cases
Genitive Case
The bed
Preposition
A loctor
A lady doctor
A female engineer
An engineer
A lady nurse
A mother
The hospital
Nice
Hard working
Intelligent
An apple
Noble Book
Drank
Ate
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we
Questions Flashcards Practice questions related to the grammatical topics covered in th
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (G
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Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things: o
In part one of this lesson we will learn the expression which shows ownership of on "The teacher's car". This is called The Possessive Expression in English and /Muf
English:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
The book of the student
/Kitabu libi /

On the desk of the teacher /ala maktabil mudarrisi/
In Arabic the letter /Alif/ is used in two different ways. One of them is called /Ham
called /Hamza tul Wal/. Hamza tul Qa is the one which is pronounced while Ham is not pronounced:
Translation:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
Type o
Where are you from /Min aina anta/

He is the teacher's son /Howab nul mudarrisi/
In Arabic, words normally change their cases with different causes (see Lesson 4-se
indeclinable words which do not change their case with different causes and main
Indeclinable Words /Mabni/
Translation:
This (masculine)
Who
He
The rule for the use of the vocative particle (the word used to call someone like Oh)
Translation:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
Oh Muhammad /Yaa Muhammadu/
Oh Allah
/Yaa Allahu/

Oh teacher /Yaa Ustadhu/
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The Possessive Expression -
In this lesson we will cover a new principle which is called the principle of Possessive Expr Allh (God-Willing). This expression is a type of the Arabic term which is called /Ifa/.
The /Ifa/ literally means (adding or annexing). It means adding one noun to anothe
possession or belonging (one noun being owned or belonging to the other noun e.g. te
following examples showing the difference between the possession and the belonging in th
Possession /Ifa/
Belonging /Ifa/
Arabic
English
Arabic
English
The teachers book
The city of Roma
Muhammads pen
The top of the mountain
This principle is applied when two nouns are joined together to make one structure.
In the possessive expression, one noun is the "possessor" called /Muf Ilaihi/ while th called /Muf/ in Arabic. For example, if we say the teacher's book, "the teacher" is the is possessed.
In English this type of expression is constructed with the preposition (of) or using the let before it i.e., 's. The examples of such type of constructions are:
o The book of Hamid
o Hamid's book.
In Arabic however, the possessed noun (e.g., book) comes before the possessor so it wo teacher's".
Let us analyze an example below and we will explain how the rules are applied:
o /Kitb -ul-Mudarrisi/
The first part is the possessed noun (called /Muf/ -
) in our example this is
have already discussed. The rules of the possessed noun are:
A. Although /kitb/ is not definite - in other words, 'al' (the) - does not come before the no means 'the book' and not 'a book' even though al is not written before /kitb/.
B. The possessed noun can be in any case (genitive - with /kasrah/, accusative - with /fa
/ammah/). We do not need to worry about this at the moment, in normal cases it is n
/ammah/ but if preceded by a preposition it takes the genitive case so it ends with a /kas
C. Since the possessed noun is definite therefore it cannot take /tanwn/ i.e., it cannot take d
The second part is the possessor (called /Muf Ilaihi/
)this is /Al Mu
our example. The possessor can be either:
A.
Definite or indefinite (e.g. /Al-mudarrisi/ or /mudarrisin/ - the teacher or a teacher)
B.
The possessor is always in genitive case (therefore the last letter originally takes a /ka
Example: Rule: English: Arabic:
The book of the student
The Possessed noun /Muf / takes different cases while the /Muf On the desk of the ilaihi/ takes the genitive case only. teacher
The Muf can be definite (when it The house's door is annexed to a definite Muf
ilaihi) and it can be indefinite (when it is annexed to an indefinite Muf An Imam of a mosque ilaihi). In all cases the /Muf/ is
never prefixed with (al)
Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the w
Picture
Translation
Arabic
:
Saeed: Is this Muhammad's book?
Yasir: No, this is Hamid's book
: .
:
Saeed: Where is Muhammad's book?
Yasir: It is there on the desk
:
Saeed: Where is Ammar's notebook?
Yasir: It is on the teacher's desk
Saeed: Whose pen is this?
:
Ali: This is the teacher's pen.

Saeed: Where is the teacher's bag?
Ali: It is under the desk.
: .
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Exercise
The Arabic sentence above means "Add the first word to the second to make a possessiv example below.
: :
In each of the sentences below simply type the first word again and add the second wor
as in the previous lessons and include the vowel-marks correctly. The vowels only need t letters of the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/and not on all the letters.
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Hamza tul Wasl -
In this part of lesson we will learn about a new concept which is the use of letter Alif in A "Alif" has two types:
o One type of Alif is called "Hamza tul Qa". This type of Alif is always pronounced irr preceded by some word or letter.
o While the other form of Alif is called "Hamza tul Wal". This form of Alif appears in t but if preceded by some word or letter it is not pronounced even if written.
Please read the following examples:
Translation:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
Type o

He is the teacher's son /Huwab nul mudarrisi/

And the girl's name is /Was mul binti Aminah Aaminatu/
In the above mentioned examples the letter /Alif/ of the words are written but they are n
first example, the letter /alif/ of the word /ibn/ (meaning son) is written yet not pronounc
joined together with letter /wa/ of /howa/ and is pronounced /huwabnu/. This is similar to word /almudarrisi/, the letter /alif/ is written yet not pronounced and the letters /nn/ of
/lm/ are joined together to become /nul/ and the sentence becomes /huwab-nul mudarri
Similarly in the second example the letter /wa/ is joined with the word /Ism/ whose /alif
pronounced and the word becomes /wasm/ and the /Alif/ of /Albinti/ is written but not pro /was-mul-binti/. Therefore the sentence becomes /Was-mul-binti Aaminatu/.
Translation:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
Type of Al
I am Ahmad
Ana Amadu

Where are you from Min aina anti

Who are you Man anta
In these examples the letter /Alif/ of the words Ahmad, /Aina/ and /Anta/ are written and are merged together. This type of /Alif/ is called /Hamza tul Qa/.
There is no specific rule for recognizing /Hamza tul Qa/ and /Hamza tul Wal but the articles and the nouns beginning with /Alif/ have /Hamza tul Qa/.
It must be however remembered that when /Hamza tul Wal/ is written in the beginnin
preceded by any letter or word, it is pronounced. It is dropped only when it is preced /Hamza tul Qa/ is always written and pronounced and is not affected if preceded by any Please read the following sentences carefully and then click on the words to hear the should be pronounced.
Pictures:
English:
Arabic:
Who are you?

I am the son of Abbas

And whose son is he?
He is the son of Khalid
The teacher's name is
Saeed
and the engineer's name
is Khalid
Ammar's son is a
student
and Yasir's son is a
trader

Where is the son of the
engineer?
He is in the university
In the next part of the lesson we will In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing) learn a new concept w Articles.
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The Indeclinable Words
In this part of lesson, we will learn a new concept of Arabic Grammar In-Sh-Allh (Go
learned that in Arabic language the words take different cases i.e., nominative (amm
(fatah/fatatain) or genitive (kasrah/kasratain) on their last letter. A word takes single ca definite article /al/ and double case when it is without the definite article /al/.
There are certain words however which have to indicate their function therefore they do maintain their vowel ending. The words which do not change their vowel endings in order called indeclinable words and have to remain unchanged.
The following are few examples of the indeclinable words (we will study this in detail in la introduction):

Rule Translation
(The Indeclinable
1. Who
The interrogative articles are indeclinable
2. Where
3. What
1. This (masculine)
The directing words are mostly indeclinable
2. That (masculine)
3. This (feminine)
1. On
The prepositions are indeclinable
2. In
3. To
1. He
The pronouns are always indeclinable
2. She
3. You
The indeclinable words do not take different cases for different causes and do not take /ta
Picture:
Translation:
Arabic:
This is a man
Who are you?
Whose bag is this?
This is a duck
Where is the lion?
What is on the desk

The teacher is in front of students
Read the following sentences carefully while taking particular care of the vowel endings
Please note that we will introduce sentences related to Islam occasionally within this cour studying this course. Those students who are not Muslim may find it beneficial to learn
the main religion in the Arab world and indeed many other parts of the world.:
English:
Arabic:

Where is the teacher's house?
It is far away
. . .
The Quraan is the book of Allah (God)
The Ka'ba is Allah's (Gods) house

The teacher went out of the principal's room
Abbas's car is in the street
The door of the mosque is opened

Where is the dog?
It is under the car
This is the house of Hamid
and that is the house of Khalid
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Lesson 5

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise
The Arabic sentence above means "Correct the following expressions" as in the example be
: :
In each of the sentences below simply type the first word again and add the second word
in the previous lessons and include the vowel-marks correctly. Please include the vow only.
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Lesson 5

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The vocative particle
In this part of lesson No. 5 we will In-Sh'-Allh (God Willing) learn about the following thi
Vocative Particle: A word that is used for calling someone is called the vocative particle an
or simply
In Arabic language the word used is
The word following th
and it takes (mostly) the nominative case. However it takes only one /amm
indefinite e.g., in order to call a boy it is
and not .
Carefully read the following text and take a particular look at the vowel endings of the wor
:
Allah (God): O A Teacher: O teacher
Allah (God)
A Shaikh: O shaikh
Abbas: O Abbas
:
Yasir: O Yasir A Man: O Man
:
A doctor: O doctor Ammar: O Ammar
Ali: O Ali
Khalid: O Khalid
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Lesson 5

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Revision -
In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
Construction of the Possessive Expressions
The rules of constructing expressions using Vocative particle
words preceded by the vocative particle.
The indeclinable words
which maintain their vowel ending whatever their c
Pronunciation of
Vocabulary Revision
English
Arabic
English
Arabi
The Prophet
The Kabah
The name
The son
The paternal uncle
The maternal uncle
The bag
The car
The road
Closed
Under
There
Above
In front of
Behind
The female teacher
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Next Lesson
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Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following things:
The feminine demonstrative pronoun
and its principles:
English:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
This is a lady doctor
/Hdhihi abbatun/
. .
This is a bag
/Hdhih aqbatun/
In Arabic Language, words can be either masculine or feminine. This does not necessarily follow a set logic, e.g., whilst we know that the noun "girl" is feminine, the noun for "beard" is also feminine. This should be understood alongside the rules of how a word is changed from masculine to feminine that are covered in another lesson (see Lesson 4 section 7). A few examples of nouns and adjectives which do not have any of the symbols for the feminine nouns but are still considered to be feminine are illustrated below:
Translation:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
The Earth
/Al Aru/
A pot
/Quidrun/
The hand
/Al-yadu/
In this lesson we will learn the use of one new preposition. We have learnt that prepositions are the words used to connect two or more words or sentences (Lesson 4 section 3).

Preposition:
For
Lesson 6
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
This is -
In this part of the lesson we learn how to use the demonstrative pronoun
which means "This in the feminine gender. /Hdhih/ is pronounced
but is
written without the first /Alif/. The word following /Hdhih/ is the noun (object)
being referred to and it should be a feminine word. e.g.
( a girl).
When a noun (whether definite or indefinite) is preceded by the demonstrative
pronoun
- it takes the nominative case which is represented by a single
/ammah/ in the case of a definite noun and by double ammas in the case of an indefinite noun.
This is a lady doctor
This is a fruit.
This is a car.
This is a girl.
We will also learn differentiating between the two words
and
with
examples:
.
This is the son of Hamid
and this is the daughter of Yasir
. .
Hamid's son is sitting
and Yasir's daughter is standing
Whose car is this?
This is the car of the principal.
Lesson 6
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
Feminine nouns
In Arabic language words are either masculine or feminine. A masculine word can be changed to a feminine by adding any of the following three symbols at the end of a masculine word:
called T Marbah,
called Alif Mamddah or called Alif Maqrah.
However there are certain Feminine nouns and adjectives which do not have any of these three signs and are considered Feminine, e.g.,
The earth
and the sun are feminine in Arabic language.
The double members of the body parts are usually feminine while single members are masculine. i.e., for example, on the human body there are two eyes and therefore they are considered as feminine, while we have one nose so this part of the body masculine. We have two hands therefore they are feminine but one face so it is masculine.
This is a head
Masculine
This is an eye
Feminine
This is a nose
Masculine
This is an ear
Feminine
This is a tongue
Masculine
This is a foot
Feminine
This is a face
Masculine
This is a hand
Feminine
Lesson 6
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
The Arabic sentence above means "Correct the following sentences as in example". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
Lesson 6
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The preposition /li/
In this part of Lesson No. 6 we will learn a new preposition and the principles for its use In-Sh-Allh (God Willing):
This new preposition is
means "for". When a preposition is followed
by a noun, it
changes the noun from the nominative case to the genitive case. e.g., when
precedes a noun
then it becomes but there are certain words which
do not change their cases with different causes and maintain their vowel endings. These words are called Indeclinable words. When a preposition precedes an
indeclinable word like
meaning who,
it will become
for whom and not
.
When this
precedes a definite noun like the alif in the beginning of the
word is dropped and the word becomes
On the other hand when this
precedes a noun like the Alif in the beginning of meaning
the word is dropped and no lam is added and the word simply becomes
belongs to Allah (God).
Please read the following sentences carefully taking good care of the vowel endings.
English
Transliteration
Arabic
.
This is for Muhammad Hadha li Muhammadin
and that is for Hamid
Wa dhalika li Hamidin
Whose bag is this?
Liman Hadhihil Haqueebatu?
This bag belongs to Yasir
Hadhihil Haqueebatu li Yasirin
All praise belongs to Allah (God)
Alhamdu lillah
Lesson 6
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision -
The Demonstrative Pronoun for the Feminine Articles "
"
The Feminine Nouns without any of the symbols of feminine words.
A new preposition " " meaning "For" or "Belongs To".
Vocabulary Revision
The Earth
This (feminine)
The hand
A pot
A car
Fruit
The lady doctor
A girl
A head
The sun
A nose
An eye
A tongue
An ear
A face
A foot
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (God Lesson 7
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following:
The noun
which means "That" and is used for the feminine nouns. This
noun is called a demonstrative pronoun in English Grammar and
in Arabic Grammar. Tilka is used to refer to objects that are further

away in the same way as Hdhih is used to refer to closer objects representing the feminine nouns. e.g.,
English:
Transliteration:
Arabic:

That is a lady teacher Tilka Mudarrisatun
. .
That is a bag
Tilka aqbatun
When a definite article "al" precedes a solar letter (the letters with which lam of the definite article "al" is not pronounced), the letter lam of "al" is dropped and its assimilation is shown by a diacritical mark ' "Shaddah" e.g., ' which is known as
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic
A doctor
abbun
Indefinite Noun
The doctor
A-abbu
Definite Noun
A fish
Samakun
Indefinite Noun
The fish
As-samaku
Definite Noun
Lesson 7
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
That is -
In this part of Lesson No. 7 we will learn another pronoun
( which means
that) Tilka is used for the feminine nouns. Tilka follows the same principles as followed by Dhlika and is used to refer to objects that are further away whereas hdhihi (this in feminine form) is used to refer to objects that are closer.
The demonstrative pronouns are called
in Arabic language and
have two types:
The pronouns which refer to the near objects like
and meaning
(this for masculine and feminine respectively) are called
and
o The pronouns which refer to the distant objects like
and meaning
(that for masculine and feminine respectively) are called
Picture:
Answer
Question:
Who is this?
. .
This is Amina.
and who is that?
That is Fatima.
This is a lady

and she is from Indonesia
That is a child
and she is from India
This is an elder
That is a little one (child)
What is that?
That is a dog
and what is that?
That is an egg
. . .
What is that?
That is a hen.
Is that a hen?
No, that is a duck
Lesson 7
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below e.g. for the first question, click on the questioLesson 7
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise
that can be used to complete the sentence in column that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) .
Upon completing all possible
Click on a word in column
then click on its suitable complement in column
questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain your mark.
)()(
The Arabic sentence above means "Choose a word from column 'A' and match it with an appropriate word from column 'B' ". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
( )
()
(This is a student)
(That is a student)
(This is a teacher)
(That is a doctor)
(This is Aminah)
(That is a window)
(This is a door)
(That is an Engineer)
(That is a spoon)
n and type as below (include vowel-marks).
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Lesson 7
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise
Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and
keyboard or your actual keyboard.
""
The Arabic sentence above means Add the definite article 'al' to the following words adding th vowel marks
.......
The merchant
.........
The mother
.......
The hen
.......
The donkey
.......
The Eden (Paradise)
.......
The man
.......
The window
.........
The shirt
.......
The news
.......
The guest
.......
The door
.......
The dress
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Lesson 7
Part
1 2
3 4 5 6
Revision
The Demonstrative pronoun for That in the Feminine form
The use of Shaddah and the dropping of the letter 'lam' of the definite article 'al' when used with solar letters.
Vocabulary Revision

Demonstrative pronouns That (feminine)
A lady
A fish
An egg
A female child
Small
Elder
Heaven
Indonesia
News
A guest
A dress
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-ALesson
8-

Part
1 2 3 4
Revision
This is a revision lesson in which we will review all the concepts we have learnt so far. We will have multiple questions on the rules related to demonstrative pronouns
, possessive expression and prepositions In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).

In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the prepositions In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the following example then change the following sentences in the same manner". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
:
llh (God willing).

This doctor is from India

This car belongs to the director

That boy is Khalid's son

That watch is from Switzerland

This house belongs to the engineer

That handkerchief is dirty
Lesson 8-
Part
1 2 3 4
Continued
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the following example then change the following sentences in the same manner". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
)( : )(
( )
(Whose pen is this?)
( )
(Whose fruit is this?)
( )
(Whose hen is this?)
( )
(Whose house is this?)
( )
( )
(Whose chair is this?)
(Whose cow is this?)
Lesson 8-
Part
1 2 3 4
Continued
The Arabic sentence above means "Translate the following sentences to Arabic as in example". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below - e.g. for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
:
Ahmad went to England

Khalid went to the hospital

This watch is from Germany

This door is closed

this black board is behind the teacher

This is a knife

This window is open
Lesson 8-
Part
1 2 3 4
Vocabulary Revision
In this lesson we have revised all the rules we have studied so far and have learnt the following new words.
Switzerland
The spoon
The cow
Daughter of the farmer
The farmer
Germany
Closed
Open
A knife
Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
In this lesson we will In-Sh-Allh learn the following things:
The formation of a new expression called
in Arabic
(called "The Adjective Clause" in English). The Adjective Clause is an expression formed by two or more words to describe a pronoun.

