BI GING MN HC

K THUT SIU CAO TN

Chng 1: GII THIU
1.
Khi nim, quy c cc di tn s sng in t
2.
M hnh thng s tp trung v thng s phn b.
3.
Lch s v ng dng
Chng 2: L THUYT NG DY TRUYN SNG.
2.1 M hnh mch cc phn t tp trung cho ng dy truyn sng
2.2 Phn tch trng trn ng dy
2.3 ng truyn khng tn hao c ti kt cui
2.4 Gin Smith
2.5 B bin i bc sng
2.6 Ngun v ti khng phi hp tr khng
2.7 ng truyn tn hao
Bi tp chng
Chng 3: MNG SIU CAO TN
3.1 Tr khng, in p v dng tng ng
3.2 Ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn np
3.3 Ma trn tn x
3.4 Ma trn truyn (ABCD)
3.5 th dng tn hiu
Bi tp chng
Chng 4: PHI HP TR KHNG V IU CHNH
4.1 Gii thiu
4.2 Phi hp tr khng dng cc phn t tp trung (mng L)
4.3 Phi hp tr khng dng dy chm
4.4 B ghp bc sng
4.5 L thuyt phn x nh
4.6 B phi hp tr khng a on dng nh thc
4.7 B ghp di rng v tiu chun Bode Fano
Bi tp chng
Chng 5: CHIA CNG SUT V GHP NH HNG
5.1 Gii thiu
5.2 Cc c trng c bn
5.3 B chia cng sut hnh T
5.4 B chia cng sut Wilkinson
5.5 Ghp nh hng ng dn sng
5.6 Cc b lai (ghp hn tp)
Bi tp chng
Chng 6: CC B LC SIU CAO TN
6.1 Gii thiu
6.2 Cc cu trc tun hon
6.3 Thit k b lc dng phng php thng s nh
1

6.4 Thit k b lc dng phng php tn hao chn

6.5 Thit k b lc SCT
6.6 Mt s loi b lc thng gp
Bi tp chng
Chng 1:

GII THIU

1. Khi nim:
Khi nim siu cao tn c hiu ty theo trng phi hoc quc gia, c th t
30 MHz 300 GHz (1) hoc 300MHz 300 GHz (2),, hoc 1 GHz 300 GHz (3)
Cc di tn s
AM pht thanh 535 1605 kHz
L band
1 2 GHz
V tuyn sng ngn 3 30 MHz
S band
2 4 GHz
Pht thanh FM 88 108 MHz
C - band 4 8 GHz
VHF TV (2 4) 54 72 MHz
X band 8 12 GHz
VHF TV (5 6) 76 88 MHz
Ku band 12 18 GHz
UHF TV (7 - 13) 174 - 216 MHz
K band 18 - 26 GHz
UHF TV (14 - 83) 470 - 894 MHz
Ka band 26 - 40 GHz
L vi ba
2.45 GHz
U band
40 60 GHz
* V tn s cao di microwaves nn l thuyt mch c s khng cn hiu lc,
do pha ca p dng thay i ng k trong cc phn t (cc phn t phn b).
* Thng s tp trung: l cc i lng c tnh in xut hin hoc tn ti
mt v tr xc nh no ca mch in. Thng s tp trung c biu din bi mt
phn t in tng ng (phn t tp trung Lumped circuit element), c th xc nh
hoc o c trc tip (chng hn R, C, L, ngun p, ngun dng).
* Thng s phn b: (distributed element) ca mch in l cc i lng c
tnh in khng tn ti duy nht mt v tr c nh trong mch in m c ri u
trn chiu di ca mch. Thng s phn b thng c dng trong lnh vc SCT,
trong cc h thng truyn sng (ng dy truyn sng, ng dn sng, khng gian t
do) Thng s phn b khng xc nh bng cch o c trc tip.
* Trong lnh vc SCT, khi so snh c vi kch thc ca mch th phi xt
cu trc ca mch nh mt h phn b. ng thi khi xt h phn b, nu ch xt mt
phn mch in c kch thc << th c th thay tng ng phn mch in ny
bng mt mch in c thng s tp trung n gin ha bi ton.
2. Lch s v ng dng:
- Lnh vc SCT c coi nh mt chuyn ngnh c s, c nn mng c pht
trin trn 100 nm v c bit pht trin mnh do cc ng dng trong radar.
- S pht trin ca k thut SCT gn lin vi nhng thnh tu trong lnh vc
cc linh kin high frequency solid state devices, cc mch tch hp SCT v cc
vi h hin i.
- Maxwell (1873) trng in t Heaviside (1885 1887) l thuyt ng dn
sng Heinrich Hertz (1887 1891) th nghim ng dn sng Radiation
Laboratory Massachusetts Intitute of Tech. (MIT)
2

* ng dng:
- Anten c li cao
- Thng tin bng rng (dung lng ln), chng hn rng bng 1% ca tn s
600 MHz l 6 MHz ( l rng ca mt knh TV n l), 1% 60 GHz l 600 MHz
(cha c 100 knh TV). y l tiu chun quan trng v cc di tn c th s dng
ngy cng t i.
- Thng tin v tinh vi dung lng ln do sng SCT khng b b cong bi tng
ion
- Lnh vc radar v din tch phn x hiu dng ca mc tiu t l vi kch
thc in ca mc tiu v kt hp vi cao li ca angten trong di SCT.
- Cc cng hng phn t, nguyn t, ht nhn xy ra vng tn s SCT do
k thut SCT c s dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc c bn, cm bin t xa, chn
tr y hc v nhit hc.
* Cc lnh vc ng dng chnh hin nay l raar v cc h thng thng tin:
- Tm kim, nh v mc tiu cho cc h thng iu khin giao thng, d tm
ha tin, cc h thng trnh va chmj, d bo thi tit
- Cc h thng thng tin: Long haul telephone, data and TV transmissions;
wireless telecom. Nh DBS: Direct Broadcast Satellite television; PCSs: Personal
communications systems; WLANS: wireless local area computer networks; CV:
cellular video systems; GPS: Global positioning satellite systems, hot ng trong di
tn t 1.5 n 94 GHz.