Adjective Clause
A small boy
The new bag
A new type of pronoun which shows reference or relation between the nouns. This pronoun is called a Conjunctive pronoun or Relative pronoun in English
and
in Arabic. If the pronoun refers to a human
being it is to be translated "who" and if it refers to non human beings or an object it is translated as which (or that).
Relative pronoun
Who (for human beings)
Which / That (for non human beings / objects)
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Continued
In this lesson we will learn the formation of a new clause called
Clause" in English, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In Arabic the adjective (a word describing the noun e.g. red book, large house etc) is
"A-iffah"
,and the noun it qualifies is called "Mant or "Al-maw

or
clause thus formed is called either
. We
the formation of the Adjective Clause. Following are the rules pertained for the formation of the adjective clause: o
In the English language, when we want to describe a noun we say for example, " etc. - i.e., the adjective (description) comes before the noun. However in Arabic
description (adjective) comes after the noun, e.g.
or
means "Boy good" or "student lazy" but literally it means "Good boy" or "Lazy stud
Translation
Transliteration
A dirty handkerchief
Mindlun Wasikhun
An intelligent student
libatun Dhakiyyatun
The adjectives that express feelings normally end with (-an) and bear no Tanwn on
English
Arabic
Thirsty
Hungry
Full
Angry
Happy
The adjective always follows the noun which it is describing in gender. The adje
masculine and that of a feminine noun is feminine .e.g.: we say
meaning A young girl.
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic

A famous engineer Muhandisun Shahrun
A tasty apple
Tuffatun Ladhdhatun
Both the adjective and the noun are either definite or indefinite. Therefore if th
adjective which is describing the noun will also be definite e.g.
and when the noun is indefinite the adjective will also be indefinite e.g.
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic

The big city Almadnatu Alkabratu
A poor man
Raulun Faqrun
The adjective also has the same case as the noun i.e., if the noun is in the nomin
also be in the nominative case e.g.,
meaning "The difficult l
accusative case then the adjective will also be in the accusative case and if the
then the adjective will also be in the genitive case e.g.
an ill friend.
Translation
Case
Arabic
This is a new teacher
Nominative

The pen is in the small bag Genitive
The old book is at home
Nominative
The water is in a broken glass
Genitive
Picture
English
Arabic
America is a big country

This is the new fan

Ahmad entered into a vast building
A sparrow is a beautiful bird
This is a crowded road
The clean room
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip
Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
The Arabic sentence above means "Place an appropriate adjective in the blank space including t of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
.......
(English is a difficult language)
......
(Ahmad is a rich mercha
.......
(I am a new teacher)
.......
(Muhammad is a good doc
.......
(Cairo is a vast city)
.......
(The apple is a tasty fru
.......
(Arabic is an easy language)
.........
(Are you a lazy student
.......
(Iman is a hard-working student)
.......
(The sparrow is a beautiful
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
who -
A relative pronoun is a pronoun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it e.g., if w
English
Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed
This is the door which is in front of the mosque
This is the cat that has sat
In the above sentences, the nouns Muhammad, door and cat are called antecedents and
that refer to them respectively. In Arabic however all these three words (who, which and
single word
Translation
Transliteration

Allah who has created Allh al-ladh khalaqa al insn humans
The student who is in a A-libu al-ladh fi school madrasatin
Picture
English
Arabic

The beautiful pen which is on a desk belongs to the teacher

The bed that is in Khalid's room is broken
The student who is sitting is from Indonesia
The house which is in front of the
mosque belongs to the Muadhin (person who gives the Adhaan - call
for prayer).

The road that is near the school is crowded
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Place an appropriate noun in the blank including the of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
..........
(I am an old teacher)
...........
(Arabic is an easy langua
.......
(This is a broken pen)
........
(Muhammad is a rich merch
.......
(Faisal is a lazy student)
.......
(The handkerchief is a useful
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the following blanks with the adjectives which
'Al' to them wherever necessary". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence u for the first question, click on the question and type as below (include vowel-marks).
............ ( )
....... ( )
Where is the new teacher
The elder merchant is in the
............ ( )
....... ( )
(I am an old student)
(Who is this boy who went
...... ( )
(The book that is on the desk belongs to the teacher)
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Lesson 9 -
Adjective Clause -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision
The Adjective Clause
Use of Relative Pronoun
which shows a relation or a reference
Vocabulary Revision
The described noun
The adjective
Described noun
Adjective
Thirsty
Lazy
Full
Hungry
Happy
Angry
The fan
Famous
Bird
Sparrow
Crowded
Road
Passed
That, who, which
Created
Sat
Thing
The humans
Tall
Useful
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Introduction
In this lesson we will In-Sh-Allh learn the following things: o
The Possessive Pronouns (the words used instead of nouns to show possession or o
Possessive Pronoun
Example
Arabic
Your (masculine) book
)( )( )(
Your (feminine) book
His book
Her book
() ()
My book
Our book
)(
Two new words and their cases.
English
Arabic
Father
Brother
In this lesson we will learn the use of a few new prepositions. We have learnt tha
used to connect two or more words or sentences ( Lesson No.4 section 3). Both of the meaning but are used in different situations
English
Arabic
About
Along with / With
/ To have
At/In
In this lesson we will also learn the use of verbs with the pronouns. We have alrea the verb in (Lesson No. 4 section 12).
English
New form of verb
Pronoun Added
Simple Ver
You went
You (masculine)
You went
You (feminine)
He went
He
She went
She
I went
We went
We
We will also learn the vowel endings of the masculine nouns that are similar to the f
English
Arabic
Hamza
Talha
Usama
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Attached Pronouns -
In this lesson, we will learn a new topic which deals with the pronouns In-Sh-Allh (Go words used instead of nouns. In Arabic the pronouns are generally of two types
The Detached Pronouns (
The Attached Pronouns (
In English the Attached Pronouns (also called the Possessive Pronouns) are "words whi
relationship) of an object (or person) of something' e.g., if we want to express the pos
say: "this book is hers". Similarly if a person wants to express his possession of a pen,
mine". In Arabic however "The Possessive Pronouns" are suffixes (one or two letters atta
attached to the nouns only. They are not full-fledged words. Lets take some examples to l
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic
This book is yours (masculine)
Hdh kitbuka
This pen is yours (feminine)
Hdh qalamuki
This bag is his
Hdhihi aqbatuhu
This note book is hers
Hdhihi kurrsatuha
This house is mine
Hdh bait
Islam is our religion
Al Islmu dnuna
Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:
Pictures
English
Transliteration
Ar

Who are you? Man Anta?
I am a new student
An libun addun
from India
minal hindi

What is your name? Mas muka?
My name is Abbas
Ismi Abbasun
And who is that sitting?
Wa man hdh allisu?
He is my colleague and
Huwa zaml was muhu anser huwa minal Ybni
his name is Anser, he is
from Japan.

This is my pen and its Hdh qalam wa lawnuhu Amaru colour is red.
Oh Abbas what is your Ma lughatuka ya abbsu? mother tongue?
My mother tongue is
Lughati Urdiyyatun
Urdu and it is an easy
wahiya lughatun
language.
sahlatun.
And what is Anser's
Wa ma hiya lughatu ansara?
mother tongue?
His mother tongue is
Lughatuhu Al
Japanese and it is a
Yabaniyyatu wahiya lughatun aabatun
difficult language.
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Exercise -
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the following blanks with the appropriate sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
.....
(Muhammad is a doctor and his son is an Engineer)
.....
(This girl is a student her name
...
(Aminah is in the room and her mother is in the kitchen)
...
(This is a great merchant and h Abdullah)
...
(A boy went out of the class and Tahir was with him)
...
(Ayesha is a doctor and her sister
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Lesson 10 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The five nouns -
In this lesson we will learn the following two new words and the rules regarding their use I
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic
Father
Abun
Brother
Akhun
The words above belong to a category of five words called
( we will
later lessons In-Sh-Allh). When we want to say "Your book" in Arabic we say
"your father", it would be written as
and not .Similar is the case with the wor
is added to it, a letter 'ww' is added as a second last letter and hence the word will becom
When any of these words annexed with pronouns appear in the nominative case (we will
the letter "ww" is added as the penultimate (second to last) letter i.e.,
they appear in genitive case (we will learn more about this later) the letter 'ya' is add
word thus formed is
or .
English
Arabic
Case
Hamid's brother
The father of Muhammad
Nominative Case
Book of my brother
Her father's house

Genitive Case
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Prepositions -
In this lesson we will learn three new prepositions. We have learnt that prepositions are
two or more words or sentences (Lesson No.4 section 3) and (Lesson No.6 section 6). These pre
English
Pronunciation
Arabic
About
an
With
Maa
At/In
Bi
The preposition
means about or from e.g. means (to talk abo
(far from)
The preposition
means with, e.g. means the book is with th
The letter
means at or in e.g., if we say it means "He is at the un
it means she is in the kitchen.
English
Transliteration
Arabic

My house is far from the Bait badun an al masjidi mosque

Ahmad is sitting with Khalid Ahmadu jalisun ma'a Khalidin
With me is a friend
Ma'ee sadeequn

Khalid is talking about khlidun yataaddathu an nafsihi himself

My friend in Egypt - his adq bimira ismuhu amadu name is Ahmed
It must be remembered that "
" meaning 'to have'
should only be used with the thi
means we have a book.

say 'He has a nose', we should say
It should not be used with relations and parts of
instead of or mean takes a fatah on its ending when used with
of
The preposition
meaning "with me". When used with
, it takes a kasrah instead of the fatah so it w
and not

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Lesson 10 -
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions with the help of the p For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
:
(Do you have a pen)
.
(No, I have a book)
(Do you have a bag?) (Egg)

(Bed)
(Does she have a chair?

(Does he have a cat?) (Dog)
(Handkerchief)
(Do you have a paper?
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The verb with the pronouns -
In this lesson we will learn about the form of verb when attached with the pronouns In-S have already learnt two simple verbs in (Lesson No. 4 section 12) which are:
meaning Went.
meaning Went out.
Lets see the form of the verb when it is attached to different pronouns:
English
New form of verb
Pronoun Added
Simple Ve
You went
You (masculine)
(masculine)
You went
You (feminine)
(feminine)
He went
He
She went
She
I went
We went
We
You went out
You (masculine)
(masculine)
You went out
You (feminine)
(feminine)

He
He went out
She went out
She
I went out
We went out
We
Lets take some more examples to understand the rule more clearly:
Picture
English
Arabic

Ahmad went to Iraq.

Amina went out of the classroom.
Where did you go O Ayesha?

Why did you go out of the mosque?

Did Bilquees go to the kitchen?
I went to the hospital.
We went out of the university.
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Continued
In this lesson we will learn about the vowel ending of the masculine nouns resembling
Allh (God-Willing). We have learnt that the feminine nouns have no tanwn on their last le
etc. Similarly there are certain masculine proper nouns that have ( t mar
therefore they also do not have tanwn on their last letter, e.g.:
Lets take some examples to better understand the rule:
Pictures
English
Arabic
Fatima's husband is Mu'awiya.
Khalid went out with Talha.
Your (feminine) car is with Usama.
I went to Hamza.
In this lesson we will also learn the use of "
"as a negative particle In-Sh-Allh (God
the use of "
"as an interrogative (questioning) article in (Lesson No. 1 section 3).
Picture
English
Arabic
Do you have a pen?
No, I do not have a pen.
Do you have a bag?
No, I do not have a bag.
Who is this child?
This child is the son of Mu'awiya.
Did you go to Khalid?
No, I went to Hanzala
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s sentence using the words below.
:
(Where is your father, oh Tahir?)

(My father is in China)
( )
( )
(Where did you go O Fatima?)
(What is your language O Ab
( )
(Who is with you O Jamal?)
( )
(Is his house near the Unive
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Revision
In this lesson, we have learnt the following things:
The Possessive Pronouns "
"
Two of the Five Nouns "
" "
Three new Prepositions "
o o
Pronouns when added to the verbs.
Vowel ending of masculine proper nouns similar to the feminine nouns i.e., having letter
Vocabulary Revision -
Your (feminine)
Your (Masculine)
Her
His
Our
My, mine
Brother
Father
With
With / Near
You went
At / In
You went
She went
(feminine)
We went
I went
Religion
Islam
Colour
Colleague
Language/Mother tongue
Red
Iraq
Urdu
Child
Husband
French
Kuwait
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Lesson 11-

Part
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Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about attaching the pronouns to nouns and prepositions - In-S
English
Final Form
Pronoun
Preposition
In it
(masc.)
In it
(fem.)
We will learn a new form of a new verb and the cases of the parts of a verb
The present verb
I like, I love
We like, we love
He likes, he loves
She likes, she loves
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Pronouns with nouns and prepositions -
Read the following sentences:
Picture
English
Arabic
This is my house.
My house is in front of the mosque.
My house is beautiful.
In it there is a small garden.
This is my room.

In it is a big window and a beautiful fan.

This is my bed and this is my chair and this is my desk.

My watch and my pen and my book are on the desk

and my bag is under the desk.

This is my brother's room and that is my sister's room.

My brother's room is in front of my
room and my sister's room is in
front of the kitchen.

I have one brother and his name is
Usama, I have one sister and her
name is Sana.
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s sentence using the words below.

(Yes, my house is beautiful)
(My house is in front of the m

(In it, is a big window and a beautiful fan)
(In it, is a small garden

(My brother's room is in front of my room)
(My watch and my pen is on th

(My brother's room is in front of my room)
(No, the window of my room i

(His name is Usama)
(and my sister's room is in fro kitchen)
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The Present Tense -
In this section, we will learn the parts of the verbal sentences and their cases In-Sh-
present form of a verb. We have already learnt that a verbal sentence has three parts ( Les
( A verb - the action being performed), ( A subject - the person or thing doing the action) and ( An object - the thing upon which the action is done).
We have learnt that the verb refers to three tenses (periods):
Past
Present
Future
meaning "Likes or
In this section we will learn about the present form of the verb
the verb takes originally - the nominative case, but with a single ammah. It never ta
also learnt in the previous lesson that the object of a verbal sentence takes the accusat fatah when definite and double fatah (Fatatain) when indefinite. When we say:
(Akbar loves writing)
In this sentence
means likes which is a verb, is the subject therefore it
is the object which takes the accusative case. But when we say:
(We love our religion)
The word
means "we love", so "love" is the verb and "we" is the subject whereas o
therefore it must take the accusative case. Now if we look at this example carefully we
basically (
,) +so the word take the accusative case, and since it is anne
Muf and cannot take tanwn.
However, when a pronoun is the object of some verb, it does not take accusative case
generally indeclinable therefore they do not change their cases. Lets take some exampl rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
I love Allah (God).

Khalid likes the Arabic language.
Fatimah likes reading.
We love our religion.
You love your colleague.
That is my father I like him.
That is my mother I like her.
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate objects and endings". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below.
..... ( )
..... ( )
(Hamid likes ...... )
(Fatima likes reading)
..... ( )
........ ( )
(I like your .............)
(I like ...............)
....... ( )
(We like our ...........)
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Part
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Exercise -
Question 1
Question
What is 'your house' in Arabic?
Question 3
Question
The word my pen in Arabic is
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Revision
In this lesson we have learnt about annexing the pronouns to the prepositions i.e prepositions.
Present form of the verb
Vowel ending of the object of the verbal sentence and annexing the object of the verbal se
Vocabulary Revision
In it (masc.)
In it (fem.)
I like, I love
We like, we lov
He likes, he loves
She likes, she lov
Present verb
The reading
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Lesson 12 -

Part
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Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Sh-Allh:
o o
In the first part of the lesson, we will learn how to have a dialogue in Arabic.
We will also learn how to convert a masculine verb into a feminine verb (see below
English
Arabic
Gender (Grammatical Term)

He went

Masculine Verb

She went
Feminine Verb

You (masculine) went

Masculine Verb
You (feminine) went
Feminine Verb
We will also learn the feminine form of the Relative Pronoun. We have already lear
Relative Pronoun
in Lesson 09 section 004. We know that a Relative Pronoun
the reference or relation between the nouns. The Relative Pronoun is called
the Relative Pronoun refers to a human being it is to be translated "who" and if it r is translated "which / that".
Relative noun
Who (for human beings)
Which/That (for non human beings)
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn how to have a discussion in Arabic In-Sh-Allh (Go
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Sua'ad: Peace be upon you
Sud: Assalm-ualaiki wa ramatullhi wa baraktuhu
and Allah's (God's) mercy
and His blessings
:
Al Bintu: Wa alaiki The girl: Peace be upon you assalmu wa and Allah's mercy and His ramatullhi wa blessings baraktuhu
:
How are you, Oh girl? Kaifa luki ya bintu?
:
I am fine and all thanks to Ana bikhairin wal amdulillhi Allah (God)
:
Where are you from? Min aina anti?
:
I am from Riyadh Ana minar Riyi
What is your name?
Mas muki?
My name is Aminah
Ismi minatu
.:
Where is your father?
Aina abki?
My father is here in Madinah
Abi hun fil madnatil
Munawara
munawwarati
What does he do?
Mdh yafalu?
:
Huwa muwaihun fil He is a supervisor in the high madrasatith school thnawiyyati
And where is your mother?
Wa aina ummuki?
:
She is also here. She is a Hiya aian hun. Hiya abbatun doctor
:
Wa man hdhihil And who is this young girl fattullati maaki? A with you? Is she your sister? hiya ukhtuki?
:
No. She is the daughter of my L. Hiya bintu ammi paternal uncle
What is her name?
Mas muh?
:
Her name is Fatima Ismuh Fimatu
Is she your colleague?
A hiya zamlatuki?
La, An fil madrasatil mutawassiati wa hiya fil
No. I am in the middle school
and she is in the high school
madrasatith thnawiyyati.
Do you have a sister?
A laki ukhtun?
No, I do not have a sister
La. Ma l ukhtun
Do you have a brother?
A laki akhun?

Yes. I have an elder brother Naam, l akhun kabrun wahuwa libun bilmiati
and he is a student at the
university

And who is this child with Wa man hdha iflu alladh maaki? you?
He is my brother's son Huwabnu akh (nephew)
. .
What is his name?
Mas muhu?
His name is Sa'ad
Ismuhu Sad
A Ummuki fil baiti Is your mother at home now? alna?