Chng 2: L THUYT NG DY TRUYN

SNG
2.1 M hnh mch cc phn t tp trung cho mt
ng dy truyn sng
1) M hnh:
- Khc bit mu cht gia l thuyt mch v l thuyt ng dy l ch kch
thc in. LTM gi thit kch thc ca mch nh hn rt nhiu so vi bc sng,
trong khi l thuyt ng dy kho st cc mch c kch thc so snh c vi
bc sng, tc l coi ng dy nh l mt mch c thng s phn b, trong p v
dng c th c bin v pha thay i theo chiu di ca dy.
- V cc ng truyn cho sng TEM lun c t nht hai vt dn nn thng thng
chng c m t bi hai dy song hnh, trn mi on c chiu di z c th
c coi nh l mt mch c phn t tp trung vi R, L, G, C l cc i lng tnh
trn mt n v chiu di.
Hnh (2.1)
R: in tr ni tip trn mt n v chiu di cho c hai vt dn, /m
L: in cm ni tip trn mt n v o chiu di cho c hai vt dn, H/m
G: Dn np shunt trn n v chiu di, S/m.
C: in dung shunt trn n v chiu di, F/m
* L biu th t cm tng ca hai vt dn v C l in dung do v tr tng i
gn nhau ca hai vt dn. R xut hin do dn in hu hn ca cc vt dn v G
m t tn hao in mi trong vt liu phn cch cc vt dn. Mt on dy hu hn
c th coi nh mt chui cc khu nh (hnh 2.1)
- p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho hnh 2.1 =>
( z , t ) R zi ( z , t ) L z

i ( z , t )
( z + z , t ) = 0
t

i ( z , t ) G z ( z + z , t ) C z

( z + z , t )
i ( z + z , t ) = 0
t

Ly gii hn (2.1a) v (2.1b) khi z

( z , t )
i( z , t )
= Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t
i ( z , t )
( z , t )
= G ( z , t ) C
z
t

(2.1a)
(2.1b)

0 =>

(2.2a)
(2.2b)

y l cc phng trnh dng time domain ca ng dy (trong min thi

gian), cn c tn l cc phng trnh telegraph.

Nu v (z, t) v i (z, t) l cc dao ng iu ha dng phc th (1.2)

V ( Z )
z
I ( Z )
z

= ( R + j L ) I ( Z )

(2.3a)

= ( G + j C )V ( Z )

(2.3b)

Ch : (2.3) C dng tng t hai phng trnh u ca h phng trnh Maxwell

E = j H

H = j E
2) S truyn sng trn ng dy
D thy c th a (2.3 a,b) v dng
d 2V ( Z )

2V ( Z ) = 0

(2.4a)

2 I (Z ) = 0

(2.4b)

z
d 2 I (Z )
z

Trong l hng s truyn sng phc, l mt hm ca tn s. Li gii dng sng

chy ca (2.4) c th tm di dng :
V ( Z ) = V o+ e Z + V o e Z

(2.5a)

I ( Z ) = I o+ e Z + I o e Z

(2.5b)

T 2.5b c th vit di dng :

I(Z )

Vo+ Z Vo Z
=
e
e
Zo
Zo

(2.6)

Chuyn v min thi gian th sng in p c th c biu din bi :

( z , t ) = Vo+ cos( t z + + ) e z + Vo cos( t + z + ) ez

(2.7)

Trong : l gc pha ca in p phc Vo ,

=

Khi bc sng c tnh bi :

Vn tc pha :

p =

= f

(2.8)

(2.9)

3) ng dy khng tn hao:
(2.7) l nghim tng qut cho ng dy c tn hao vi hng s truyn v tr
khng c trng c dng phc. Trong nhiu trng hp thc t tn hao ng dy rt
b, c th b qua khi c th coi R = G = 0 v ta c
= + j = ( R + j L )(G + j C ) = j LC

(2.10)

=> = 0, = LC

Tr khng c trng:

Z0 =

L
C

l mt s thc

(2.11)

Khi :

V ( Z ) = V o+ e j Z + V o e j Z

(2.12a)

I ( Z ) = I o+e jZ + Ioe jZ

(2.12b)

p =

(2.13)

LC

1
=

LC

(2.14)

2.2 TRNG TRN NG DY

Trong tit ny chng ta s tm li cc thng s R, L, G, C t cc vector
trng v p dng cho trng hp c th l ng truyn ng trc.
1, Cc thng s ng truyn
Xt on dy ng nht, di 1m vi cc vect E, vect H nh hnh v
- S: Din tch mt ct ca dy
- Gi thit V0e j z v I0e j z l p v dng gia cc vt dn.
- Nng lng t trng trung bnh tch t trn 1m dy c dng

Wm =

H .H
4
s

ds => L =

I0

H .H

ds ( H / m )

(2.15)

Tng t in nng trung bnh tch t trn n v chiu di l:

Wl =

E *

E
.
E
ds
=>
C
=
4 s
V0

*
E .E ds ( F / m )

(2.16)

- Cng sut tn hao trn mt n v chiu di do dn in hu hn ca vt

dn kim loi l:
6

Pc =
Vi Rs =
-

*
H .H dl

(Gi thit H nm trn S)

C1 +C2

l in tr b mt ca kim loi

Theo L thuyt mch =>

R=
-

Rs
2

Rs
I0

H .H

dl ( / m)

(2.17)

C1 +C2

Cng sut tn hao in mi trung bnh trn n v chiu di l :

Pd =

''

E .E

ds

'
''
'
Vi '' l phn o ca hng s in mi phc = j = (1 jtg )
Theo LTM => li G l:

G=

''

E .E

ds ( S / m )
(2.18)
V0 S
2, V d: Cc thng s ng dy ca ng truyn ng trc trng ca sng TEM
trong ng truyn ng trc c th biu din bi :

V z
E= 0
e ,
b
ln
a

I
H = 0 e z ,
2

= ' j '' ,

= 0 .r

( v l cc vector n v theo phng v )

=>

L=

2 b 1
b

=
ln (H / m)
d
d
2 0 a 2

2
a

(2 )

2 '
(F / m)
C =
b
ln
a

R=

Rs 1 1
( + )( / m )
2 a b

2 "
G=
( S / m)
b
ln
a

* Cc thng s ng truyn ca mt s loi ng dy

d
D

L
cosh1 ( )
W

2a
C

'

'W

Cosh 1 ( D / 2a)

2 Rs
W

Rs
a

R
G

'

"W

Cosh 1 ( D / 2a)

3, Hng s truyn sng, tr khng c tnh v dng cng sut

- Cc phng trnh telegraph (2.3 a,b) c th thu c t h phng trnh
Maxwell
- Xt ng truyn ng trc trn c sng TEM c c trng bi:

Ez = Hz = 0 v
= 0 (do tnh i xng trc)