La. Dhahabat ilal No. She went to the hospital mustashf
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a masculine verb to the feminine v
For the past tense of a verb i.e.
the following rules are applied

He went
English

Masculine Verb

She went
Feminine Verb
You (masculine) went

You (feminine) went
Masculine Verb
Feminine Verb
When a masculine noun is changed to a feminine for the pronoun (e.g. from 'he' to 'sh
letter 'ta' with a sukn is added at the end of the verb that follows i.e.,
will be chan
However, when the noun is a subject following a verb, and that noun is definite with the a
instead of a 'ta with a sukn a 'ta' with the genitive case (kasrah) is added to the verb i.
instead of .
Lets take some examples to better understand the rule:
Gend English Arabic Sentence
Ve

Ahmad went to the house
Fatima went to the house
The young man went out of the class
The young lady went out of the class
You (masculine) sat on a chair
. .
You (feminine) sat on a chair
The male teacher stood in front of the
black board
The lady teacher stood in front of the
. . .
black board
The father opened the door
The mother opened the door

The male student read the lesson
The female student read the lesson
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the subject of each of the following sente
example". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and

(My father entered into the hospital)
(The teacher went to the c

(The boy read the Quran)
(A student sat on the cha

(The young boy stood in front of the blackboard)
(Her paternal uncle opened th
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Continued
In this lesson, we will learn the use of the Relative Pronoun for the feminine nouns, In-S
004 we have already learnt about the Relative Pronoun for the masculine nouns. We kno
used to refer or relate to some noun preceding it. The masculine form of the Relativ
translated as 'who' if used for a human being and to 'which or that' if used for the non
feminine form of the Relative Pronoun is
with the same meaning as the mascul
feminine objects or persons. Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic
This is Fatima who went out

This is the window which is open
This is the bag that is under
the desk
In the above sentences, the nouns: Fatima, the window and a bag, are called Antecedents and that" refer to them respectively hence they are the Relative Pronouns.
Similar to
the word refers to all the three words (who, which and that).
Lets take some more examples of this rule:
Picture
English
The car that went out now is mine
The pen which is on the desk belongs to Nasir
That cat which is on the tree belongs to her
The young boy who is near the black board is from Malaysia
The young lady who went to the market is Fatima
The house which is in the street belongs to the minister
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Exercise -
)(-
The Arabic sentence above means "Complete the following sentences with the appropriate of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel
diacritical (incl. vowel) marks have been deliberately omitted below to test your understan
......
(The pen which is in my bag is broken)
......
(The watch that lies on the desk the teacher)
....
(The girl who went to the house is Fatima)
.....
(The dog that is in the garden
....
(The key that is on the book belongs to Muhammad)
....
(The hen that is on the roof belo farmer)
....
(The nurse who sat down is new)
..
(The doctor who went out of the my father)
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Exercise -
In this exercise you will not be given the meaning of sentences, please visit the earlier p meanings if necessary.
Question 1
Question
The demonstrative noun for a feminine noun is
Question 3 How do you say how are you to a man?
Question
Question 5
Question
What is the translation of the girl went?
Ho yo
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Revision
o o o
How to have a dialogue in Arabic The conversion of a masculine verb into a feminine verb. The use of the feminine Relative Pronoun
Vocabulary Revision
The child
Who, that, which
(fem.)
Peace be upon you
The young man
(Greeting)

The young lady
Peace be upon you
as well
The maternal
How are you
Aunt
Malaysia
Supervisor
The minister
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Lesson 13 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
We will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and f
Singular / Demonstrative English Transliteration noun (Arabic) (Arabic) Plural
Masculine /
Feminine
Grammat
(Arabic)
This /Hdh/ (masculine)
These
/Huli/
This /Hdhihi/ (feminine)
These
/Huli/
We will learn the two kinds of plural forms of the nouns and adjectives:
Sound Plural

Singular /
Masculin English Transliteration Arabic Word Plural
Feminine (A (Arabic)
A teacher /Mudarrisun/ (masc.)

/Mudarrisna/
Teachers
(masc.)
A lady teacher /Mudarrisatun/ (fem.)

/Mudarristun/
Lady teachers
(fem.)
Broken Plural
Singular / Plural English Transliteration Arabic (Arabic)
Masculine / Fem
(Arabic)
A book
/Kitbun/

Books /Kutubun/
A garden
/Hadqatun/

Gardens /Hadaiqun/
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Part
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the plural form of the Demonstrative Pronouns In-
objects that are nearby ("these") and objects that are further away ("those"). In the already learnt the following demonstrative Pronouns:
Lesson No. 1 section 1 states that
is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to
masculine nouns ("this")
is the Demonstrative Pronoun used to refer to
feminine nouns. ("this")
The plural form of these Demonstrative Pronouns is the same for the masculine and femini
Demonstrative English Transliteration Pronoun
Singular /
Masculine /
Grammat Plural Feminine
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
This /Hdh/ (masculine)
These
/Huli/
This /Hdhihi/ (feminine)
These
/Huli/
The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the close objects is
It is an in
takes a /kasrah/. It must however be remembered that
is used only for human be
beings. Lets take some examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
.:
Singular: This is a teacher
:
Plural: These are teachers
. :
Singular: This is a female student
:
Plural: These are female students
: .
Singular: This is an engineer
Plural: These are engineers
: .
Singular: This is a lady teacher
Plural: These are lady teachers
.:
Singular: This is a farmer
:
Plural: These are farmers
.:
Singular: This is a female colleague
:
Plural: These are female colleagues
.:
Singular: This is hard working
:
Plural: These are hard working
Singular: This is a wife
.:
Plural: These are wives
: .
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Exercise -
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Point to the following nouns using the Demonstrat objects". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and
.....
(This is my sister)
.....
(This is my brother)
.....
(This is a hotel)
.....
(This is a grand daughte
.....
(These are lady instructors)
.....
(These are teachers)
.....
.....
(These are Muslims)
(These are lady doctors
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Continued

In this section, we will learn the plural form of nouns and Adjectives In-Sh-Allh (God wi
In English, adjectives have no plural form. So when an adjective is used to describe a sing
used to describe the plural noun e.g., if we say "Good boy" for a singular noun then i "Good boys" for the plural nouns.
In Arabic however even the adjectives have plural form, e.g., when we express the qu
( A good teacher), it will become i.e., Good teach

the noun as well as the adjective becomes plural and both change form. English and Arabic both have two kinds of plural: o o Sound Plurals Broken Plurals
The Sound Plural is the plural form of a word in which the word keeps its original form and o E.g., For English Nouns o Chair ======> Chairs School ======> Schools Girl ======> Girls
For Arabic Nouns and Adjectives:
======
People fasting ========== A person fasting
======
Female teachers ========== A female teacher
======
Hard workers ========== A hard worker
======
Small things (feminine) ========== A small thing (feminine)
In Arabic, the sound plural is either masculine or feminine. In order to convert a singular to plural the following steps should be taken:
The /tanwn/ on the last letter of the indefinite word is replaced with the single vowel o
/ammah/ (when in nominative case), single /fatah/ (when in accusative case) and singl case)
is added at the end of the word if it is in nominative case with a /ammah/ and
accusative with a /fatah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/.
However if the word is definite, then simply
is added at the end of the word if it is in
added if the word is in accusative or genitive case. Please see below - please take n emphasise the changed and additional letters to make the words into sound plurals:
======
These are fasting ========== This is fasting
======
I saw teachers ========== I saw a teacher
======
I am with Muslims ========== I am with a Muslim
======
The engineers ========== The engineer
=====
Muhammad is with the farmers ===== Muhammad is with the farme
======
I visited the engineers ========== I visited the engineer
Lets take some examples to understand this rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
This is a Muslim
These are Muslims
I saw an inspector
I saw inspectors
He is with a supervisor
He is with supervisors
The person who fasts
The people who fast
I saw the teacher

I saw the teachers
I am with the instructor
I am with the instructors
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Continued
In order to convert a singular feminine noun or adjective to plural the following steps sho
of the feminine word is replaced with ======

Small things (feminine) ========== A small thing (feminine)
======
With female teachers ========== With a female teacher
======
The female engineers ========== The female engineer
Picture
English
Arabic
A female instructor is in the house
Female instructors are in the house
This female student is hard working

These female students are hard working
I went with a female engineer
I went with female engineers
Khalida visited a female scholar
Khalida visited female scholars
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following sentences to the plural as dem
(below)". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and in
: :

(This is a good instructor)

(This is a noble wife)

(This is a Muslim nurse)
(This is a hard working tea

(I wrote on a big notebook)
(This is a good female sch

(I visited a new lady doctor)
(Allah likes a person who f
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Continued
The Broken Plural is the plural form of a word in which the original form of the word is cha it is a change in the word rather than an extension of the word:
E.g. For English Nouns
Man
======> Men
Woman ======> Women
In Arabic, a word is generally formed on the pattern of three basic letters /fa/
/fa a la/
i.e. , etc.
Unlike in English, the broken plural is very widely used in Arabic. There are more than tw
plural. For example "A word falls into one of a number of 'patterns'. Once we know the
belongs to, we know how the word will change in plural form. This is done by mapping e
singular form to it's plural form and may involve adding letters to the word in the process.
We will cover what we mean by pattern and how we are using the middle column (belo (God willing). Some of these patterns are given below:
Plural
Pattern
Singular
(Stars)
(A star)
(Books)
(A book)
(Mountains)
(Mountain)
(Pilgrims)
(A pilgrim)
(Pens)
(A pen)
(Colleagues)
(A colleague
(Doctors)
(A Doctor)
(Brothers)
(Brother)
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following words to the plural on the patter
each of the words below, type out the full word in its plural form and include the vowel ma
( )
( )
(Short)
(Young boy)
( ) (
(New)
(Name)
(Student)
(Tall)
( ) (
)
(Son)
(Guest)
( )
( )
(Merchant)
(Man)
( )
(Boy)
( )
(Old man)
( ) (
(Big/Elder)
(Uncle)
( )
(Rich)
( )
(Poor)
( ) (
(Brother)
(Farm)
( ) (
(Friend)
(Husband)
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Continued
There are no specific rules or patterns for the formation of the Broken Plural of the femin
feminine nouns are mostly sound plurals. However some of the Broken Plurals of the fem but they have no specific patterns:
Picture
Plural
Singular
(Girls)
(A girl)
(Sisters)
(Sister)
(Young ladies)
(Young lady)
-
(Women)
-Plural from a
(Woman)
different root
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Lesson 13 -

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Exercise -

The Arabic sentence above means "Give plural of the following words". For each of the sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.

(Girl)

(Sister)

(A Muslim female)

(Lady doctor)

(A doctor)

(A husband)

(A wife)

(A young girl)

(Elder)

(Tall)

(New)

(Brother)
(Big/Elder)
(Tall)

(Woman)

(New)
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Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following things: o o o
The plural form of the Demonstrative Pronoun for the masculine and feminine noun Sound Plural. Broken Plural.
Vocabulary Revision
The plural
The singular
Sound plural
These
Lady teachers
Teachers (masc.)
Books
Broken plural
Female students
Gardens
Farmers
Engineers
Grand daughter
Wives
Lady instructors
Hotel
Lady doctors
Muslims
Person who fasts
Good
Hard working
People who fast
An investigator
Small
Supervisor
\ \ \ \ \
Investigators
Hard working
Instructors
(females)
Female scholars
Female scholar
Mountain /
Star / Stars
Mountains
Pen / Pens
Pilgrim / Pilgrims
Brother / Brothers
Doctor / Doctors
Young man /
Short
young men
Name / Names
New
Student / Students
\ \
Tall
A guest / Guests
Son / Sons
\ \ \ \ \
Merchant /
Man / Men
Merchants
Learned man /
Boy / Boys
Learned Men
Paternal uncle /
Elder / Elders
Paternal uncles
Rich
Poor
Friend / Friends
Farm / Farms
\ \
Husband /
Woman / Women
Husbands
Sister / Sisters
Girl / Girls
\
Young lady /
The woman / The
Young ladies
women
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Lesson 14 -

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Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
The plural form of "That" (demonstrative pronoun) for the masculine as well as the
Singular /
Masculine /
Gram English Transliteration Arabic Plural Feminine
T (Arabic) (Arabic)
That /Dhlika/ (masculine)
Those
/ulika/
That /Tilka/ (feminine)
Those
/ulika/
We will learn the plural form of the Personal Pronouns for the masculine as well as t
Singular /
Mascu
Example
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Plural
Femi
(Arabic)
(Ara

He /Huwa/
(He is tall)

They /Hum/
(They are tall)

His /Hu/
(His house)

Their /Hum/
(Their house)
She
/Hiya/
(She is ill)
They
/Hunna/
(They are ill)
Her /Ha/
(Her book)
Their /Hunna/
(Their book)
The plural form of the simple masculine as well as feminine verbs:
Singular / English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic)
Masculine / Fem
(Arabic)
He went
/Dhahaba/

They went /Dhahabu/ (masc. plural)
She went
/Dhahabat/

They went /Dhahabna/ (fem. plural)
We will learn the use of a new word:
English
Arabic
Some
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the plural form of "That" In-Sh-Allh (God willi
pronoun for the distant objects. In the previous lessons we have already learnt the following d
("That") is the demonstrative pronoun used to refer to
away for masculine nouns
"( That") is the demonstrative pronoun used to refer to

away for feminine nouns.
The plural form of these demonstrative pronouns (i.e. "those") is the same for the masculin
Singular /
Masculine /
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Plural
Feminine
Grammatic
(Arabic)
(Arabic)
That /Dhlika/ (masculine)
Those
/ulika/
That /Tilka/ (feminine)
Those
/ulika/
The plural form of the demonstrative pronoun for the distant objects is
as above
and always takes a /fatah/ on the last letter. It must however be remembered that
beings and not for non human beings. Lets use some examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
.:
Singular: That is a father
Plural: Those are fathers
.:
Singular: That is a mother
.:
Plural: Those are mothers
.:
:
Singular: Who is that man?
Plural: Who are those men?
:
Singular: Where is that girl?
Plural: Where are those girls?
.:
Singular: That is a pilgrim
Plural: Those are pilgrims
.:
.:
Singular: That is a nurse
: .
Plural: Those are nurses
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Exercise -
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Point to the following nouns using the demonstrat
objects". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and in
.....
(That is my sister)
.....
(That is my brother)
.....
(That is a new lady doctor)
.....
(Those are merchants)
.....
(Those are female teachers)
.....
(That is a student)
.....
(Those are the mothers of the students)
.....
(Those are the fathers of the s
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Continued
In this section we will learn the plural form of two of the personal and two possessive p willing):
Singular /
Mascu
Example
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Plural
Femi
(Arabic)
(Ara

He /Huwa/
(He is tall)

They /Hum/
(They are tall)

His /Hu/
(His house)

Their /Hum/
(Their house)
She
/Hiya/
(She is ill)
They
/Hunna/
(They are ill)
Her /Ha/
(Her book)
Their /Hunna/
(Their book)
The plural of both the masculine and the feminine personal as well as possessive pronoun human beings, e.g.:
======
They are teachers========== He is a teacher
======
Those are students they are from America == That is a student, he is from A
======
They are lady teachers ========== She is a lady teacher
======
Those are students, they are hard working=== That is a student, she is hard
Lets take some more examples for better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
Singular: He is a
. :
Muslim
Plural: They are
.:
Muslims
:
Singular: I have an
elder brother, he is in
the university
Plural: I have elder
: .
brothers, they are in the
university
Singular: His father is a
.:
doctor
Plural: Their father is a
.:
doctor.
.:
Singular: She is fasting
Plural: They are fasting
.:
Singular: She is a
: .
student, her house is
near the mosque
Plural: They are
students, their house is
near the mosque
Singular: Her book is in
.:
the bag
Plural: Their books are
.:
in the bag
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Exercise -
In this section, we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the subject of each of the following sen necessary changes". For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the demonstrative pronoun and other nouns to plural form and include the vowel marks.
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Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn the use of verbs with some more pronouns In-Sh-A already learnt the use of verbs with the pronouns in (Lesson No. 10 section 7).
Masculi Singular / English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic)
Femini
(Arabi
He went
/Dhahaba/

They went /Dhahabu/ (masc. plural)
She went
/Dhahabat/

They went /Dhahabna/ (fem. plural)
English
New form of verb
Pronoun
Simple Verb
He went
He
They went
They (masculine)
She went
She
They went
They (feminine)
Lets take some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
Singular: He went to the
teacher
Plural: They went to the
teacher
: .
:
Singular: The student
went out with his
colleague
Plural: The students went
: .
out with their colleagues
: .
Singular: The boy sat in
the restaurant
Plural: The boys sat in the
: .
restaurant
: .
Singular: She stood near
the door
Plural: They stood near
: .
the door
: .
Singular: She wrote on the
black board
Plural: They wrote on the
: .
black board
:
Singular: Tahir's daughter
sat in the car
Plural: Tahir's daughters
sat in the car
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Change the following sentences to the plural". For eac the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
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Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn a new word:
meaning "some". This word
grammatical rules already covered - i.e., it takes double /ammah/ when in nominative ca accusative case and double /kasrah/ when in genitive case.
Similarly when it is annexed to a pronoun it takes a single /ammah/ if appearing in nom
if appearing in accusative case and single /kasrah/ if appearing in genitive case. Lets tak understanding of this rule:
Picture
English
Singular

These women are nurses
Some of them are from
Italy and some of them
are from France

These men are pilgrims
Some of them are from
India and some of them
are from China
Those boys are students,

some of them are in the class and some of them
are in the play ground
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions as in the example". Fo
the word
to form an appropriate answer to the question, type out the full sentence
include the vowel marks.
: )(
(Christian Muslim)
.
Answers:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
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Revision
We have learnt the plural form of the demonstrative pronouns for the distant objec masculine as well as the feminine nouns
We have also learnt the plural form of some more personal and possessive pronou as the feminine nouns ("they "/ "their")
We have learnt the plural form of the simple masculine as well as feminine verbs (e
Vocabulary Revision
They / Their
They (masculine
and feminine)
They went
They (feminine)
(masculine)
They went
Some
(feminine)
Italy
Visited
Christian /
The play ground
Christians
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Lesson 15 -

Part
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Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following principles, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing): o
We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (i.e. Yo masculine nouns.
Singular/ Masculine Example English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic) (Arabic)
Gr

You /Anta/ (Singular) You are a
boy

You
/Antum/ (Plural)
Pro
Yo
You are boys

Your /Ka/ (Singular) Your book
Your /Kum/ (Plural) Your (pl)
(P
Pro
book
Yo
The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun:
Singular/ English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic)
Masculine (Ar
You went
/Dhahabta/
You all went
/Dhahabtum/
We will also learn the use of a new word:
Categories
Examples
Which (Used as Muf)
Part
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Continued
In this section we will learn the plural form of two more pronouns In-Sh-Allh (God w
learnt the plural form of two of the detached and two possessive pronouns in (Lesson
Singular/ Masculine Example English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic) (Arabic)
Gr

You /Anta/ (Singular) You are a
boy

You
/Antum/ (Plural)
Pro
Yo
You are boys

Your /Ka/ (Singular) Your book
Your /Kum/ (Plural) Your (pl)
(P
Pro
book
Yo
If we use
for a singular noun then we use for the plural nouns.
The same rule is applied for the possessive pronoun i.e., if we say
( Your pen) for
then say
( Your pen) for the plural nouns - i.e. the pen belonging to a group of peop
It must however be remembered that the personal pronouns are indeclinable i.e., they
ending with the change of case.
So
will have the same sukn on its last letter wh
nominative case or accusative case or the genitive case. Lets take some more examples for better understanding of the rule:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Pr
Who are you? /Man Anta/? (masculine- singular) /An libun/ I am a student
Where are you from? /Min Aina Antum/? (masculine - plural) /Nanu Mina n/ We are from China
Where is your book?
/Aina kitbuka/?
My book is in the bag
/Kitbi fil aqba/