H phng trnh Maxwell

x E = - j H (2.19a)
(2.19b)
xH=jE
vi = j (c tn hao in mi, b qua tn hao in dn)
(2.19) c th c trin khai thnh:

E E 1
+
+z
( E ) = j ( H + H )
z
z

H
H

+z
( E ) = j ( E + E )
+

z

z

(2.20a)
(2.20b)

V thnh phn z phi trit tiu nn :

E =

f( z )

(2.21a)

g
H = (z)

(2.21b)

- iu kin bin EQ = 0 ti = a, b => EQ = 0 ti mi ni

t (2.20a) => H = 0; khi c th vit li :
E
= jH
z
H
= jE
z

(2.22a)
(2.22b)

T dng H (2.21b) v (2.22a) =>

E =

hz

(2.23)

- S dng (2.21b) v (2.23) =>

h( z )
= jg ( z )
z
g ( z )
= jh( z )
z

(2.24a)
(2.24b)

=> - in p gia hai vt dn c dng:

V( z ) =

=a

E ( , z )d = h( z ).ln

b
a

(2.25a)

- Dng in ton phn trn vt dn trong ti = a c dng:

8

I(z) =

=0

H (a, z )a.d = 2 .g ( z )

(2.25b)

- Kt hp gia (2.24) v (2.25) =>

V ( z )
= jLI ( z )
z
I ( z )
= (G + jC )V ( z )
z

(2.26a)
(2.26b)

* Hng s truyn sng :

2 E

+ 2 E = 0
Z 2
2 = 2 => = + j

(2.27)

Vi mi trng khng tn hao =>

= j vi = = LC
(2.28)
* Tr khng sng :
E

=
=
=
Z =
(2.29)
H

Vi l tr khng ni ca mi trng
* Tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn ng trc
b
b
E ln
ln
V0
a =
a =
Z0 =
=
I0
2H
2

ln

a
2

(2.30)

* Dng cng sut (theo hng lan truyn Z) c th dc tnh qua vector
Poynting:
2

1
1
P = E H .dS =
2S
2 =0 = a

V0 I 0*
2 2 ln

b
a

1
2

.d .d = V0 I 0*

(2.31)

(2.29) trng vi kt qu ca l thuyt mch. iu ny chng t cng sut c

truyn i bi s lan truyn ca trng in t gia hai vt dn.

2.3 NG TRUYN KHNG TN HAO

C TI KT CUI
1, H s phn x in p:

- Xt ng truyn khng tn hao c ti u cui vi tr khng ZL.

Khi s xut hin sng phn x trn ng truyn. y l c trng c
s ca cc h phn b
Gi thit c mt sng ti c dng: V0+ e j z c pht bi mt ngun nh x
min Z<0. T s ca p trn dng ca sng chy ny l Z0. V c ti u cui vi
VL
tr khng ZL nn xut hin sng phn x c bin xc nh tha mn ZL = I . Khi
L
:

- in p tng cng c dng :

V ( Z ) = V 0+ e

j z

+ V 0 e

j z

(2.32a)
9

- Dng tng :
I (Z ) =

V 0+ j z V 0 j z
e

e
Z0
Z0

(2.32b)

- Ti u cui ta c iu kin bin (z = 0)

ZL =

V 0+ + V 0
Z Z0 +
Z 0 => V 0 = L
V0
+

ZL + Z0
V0 V0

* nh ngha h s phn x bin in p :

=

V0 Z L Z 0
=
V0+ Z L + Z 0

(2.33)

Khi =>
V( Z ) = V0+ e jz + e jz

I(Z )

[
V
[e
=
Z
+
0

jz

+ e jz

(2.34a)

(2.34b)

- Sng p v dng dng (2.32) l chng cht ca sng ti v sng phn x, gi

l; sng ng. Ch khi = 0 mi khng c sng phn x. nhn c = 0 th ZL
= Z0, khi ta ni ti cn bng tr khng (ph hp tr khng) vi ng dy (hay ti
phi hp)
2, T s sng ng: (SWR: Standing ware ratio)
- Dng cng sut trung bnh dc theo ng truyn ti im Z:
2

+
1
1 V0
2
*
Pav = Re V( Z ) .I ( Z ) =
Re 1 * e 2 jz + e 2 jz
2
2 Z0

=>

+
1 V0
2
Pav =
1
2 Z0

(2.35)

- Nhn xt: Dng cng sut trung bnh bng const ti mi im trn ng
truyn. Cng sut ton phn t trn ti Pav bng cng sut sng n
2

cng sut phn x

V0+
2Z 0

V0+

2Z 0

tr i

nu = 0 cng sut tiu th trn ti cc i (gi thit my

pht c phi hp tr khng vi ng dy sao cho khng c sng phn x t min

Z < 0.)
- Khi ti khng phi hp vi tr khng (mismatched) s c tn hao quay ngc
(return loss RL):
RL = - 20 lg ( dB)
(2.36)
+ Nhn xt:
o Vi ti phi hp ( = 0 ) RL = dB
o Vi ti phn x ton phn (= 1) RL = 0 dB
- Khi ti phi hp ( = 0) th bin in p V(z)= V0+= const, ng dy
c gi l phng (flat).
- Khi ti khng phi hp tn ti sng phng x xut hin sng ng (bin
p trn ng dy khng bng hng).
10

T (2.34a) V ( Z ) = V 0+ 1 + .e

j ( 2 l )

(2.37)

Trong : - l : khong cch tnh t ti z = 0

- : pha ca h s phn x = .e j
=> Nhn xt: + Bin in p dao ng theo ta
+ V( Z ) = Vmax

e j ( 2 l ) =1

= V0+ 1 +

(2.38)

+ Nu tng th t s Vmax/Vmin tng theo, do Vmax/Vmin c th

dng o s mt phi hp tr khng (mismatch) ca ng dy, gi l t s sng
ng (Standing ware ratio, SWR):
SWR =

Vmax 1 +
=
Vmin 1

(2.39)

hay Voltage_SWR, hay VSWR

Nhn xt:
+ 1 SWR , SWR = 1 matched Load
+ Khong cch gia hai cc i lin tip l:
l = 2

+ Khong cch gia 2 cc tr lin tip l

l=

vi :bc sng =

+ nh ngha (2.31) v c th tng qut ha cho mi im l trn ng dy

nh sau: vi = l
T s thnh phn phn x trn thnh phn ti l:
( l ) =

V0e jl
= ( 0 ) e jl
+ j l
V0 e

(2.40)

Vi (0) l h s phn x ti Z = 0 cho bi (2.31)

- V dng cng sut bng const, m bin in p thay i theo l tr khng
vo ca on dy l + ti phi thay i.
=> nh ngha tr khng vo ca on dy l + ti nhn theo hng thun

11

Z in =

V( l )
I (l)

1 + e 2 jl
Z0
1 e 2 j l

(2.41)

Dng (2.31) =>

Z in = Z 0

Z L + jZ 0 tgl
Z 0 L + jZ L tgl

(2.42)

3, Cc trng hp c bit:
a) Ngn mch u cui: ZL = 0
-

t (2.31) => = 1

t (2.37) => SWR =

+
t (2.32) => V( Z ) = 2 jV0 sin z

I (Z )

2V0+
=
cos z
Z0

(2.43a)

(2.43b)

=> V= 0 ti u cui v I = max

-

t (2.40) => r khng vo ca on dy l l:

Z in = jZ o tg l

(2.43c)

=> Zin thun phc, Zin = 0 khi l = 0, Z in = (h mch) khi l = 4

Zin bin thin tun hon theo l vi chu k 2
b) H mch u cui: Z L = , t (2.31) => = 1, SWR =

V( Z ) = 2V0+ cos z
I (Z )

2 jV0+
sin z
=
Z0

=> I = 0 ti Z = 0, V = Vmax ,

(2.44a)

(2.44b)

Z in ( l ) = jZ o cot g l

(2.44c)

c) S thay i ca Zin(l)
Z i n (l = /2) = ZL

(2.45)

(t 2.40) on dy di nguyn ln na bc sng khng lm thay i tr

khng ti bt k gi tr ca tr khng c trng.
12

Z02
Zi n (l = /4) = Z
L

(2.46)

on bin i mt phn t bc sng v n bin i nghch o ZL

d) Ghp hai ng dy : Dng ng dy c tr khng c trng Z0 nui ng dy
c tr khng c trng khc Z1
Gi thit b qua sng phn x t ng dy Z1 ( tc n di hoc c kt
cui bi ti c tr khng bng Z1)
Khi :

Z1 - Z0
=Z +Z
1

(2.47)

Nhn xt:
- Khng phi tt c cc sng ti u b phn x, mt s s truyn tip ln
ng dy th hai vi bin xc nh bi h s truyn T
- T (1.32a) vi z < 0
V( Z ) Z <0 = V0+ e jz + e jz
(2.48a)
vi z > 0
V( Z ) Z >0 = V0+ e jz
(2.48b)
(B qua sng phn x trn ng dy 2)
- Cn bng (2.46 a) v (2.46b) ti z = 0

Z1 - Z0
2Z1
T=1+=1+Z +Z = Z +Z
(2.49)
1
0
1
0
- H s truyn gia hai im ca mt mch thng c biu din theo dB,
gi l tn hao chn (IL: Insertion loss)
IL = - 20 lg T (dB)

(2.50)

Ph ch: - T s bin theo n v Nepers (Np)

V1
lnV (Np)
2
- T s cng sut theo Np:
P1
ln P (Np)
2

1Np tng ng vi t s cng sut = e2

1Np = 10 lg e2 = 8,686 dB

13

2.4 GIN SMITH

- Gin Smith, do P. Smith a ra nm 1939 ti Bell Telephone Laboratories, l
phng php th c dng rng ri nht cho cc bi ton v tr khng v cc
hin tng trn ng dy truyn sng.
1. th Smith: Thc cht l th cc ca h s phn x in p .
- Gi s c th c biu din di dng cc (theo bin v pha) = e j .
Khi mi gi tr c biu din bi 1 im trong h ta cc.
Z
- Trong ta Smith ngi ta dng tr khng chun ha Z = Z thay Z.
0
- Vi ng dy khng tn hao c kt ni vi ti ZL th h s phn x c th
c vit qua tr khng chun ha nh sau:
=

ZL 1
= e j
ZL +1

(2.51)

ZL
Vi ZL = Z l tr khng ti chun ha. t quan h ny
0

ZL =

1 + e j

(2.52)

1 e j

- Nu t = r + j i v zL = rL + j xL th t (2.50)
rL =

xL =

1 r2 i2

(2.53a)

(1 r )2 + i2
2i

(2.53b)

(1 r )2 + i2

- Vit li (2.51) di dng phng trnh ng trn :

r
r L
1 + rL

1
+ i2 =

1 + rL
2

(r 1) + i 1 = 1
xL

xL
2

(2.54a)

(2.54b)

y l cc phng trnh ca 2 h ng trn trong mt phng r, i

- (2.54a) biu din h cc ng trn in tr v (2.54b) biu din h cc ng
trn in khng.
* V d: Vi rL = 1 ng trn (2.54a) c tm ti r = 0,5, i = 0, bn knh bng
0,5.
* Ch :
- Tt c cc ng trn in tr (2.54a) u c tm nm trn trc honh
(i = 0) v i qua im (1, 0) hay im = 1 bn mp phi ca gin .
- Tm ca cc ng trn in khng (2.54b) nm trn trc ng i qua im
(1, 0) hay ng r = 1 v cng i qua im (1, 0) hay im = 1.
- Cc ng trn (2.54a) v (2.54b) lun vung gc nhau.
* ng dng: Gin Smith c th dng gii bng th phng trnh (2.42)
cho tr khng ng dy.
14

Z in =

1 + e 2 jl
Z0
1 e 2 jl

(2.55)

Vi l h s phn x ti ti u cui l l chiu di on dy.