What is your language? /Ma lughatukum/
Our language is Chinese
/Lughatun A niyyah/
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Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Answer the following questions". For each of the s sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
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Continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a singular past form of the verb Allh (God willing). In English the Past form of the verb does not change in plural form.
the park" becomes "We walked to the park". However, In Arabic different letters are add
verb and sometimes even the vowel ending is also changed to change a verb into the plu only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the plural verb.
For the past tense of a verb i.e.,
the following rules are applied

You (singular) went
English
Singular
You (plural) went
Plural
When a singular (masculine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel ending /fatah/ is re
the letter
and a letter /meem/ with a /sukn/
on it is added as the last letter so
Gend English Arabic Sentence
Ve
You (singular) went to the house
. . .
You (plural) went to the house
You went out of the class
You (plural) went out of the class
. !
Oh boy! You sat on a chair
. !
Oh boys! You (plural) sat on a
chair
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1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Exercise -
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the example and then change the following sent
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and include th
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Continued
In this lesson, we will learn a new rule related to the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/ In-Sh-
learnt in Lesson No. 5 section 2 that the /Muf/ is definite even though it doesn't have /al
the adjective of a definite noun is always definite, so when we add an adjective to a /Mu e.g.:
English
Arabic
The new house of the Imam
The boy's broken desk
The opened window of the room
It is important to identify above the adjectives and the /Muf/ and /Muf Ilaihi/.
Similarly when the /Muf Ilaihi/ (possessor) is a possessive pronoun, the adjective of su is definite e.g.:
English
Arabic
His new house
Its opened window
It must be remembered that the adjective of the /Muf/ (i.e. possessed noun) that it same case as that of /Muf/ i.e.,
If the /Muf/ is in nominative case, the adjective will also take the nominative case e.g.:
English
Arabic
The new book of the teacher
If the /Muf/ is in genitive case, the adjective will also take the genitive case e.g.:
English
Arabic

The book is on the teacher's new desk
If the /Muf/ is a feminine noun, the adjective should also be feminine, e.g.:
English
Arabic

The old bag of the boy
More examples:
Picture
English
Arabic

This is the old car of the director
The broken pen of the girl
The dirty shirt of the father
The sparrow on the big apple tree
The vast (spacious) garden of the
house

This story is from the old book of the Arabic language
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Exercise -
:
The Arabic sentence above means "Add the appropriate adjective to the following". For out the full sentence using the words below and include the vowel marks.
..........
(Old)
..........
(New)
...........
(Closed)
..........
(Open)
.........
(Hard working)
.........
(Easy)
..........
...........
(Clean)
(Standing)
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Continued
In this lesson we will learn a new word
and the rules for its use In-Sh-Allh
interrogative article - i.e. it is used to ask questions. In Lesson No. 4 section 4 we have alr
of the interrogative articles. However unlike the other interrogative articles,
mean
/Muf/ (possessed), so any word that follows
will be treated as /Muf Ilaihi/ and wi
case with a /kasratain/. E.g.:
English
Arabic
Which house is this?
However the word
will take different cases in different situations, i.e.:
will take a nominative case with a /ammah/, if it appears as - i.e.

example:
English
Arabic
Which school is this?
will take a genitive case with a /Kasrah/, if it is preceded by a preposition, e.g.
English
Arabic
In which room did you enter?
will take an accusative case with a fatah/, if it appears as ( the

e.g.:
English
Arabic
Which language do you like?
Lets take some more examples of this rule:
Picture
English
Arabic

Which day is this?
It is Saturday

Which month is this?
This is the month of Rajab
Which faculty is this?
This is the faculty of Commerce

In which school are you?
I am in the primary school

From which country are you?
I am from Jordan

Which book do you (all) like?
We like the book of Arabic language
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Exercise -
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
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Revision
We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (You / You nouns
The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun
Vocabulary Revision
Your (all)
You (all)
Which
You (all) went
Chinese
France
French
Singular
Plural
Day
Saturday
Month
Faculty
Commerce
Engineering
Medicine
Primary school
Middle school
Jordan
Road
The Islamic
Airport
Law
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing): o
We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (You / You nouns.
Singular/ Feminine Example English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic) (Arabic)
Gr

You Anti (Singular)
You went
(D
You Antunna (Plural)
Pro
Yo
You (all)
went

Your Ki (Singular) Your
mother

Your Kunna Your (all (Plural)
Pro
of your)
Yo
mother
The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
You went
Dhahabti
You all went
Dhahabtunna
We will also learn the use of two new words:
English
Arabic
Before
After
We will also learn a new verb:
English
Arabic
He returned
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

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Continued
In this section, we will learn the plural form of two more pronouns In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi
the plural form of some of the personal and possessive pronouns in (Lesson 14 section 4) and
Singular/ Feminine Example English Transliteration Arabic Plural (Arabic) (Arabic)
Gr

You Anti (Singular)
You went
(D
You Antunna (Plural)
Pro
Yo
You (all)
went

Your Ki (Singular) Your
mother

Your Kunna Your (all (Plural)
Pro
of your)
Yo
mother
If we use
for a singular pronoun then we use for the plural pronouns.
The same rule is applied for the possessive pronoun i.e., if we say
( Your book
pronoun, we will then say
( Your (i.e. all of your) book) for the plural pronouns.
It must however be remembered that the personal pronouns are indeclinable i.e., they
ending with the change of case. So
will have the same /shaddah/ with a /fatah/ on
it is appearing in the nominative case, accusative case or genitive case. Lets take some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Translation
Transliteration
Arabic
Pro
Who are you? Man Anti? (feminine - singular) An libatun I am a student
Where are you from? Min Aina Antunna? (feminine - plural) Nanu Mina n We are from China
Where is your bag?
Aina haqbatuki?
My bag is in my room
Haqbat f ghurfat
.
What is your religion? Ma dnukunna?
Our religion is Islam
Dnun al Islmu
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise -
In this section, we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the princip Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continued
In this part of the lesson, we will learn the conversion of a singular verb to the plural verb In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing). We have already
covered that in Arabic different letters are added at the end of the original verb and sometimes even the vowel ending is changed. In this part we will only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the plural verb.
For the past tense of a (feminine) verb i.e.,
the
following rules are applied
English
You (singular) went
.
You (all) went
Singular
Plural
When a singular (feminine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel
ending /kasrah/ is replaced with a /ammah/ on the letter
and a
letter noon with a /shaddah/ and /fatah/ on it is added as the last
letter so
will be changed to .
Gender of
English
Arabic Sentence Verb

You (singular) went from the
school
You (all) went from the school
You went out of the room
. .
You (all) went out of the room
Oh girl! You sat on a chair
Oh girls! You (all) sat on a
chair
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions:
Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the questio keyboard or your actual keyboard.
Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
( while the laam itself can be signed with a ( while the Alif itself can be signed when it .
Upon completion of all questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct
The Arabic sentence above means "Read the example and then change the followin
For each of the sentences, type out the full sentence using the words below and incl
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

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Adverbial Time Object -
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new grammatical term, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi form of a noun which indicates the time when an action has occurred. This type of nouns
Object -
"or "The object of time ." In this part of the le
vowel ending of these words as well as the words following them, In-Sh-Allh (God-
nouns used as Adverbial Time Objects and we will learn two of them in this part of the less
English
Arabic
Before
After
These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /
as /Muf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.
English
Arabic
I entered the house after the prayer
I went to the school before Ahmad
Lets take some more examples to understand this rule:
Picture
English
Arabic

Muhammad entered into the room after a prayer.

Ayesha went to the university before the lesson.

They (fem.) wrote the story after one week.
I went to hospital a month ago.
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Adverbial Time Object -
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new grammatical term, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willi form of a noun which indicates the time when an action has occurred. This type of nouns
Object -
"or "The object of time ." In this part of the le
vowel ending of these words as well as the words following them, In-Sh-Allh (God-
nouns used as Adverbial Time Objects and we will learn two of them in this part of the less
English
Arabic
Before
After
These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /
as /Muf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.
English
Arabic
I entered the house after the prayer

I went to the school before Ahmad
Lets take some more examples to understand this rule:
Picture
English
Arabic

Muhammad entered into the room after a prayer.

Ayesha went to the university before the lesson.

They (fem.) wrote the story after one week.

I went to hospital a month ago.
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise:

Fatima
From the faculty of Midic

With my father
Yes, we returned from the pla

Before an hour

Before a week

After one day

After one week
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Lesson 16 -

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn a new verb
which means returned, In-Sh-Al
like all the other verbs we have learnt so far, takes the /fatah/ and is joined to the pron
the rest of the verbs. We will cover some present tense verbs below, please read the sent
these and we will cover the principles relating to the /Muri/ (present tense) verb later I Lets examine some examples for this verb:
Picture
English
Arabic
Khalid returned from school

Aminah is returning from Iran

He (masc.) is returning from the function

I am returning from my village

We are returning from Greece
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 16 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following: o
We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns ("You feminine nouns
o o
The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun We have also learnt two "Adverbial Time Objects" - i.e. "before" and "after".
Vocabulary Revision
Your (all)
You (all)
(fem.)
(fem.)
You (all) went
Before
(fem.)
After
Returned
The carpet
You failed
(fem.)
Adverbial The week Time Object
A village
Greece
The hour
A day
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Lesson 17 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God willing): o
We will learn that there are two groups or types of noun in Arabic that are treate Irrational nouns. We will learn how to distinguish the type of a given noun:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
A student
/libun/

(Rational)
Students
/ullbun/
A book
/Kitbun/

(Irrational)
Books
/Kutubun/
We will learn a new pattern of the broken plural:
Plural
Pattern
Singular
(Mosques)
(A mosque)
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Lesson 17 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Continued
In this section we will learn about a new form of nouns In-Sh-Allh (God willing). In Arabic, nouns are divided in two categories that do not exist in the English Language. In Arabic nouns are either Rational or Irrational. o Rational Nouns are those which refer to human beings. They are also called
intelligent i.e.,
.Besides human beings, angels, Jinn (in Islam), the
devil and such are included in this class. Some examples of rational nouns
are (doctor, boy, man) - i.e.
Irrational Nouns are those which refer to non human beings. They are also
called non-intelligent i.e.,
. Irrational nouns refer to non living
objects, animals, concepts and non human beings like trees and plants etc.
Some examples of irrational nouns are: tree, notebook, book - i.e.
.
In the singular form there is no difference between these two groups, however, there is a very important difference in the plural form of these two groups. The plurals of Rational Nouns are treated as Plural, whereas the plurals of irrational nouns are
treated as feminine singular. This concept takes some practice to understand and we will cover some examples below In-Sh-Allh (God willing): Below we can see how the pronouns that relate to the singular rational nouns are
changed in plural form, e.g. /Hdh/
( this) becomes ( those) in plural
form.
( this is a boy) if changed to plural will become

(these are boys)
( he is a man) will become ( they are men) ( that is a teacher) will become ( those
are teachers)

students)
(she is a student) will become
(they are
We can compare this to the plural of Irrational Nouns.
We can see below that
despite the nouns being plural, the pronouns that relate to these nouns are singular feminine - this does not change the plural word itself, only how the plural is treated and includes adjectives - i.e. an adjective following an irrational noun will be feminine singular:
( this is a dog) if changed to plural will become

(those are dogs).
( he is a small ( they are small donkeys)
donkey) will become
Lets look at some examples to understand this rule further:
English
Arabic
This is a new student, he is from
Belgium
These are new students, they are
. .
from Belgium
This is a new book, it is from
Belgium

These are new books, they are from
Belgium
Lesson 17 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Continued
We have already learnt in Lesson 13 section 7 that the Broken Plural is the plural form of a word in which the original form of the word is changed to a great extent: o E.g.: Some examples of English nouns as broken plurals are: o Man ======> Men Woman ======> Women
In contrast with sound plurals: Book ======> Books
Door ======> Doors
For Arabic Nouns and Adjectives: o There are more than twenty patterns of the broken plural for Arabic Nouns and Adjectives. We have learnt some of them in previous lessons and will learn one more pattern in this part of lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
Plural
Pattern
Singular
(Mosques)
(A mosque)
Lets take some examples to memorize this pattern:
Picture
English
Arabic
This is Hamid's note book
These are Hamid's note books

This is the teacher's desk
These are the teacher's desks
This hotel is expensive
These hotels are expensive
Lesson 17 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following: o o The Rational and Irrational Nouns A new pattern for the broken plurals
Vocabulary Revision
Irrational
Rational
Dog / Dogs
Donkey /
\ \ \
Donkeys
Note-book /
Belgium
Note-books
Desk / Desks
Hotel / Hotels
Expensive
Expensive
(masculine)
(feminine)
Lesson 18

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
The dual form (
)of the Arabic Nouns - i.e. the form that relates to

This is very important within the Arabic language and is
two of something. used frequently.
Sing. / Dual / English Transliteration Arabic Plural Masc. / Fem.
The teacher (Singular)
/Al Mudarrisu/
Two teachers (Dual)
/Al Mudarrisni/
(Masc.) /Al Mudarrisna/
The teachers (Plural)
/Al Mudarrisatu/
Two teachers (Dual)
/Al Mudarrisatni/
(Fem.) /Al Mudarristu/
We will also learn the dual form of the Demonstrative Pronouns for the near objects for both the masculine and the feminine objects (i.e. these and those):
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Sing. / Dual / Plural
Masc. / Fem.
This (masculine)
/Hdh/
These (two)
/Hdhni/
These (all)
/Huli/
This (feminine)
/Hdhihi/
These (two)
/Htni/
These all
/Huli/
And we will learn the Dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Masc. / Fem.
He
/Howa/
They (two)
/Hum/
They all
/Hum/
She
/Hiya/
They (two)
/Hum/
They all
/Hunna/
We will also learn a new interrogative Article in this lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
English
Arabic
How many?
Lesson 18

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the following In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
The dual form (
)of the Arabic Nouns - i.e. the form that relates to

This is very important within the Arabic language and is
two of something. used frequently.
Sing. / Dual / English Transliteration Arabic Plural Masc. / Fem.
/Al Mudarrisu/
Two teachers (Dual)
/Al Mudarrisni/
(Masc.) /Al Mudarrisna/
/Al Mudarrisatu/
Two teachers (Dual)
/Al Mudarrisatni/
(Fem.) /Al Mudarristu/
We will also learn the dual form of the Demonstrative Pronouns for the near objects for both the masculine and the feminine objects (i.e. these and those):
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Masc. / Fem.
This (masculine)
/Hdh/
These (two)
/Hdhni/
These (all)
/Huli/
This (feminine)
/Hdhihi/
These (two)
/Htni/
These all
/Huli/
And we will learn the Dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Masc. / Fem.
He
/Howa/
They (two)
/Hum/
They all
/Hum/
She
/Hiya/
They (two)
/Hum/
They all
/Hunna/
We will also learn a new interrogative Article in this lesson In-Sh-Allh (God willing):
English
Arabic
How many?
Lesson 18

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Dual -
In Arabic, nouns fall into three categories namely
o o o
Singular - which relates to a single noun Dual - which indicates two of something Plural - which indicates more than two of something
In order to change a singular Arabic noun to the Dual the following steps are involved: o Nominative Case: To change a singular masculine noun to the case of dual the following changes occur: The last letter of the word has its vowel replaced with a single /fatah/ (i.e. replacing /the ammah/ or /dammatain/)
The suffix of
is added to the word.
See some examples below:
will become will become
To change a singular feminine noun with nominative case to the Dual, the following changes occur:
The last letter
/ t marbah/ is changed to the letter has its vowel replaced with a
The last letter (which is now)
single fatah (i.e. replacing /the amma/ or /dammatain/),
The suffix of
is added to the word.
Genitive and Accusative Case: To change a singular masculine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual: A single /fatah/ is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatah/ or genitive case with a kasrah/
The suffix /Ya-Nn/
i.e., a Ya with /Sukn/ and /Nn/ with
a /Kasrah/ is added.
To change a singular feminine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual:
The last letter
/ t marbah/ is changed to the letter
A single fatah is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/
The suffix /Ya-Nn/
i.e., a /Ya/ with /Sukn/ and /Nn/
with a /Kasrah/ is added.
Lets look at some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
A brother in the house
Two brothers in the house
. .
Two daughters with a teacher
. .
Two daughters with two teachers
A book in the bag

Two books in the two bags
Lesson 18
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
continued
In this part of the lesson we will learn the dual form of the demonstrative pronouns (i.e. this and that), In-Sh-Allh (God willing). In Arabic language the pronouns also have dual form. We have already learnt the singular form of masculine and feminine demonstrative pronouns for the nearby objects in (Lesson 1 section 1) and (Lesson
6_section 2) respectively. We have also learnt the plural form of the demonstrative
pronouns for the nearby objects for both the masculine as well as the feminine nouns in (Lesson 13 section 2) In this part of the lesson however, we will learn the dual form of the demonstrative pronouns for the nearby objects representing the masculine and the feminine nouns, In-Sh-Allh (God willing). In order to change the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (masc. and fem.) to the Dual form, the following steps are involved:
To change a demonstrative pronoun for the near object representing a
masculine noun to
i.e., Dual form, i.e., a /Nn/ with a /Kasrah/ is
added, e.g.:
will become
o To change a demonstrative pronoun for the near object representing a
feminine noun
to i.e., Dual form, the last letter ha is changed
to the letter
and a single /Kasrah/ is replaced with a single /fatah/ and i.e., a long vowel /Alif/ and /Nn/ with a /Kasrah/ is
the suffix /Alif-Nn/
added i.e.,
will become
Lets examine some more examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
English
Arabic
.
This is a pen
These are two pens
. .
This is a girl
These are two girls
. .
This boy is with your father
These two boys are with your father
.
This door is closed
These two doors are closed
Lesson 18