- D thy (2.55) c dng tng t (2.52) ch khc s hng gc pha trong . Do
Zin
nu c th e j ti ti th tr khng vo chun ha Z nhn vo on dy l
0
cc th tm c bng cch quay im tha mn h (2.54) i theo chiu kim ng h
1 gc 2l quanh tm ca gin . (Bn knh gi nguyn v ln khng i dc
theo chiu ng dy.)
- d thc hin cc php quay ni trn, trn gin Smith c thang chia
theo n v bc sng theo 2 hng. V l thang tng i nn ch c s khc nhau
theo bc sng gia 2 im trn gin mi c ngha.
V d 1: Cho ti c tr khng ZL = 130 + j 90 () kt cui ng dy 50 c
chiu di 0,3 . Hy tm h s phn x ti ti v h s phn x ti u vo on
ng dy, tr kghng vo, h s SWR v RL.
ZL
Gii: Tr ti chun ha zL = Z = 2,60 + j 1,8
0
Tm giao im ng trn rL = 2,60 v xL = 1,8 trn gin M
dng compa o on OM ri i chiu vi thang c = 0,6
SWR = 3,98, RL = 4,4 dB
ko di on OM c c gc pha ca h s phn x ti ti theo vng
chia ngoi gin : 21,80
v vng trn bn knh OM
Tm v tr ca tia OM v vng chia theo bc sng hng v ngun pht
(WTG: Wavelengths toward generator) cho gi tr 0,22 .
di chuyn im 0,22 i mt on 0,3 v pha ngun s cho gi tr
0,52 ,gi tr ny ng vi 0,02 .V tia t tm 0 qua im 0,02 ,tia ny ct vng
trn bn knh OM ti im ng vi Zi n = 0,255 + j 0,117 sau
Z i n = Z0 Zin = 12,7 + j 5,8 ()
Gc pha ca ti u on ng dy l 165,80.
2. Gin Smith vi tr khng v dn np kt hp:
- Gin Smith c th s dng cho dn np chun ha theo cch tng t nh
vi tr khng chun ha v c th dng chuyn i gia tr khng v dn np.
- Tr khng vo ca on ng dy bc sng kt cui ti ZL l Zi n = 1/ZL,
y l c s chuyn i mt tr khng chun ha vi mt dn np chun ha.
- rng mt on bin i tng ng vi php quay 1800 quanh tm
ca gin , do im i xng tm ca 1 im tr khng (hoc im dn np) s l
mt im dn np (hay im tr khng) tng ng ca cng mt on dy c ti kt
cui. Vy cng mt gin Smith c th dng tnh tr khng v dn np cho cng
mt bi tan.
- trnh nhm ln, c th dng gin Smith kp bao gm c gin tr
khng v gin dn np, c dng tng t nhau ch l hnh nh i xng tm ca
nhau.
15

V d 2:
Cho ti ZL = 100 + j 50 kt cui ng dy c tr khng c trng 50 .
Tm dn np ca ti v dn np vo ca on ng dy 0,15 .
Gii: + Zl = 2 + j 1. c th tin hnh nh cc bc v d 1 ri quay gc /4
trong gin tr khng, sau quay gc 0,15 .
+
Cng c th v im zL ri c yL tng ng theo thang ca gin
dn np: yl = 0,40 j 0,20
yL
YL = yL . Y0 = Z = 0,008 j 0,004 (S)
0
Sau trn thang WTG tm im tham chiu tng ng 0,214 ,di chuyn
on 0,15 cho n 0,,364 , v tia qua im ny ri c im ct vi vng trn
SWR cho gi tr y = 0,61 + j 0,66 Y = 0,0122 + j 0,0132 (S)

2. 5 BIN I BC SNG
1) Tr khng:
Gi thit ti thun tr RL kt cui on /4 c tr khng c trng cn tm Z1
sao cho = 0 ti u vo ca n (on )
Z in = Z 1

RL + jZ 1tgl
Z1 + jRL tgl

(2.61)

Z 12
2
=> Z in =
l = , =
4
4
RL

(2.62)

(2.63)
= 0 cn c Z in = Z 0 => Z1 = Z 0 RL
=> Khng c sng ng trn feedline (SWR = 1).
2) p ng tn s:
V d: Xt ti RL = 100 ghp vi ng truyn 50 qua b ghp hy
v th bin ca h s phn x theo tn s chun ha f/f0 vi f0 l tn s m ti
chiu di on ghp bng /4
Z 1 = 50.100 = 70,71
Gii:
=

Z in Z 0
Z in + Z 0

vi Zin l hm ca tn s cho bi (2.46).

2 0 2f
=
4 p

l =

4 f
0

f
=
2 f0

16

2. 6 MY PHT V TI KHNG PHI HP TR KHNG

- Xt trng hp tng hp khi my pht v ti khng cn bng tr khng vi
ng truyn Z0. Tm iu kin cng sut my pht truyn n ti t cc i.
Z in =

Vi

l =

V( l )
I (l)

Zl Z0
Zl + Z0

Z + jZ 0 tg l
1 + l e 2 jl
Z0 = Z0 L
2 j l
Z 0 + jZ L tg l
1 l e

(2.67)
(2.68)

in p trn ng dy c th vit d dng

V( Z ) = V0+ e jz + l e jz

(2.69)

V0+ c th tm c nh iu kin bin ti z = l

Z in
V( l ) = Vg
= V0+ e jl + l e jl
Z in + Z g

Z in
1
jl
Z in + Z g e + l e jl

(2.70)

Z0
e j l
V = Vg
Z 0 + Z g 1 g l e 2 jl

(2.71)

g =

(2.72)

V0+ = Vg

=>
-

Dng (2.67)
+
0

Vi

Z g Z0

Z g + Z0

H s sng ng trn ng dy.

SWR =

1 + l

(2.73)

1 l

Cng sut t vo ti v ng truyn

1
P = Vg
2

1
Z in
Re
Z in + Z g
Z in

(2.74)

t Z in = Rin + jX in v Z g = R g + jX g
=>

P=

1
Vg
2

(R

Rin

+ R g ) + (X in + X g )
2

in

1
2

(Z

(2.75)

Zl = Z0 , l = 0, SWR = 1

a) Ti phi hp vi ng truyn:
Z in = Z 0 v P = Vg

Zo

+ Rg ) + X g2
2

(2.76)

b) My pht phi hp vi ng truyn c ti kt cui:

Z l , l, Z 0 c chn sao cho Z i n = Zg
17

Zi n - Zg
=Z +Z =0
in

(2.77)

(Lu : c th tn ti sng ng trn ng truyn nu l 0)

P=

1
Vg
2

Rg

4 Rg2 + X g2

(2.78)

Nhn xt: Cng sut (2.78) c th nh hn cng sut (2.76).

Cu hi: + Tr khng ti th no l ti u?
+ Tr khng vo ng truyn th no l ti u?
* Phi hp lin kt: Gi thit Zg c nh, tm Zin P t cc di sau s suy ra
Zl khi bit l. Cho o hm ca P theo phn thc v phn o ca Zin= 0 iu kin
phi tm.
T (2.75)
P
2
= 0 => Rg2 Rin2 + (X in + X g ) = 0
Rin

(2.79a)

P
= 0 => 2Xin (Xin + X g ) = 0
Xin

(2.79b)

T (2.79a,b) =>

Rin = Rg , Xin = Xg

Zin = Zg
Hay
(2.80) c gi l iu kin phi hp tr khng lin kt
*

(2.80)

Khi cng sut ri trn ti l cc i. (t 2.75)

P=

2 1
1
Vg
2
4 Rg

(2.81)

Nhn xt:
- Cng sut (2.81) ln hn (2.76) v (2.78)
- l, g, c th khc khng. V mt vt l iu c ngha l trong hin tng
a phn x c th xy ra hin tng ng pha dn ti cng sut ln hn khi ch c
sng ti.
- V phng din hiu qu th t hiu qu bcao c iu kin phi hp tr
khng (Zl = Z0) hay iu kin phi hp lin kt (Z i n = Zg*) vn cha . chng hn
khi Zg = Zl = Z0 ch c cng sut ca pht ri trn ti tc hiu sut l 50%. Hiu
sut ny ch c th c ci thin nh gim Zg nh c th c.
Bi tp chng
1. Cho ng truyn c L = 0,2 H/m, C = 300 p F/m, R = 5 /m v G = 0,01
S/m. Hy tnh hng s truyn sng v tr khng c trng ti tn s 500M Hz. Hy
xt trng hp khng hao tn.
2. Cho mt hnh T
CMR m hnh ny dn ti cng phng trnh Telegraph.
3. Mt ng truyn ng trc bng Cu vi bn knh vt dn trong l 1mm v
ngoi l 3mm. Lp in mi c r = 2,8 vi gc tn hao 0,005. Tnh R, L, G, C ti tn
s 3 GHz, tnh Z0 v vp.
18

4. Tnh v v th h s suy gim ca cp ng trc bi 3 theo dB trong

khong tn s t 1 MHz ti 10 GHz.
5. Cho ng truyn khng tn hao c chiu di in l = 0,3 kt cui ti ZL =
40 + j 20 (). Tm L, SWR trn on l v Z i n (l + ti)
6. Cho ng truyn khng tn hao kt cui ti 100 .
Tm Z0 nu bit SWR = 1,5
7. Mt my pht v tuyn c ni vi angten c tr khng 80 + j40 qua cp
ng trc 50 c th cung cp 30W khi ni vi ti 50 th cng sut t vo angten
l bao nhiu
8. Gin Smith c th tnh
a, SWR trn ng truyn
b, TL,
c, YL
d, Z i n (l + ti)
e, Khong cch t ti n im c Vmax u tin .
f, Vmin u tin
v hnh
9. Dng gin Smith tm on ng truyn 75 ngn mch u cui ngn
nht c:
a, Z i n = 0
b, Z i n =
c, Z i n = j 75
d, Z i n = - j 50
e, Z i n = j 10

19

Chng III:

L THUYT MNG SIU CAO TN

3.1 TR KHNG, IN P V DNG IN TNG NG

1) in p v dng in tng ng
tn s siu cao cc php o p v dng rt kh thc hin, tr khi mt cp u
cui c xc nh r rng. iu ny ch thc hin c vi ng truyn sng TEM
(cp ng trc, mch vi di)
V hnh
* Trn hnh v l dng ng sc in trng v t trng ca 1 ng truy
sng TEM gm 2 vt dn
Theo nh ngha

V = E dl
+

I=

H .dl

C+

* Vn s tr nn kh khn hn khi kho st ng dn sng.

- Xt ng dn sng ch nht nh hnh v. Mode truyn sng ch yu l TE10:
Cng thc (v hnh)
j a
x j z
E y (x , y ,z ) =
A sin
e
a

(3.4.a )
= Ae y ( x , y , z )e j z
H x( x, y, z ) =

j a

A sin

x
a

S dng (3.1) cho (3.4.a)

V=

ja

A sin

x
a

e jz = Ah x ( x , y ) e jz

(3.4.b )

=>

e jz dy

(3.5)

Nhn xt: Dng in p (3.5) ph thuc vo v tr x cng nh di ca ng

ly tch phn theo hng trc y. Vy gi tr in p chnh xc l bao nhiu? Cu tr
li l khng c gi tr in p chnh xc hiu theo ngha duy nht hoc thch hp cho
mi ng dng. Vn trn pht sinh tng t cho dng in v tr khng khi sng
khng phi l sng TEM.
* C rt nhiu cch nh ngha in p, dng in tng ng v tr khng
cho sng khng phi TEM v th khng duy nht. Tuy nhin c mt s nhn xt sau:
+ in p v dng ch c nh ngha cho mt mode dn sng c th v c
nh ngha sao cho in p t l vi in trng ngang, cn dng in t l vi t
trng ngang.
+ c c s dng tng t nh p v dng trong l thuyt mch, in p
v dng cn c nh ngha sao cho tch ca chng cho ra dng cng sut ca mode
truyn sng.
20

+ T s p trn dng cho mch sng chy n l cn bng tr khng c trng

ca ng truyn. Tr khng ny c th chn bt k, thng chn bng tr khng
sng ca ng truyn.
* Vi mt mode ng dn sng bt k cc thnh phn trng ngang c th c
biu din:
E t ( x , y , z ) = e ( x , y ) ( A + e j z + A e j z ) =

H t ( x , y , z ) = h x , y A + e jz A e jz =

e x , y + jz
(
V e
+ V e j z )
c1

(3.6a )

h( x , y )

(3.6b )

c2

(I

e jz I e jz

Trong A+, A- l bin ca sng ti v sng ngc; e, h l cc thnh phn

trng ngang ca mode c quan h
h (x, y ) =

a z e( x, y )

(3.7 )

vi : tr khng sng.
T (3.6,a,b) c th nh ngha p v dng tng ng:

(4.8a )
(3.8.b )

V ( z ) = V + e j z + V e j z
I ( z ) = I + e j z I e j z

V+ V
Vi + = = 0
I
I

Nhn xt:
- nh ngha (3.8) bao hm quan h t l gia p v dng tng ng vi
in v t trng ngang.
- Cc hng s t l c cho cc mi quan h ny l:
C1 =

V+ V
I+
I
=
,
=
=
C
2
A+ A
A+ A

- Dng cng sut ca sng ti:

P+ =

cng sut

1 +
A
2

e h * .a z ds =
s

V +I + *
e h *.a z ds
2C1C 2 *
s

1
P+ = V *I + *
th phi c
2
C1C 2 * = e h * .a z ds

(3.9)

(3.10 )

- Tr khng c trng
Z0 =

V + V C1
= =
C2
I+
I

(3.11)