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Continued
In this part of lesson we will learn the dual form of the personal pronouns (he, she). In Arabic language all types of pronouns have a dual form, not only demonstrative pronouns. We have already learnt the singular form of masculine and feminine personal pronouns for the third person (he / she) in (Lesson 4 section 7)
In this part of the lesson we will learn the dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person representing the masculine and the feminine nouns, In-Sh-Allh (God willing).
In order to change the personal pronouns for the third person representing masculine and feminine nouns to the Dual form, the following steps are involved: o To change a personal pronoun for the third person representing a masculine
noun (
) to i.e., Dual form, the last letter i.e., a /Ww/ with a i.e., /Meem/ with /fatah/ and a long vowel
/fatah/ is replaced with
/Alif/, e.g.:
will become
o To change a personal pronoun for the third person representing a feminine
noun (
) to i.e., Dual form, the genitive case /kasrah/ of the letter
/ha/ is replaced with the nominative case /ammah/ and the last letter
i.e., a /Ya/ with a /fatah/ is replaced with
i.e., /Meem/ with /fatah/ and
a long vowel /Alif/, e.g.:
will become
Picture
English
Arabic
.
He is a student
They both are students
. .
She is a teacher
They are both teachers
This boy is poor, he is an orphan
as well
These two boys are poor, they are
both orphans as well
. .
This girl is a student, she is very
hard working
These two girls are students, they
are both very hard working
Lesson 18
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
How much- How many
In this part of the lesson we will learn a new Interrogative Article, In-Sh-Allh (God willing). We have already learnt the use of Interrogative Articles in (Lesson 4 section
4).
In this part of the lesson we will learn the rules for the Interrogative Article
meaning (How many?), In-Sh-Allh (God willing). We have previously learnt that the noun following an interrogative article takes the nominative case i.e., single /ammah/ if the noun is definite and double /ammah/ if the nouns are indefinite.
However this rule does not apply to the noun following the interrogative article
The following rules are applied for the use of the interrogative article
The noun following the interrogative article
is mostly a singular indefinite
noun e.g.:
i.e., How many books do you have? i.e., How many notebooks are with you?
The noun following the interrogative article
always takes an accusative case i.e.,
/fatatain/ double-/fatah/ on the last letter. It must however be remembered that a masculine indefinite noun takes an /Alif/ along with /tanwn/ in the accusative case but
the feminine indefinite noun ending in the
/ t marbah/ does not take the /Alif/ -
e.g.:
i.e., How many shirts (masculine noun) are these? i.e., How many watches (feminine noun) are in your bag?
Picture
English
Arabic
How many brothers do you
have Oh' Muhammad?
I have one brother
And how many sisters do
you have?
I have two sisters
How many wheels does a
bicycle have Oh' Hamid?
It has two wheels

How many Eid festivals are there in a year Oh' Baquir?
There are two Eid festivals
: .
in a year: they are Eid-ul-
Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha
Lesson 18

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Revision -
o o o
The dual form of the Arabic nouns, The dual form of the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (this) A new interrogative article to ask "how many?"
Vocabulary Revision
The two
Dual
teachers
These two
The two lady
(masculine)
teachers
These two
They (dual)
(feminine)
Two teachers
How many?
The two trees
Two bags
Two lady
Two girls
teachers
Two brothers
Two kitchens
Two boys
Two gardens
The two books
Two keys
Two pens
Two watches
Two note-books
Two doors
A ruler / Two
A poor man /
rulers
Two poor men
\
An orphan /
A wheel / Two
Two orphans
wheels
An Eid festival /
The cycle
Two Eid
festivals
Eid-ul-Fitr
Eid-ul-Adha
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing):
We will learn Number Phrase and the rules relating to the use of the numbers 1 to 10 for masculine nouns.
Arabic English Transliteration Phrase Number
One book
/Kitbun Whidun/
Two pens
/Qalamni Ithnni/
Three books
/Thalthatu Kutubin/
Four men
/Arbaatu Rijlin/

Five boys /Khamsatu Awldin/
Six Riyals (Saudi /Sittatu Riyltin/ currency)
Seven doors
/Sabaatu Abwbin/
Eight stories
/Thamniyatu Aibbin/
Nine brothers
/Tisaatu Ikhwatin/
Ten Quroosh
/aasharatu Qurshin/
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number phrase (with one and two)-
)(
In this section we will learn the use of first two numbers in Arabic, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing).
In Arabic language the phrase comprising of a number and a noun following that
number is called a Number Phrase i.e.,
The number is called /adad/ i.e.,
and the noun describing that number is
called /Madd/
i.e., the noun that the number is counting.
The number phrase for number "one" and "two" are treated as an Adjective Phrase. We have already learnt the rules for the Adjective Phrase in ( Lesson 9 section 2)
The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they come before the number, and the number following them is treated as an adjective of these nouns, i.e..: the number will take the same case as the noun and it will take the same gender.
Let us take some examples:
One book will be translated as
-are usually omitted and
Two chairs will be translated as
In Arabic the numbers (one and two) i.e.,
the single or the dual form is considered to be sufficient to suggest the meaning of
(one and two) i.e., in order to say one glass it is sufficient to say
,and in
order to say two glasses it is sufficient to say
However the words
are used for emphasis.
Picture
Translation
Arabic
One pen is on my desk
I saw one soldier

Ali sat on one chair
These are two brothers
I visited two friends

You stood on two desks
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the two numbers, one and two and make the following words as nouns for these two numbers - once with one and then with two". In each of the boxes below type the word again followed by the numbers one and then two (in the next box) using the keyboard (as above) including the vowelmarks and punctuation. Each word is repeated tw
It must be noted that the dual form of
is and not
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number phrase (from 3 to 10) -
)(
In this part of the lesson we will learn the Arabic numbers from 3 to 10 and the rules relating to their use, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing).
In Arabic language, for the numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied: o The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after
the number, e.g.,
meaning "Three pens"
The noun should always be in plural form whereas the number always appear
in singular form, e.g.,
meaning "Four soldiers"
The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the noun
will always take the genitive case, i.e.,
meaning "Seven days"
The noun is mostly indefinite, and hence it takes the double /kasrah/ e.g.,
meaning "Ten people"

o The number of the masculine noun is always feminine with a /t marbah/ as the last letter i.e., whenever there is a masculine noun, the number for
that noun should always be in feminine form e.g.,
meaning
"5 men". Let us cover some examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
In the house, there are three
boys.

Ahmad sat with six teachers
.
Wajid ate nine grapes
.
Khalida visited eight countries

Nasir opened four doors
.
In my bag there are five pens
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
:
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the numbers within the brackets in
words and make the given words as nouns for them". Type out the words and numbers and include the vowel marks
Lesson 19

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the formation of the number phrase and the rules relating to its formation
Vocabulary Revision
The number
The number
phrase
The numbered
One
noun
Three
Two
Five
Four
Seven
Six
Nine
Eight
A soldier
Ten
Grapes
\ \
Countries / A
\ \
country
Pockets / A
Passengers / A
pocket
passenger
Quarsh / Quroosh
The bus

(Qursh = 1/10th of Riyal)
Lesson 20 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following, In-Sh-Allh (God willing): o We will learn Number Phrase with the feminine noun as /Madd/:
Arabic English Transliteration Phrase Number
One bag
/aqbatun Widatun/
Two note books
/Kurrsatni Ithnatni/
Three gardens
/Thalthu Hadqtin/
Four magazines
/Arbau Maalltin/
Five nurses
/Khamsu Mumarridhtin/
Six teachers
/Sittu Mudarristin/
Seven schools
/Sabu Madrastin/
Eight buses
/Thamn filtin/
Nine girls
/Tisu Bantin/
Ten rooms
/ashru Ghurafin/
Lesson 20 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number phrase -
In this section, we will learn the use of the first two numbers in Arabic, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing) relating to feminine /Ma'dood/. previous section: To recap the rules we learnt in the
We have already learnt in the previous lesson that in Arabic language the phrase comprising of a number and a noun following that number is called a Number Phrase
i.e.,
the number is called /A'adad/ i.e.,
and the noun
describing that number is called /Ma'adood/
i.e., the noun for that
number. The number phrase for number "one" and "two" are treated as an Adjective Phrase. We have already learnt the rules for the Adjective Phrase in (Lesson 9 section 2) The nouns for the numbers "one" and "two" always precede the number i.e., they come before the number and are treated as the adjective of that number i.e.: o o o The noun will take the same case as the number. It will take the same gender. It will always be an indefinite noun.
For example:
One note-book will be translated as
Two faculties will be translated as
Lets use some more examples to understand this rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
One cow is in the field
I have two daughters
He read one book
She studied two stories

The books are in one bag

The boys are in two gardens
Lesson 20 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we have learnt In-Sh'-Allh (God-Willing). To answer the questions: o Type the complete answer for the following questions by selecting the question and using the on-screen keyboard or your actual keyboard. o Use the Shift key to enter characters on the upper portions of the letters and use full diacritics in your answers e.g. fathah, kasrah, sukn etc.
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
)(
The Arabic sentence above means "Write the two numbers, one and two and make the following words as nouns for these two numbers - once with one and then with two". In each of the words below simply type the word again with the numbers one and then two using the keyboard (as above) including the vowel-marks and punctuation
Lesson 20 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number phrase -
In this part of the lesson, we will revise the Arabic numbers from 3 to 10 and the rules relating to their use, In-Sh-Allh (God Willing). In Arabic language, for the numbers 3 to 10, the following rules are applied, this is revision with examples of feminine /ma'dood/: o The number always precedes the noun, i.e., the noun always appears after the number, e.g.:
meaning "Three sisters"
The noun should always be in plural form whereas the number always appears in singular form, e.g.:
meaning
"Four
words.
The number will take different cases according to the situation, but the noun will always take the genitive case, e.g.:
meaning
"Seven
universities".
The noun is always indefinite, and hence it takes the double /Kasrah/ and no /alif-laam/ e.g.:
meaning "Ten paternal aunts".
The number of the feminine noun is always masculine .i.e., whenever there is a feminine noun, the number for that noun should always be in masculine form e.g.:
meaning "Five women"
Lets use some examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
I have three note-books

She went to five different lady doctors
You sat with six friends
.
Hameeda visited eight cities
Lesson 20 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following: o We have learnt the Number Phrase with the feminine noun as /Ma'adood/
Vocabulary Revision
Two
One
Four
Three
Six
Five
Eight
Seven
Ten
Nine
Two chickens / One
Two faculties / One
chicken
\ \ \
faculty
Two daughters / One
Two libraries / One
\ \ \
daughter
library
Two sisters / One
Two lady doctors /
sister
One lady doctor
Two magazines / One
Two stories / One
magazine
story
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-Allh (God willing). Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Introduction
In this lesson we will learn the following In-Sh-Allh (God-willing): o We will learn about the words which do not have tanwn i.e.: double Vowel sign in any case. These types of words are called Diptotes in English and
in Arabic.
There are many reasons that will
cause a word to fall under the classification of a diptote. Examples are listed below along with their reason for falling under this classification:
English
Reason for not having Tanwn
Arabic
Fatima (name)
Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwn
Hasnaa (name)
Hamda (name)
Masculine Proper nouns ending in "T Marbah" do not Hamza (name) have Tanwn
Masculine Proper nouns on pattern of Anwar (name)
do not have
Tanwn
Adjectives on the pattern of Black
do not have Tanwn
Adjectives on the pattern of Thirsty
do not have Tanwn
Pakistan
Non-Arabic Proper nouns do not have Tanwn
Some of the patterns of Broken Plurals do not have Tanwn e.g.:
English
Pattern of Broken Plural:
Arabic
Doctors
Agents
Mosques
Keys
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Un-Nunated Nouns -
In this lesson, we will learn about the words which do not have Tanwn .i.e., the double vowel sign on the last letter, In-Sh-Allh.
In Arabic language most of the nouns and adjectives have Tanwn. However there are certain cases when the Tanwn is omitted, these include:
When the noun or adjective is annexed to the definite article
:We have
already learnt in (Lesson 3_section 1) that when a noun is annexed to the
definite article
then it does not take the double vowel. e.g.: will become if annexed to will be
The word
The phrase
When the noun is Muf: We have learnt in (Lesson 5_section 2) that Muf is definite by position, therefore it cannot take Tanwn. e.g.:
The word
if annexed to it will become :We learnt in (Lesson
When a noun is preceded by the Vocative Article
5_section 7) that when a noun is preceded by the vocative article, the double
vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with a single ammah. e.g.:
The word
- when preceded by the vocative article
the
double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with single ammah, so
it will become
Lets review some examples to revise these rules:
Reason for un-
Picture
Translation
nunation (removal of Tanwn)
Arabic

'Book' is annexed with The big book the definite article
The book of Arabic Possessive Expression Language
The husband is in the
Annexed to the definite
field
article
.
Oh Waheed where did Preceded by Vocative you go? Article
He is the Dean of the Possessive Expression University
Oh girls, where is the
Preceded by Vocative
food?
Article
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Exercise -
a vowel)
comes with hamzah).
)(
The Arabic sentence above means Write the reason of un-nunation. For each of the words. Write the grammatical rule (in Arabic) that has caused the removal of nunation. The 3 possible reasons are:
(Annexation of noun in the possessive case)
(Definite Article)
(Vocative Particle)

(Oh Muhammad)

(The expert doctor)

(The students of the class)

(The Lord of the Universe)

(This family is big)

(Oh Adam)

(The Arabic magazine)

(Creator of the Universe)
Part
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Our Native Arabic Tutors are available
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Diptotes -
In this section we will learn about the Diptotes In-Sh-Allh (God-willing). In the Arabic language, there are certain nouns and adjectives which never have Tanwn. These types of nouns and adjectives are called Diptotes in English and
in the Arabic language.
There are different groups but in this lesson we will learn only the following groups of such words: o Feminine Nouns: All the feminine proper nouns (i.e. names), suffixed by the feminine sign or otherwise never have Tanwn. e.g.:
Masculine Nouns: The masculine proper nouns (i.e. names) with T Marbah as the ending letter do not take Tanwn. e.g.:
Masculine Proper nouns on the pattern of
All the masculine proper
nouns (names) which resemble the pattern of
never have Tanwn. e.g.:
- etc.: All
Masculine Proper Nouns on any Pattern of verb as:
the masculine proper nouns which resemble these patterns of verb never have Tanwn. e.g.:
Lets take some examples for better understanding of the rule:
Reason of UnPicture nunation Translation Arabic

Nadia went out of the house
Feminine Proper
This is Asma, she is
Noun
my sister
Maryam ate the
food
Masculine Proper
Noun on the pattern
The professor's
of
name is Ajmal
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Exercise -
In this section we will have multiple questions to test your understanding of the principles we ha Allh (God willing).
Click on a
that you would like to answer (this will be highlighted) then click on its suitable complement in
completing all possible questions, click on the Mark button to see the correct answer and obtain you
The sentence above means "Distinguish the Nunated and un-nunated nouns and explain the reaso
For each of the sentences in the column
) (there is a matching reason in the column ) (to expl )(
word in red is un-nunated.
The current order of the reasons in column
is not correct an
the matching reason and write this down - the correct order can be found in the Answers after yo the question.
Please write the following answers with a pen and paper joining the letters. It is important that writing skills in the duration of this course to master the language In-Sh-Allh (God-willing). This
vocabulary. To hear the pronunciation of any of the words or vocabulary, click on the word/ sentenc
( )
()
(Masculine noun on pattern of )
(Sara went to her house)
(Feminine Noun)
(The room's window is big)

(Possessive Expression)
( )
(Ummaya is an intelligent studen
(Masculine Noun with T Marbah as ending letter)
(A boy ate the food)
(Masculine noun on pattern of
( (
(O' Naseem did you come back from sc
(Vocative particle)
(Ahmad went out with Rashid)
(Definite Article )
(Yazeed is in the class with the teac
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Our Native Arabic Tutors are available to teach over Skype. Please visit our Tuition Centre at www.madinaharabic.ne
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Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Diptotes -
In this section we will continue learning about the Diptotes In-Sh-Allh. Some of the other types of the un-nunated nouns are:
Adjectives on the Pattern of
:The adjectives on the pattern of d
sign i.e., they are diptotes. e.g.:
( Thirsty) ( Angry)
(Full)
The adjectives on the pattern of
:All the adjectives on the pattern of
they never take Tanwn. e.g.:
( Red) ( Black) ( White)
Non Arabic Proper nouns: Most of the non Arabic proper nouns are unnunated an Tanwn. e.g.:
The Biblical Names: Most of the Biblical names do not take Tanwn e.g., na
i.e.:
etc. because they are not deri
Other Foreign Arabicised Names: All the foreign names which have been A
on them e.g.:
etc.
Exception to this Rule: However the non Arabic names comprising of three radica

Lets review some examples for a better understanding of the rule:
Reason of Picture Unnunation Translation
Arab
Adjectives on the I went out of the
Pattern
class room and I am
angry
.
Adjectives on the
Pattern
This colour is green

Foreign Arabicised Pakistan is a Muslim Nouns country

Ishaq is an Biblical Noun intelligent student

Foreign Arabicised January is the first Words month of the year
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Diptotes (continued) -
In this section, we will learn about one more group of the Diptotes, i.e. another type of the un-nunated noun In-Sh-Allh.
Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals which never take Tanwn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:
i.e., ( Colleagues) i.e., ( Rich) i.e., ( Mosques) i.e., ( Lamps)
Reason of Picture Unnunation Translation Arabic
Where are your
colleagues?
Broken Plural on In the street there are the Pattern poor people
Many partners went
together
Broken Plural on They are friends the Pattern

These merchants are rich
.
There are a lot of schools in this village.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern
These are beautiful
mosques.
These are wooden
desks.

Golden keys are for the house
Broken Plural on
the Pattern

These handkerchiefs
are dirty
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The Diptotes (continued) -
In this section, we will learn about one more group of the Diptotes, i.e. another type of the un-nunated noun In-Sh-Allh.
Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals which never take Tanwn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:
i.e., ( Colleagues) i.e., ( Rich) i.e., ( Mosques) i.e., ( Lamps)
Reason of Picture Unnunation Translation Arabic
Broken Plural on
Where are your
the Pattern
colleagues?

In the street there are poor people
.
Many partners went together
They are friends Broken Plural on
the Pattern
These merchants are rich

There are a lot of schools in this village.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern
These are beautiful
mosques.
These are wooden
desks.
Broken Plural on
the Pattern
Golden keys are for the
house

These handkerchiefs are dirty
Lesson 21 -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Revision -
In this lesson we have learnt the following: o We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns referring to the masculine nouns o The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun
Vocabulary Revision
Angry
Thirsty
Mosques
Agents
The farm
Keys
Food
Director
The Lord of the Expert Universe
The Creator of
The magazine
the Universe
Filled
Doctors
Black
White
Jacob
Red
Jesus
Isaac
David
Pakistan
Moscow
London
January
Tehran
Loot
Noah
Green
Golden
Wooden
Lesson 22 -
Cases of Diptotes -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cases of Diptotes -
In this part of the lesson, we will learn the cases of the Diptotes In-Sh-Allh (God Willing) i.e.,

Unlike the ordinary nouns, "The Diptotes" do not take double vowel mark. Similarly, Diptotes do not take /Kasrah/ in the genitive case. We know that the noun takes the genitive case i.e., single /Kasrah/ if it is definite
e.g.
and double /Kasrah/ if it is indefinite e.g. ,when
it is in the possessive expression (annexation) or when it is preceded by a
preposition.
However diptotes
take /fatah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ if
in genitive case. We have already learnt in the previous lesson i.e., ( Lesson 20 section
4) that Diptotes are those nouns or adjectives which never take /tanwn/ i.e., Double
Vowel Mark. So whenever a diptote noun is preceded by a preposition or is /Muf Ilaihi/ it will take a /fatah/ instead of a /Kasrah/ - for example - Ahmad's book i.e.,

The same is the case with all the other groups of diptotes we have learnt so far. Lets take some examples for this rule:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Where are you from?
/Min aina Anta/?
I am from Pakistan
/Ana min Bakistan/
What is your name?
/Mas muka/?
My name is Anwar
/Ismi Anwaro/
With whom did you /Maa man rajata/? return?