Nu mun c 0 = :tr khng sng ( TE hoc TM ) ca mode truyn th :

C1
=
C2

( TE hoc TM )

(3.12 ) a
21

gii (3.10) v (3.12) => C1 , C 2 => in p tng ng v dng tng ng

V d:
Cho mode TE10 trong ng dn sng ch nht

E y = A + e jz + A e jz sin
a
1 + jz

A e jz sin
H =
A e
TE
a

V ( z ) = V + e j z + V e j z
I ( z ) = I + e j z I e j z

1
(
V + e jz V e jz )
0

1
P = V +I + *
2
1
P + = E y H x ddy
2 s
=

Nu chn 0 = TE th

ab
A+
4 Z TE

2
1
1
= V + I + * = A + C1C 2 *
2
2

V + C1
=
= TE
I + C2

=>

ab
2
ab
1
C2 =
TE 2

C1 =

2) Khi nim tr khng: C cc dng tr khng sau:

- Tr khng ni ca mi trng = / ch ph thuc vo mi trng v bng
tr khng sng ca sng phng.

- Tr khng sng ZVV =

Et
1
=
c trng cho cc dng sng (TEM, TE, TM)
Ht Yvv

v c th ph thuc vo loi ng truyn hoc ng dn sng, ph thuc vt liu v

tn s hot ng.
1
- Tr khng c trng Z0 =
=
y0

L
C l t s p trn dng cho cc sng chy.

V p v dng l xc nh duy nht cho sng TEM Z0 cng xc nh vi sng

TEM.
* Quan h gia cc c trng tr khng v nng lng trng EM tch t v
cng sut tiu tn trong mng 1 ca.
1
P = s E H * ds
2
= Pl + 2 j (Wm We )

22

Vi Pl: phn thc ca P

Biu th phn cng sut trung bnh tiu tn trn mng, Wm, We.
Biu th nng lng t trng v in trng tch t trong mng.
- Nu nh ngha e v h l cc vect trng ngang chun ha trn mt kt cui
ca mng, sao cho
Et ( x, y, z ) = V( z ) e ( x , y )e jz

H t ( x , y , z ) = I ( z ) h ( x , y ) e jz

Vi se h *.ds = 1 th P =

1
1
VI * e h * ds = VI *

2s
2

V VI Pl + 2 J (Wm We )
= 2 =
1 2
I
I
I
2
P
=
1 2
I
2
Phn thc ca in ,R lien quan n cng sut tn hao Pl

Khi in = R + jx =

Vy : -

Phn o X lien quan n nng lng tng cng tch t trong mng
Nu mng khng tn hao th in thun o v
X=

4 (Wm We )
I

Dng cho ti cm khng (Wm > We )

m cho ti dung khng (Wm < We )

3.2 MA TRN TR KHNG V MA TRN DN NP

1)Ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn np: V in p v dng c nh ngha ti
cc im khc nhauca mng SCT,nn c th dng ma trn tr khng v ma trn dn
np theo kiu LT mch rng buc nhng i lng ny vi nhau. iu ny s gip
xy dng mch tng ng cho mng SCT bt k, phc v cho vic thit k cc
phn th ng nh cc b ghp, cc b lc.
v hnh
- Xt mng SCT N cng ty , cc cng c th l dng ng dy truyn sng
hoc ng truyn tng ng vi mt mode truyn dn sng n. Nu mt cng
no v mt vt l c nhiu mode truyn th c th thay tng ng bng mt s
cng n mode tng ng.

- Ti cng th n ty in p v dng tng c dng

Vn = Vn+ + Vn
I n = I n+ I n

(3.24a )
(3.24b )

(dng 3.8 vi ta Z = 0 )
Ma trn tr khng c nh ngha:

23

V
V

1
2

Hay vit gn hn

11

21

[V ] = [ ][I ]

......

12
22

......

......

1 N

NN

I
I

1
2

(3.25)

Tng t cho ma trn dn np

[I ] = [Y ][V ]
[Y ] = []1

R rng
T (3.25) =>

Vi
I

I k = 0, k j

(3.26)

(3.27 )

(3.28)

- (3.28) c ngha l Zi j c th tm c khi cp dng Ij cho cng th j, cc cng

cn li h mch v o th m mch ti cng th i, cn li Z i j l tr khng truyn gia
cng i v j.
- Z i i l tr khng vo ti cng i khi tt c cc cng khc h mch.
- Tng t:

Y =

Ii
Vj

V k = 0 ,k j

(3.29)

2) Cc trng hp c bit:
- Vy mt mng n cng ty s c th 2N2 i lng c lp, hay bc t do.
(ng vi phn thc v o ca cc Zi j).
- Nu mng l thun nghch, tc khng cha cc mi trng khng thun nghch
(nh ferrile hay plasma) hoc cc linh kin tch cc, th Z i j = Z j i v Y i j = Yj i.
- Nu mng l khng tn hao th Z i j v Y i j l cc i lng thun o.

3.3 MA TRN TN X
1) Ma trn tn x:
Xt mng N cng nh trong mc trc. nh ngha ma trn tn x tha mn
quan h sau:
V hnh:
V 1 S 11 S12 ....S 1N V1+
1

V 2 =

V S ..........S V +
NN N
N N1

+
V = [S ] V

[ ]

Hay gn hn
=>

S =

Vi

[ ]

(3.40 )

V j+

Vk+ = 0 , k j

24

- Tc l Si j c th c tm khi t vo cng j mt sng ti c in p V+j v o

bin in p sng phn x Vi- t cng i, khi tt c sng ti cc cng khc cho
bng zero (hay kt cui vi ti phi hp trnh phn x).
- Si i chnh l h s phn x nhn vo cng i khi tt c cc cng khc kt cui vi
ti phi hp.
- S i j cn gi l h s truyn t cng j ti cng i khi tt c cc cng khc kt cui
vi ti phi hp.
- C th chng manh rng ma trn [ S ] c th c xc nh t [ Z ] hoc [ Y]
v ngc li.
- Trc tin gi thit rng tr khng c trng ca tt c cc cng, Z o n, l ging
nhau. (Trng hp tng qut s c cp sau). tin li cho Z o n = 1. T (3.24)