/Rajatu maa Ahar, huwa I returned with Athar, he adq/ is my friend
What did you eat in the
/Mdh akalta fil ghadi/?
meal?
I ate a fish
.
/Akaltu samakatan/

Talha neither drinks in / alatu l yashrabua f fanana dhahabiyyatin wal f fanana fiiyyatin/
golden nor silver cups.
Lesson 22 -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cases of Diptotes -
Cases of Diptotes -
In this section, we will learn the accusative case of diptotes In-Sh-Allh (God Willing):
Previously we have learnt only one situation when a noun takes the accusative case and that is:
When the noun is the object of a verbal sentence
i.e.,
o However, since the diptote does not take a /tanwn/, if it is used as the object of a verbal sentence it will take a single /fatah/ instead of double vowels
e.g.,
Lets review some examples to understand this rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
Yusuf entered buildings
The guests went out of hotels
.
I bought wooden desks
.
Nasir took the keys of the house
.
The boy bought a black pen
Lesson 22 -
Cases of Diptotes -

Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision
The declension of the diptotes in the accusative case (as a direct object of the nominal sentence)
The declension of the diptotes in the genitive case (after a preposition or in Ifa expression (annexation))
Vocabulary Revision
Fish
The meal
Golden
Paris
London
Jeddah
The guests
Wooden
Lesson 23 -
Noun and its Types
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Noun and its Types
In this part of lesson we will learn the first type of the definite noun i.e., Proper Noun
and its cases In-Sh-Allh.

A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place e.g., Hamid
Quran
,Madinah .
Proper nouns can include the names of countries,
people, states, tribes, rivers or oceans and the mountains. The proper nouns
take the cases similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double ammah when in nominative case, Double Fatah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in genitive case.
However the proper nouns which are Diptotes follow the rule of diptotes that we have read in previous lessons.
Lets take some examples for this rule:
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Ahmad is brave
Amadu Shuaun
Fatima is at the shore
Fimatu ala Shi'i al Bar-
of the Red Ocean
il-Amari
I rubbed the Black Masatu Al aara al Aswada Stone
. .
I drank the Zamzam Sharibtu M'a Zamzama Water
This is Tariq Mountain
Hdh abalu riqin
Lesson 23 -
Noun and its Types
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Pronouns and their Types
In this section we will learn the Pronouns, In-Sh-Allh (God-willing). In the previous lessons we have learnt that in Arabic language there are two types of
Pronouns namely Attached Pronouns
and Detached Pronouns
Similar to the English Language, the Arabic Pronouns are divided by 1st. person ( I / We), 2nd. person (You) and 3rd. person (He / She / They).
Example:
Person
Arabic
I / We
1st.
You
2nd.
He / She / They
3rd.
We can see the detached pronouns that we normally use for the different persons below as well as the attached pronouns which we will cover in more detail below.
Attached Meaning: Pronoun:
Singular / Plural / Gender of person: Dual Arabic: Person:
Masculine or I Singular Feminine
1st
Masculine or We Plural Feminine

2nd
You
Singular
Masculine
You
Dual
Masculine
You
Plural
Masculine
You
Singular
Feminine
You
Dual
Feminine
You
Plural
Feminine
He
Singular
Masculine
3rd
She
Singular
Feminine
Masculine and They Dual Feminine
They
Plural
Masculine
They
Plural
Feminine
The Attached Pronoun for 1st Person Singular is
for both masculine and feminine for both the masculine and
e.g.,
(my bag (fem.)) and for Plural it is
feminine
(our religion)
The Attached Pronouns for 2nd Person are as follows:
2nd Person Singular Male =
e.g., meaning "Your house"
2nd Person Singular Female =
e.g., meaning "Your book"

e.g.,
2nd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine =
meaning "Desk of both of you"

2nd Person Plural masculine =
e.g.,
meaning
"The
teacher of all of you".
2nd Person Plural feminine =
e.g., meaning "The room
of all of you" o The Attached Pronouns for 3rd Person are as follows:
3rd Person Singular Male =
e.g., meaning "His ruler"

e.g.,
3rd Person Singular Female =
meaning "Her
kitchen"
3rd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine =
e.g.,
meaning "School of both of them"
3rd Person Plural masculine =
e.g., meaning "Their play
ground".
3rd Person Plural feminine =
e.g., meaning "Their
duty It must be remembered however that the noun followed by the attached pronoun is always a definite noun and therefore it does not take a double vowel. Lets review some examples to understand this rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
.
He is the owner of the house.
This is his house
They have come to Egypt
These are their hotels.
You are a student and Muhammad is
your teacher

You and your colleagues have read the book
I am Khalid and China is my country

Muhammad and I are colleagues, our houses are near the Masjid
Lesson 23 -
Noun and its Types
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision -
In this lesson we have learnt the following new words:
Vocabulary Revision
English
Arabic
English
Arabic

The black stone Makkah
Proper Noun
Brave
The beach
The Red Sea
Rubbed
The Zamzam Water
Busy
Book of Allah (God)
Cave of Hira
Son of Mary
Duty
The Holy House
Lesson 24
Noun and its Types (continued...) -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Introduction
In this lesson, we will learn about the Demonstrative Pronouns
and Relative Pronouns
in detail.
In previous lessons we have learnt the basics of the Demonstrative Pronouns (see
Lesson 1, Lesson 2, Lesson 6, Lesson 7|L007_001.html||, Lesson 13, & Lesson 18) and
Relative Pronouns in (Lesson 9, & Lesson 12). "A Demonstrative Pronoun is a noun that represents the near or the distant object. o We know that in English "This" is used to point to the near singular object and "That" is used for the distant object and "These" is used to point towards the near Plural Objects and "Those" is used for the Distant Objects. However different nouns are not used for the Dual (in English language) and there is no difference of gender i.e., the same nouns are used for the masculine as well as the feminine. o In Arabic however, different Demonstrative Pronouns are used for singular, dual and plural objects. Similarly different Nouns are used for the masculine as well as the feminine.
Demonstrative English Transliteration Gender/Number Arabic Nouns
Hdh
Masculine/Singular
This
Hdhihi
Feminine/Singular
)(
Hdhni These
Masculine/Dual
two Htni Feminine/Dual
Masculine & Feminine/ These all Huli Plural
Dhlika
Masculine/Singular
)(
That
Tilka
Feminine/Singular
Those Dhnika two Masculine/Dual
Tnika
Feminine/Dual
Masculine & Feminine/ Those all 'ulika Plural
Following are the examples for the Demonstrative Pronouns:
Picture
English
Arabic
This is a book
This is a notebook
That is a cow
These are two books
These are two cows
These are men
Those are guests
"A Relative Pronoun is a noun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it". o The Arabic Relative Pronouns have different forms for singular, dual and plural as well as for masculine and feminine.
Relative English Transliteration Gender/Number Arabic Nouns
Al-Ladh
Masculine/Singular
Who/That
Al-Lat
Feminine/Singular
Al-ladhni Those two/Who
Masculine/Dual
(dual) Al-latni Feminine/Dual
Al-ladhna Those all/Who
Masculine/ Plural
(all) Al-L Feminine/Plural
Lets take some examples of the Relative Pronouns:
English
Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed
This is the door which is in front of the mosque
. .
Those are the brothers who went to the University
That is the cat that has sat
Lesson 24
Part
1
2 3 4 5 6 7
Demonstrative Pronouns & their types
In this part of lesson we will learn all the Demonstrative Pronouns i.e., singular, dual and plural for masculine as well as feminine objects, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In the previous section we have already defined the Demonstrative Pronoun as "A Pronoun which is used to represent a near or distant object".
In Arabic language there are different Demonstrative Pronouns for the dual objects and they are:
for dual masculine near object for dual feminine near object for dual masculine distant object for dual feminine distant object.
Lets review some examples of the Demonstrative Pronouns
Picture
English
Arabic
This is a pen
This is a bag
These are two books
These are two baskets
These are doctors

These are nurses
That is the road
That is a car
Those are two boys
Those are two broom sticks
Those are scholars
Those are the lady doctors
Lesson 24
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Relative Pronouns -
In this part of lesson we will learn all the Relative Pronouns i.e., singular, dual and plural for masculine as well as feminine objects, In-Sh-Allh (God-Willing).
In the previous sections we have already defined the Relative Pronoun as A Pronoun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it ".
In Arabic language there are different Relative Pronouns for the singular, dual and plural objects which are illustrated below:
Relative English Transliteration Gender/Number Arabic Nouns
Al-Ladh
Masculine/Singular
Who/That
Al-Lat
Feminine/Singular
Al-Ladhni Those two/Who
Masculine/Dual
(dual) Al-Latni Feminine/Dual
Al-ladhna Those all/Who
Masculine/ Plural
all Al-L Feminine/Plural
Lets review some examples to understand this rule:
Picture
Translation
Arabic
He is the
owner of the
house who
went out of the
house.

This is the student who
won the prize
They are the
two students
who work hard
in the class
They are those
who cheat in
the exam
These are the
two students
(female) who
are hard
working
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Lesson 24
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Revision
In this lesson we have learnt the following things: o
We have learnt all the forms of the Demonstrative Pronouns referring to the nouns
All the forms of Relative Pronouns referring to the masculine and the feminine n
Vocabulary Revision
These two
These two
(masculine)
(feminine)
Those two
Those two
(masculine)
(feminine)
Two Oranges
Two baskets
Two broom
Favourite
sticks
Muslim
Famous
Believers
(feminine dual)
Respectful
Faithful
(feminine dual)
who (masculine
Who (feminine
dual)
dual)
Who (masculine
Who (feminine
plural)
plural)

She won They cheat
Noble (feminine
He sent them
plural)
Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features
Discussion Forum Discuss the grammatical topics learnt and any areas of confusio
Questions Flashcards Practice questions related to the grammatical topics covered
We will be updating the features above to help you throughout the course In-Sh-All
Lesson 25
The Declinable and the non-Declinable
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Introduction -
In this lesson we will learn the difference between the declinable and the nondeclinable words, In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing).
We will study that the vowel endings in the declinable nouns are changeable according to the grammatical case and according to the position in the sentence. You
can see a noun like /kitb/
signed with /ammah/ on its end in a certain
situation
,and signed with /fatah/ in another situation ,and signed .This change in the ending of the word
with /kasrah/ in a third situation
(according to its position in the sentence) means that the word is declinable. Consider the declension of the noun /kitbun/ in the following examples (please read from right to left):
Declension Explanation Case Sign English
Sentence
Arabic
The word /kitbun/ is a
predicate, so it is in the Nominative nominative case signed with ammah on its end ammah This is a book.
The word /kitban/ is a direct

Accusative Fatah I took a book.
object, so it is in the accusative case signed with fatah on its
.
The color of the Genitive Kasrah book is beautiful.
end
The word /al kitbi/ is Muf
ilaihi, so it is in the genitive case
signed with kasrah on its end
We will also learn the indeclinable words, i.e. the words which do not change according to their position in the sentence. The indeclinable words have constant
endings whatever their position in the sentence is. Consider the ending of the
demonstrative noun
/ dhlika/ in the following three sentences:
Indeclension Explanation Place of (case) Sign English
Sentence
Arabic
Although the word /dhlika/

Nominative Thats right.
is a subject in the nominative
case, but it is signed with fatah as a constant ending.
.
Fatah
The word /dhlika/ is a direct
object in the accusative case; Accusative it is signed with fatah as a
(always I know that. indeclinable on the fatah)
constant ending.
Although the word /dhlika/ is a Marur noun in the
Genitive
I doubt that.
genitive case, but it is signed
with fatah as a fixed ending.
Lesson 25
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Continued...
Any Arabic word is either declinable or indeclinable. The declinable words are the words that have the feature of changing their endings according to their grammatical position in the sentence. The indeclinable words are those words that do not have that feature (i.e. their vowel endings never change whatever their grammatical position is). Arabic language (like most Semitic languages) is classified as a declension language. The declension language is the language in which we distinguish the position of each word by certain signs above or below each
word, while in the non-declension languages (e.g.: English) we guess the position of each word in the sentence from the word form and the word order in the sentence. Consider the following two English sentences: o o The man killed the snake. The snake killed the man.
In the first sentence, we understand that the killer is the man, while he is the one killed in the second sentence. We understand this meaning from the word order (i.e. the doer comes before the direct object).
In Arabic the doer is that which is in the nominative case (i.e. signed originally with ammah) regardless of its order in the sentence, and the direct object is that which is in the accusative case (i.e. signed originally with fatah) regardless its order in the sentence. Consider the following two sentences:
Explanation
English meaning
Arabic sentence

The killer here is the man because the noun is The man killed the snake. signed with the ammah (nominative case)
The killer here is the snake because its noun is The snake killed the man. signed with the ammah (nominative case)
while the man is signed with fatah (direct
object)
This means that you have to learn the declension cases and signs in order to speak and to understand properly Arabic Language. In these lessons we will help you learn the different grammatical cases of words and the signs related to each case InShaa-Allaah (God willing).
In spite of this, there are some types of Arabic words which have constant (fixed) endings, without consideration to their position in the sentence. These are called
the indeclinable words.

Arabic words are divided into three categories: nouns, verbs and articles. The general rule of the nouns is that they experience declension, so the indeclinable nouns are an exception to the rule. The general rule of the verbs is one of indeclension, so a few cases of verbs are declinable. The articles are all indeclinable (without exception). In the next part (part 3) we will learn the declinable nouns and in part 4 we will learn the indeclinable nouns. The declinable and the indeclinable verbs will be studied in part 6 of this lesson. And finally the indeclension of the articles we be studied in part 8.
Lesson 25
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The declinable nouns
The majority of Arabic nouns are declinable. The general rule of the nouns is that they experience declension, so the indeclinable nouns are an exception to the rule. We will learn in this part the rules related to the declinable nouns In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing).
Any declinable noun has many possible changes (declensions) in its ending according to its grammatical case and to its position in the sentence. There are many positions that the noun can occupy in the sentence. There are also many forms that affect the sign (vowel ending) of the noun. Lets first study the grammatical cases of the noun and then we can study the different signs of each case.
A. The grammatical cases of the noun:
To understand the vowel ending of a declinable noun you first have to know the grammatical case of the noun. The grammatical case of any noun can be nominative, accusative or genitive depending on the position which the noun occupies in the sentence. In this language course we learn which nouns are in the nominative case, which are in the accusative case and which are in the genitive case.
Some examples of nouns in the nominative case (which will be studied in later lessons) are:
The type of noun / position in Will be
Example Picture
the sentence which causes it to
detailed in
be the nominative case
lesson no.: English Arabic English Arabic
The teacher The doer (of
explained
Lesson 64
the verbal
the lesson
sentence)

The subject (of The cat is Lesson 58 beautiful. the nominal
sentence)
The predicate
The stone Lesson 58 is heavy.
(of the
nominal
sentence)
The pro-agent Lesson 65 (of the passive
The bag
was stolen.
voice verb)
Some examples of nouns in the accusative case (that will also detailed in later lessons):
Will be Picture Example detailed in
The type of noun / position in the
sentence which causes the
lesson no.:
accusative case
English
Arabic
English
Arabic
The The direct
teacher
object (of Lesson 66 the verbal
explained
the lesson
sentence)
Indeed, the
The noun of
cat is
Lesson 60
/inna/ and its
beautiful.
sisters
The stone
The
became
Lesson 59
predicate (of
heavy.
the nominal
.
The boy
sentence)
stayed
Lesson 71
The status
lonely.
Some examples of nouns in the genitive case (that will also detailed in later lessons):
The position in the sentence Example Picture Will be which causes the genitive case detailed in
English
Arabic
lesson no.:
English
Arabic

The teacher

Lesson 76
The noun
after the stood in
the
preposition (Marr)
class.
This is
Lesson 05
The
annexed the cat noun (al muf
of the
girl. ilaihi)
From the above mentioned examples we understand clearly that the nouns position in the sentence determines its grammatical case and the different positions of the nouns will be the main topics of the coming lessons In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing).
Once we distinguish the nouns position and grammatical case, we can automatically think about the sign of the ending of the noun. This will be detailed in the next point:
B. The sign of the ending of the declinable noun:
The nominative noun is originally signed with ammah on its end, the accusative is originally signed with fatah and the genitive is originally signed with kasrah. The original signs occur when the noun is in the basic form. If the noun is not in the basic form (i.e. dual, sound plural etc.) we have to use the secondary signs. Therefore we will have many signs for each case (original signs and secondary signs).
The following table summarizes the ending signs of the nouns according to the grammatical cases and different reasons for taking the original sign or secondary sign in each case:

Example
Picture English
Reason
Sign
Case
The book
Main sign
is beautiful
Nominativ
)(
-
The two doctors are
clever
.
Dual
)(
The
employees
attended
(came).
Sound
)(
masculine
plural

Your
father
came.
Five nouns

I read the Main sign book.
)(
Accusative
-
I saw the
two
teachers.
Dual
)(
These are

Sound
not
employees
)(
Long vowel masculine
plural
I do not
have a
moustache
. Five nouns
)(

I saw the

Sound
clever
female
doctors.
)(
feminine
plural
-
In the
)(
Main sign
book, there
is a
beautiful
lesson.
Genitive

This is the house of
the two
Egyptian Dual
men.
)(
-
Sound masculine
I talked to
the
employees
plural
)(

Go to your brother.

Long vowel
Five nouns

This
woman is
from
Damascus.
)(
diptotes
Please remember that the above mentioned secondary signs and their reasons will be studied in detail in later lessons In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing). This summary is supposed to be a guide to the coming lessons and to show you that the declinable nouns have many forms (of declension) based on many factors.
Lesson 25
Part
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
The indeclinable nouns
We learnt earlier that the majority of Arabic nouns are declinable and the indeclinable nouns are an exception to the general rule. We also learnt that the indeclinable noun is the noun which has a constant (fixed) ending regardless of its position or grammatical case in the sentence. Following are the types of the indeclinable nouns:
1. The pronouns
The pronouns are considered nouns in the Arabic grammar, because the words in Arabic are divided into only three categories; nouns, verbs and articles. Therefore the pronouns, the demonstratives and the relatives are subdivisions of nouns.
All pronouns (detached or attached) are indeclinable. Therefore each pronoun will remain in its original form irrespective of whether it is in place of nominative, accusative or genitive.
We will not study the pronoun divisions in detail right now; this will be detailed in many lessons (lesson 44 to lesson 48). Here we will learn some
examples which will help us to understand the rules above. Consider the following examples:
Vowel
Sentence Pronoun English Arabic
Picture
ending of
the pronoun

Fatah
This is your friend
speaking with you
They are
hardworking Sukn
workers. They
indeed work in the
field (farm).
.
Fatah (for
the attached

He is Omar and this is his father
form) and ammah for
the
whom he likes.
detached
form
ammah
for the

We study our

lessons.
detached
and long
alif for the
attached
2. The demonstrative pronouns
The demonstratives such as (
this), ( this; for feminine), (

these; for dual feminine), (
these; for dual masculine), (
these; for plural), (
that), ( that; for feminine), ( those; for
dual masculine), (
those; for dual feminine), ( those; for plural)
are considered below. These demonstratives are studied in detail in lesson 24. o All demonstrative pronouns are indeclinable except for the dual masculine and feminine forms which are declinable as detailed in the declension of the dual (lesson 18 and lesson 55). Consider the following examples:
English
Arabic
Do you know this? This is Muhammad.
. .
I passed by this man yesterday.
In the above mentioned examples we notice that the demonstrative pronoun (hdh) falls in different positions (direct object, subject, and Murr) but it still has the same ending (long vowel ).
More examples:
English
Arabic

Do you know these (people)? These are the new employees.
You will notice that /huli/ above is indeclinable on kasrah on its ending regardless it grammatical position (direct object or subject as above).
3. Relative pronouns
: who/which), ( who/which
The Arabic relative pronouns such as (
for feminine), (
who/which for dual), ( who/which for the dual
feminine), (
who/which for plural), ( - who/which for
plural feminine) are considered below. learnt the relative nouns in lesson 24. o
Please note that we have already
All relative nouns are indeclinable except for the dual masculine and feminine which follow the general declension of the dual nouns (as detailed in lesson 18 and lesson 55). Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic

The workers who are in the field are active.
. . .
I saw (those) who are in the
field.
I passed by (those) who are in
the field.
In the above mentioned examples, the relative noun
has a constant
ending (fatah) whether it is in place of nominative (in the first example), accusative (in the second example) or genitive (in the third example).
4. Interrogative (questioning) nouns
: what?), ( who?), ( where?),
All the interrogative nouns as (
how?) etc. are indeclinable. These will be learnt in lesson 41 and
lesson 42 In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing). Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic
Where is Airport street?
Where are you (both) from?
You may notice that the interrogative (questioning) noun
is indeclinable,
as it has a constant ending whether it is in the place of nominative (in the first example) or in the place of genitive (in the second example).
5. Conditional nouns
: whoever), ( whatever), (
The conditional nouns such as (
whenever), (
wherever) etc. are all indeclinable nouns. These will be
learnt in detail in lesson 49 In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing). Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic

Whenever you feel pain, you visit
the doctor.
//ayyna tashuru bil-alami, tadhhab il aabb-i//
Wherever Muhammad meets his
teacher, he greets him.
//aynam yaid muhammadun ustdhahu, yusallim alayh-i//
In the above mentioned examples the conditional nouns are indeclinable.
6. Verbal nouns
We will learn in lesson 50 that the verbal nouns are the nouns which have the meaning of verbs and forms of nouns (i.e. they are not conjugated as verbs),
e.g.: (
hush), ( ah, or I feel pain) etc.
All the verbal nouns are indeclinable. Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic

I suffer from this pain
/hi min hdh al-al'ami/

Stop releasing (releasing)
malicious rumors.
/mah an ilqi ash-shiti al-khabthati/
The verbal nouns in the above mentioned examples are indeclinable, i.e. they have their own constant ending regardless their position in the sentence.
In addition to the six types of indeclinable nouns mentioned above there are some
indeclinable adverbs (e.g.
since), and some allusive nouns that are indeclinable
(e.g.:
in such a way).
There are also some nouns which are occasionally indeclinable (i.e. they are originally declinable, but they are indeclinable in some situations) as follows:
1-
The single person addressed by the call (lesson 82), e.g.
( oh man).
2-
The composite numbers from eleven to nineteen (except the first part of
twelve as it is dual) detailed in lesson 26, e.g.:
( fifteen).
3-
The noun of (l) of the generic negation when the noun is singular indefinite
and not annexed (detailed in lesson 61), e.g.:
( No doubt in
this).
With this we end the declinable and the indeclinable nouns. After the exercises we will start
Lesson 25
Part
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
The declinable and the indeclinable verbs
The general rule is that the verb should be indeclinable and the declinable verbs are an exception to the rule.
The verbs in Arabic are divided into three types; past, present and imperative. The past and the imperative verbs are always indeclinable. The present verbs are generally declinable except for two situations; when the verb is attached to the /nn/
of the feminine plural
or attached directly to the /nn/ of
confirmation (the emphatic suffix); in these two situations the present verb is indeclinable. Lets now study each of the three types of verbs:
1- The past verb
( will be studied in detail in lesson 39): he
Originally, the past verb is indeclinable with a fatah on its end, e.g.: (
wrote
he arrived he talked). If the past tense verb is ended with
a vowel, we consider it indeclinable on a virtual (supposed) fatah on its end, e.g.:
he threw, he invited.
When the past verb is attached to a pronoun, it may be indeclinable on another sign according to the suffixed pronoun as follows: o Indeclinable on sukn when attached to the following pronouns:
a)
The t of the doer
E.g.
I wrote you (masculine) wrote you you (plural) wrote you (feminine
(feminine) wrote
plural) wrote.
b)
The n of the (first person) doers
E.g.:
we wrote. :
c)
The /nn/ of the feminine third person plural
E.g.:
they (feminine) wrote.
Indeclinable on ammah when attached to ww of the plural
masculine
: they wrote.
E.g.:
Other than the above mentioned situations, the past verb should be indeclinable with a fatah.
Consider the following examples:
Picture
English
Arabic

Have you written the homework, Marwan? /hal katabta al-wiba ya Marawan?/
.
The employees completed the work. /Al-muwahaffn akmal al-amal/
Nurses helped patients much
/al-mumarriatu sad-na al-mar kthran/

The teacher explained the new lesson.
2-
The imperative verb
( will be detailed in
lesson 40):
The imperative verb is always indeclinable. The imperative verb is to be addressed
only to the second person (i.e.
.) The ending
sign on which the imperative is indeclinable depends on the attached pronoun which is suffixed to the verb as follows:
If the imperative is addressed to (
)it will not be suffixed to a doer write.
pronoun, so it will be indeclinable on sukn, e.g.
If the imperative is addressed to (
you feminine), ( you both) or
you plural), it will be indeclinable on the elimination of the final nn
,e.g.: respectively.
o If the imperative is addressed to the feminine plural (
it will be
indeclinable on the sukn
,e.g.: .
The Arabic grammarians says that in order to memorize these signs of the indeclension of the imperative you have to match them with the azm case of the present conjugation (see lesson 36 part 6).
English
Transliteration
Arabic
Oh Muhammad, write your lesson.
Y Muammadu uktub darsaka
Write your lesson, oh Fatimah!
Y Fimatu uktub- darsak-i
.
Write your lesson, oh both of you Y libn-i uktub- darsakum [two] students!
Write your lesson, oh students!
Y ullb-u uktub- darsakum
3-
The present verb
As a rule the present verb is declinable. Exceptionally, it is indeclinable in two following situations:
When it is attached to the /nn/ of the feminine plural
. .
When it is attached directly to the /nn/ of comfirmation
Therefore we will learn the declinable present verb first and then its two indeclinable cases:
a-
The declension of the present verb
(this topic will be detailed in lesson 36)
The present verb is originally declinable, i.e. its vowel ending is changeable according to its position in the sentence as follows: o If it is not preceded by an accusative or jussive article, it should be in the
indicative case
. as ( to not) it
If it is preceded by an accusative article
will be in the accusative case
If the present verb is preceded by a jussive article
such as (
not
dont), it will be in the jussive case .
Notes
Translation
Example
The present verb is not preceded
by an accusative or jussive
article, so it is regularly in the
Will you live in Egypt?
indicative case signed with ammah on its end.

The present verb is preceded by
an accusative article, so it is in
No, I will not live in Egypt but I
the accusative case signed with fatah on its end.
just want to visit it.
a jussive case, so it is in the jussive case signed with sukn
Muhammad has not drunk the
milk
on its end.
a jussive case, so it is in the Do not stay up long at night. jussive case signed with sukn
on its end.
As you notice in the above mentioned examples, there are three cases for the present declinable verb; the indicative (nominative), the accusative, and the jussive case. For each case there is a main sign (vowel ending); the ammah for the indicative, the fatah for the accusative, and the sukun for the jussive case. These original signs should be replaced by secondary signs if the verb is attached to some pronouns (as detailed in lesson 37 named the five verbs). Consider the secondary signs in the following examples of the so-called five verbs:
Arabic verb in the indicative Jussive case Accusative case English meaning case
They (plural) drink
You (plural) drink
They (dual) drink
You (dual) drink
You (feminine) drink
In the above mentioned table we notice that the five verbs are those that are attached to the pronoun of the plural masculine third person, the plural masculine second person, the dual third person, the dual second person, and the feminine second person. In the indicative case they are signed with the firmness of the final /nn/, and in the accusative and jussive case they are signed with the elimination of the /nn/. Again we remind you that this will be repeated with more details and examples in lesson 37 In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing).
b-
The indelension of the present verb
We learnt earlier that the present verb is indeclinable in two situations:
1-
The first situation of the indeclinable present verb is when it is attached to the
/nn/ of the feminine plural
.In this situation the present verb
will be indeclinable on the sukn regardless ofthe grammatical case or the preceding articles. Consider the following examples:
Arabic verb in the indicative Jussive case Accusative case case
They (feminine) did not write
They (feminine) will not write
They (feminine) write
You (feminine plural) did not
You (feminine plural) will not
You (feminine plural) write
write
write
In the above mentioned examples, you may notice the equality of the form of the present verb in the three cases. This is because it is indeclinable, i.e. it has a constant ending.
2-
The second situation in which the present verb is indeclinable is that when it is
attached directly to the /nn/ of confirmation (emphatic article)
.In this situation the present verb is indeclinable on fatah. This will
be detailed in lesson 97 In-Shaa-Allaah (God willing). Consider the following examples:
Jussive case
Accusative case
Arabic verb in the indicative case
Do not think that the matter is so
I will never go with bad companions.
I will visit my friend tomorrow (for
easy.
sure)
In the above mentioned examples, you may notice that the present verb is indeclinable with a fatah (regardless of whether it is in the indicative, accusative or jussive case).
To apply this rule on the the present verb, the attachment to the emphatic /nn/ has to be a direct attachment (i.e. without separation). If there is a separating pronoun in the middle, the verb returns back to its original declension (as detailed in lesson
97).
the declinable and indeclinable verbs
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Articles -
All articles In Arabic are indeclinable without any exception. We cannot study all the Arabic articles in one lesson; rather we will learn each type of article in its own grammatical topic and lesson. Here we will gain a general idea about how they are indeclinable.
There is no rule for the vowel ending on which the article is indeclinable (some of them are indeclinable on fatah, others on sukn, others on long vowel, etc.) Therefore you have to memorize the vowel ending of each new article you learn. The following table contains some examples of each type of article and their sign of indeclension:
Category
Sign of indeclension
Meaning
Article
Sukn
From
Preposition
Sukn
About
Sukn of long vowel
To
Sukn of long vowel
On
Sukn of long vowel
In
Kasrah
With
Kasrah
For
Fatah
And
Coordinating articles
Sukun
Or

Sukun Rather, but
Sukun
But
Fatah
Indeed
Annular article (sisters of /inna/)
Fatah
If only! (Would that!)

Fatah But
Fatah
I hope (it is hoped)
Sukun
Is?

Fatah Is?
Conditional article
Sukn
If

Sukn If
Accusative article
Sukn
To

Sukn Will not
Jussive article

Answering article
Sukn
Did not

Negating article
Sukn
Yes
Sukn of long vowel
No
N.B.: Exceptionally, the vowel ending of some articles may change when followed by a sukn on the first letter of the following word as in the following examples:
Example Note English Arabic
The vowel ending of /minn/ is changed from sukn into From home fatah, because the following sound is sukn
The vowel ending of /ann/ is changed from sukn into kasrah, because the following sound is sukn
About the
moon
The vowel ending of /Aw/ is changed from sukn into kasrah, because the following sound is sukn
The night or
the day
The vowel ending of /hal/ is changed from sukn into kasrah, because the following sound is sukn
Is the square
far?
In the above mentioned examples the articles are indeclinable with virtual signs which were found on the single article before the structure and the vowel ending is changed (for phonetic reasons).
Lesson 25
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Revision -
In this lesson we have learnt the following: o The declinable nouns which are changeable in their vowel endings according to their grammatical positions in the sentence. o The indeclinable nouns which have constant endings regardless their positions, cases or grammatical functions in the sentence. o The indeclinable nouns are divided into 6 main categories:
1. Pronouns
. .
2. Demonstrative pronouns
3. Relative pronouns
. .
4. Interrogative nouns
5. Conditional nouns
6. Verbal nouns
o o
The declinable and the indeclinable verbs. Examples of the Arabic articles (many types). We also learnt that all articles are permanently indeclinable.
Several new words as summarized in the following table:
Vocabulary Revision
English
Arabic
English
Arabic
Declinable
Indeclinable/structured
Right/true
I doubt
It has been stolen
The snake
Pro-agent
He explained
Damascus
Diptote
The field
Yesterday
I passed by
The employees
Active (pl.)
Conditional nouns
Whenever
Wherever
Hush
The pain
Releasing
Rumors
In a such way
Malicious
Since
The nn of plural feminine
The t of the doer
N of the plural doers
Ww of the third Emphatic nn person plural
Bad companions
If only
It is hoped that
But
Lesson 26
Composite Number (B)
Part
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Introduction
We learnt in lesson 19 and lesson 20 the numbers from 1 to ten as applied for masculine and feminine numbered nouns.
In this lesson we will learn the numbers from 11 to 19 In-Sh-Allh (God willing). The topics that will be covered include:
The numbers (
"aada ashar" (eleven) and (
"ithn ashar" (twelve) in a special section, and the special rules relating to these numbers.
After that we will cover the numbers from (
"thalthata
ashar" (thirteen) to (
" )tisata ashar" (nineteen).
We will answer some questions relating to the numbers, such as:
What are the situations in which a number will be masculine or feminine?
Are numbers declinable or indeclinable?
The ending of the numbered noun
(the name
comes after a number)
Below we will cover some examples. Read the examples carefully and then study the rules that follow in future sections:
Number
With masculine
With feminine

"'a aada ashar ustdhan"
"'at id ashrata ustdhatan"
Eleven professors came
Eleven lady professors came

"Dhahaba ithn ashar muhandisan"
"Dhahabat ithnat ashrat muhandisatan"
Twelve engineers went out
Twelve lady engineers went out
"ra'aytu ithnai ashara muhandisan"
"raaytu ithnatai ashrata muhandisatan"
I saw twelve engineers
I saw twelve lady engineers

" aarat thaltha ashrata mudarrisatan"
"fil-fali thalthata shara liban" Thirteen lady teachers attended
Thirteen students are in the class

" qaratu arbaata ashara kitban"
"qaratu arbaa ashrata qiatan"
I read fourteen books
I read fourteen stories

"nimtu khamsa ashrata satan"
"raatu bada khamsata ashara yawman" I slept for fifteen hours
I came back after fifteen days

"dhabatu sitta ashara dkan"
"dhabatu sitta ashrata daaatan"
I slaughtered sixteen roosters
I slaughtered sixteen hens

"daawtu sabata ashara duan"
"allaitu saba ashrata rakatan"
I invoked seventeen supplications
I prayed seventeen Rak'ahs

"muammadun indahu thamniyata ashara
"Fatimatu indah thamni ashrata adqatan" adqan" Fatimah has eighteen friends Muhammad has eighteen friends

"hdh a-iflu umruh tisata ashara
"hdh al-waladu umruh tisa ashrata sanatan" yawman" This boy is nineteen years old This child is nineteen days old
We will also learn the numbers from 20 to 99, which include two parts: (1) decade numbers (i.e. 20, 30,90) and (2) the other numbers:-

"ra'aytu ishriin baladan"
"'a thalathn raulan"
I saw twenty countries
Thirty men came
The composite number may include two numbers connected with the (
) (and):-

"ra'aytu ithnai[n] wa ishrn baladan"

"'a widun wa thalthn raulan"
I saw twenty-two countries
Thirty-one men came
Lesson 26
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Numbers 11 and 12
In this part we will learn the two numbers
" aada ashara" (eleven)
and
" ithn ashara" (twelve), as they are similar to each other with the
exception of declension. Before we consider the gender of the number, we need to understand the gender of the noun that is being referred to. If the noun is feminine then the number will also be feminine, likewise with the masculine noun / masculine number. To change the
number
" aada" to feminine " id" we can add the long vowel Alif (alif to the word ending, and change the initial Hamzah to
maqrah)
be signed with kasrah ( ), and to change the sign of the medial (H) from the fatah
to the sukn to become
" id". The number " ithn" can be made " t" to be " ithnat".
feminine by adding the letter
The number should be identical with the numbered noun (that comes after the number) in gender (masculine and feminine). For example:

'a aada ashara ustdhan
Eleven professors came
The number here is masculine because the numbered noun after it is masculine.
But we say:

'at ida ashrata ustdhatan
Eleven lady professors came.
The number here is feminine because the numbered noun is feminine.
The same applies to the number
" ithn ashara" (twelve). For example:

Dhahaba ithn ashara muhandisan
Twelve engineers went out.
The number here is masculine because the numbered noun after it is masculine.
But we say:

Dhahabat ithnata ashrata muhandisatan
Twelve female engineers went out.
The number here is feminine because the numbered noun is feminine.
We will now cover the number (
" ) aada ashara" (eleven) in more
detail In-Sh-Allh (God-willing).
The word-ending of the two words
" aada" and " ida" are
"mabniyah", i.e. static or indeclinable in all cases of grammar this means that they do not change their endings in nominative, accusative or genitive case. Let us look at some examples below to illustrate this point:
Case:
Transliteration:
English:
Arabic:

Umri aada ashara The nominative case man I am eleven years old.
Ra'aytu ida ashrata The accusative case bintan I saw eleven girls.
Askunu maa aada The genitive case ashara liban
I live with eleven
students.
We will now cover the number
" ithna ashar" (twelve) in more detail In-
Sh-Allh (God-willing).
The two words
" ithna" (masc.) and " ithnata" (fem.) are dual nouns. In " ithna" and " ithnata" while in the accusative
the nominative case, we say
and genitive cases we say
" ithnai" and " ithnatai":
Case:
Transliteration:
English:
Arabic:

The nominative case a ithna ashara Twelve students came. (masculine) liban

The nominative case at ithnata ashrata libatan Twelve female students (feminine) came.
The accusative case
Ra'aytu ithnai ashara I saw twelve students. liban
(masculine)
The accusative case
Ra'aytu ithnatai ashrata libatan
I saw twelve female
(feminine)
students.
The genitive case for the number twelve will take the same form as the example in the table above for accusative case.
Lesson 26
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Numbers from 13 to 19-
In this section we will study the numbers from 13 to 19. These numbers have the same rules, therefore we will study them in one section In-Sh-Allh (God-willing).
The composite numbers from 13 to 19 e.g. (
" ) thalathata ashara"
(thirteen) - are composed of two parts.
The gender of each part depends on the
gender of the noun that is being referred to. The first part is always opposite to the gender of the noun, and the second part is the same gender as the numbered noun.
The first part may be feminine (
" )thalathata" (three) or may be masculine
" )thalatha". The second part may also be feminine ( " )ashrata"
(ten) or may be masculine (
" )ashara" (ten).
As above, the rule we apply
here is related to the noun (that comes after the number). Here are some examples:
Transliteration:
English:
Arabic:

There are thirteen students in Fil-fal thalathata ashara liban the class.
aarat thalathu ashrata
Thirteen lady teachers attended.
mudarrisatan
Dhabatu sittata ashara diikan
I slaughtered sixteen roosters.

This boy (young man) is Hdha al-waladu umruhu tisa nineteen years old. ashrata sanatan
In these examples, the first part of the number is opposite in gender to the numbered noun, while the second part is similar to it.
Now we will explain the word-ending of the number and the numbered noun. o The two parts of the composite number for numbers from 13 to 19 e.g.
" )thalathata ashara" (thirteen) - have a fixed vowel, namely )short vowel Fata, at the end of both parts. )short vowel
The numbered noun in this case always ends with a (
Fata. Take the following examples:

Fi qaryati saba ashrata ilatan
There are seventeen families in our village.
Fi fali tisata ashara adiiqan
I have nineteen friends in the class.
[Note that the "n" at the end of ilatan and adiiqan is the (
)Tanwn
(nunation; the root to pronounce the letter N), but both words end with the short vowel Fata]
Lesson 26
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13
Numbers (20, 30, 40 etc.) -
" )alfaah
There are numbers in the Arabic language that are called (
al-uquud" (20, 30, 40 etc.):
Numbers in letters (accusative or genitive
Numbers in letters Numbers in digits
case)
(nominative case)
20
ishriina
ishruun
30
thalathiin
thalathuun
40
arbaiin
arbauun
50
khamsiin
khamsuun
60
sittiin
sittuun
70
sabiin
sabuun
thmnuun 80
thmniin

90
tisiin
tisuun
Alfaah al-uquud are declinable, to which the rules of (
"amu mudhakkar slim" (regular masculine plural) are applied. They always end
with (
-" )uun" or (-" )iin" according to their position in the sentence. Here
are some examples:
English:
Transliteration:
Arabic:
Twenty Muslims came
a ishruun musliman
The Muslims came
a al-muslimuun
The Muslim came
a al-muslimu
I saw twenty Muslims
Ra'aytu ishriin musliman
I saw the Muslims
Ra'aytu al-muslimiin
I saw the Muslim
Ra'aytu al-muslima
Askunu maa ishriin I live with twenty Muslims musliman
I live with the Muslims
Askunu maa al-muslimiin
I live with the Muslim
Askunu maa al-muslimi
Sometimes a composite number consists of two numbers connected with (wa and), such as:

These are twenty-one teachers
Huli widun wa ishruun ustdhan

These are twenty-one lady teachers
Huli ida wa ishruun ustdhatan

I read twenty-five books
Qaratu khamsatan wa ishruun kitban

My friend read twenty-seven stories
Darasa adiiqi saban wa ishriin qissatan

The price of my clothes is fifty-five pounds.
Thawbi bikhamsatin wa khamsiin unaihan
I wrote the lesson in twenty-two papers.
Katabtu ad-darsa fi ithnataini wa ishriin waraqatan

I have twenty-two garments.
Indi ithnn wa ishriina ilbban
We notice here that the first number before (
) "wa" (and) is similar to the numbers )
1 and 2, as we studied in the previous part. This means that numbers (
"wid" (one) and (
" )ithnn" (two) should be masculine or feminine according
to the numbered noun. For example, the numbers in the following sentences are masculine because the numbered noun in each is masculine:
Huli widun wa ishruuna ustadhan
These are twenty-one teachers.

indi ithnni wa ishruun ilbban
I have twenty-two garments.
The numbers in the following sentences are feminine because the numbered noun in each is feminine:

Huli ida wa ishruuna ustadhatan
These are twenty-one lady teachers.

Katabtu ad-darsa fi ithnatayni wa ishriin waraqatan
I wrote the lesson in twenty-two papers.
As a revision of lessons 19 and 20 - we have already learnt that the numbers from 3 to 9 should be opposite to the numbered noun, i.e. the first part should be masculine if the numbered noun is feminine. For example:

Darasa adiiqi saban wa ishriin qiatan
My friend studied twenty-seven stories.
Alternatively, the first part should be feminine if the numbered noun is masculine. For example:

Thawbi bikhamsatin wa khamsiin unayhan
(I bought) my garment (for) fifty-five pounds.
Note: the numbered noun after the decade numbers is always singular and in the
accusative case (mansb
( )ending, originally, with the short fatah, a).
For example:

Male professor/teacher
Ustdhan

Female professor/teacher
Ustdhatan
Book
Kitban

Story
Qiatan

Pound
unayhan

Paper
Waraqatan

Long garment (for men and women)
ilbban
Lesson 26
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Hundreds and thousands
The last lesson in the composite number is the numbers of hundreds and thousands, as follows:
500
400
300
200
100
khamsumiah
arbaumiah
thalthmiah
miatn
miah
1000
900
800
700
600
alf
tisumiah
thamnimiah
sabumiah
sittumiah
5000
4000
3000
2000
khamsatu alf
arbaatu alf
thalthatu alf
alfn
9000
8000
7000
6000
tisatu alf
thamnitu alf
sabatu alf
sittatu alf
These numbers are declinable on the short vowels of declension based on their case e.g.: o o o Short fatah a in accusative case short kasrah i in genitive case short ammah u in nominative case
Sign of declension
Sentence and numbers
)(
Ending in short ammah (u)
a miatu raulin
One hundred men came.
)(
Raaytu miata raulin Ending in short fatah (a) I saw one hundred men.
)(
Dhahabtu maa miati raulin Ending in short kasrah (i) I went out with one hundred men.
The short vowels (ammah, fatah and kasrah) appear on the first part of the
composite numbers from 300 (thalthumiah) to 900 (tisumiah), such as (
"thalth" (three), (
" )arba" (four), (" )khams" (five), (" )tis"
(nine), etc, and the second part (
" )miah" (hundred) always ends with the short
vowel kasrah "i", for example:
Sign of declension
)(
Istamarra al-Islam fi al-andalus akthara min thamniEnding in short kasrah (i) miati min
Islam continued in Andalusia more than eight hundred
years.
)(
Ending in short fatah (a)
Qaratu al-yawma arbaa-miati baytin min ash-shir
I read four hundred lines of verse today.
)(
Haara thalthu-miati raulun ila amriica Ending in short ammah (u) Three hundred men emigrated to America.
Numbers 1000 "alf", 2000 "alfn", 3000 "thalthatu alf", etc., have the same rules of tens numbers 100, 200, 300, etc. For example:
Sign of declension
)(
Ending in short ammah (u)
a alfu raulin
One thousand men came.
)(
Raaytu alfa raulin Ending in short fatah (a) I saw one thousand men.
)(
Dhahabtu maa alfi raulin Ending in short kasrah (i) I went out with one thousand men.
)(
Haara thalthatu alfi raulun ila amriica Ending in short ammah (u) Three thousand men emigrated to America.
)(
Ending in short fatah (a) Qaratu al-yawma thalthata alfi baytin min ash-shir
I read three thousand lines of verse today.
)(
Rtibi aktharu min thalthati alfi unayhin Ending in short kasrah (i) My salary is over three thousand pounds.
Note: the numbered noun after numbers of hundreds and thousands is always singularLesson 26
Part
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Revision -
Vocabulary Revision
Units of Ten
Slaughtered
numbers
My salary
Rooster
Emigrated
Invoked
Rent
Engineer
Line of verse
Club
Died
Family
Attended
Stayed
Live
Floor
Meeting
Pray
War
Rakah
Cow
Paper
Field
Garment
Dictionary
Fasted
Continued
and marr (
( )endinLesson 27
The Maqr, Manq and Mamdd Nouns -
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Introduction
In this lesson, we will study the nouns that end with vowels In-Sh-Allh (GodWilling). The vowels are described as weak letters that cannot have diacritic signs (e.g. ammah, fatah, kasrah, sukn). The importance of this is that these words do not change in the physical sense in different cases e.g. the word is said to have an assumed Kasrah even though in reality it has no Kasrah visible.
The weak letters in the Arabic language are ( ) "alif", (
) "ww", and () "y'". We
will find that some Arabic nouns end with an alif maqrah, and are therefore called
" )maqr noun or ism maqr" [a noun ending with a long alif /-
/]. Look at the examples below, pay particular attention to coloured words in the 2nd and 3rd examples which would normally end with a Kasrah on the last letter but have no vowel mark:

aara Muaf il al-mustashf
Mustafa came to the hospital.
satazru ukht Hud Pars
My sister Huda will visit Paris.
yalisu ab al al-maqh
My father sits at a caf.
Some Arabic nouns end with the letter (
(y) /-/ and are called (
" )manq noun or ism manq" [a noun ending with the long vowel '']. The same rule as discussed above regarding diacritical marks applies here.
Notice for example that normally the word in the first sentence below would have a
ammah as it is in the nominative case (as it is the subject of a verbal sentence) please view the examples below:
aara al-q mubakkira-n
The judge came early.
al-thawbu al-ghl amlu-n
The expensive garment is beautiful.
ismu akh Shd
My brother is called Shadi
There is a third type of noun, which does not end with a vowel but with a (
"hamzah" [glottal stop], which is a semi-weak letter. This type of nouns is called
" ) mamdd noun, or ism mamdd" [a noun ending with a hamzah )preceded by a long alif]
al-awwu nahfu-n fi a-ar
Air is clean in the desert.
Ismu ukht asn
My sister's name is Hasn
Hdhih aqbatu-n zarqu
This is a blue bag
We will also learn how we can write the dual and plural of these numerals In-ShAllh (God Willing). For example:
Plural in the
Dual in the
Plural in the
accusative and Dual in the
accusative and
nominative
genitive cases nominative case
genitive cases
case
Type
Word

Musafayna

Maqr
Musafawna
Musafayni
Musafayayni
Musaf

Qdna Qna Qiyni Qiyayni Q
Manq
Bannni
Bannni
Bannni
Bannayni
Mamdd
Bann
g with the short kasrah i).
Lesson 27
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
The maqr noun -
In Arabic we call a noun that fulfils the following criteria a Maqr noun [a noun ending with a long fatah '-']:
The noun ends with the alif Maqrah (e.g.
The letter before the alif Maqrah has a fatah on it.
The noun is a declinable noun (
.)Thus, the word (" )al'
is not a maqr noun, because it is a preposition, not a noun. The same also
applies to the word (
"yas" because it is a verb and the
demonstrative noun (
" )hdh" because it is an indeclinable noun.
We have learnt that when a word is affected by declension as a result of a certain rule in grammar, the last letter is normally affected by taking a certain diacritical mark (e.g. fatah, ammah, kasrah). For example, al al maktabi upon the table, al maktabi takes a Kasrah on the last letter because it is preceded by a preposition (ala meaning on).
However, in this lesson we learn that in certain cases there is an assumed declension i.e we assume that the word is in a certain case but we do not see the physical Kasrah as the example above shows. This may appear to be a difficult concept to grasp but it is quite simple i.e. we do not put the normal diacritical mark on the letter but we assume that it is there.
The diacritical signs of declension are assumed and do not appear on the long Alif of the maqr noun. For example:
Murtada attended the meeting.
)(
aara Murta al-itima
It is nominative case with an assumed ammah (not visible)

I saw Murtada in the school.
)(
Raaytu Murta fi al-
Madrasah
It is accusative case with an assumed fatah

I went with Murtada to the club.
)(
It is genitive case with an
A dhahabtu maa Murta il
assumed kasrah
al-nd
The word Murta is a masculine noun in the nominative case in the first sentence. The sign of the nominative case is an assumed ammah, because it is the verb doer i.e. the subject of the verbal sentence.
In the second sentence, the same word is in the accusative case because it is the object of the verbal sentence i.e. the thing / person upon which the action is done. In the third sentence the word is in the genitive case. In all of them, the sign of
declension is (
" )muqaddarah" assumed or virtual. This means that the three " ) irb taqdr", i.e.
signs are not spoken and this is called (
assumed or virtual declension that is, it does not appear on the word-final.
This applies to all maqr nouns. For example:
Picture
Sentence
nmat salm mubakkiratan
Salma slept early.
hdhihi ukht layl
This is my sister Layla.
al-baytu huwa maw al-usrah
Home is the shelter of the family.
ismu akh mus
My brother's name is Musa.
Lesson 27
Part
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
The manq noun -
The declinable noun (
)ending with the letter () "y" /-/ preceded " ) manq noun". That is, it is a noun ,)q
by a short kasrah is called (
ending with a long y /-/ preceded by a short kasrah, such as s (
,)ghl ( ,)etc.
These are the same conditions that we described
above in section 2 relating to the Maqr noun. The diacritical signs of declension only appear when the manq noun is in the accusative case. For example:
Sentence
Transliteration
Translation
raytu q-a al-madnah
I saw the judge of the city
If the manq noun is in the nominative or genitive cases, the diacritical signs (ammah in the nominative and kasrah in the genitive cases) do not appear. For example:
Declension
Sentence
Transliteration
Translation
The judge of the a q al-madnah

city came. Nominative

hdh baytu al-q

This is the judge's house. Genitive
The letter (
"y" /-/ is always omitted in the manq noun except in the
following three cases:
1- When it is preceded by definite article (
" )al-":
a al-q
The judge came.
2- When it is (
) "muf" (annexed) (the first part of a construct phrase:
a q al-madnah
The judge of the city came.
3- When it comes in the accusative case with the diacritical sign of short fatah:
Raaytu qiya-n
I saw a judge.
In cases other than the three mentioned above, the (
) "y" of the manq noun is
omitted, and it is written with tanwn (an un-voweled nn at the end of a noun). For example:
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Definite,
prefixed with
hdh al-q
zara ab al-nd
This is the judge.
My father visited the club.
hdh baytu al-q
This is the judge's home.
Annexed (muf)

Not prefixed
with (
marartu bi-nd a-aydi hdh q al-madnah ana uibbu ndiya al-shams I passed by the Shooting This is the city's judge. I love al-Shams Club. Club.
Indefinite,

hdh qi-n
without (
,)
marartu bindi-n kabri-n
and not raa akh nadiya-n kabra-n annexed This is a judge. I passed by a big club.
My brother saw a big club.
In column 1 (examples on the nominative), the ammah does not appear on the
word (
" )al q" (the judge) in the first sentence, but we write the letter
) "y" because the manq noun is prefixed with the definite (" )al-". )the ammah does
In the second sentence of this column: (
not appear on the word (
" )q" (judge), because it is an annexing noun. " )hdh qi-n" (This is a
In the third sentence of the first column: (
judge), the y is omitted because the word "q" is indefinite (not prefixed with
,))and not annexing to another noun.
What has been said about the nominative case in which the diacritical sign ammah is assumed or virtual is also applied to the genitive case, so the diacritical sign of
kasrah is assumed. The omission of the final-word (
"y" /-/ depends on
whether the word is definite, indefinite, or annexed. The accusative case is the only different case where the diacritical sign fatah
appears on the manq noun. The final-word (
) "y" /-/ in the manq noun is
always written. This is because the (
is omitted when the manq noun is
indefinite, not annexed, or not in the accusative case ending with the short fatah.
But when it ends with the short fatah, the letter (
) is written, even if the word is
not annexed or indefinite. Consider examples no. (2):
""
zara ab al-ndiy-a accusative and definite My father visited the club.
""
ra akh ndiya-n kabra-n
My brother saw a big club. In the accusative and indefinite
an uibbu ndiya al-shams In the accusative and annexed I love al-Shams Club.
""
ra ab ndiya-n kabra-n
My father saw a big club. In the accusative, indefinite and not annexed

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Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols

The Arabic language

Sample Arabic text

Sample Arabic text (with diacritics)

write books gold

about the "Ta' Marboota" to understand its concept for a start.

Save Viewing Arabic Text NEW: Arabic Store

Click to listen to the word:

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The word "Eeman" (which means "faith") is written as follows:

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ARABIC ALPHABET- NAMES

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ARABIC SHORT VOWEL-MARKS OVERVIEW

The Single Vowel-Marks:

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The 'u' in put

The 'i' in sit

The 'a' in /ba/

English word with similar sound

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The 'on' in dragon

The 'in' in sin

The 'an' in ran

English word with similar sound

SHORT VOWEL MARKS- FATAH

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SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRA

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ORT VOWEL MARKS- DAMMA

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SHORT VOWEL MARKS- FATATAIN

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SHORT VOWEL MARKS- KASRATAIN

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SHORT VOWEL MARKS- AMMATAIN

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THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- ALIF AL-MADD

A letter used to lengthen the sound of the vowel.

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THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- YAA AL-MADD

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THE LONG VOWEL MARKS- WAAW AL-MADD

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SUKUUN AND SHADDAH

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ARABIC ALPHABET- JOINED FORM

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 1

(i.e. how the Meaning letters will look

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 2

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 3

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 4

(i.e. to see how each letter

Letters on their own

has changed - joined form)

ARABIC READING PRACTICE 5

(i.e. to see how each letter has

Letters on their own

changed - joined form)

Iron (for ironing)

In Part 1 of Lesson 1 we learn how to use the pronoun

which means 'This' but is