Vn = V+n + V-n
(3.42a)
+
+
(3.42b)
I n = In - I n = V n - V n
T (3.25) v (3,42)
[ Z ] [ I ] = [ Z ] [ V+ ] - [ Z ] [ V- ] = [ V ] = [ V+ ] + [ V- ]
tc l c th vit
( [ Z ] + [ U ] ) [ V- ] = ( [ Z ] - [ U ] ) [ V+ ]
(3.43)
Vi [ U ] l ma trn n v
So snh (3.43) vi (3.40)
(3.44)
[ S ] = ( [ Z ] + [ U ] )1 ( [ Z ] - [ U ] )
Z11 - 1
- Vi mng mt cng: S11 = Z + 1 , y chnh l h s phn x nhn vo ti
11
vi tr khng vo chun ha Z11.
- biu din [ Z ] theo [ S ] c th vit li (3. 44):
[Z] [S] + [U] [S]= [Z]- [U]
(3.45)
[ Z ] = ( [ U ] - [ S])- 1 ( [ U ] + [ S ]
2) Mng thun nghch v mng khng tn hao.
a,Mng thun nghch:
1
2

-T (3.42, a, b ) => Vn+ = (Vn + I n )

Hay

[V ] = 12 ([ ] + [U ])[I ]
+

1
(Vn I n )
2
1
= ([] [u ])[I ]
2

(3.46)a

Vn =

Hay

[V ]

(3 .46 b )

-T (3.46 ) => [V ] = ([] [U ])([] + [U ])1 [V + ]

=> [S ] = ([] [U ])([] + [U ])1

(3.47 )

chuyn v (3.47 ) => [S ]t = {([] + [U ]) } ([] [U ])t

V [U ]t = [U ] v [Z ] i xng [Z ]t = [Z ] nn [S]t = ([Z ] + [U ]) 1 ([Z ] [U ])
[S ] = [S ]t
t 3.44
1 t

25

Vy [S ] l ma trn i xng
b,Mng khng tn hao:
Cng sut trung bnh tiu th trn mng phi bng khng. Gi thit tr khng
c trng bng n v cho tt c cc cng
Pav =

{[ ] [ ] ([ ] [ ] )}

t
t
1
1
t
Re [V ] [I *] = Re V + + V V + * V *
2
2
t
t
t
t
1
= Re V + V + * V + V V + * V V *
2
t
1 + t +
1
= V V * V V *=0
2
2

{[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] }

[ ][ ]

[ ][ ]

(3.49 )

v [V + ] [V ]* +[V ] [V + ]* c dng A-A* nn l thun o do Re { } = 0

t

Trong (3.49 ) s hng = [V + ] [V + ]* biu th cng sut n tng cng ,s hng

1
2

[ ][ ]

1 t
V V * l cng thc phn x tng.V mng khng tn hao nn 2 cng sut trn
2

phi bng nhau ,Tc l

[V ] [V ]* = [V ] [V ]*
+ t

[V ] = [S ][V + ]

=>

[V ] [V ]* = [V ] [S ] [S ] * [V ]*
+ t

=>nu [V

] 0

+ t

th [S ]t [S ]* = [U ]

Hay [S]* = {[S ]t }

vy [S] l ma trn unita
- khai trin (3.51) =>

(3.51)

=>

(3.50 )

ki

S *ki = S

ki

S *ki = 1

ki

S *ki = 0

k =1
N

k =1
N
k =1

, i, j

(3.52 )
(3.53a )

vi i j

(3.53b )

- Tnh im ca mt ct bt k vi lin hip phc ca n bng n v.

- Tnh im ca mt ct bt k vi lin hip phc ca cc ct khc bng zero
(trc giao)
- Kt lun tng t cho cc hng ca ma trn tn x
3) Php dch mt tham chiu
V cc thng s ca [ S ] lin quan n bin v pha ca sng n v sng
phn x t mng, do mt phng pha tham chiu, tc l mt phng xc nh (Vn+,
In+) hoc (Vn-, In-) phi c xc nh trc. Khi dch chuyn cc mt tham chiu ny
th cc thng s S b bin i.
26

Xt mng SCT N cng cc mt tham chiu ban u nh x ti Z0 = 0. Vi Zn

l ta dc theo ng truyn th n cp in cho cng n. Gi [ S ] l ma trn tn x
vi tp hp cc mt tham chiu ni trn.
[ S ] l ma trn tn x tng ng vi v tr mi ca cc mt tham chiu.
(3.54a)
[ V- ] = [ S ] [ V+ ]
+
[ V ] = [ S ] [ V ]
(3.54b)
+
+
j n
(3.55a)
trong :
V n = V n e
-j n
(3.55b)
V n = V n e
Vi n = n l n c gi l di in ca php dch ca cng n
- Vit (3.55a,b) di dng ma trn ri thay vo (3.54a)
e j1
e j1
0

e j2

V = [S ]

e jN

+
V = [S ]V

[ ]

[ ]

j2

[ ]

0
+
V
e jN

[ ]

- Nhn c hai v vi ma trn nghch o ca ma trn u tin bn v tri

e j1

V =

[ ]

j2

0 e j1

[S ]
j N

j2

0
+
V
j N
e

[ ]

So vi (3.54b)
e j1

S =

[ ]

j2

0 e j1

[S ]
j N

j 2

e jN

(3.56)

- D thy Sn n = e 2 n Sn n, c ngha l pha ca Sn n di 2 ln di in trong

php dch mt tham chiu n, bi v sng truyn 2 ln qua di ny theo hng ti
v hng phn x.
4) Cc thng s tn x tng qut
Xt mng SCT N cng vi Z0 l tr khng c trng (thc) ca cng n, Vn+, Vnl bin sng ti v sng phn x.
nh ngha :

an =

Vn+
0n

(3.57a )

bn =

Vn_
0n

(3.57b )

L cc bin sng mi cho cng n.

27

-T (9.42 a,b) =>

Vn=Vn+ + Vn = (an + bn )

In =

( 3.58a )

1
1
(an bn )
Vn+ + Vn =
0n
0n

Cng sut trung bnh ri trn cng n:

Pn =

( 3.58b )

1
1
2
2
Re {Vn I n } = Re an bn + bn an* bn*an
2
2

1
2

1
2

= an bn

)}

( 3.59 )

(v bn an* bn*an thun o)

C th ni cng sut trung bnh ri trn cng bng cng sut sng n tr cng
sut sng phn x.
- Ma trn tn x tng qut c nh ngha
[b] = [S ][a ]
( 3.60 )
Trong

S ij =

bi
a

a k = 0 ,k j

( 3.61)

- (3.61) c dng tng t (3.41) cho mng vi tr khng c trng ng nht

ti tt c cc cng.
Dng (3.57) v (3.61) =>

S ij =

v i 0 j
V j+ 0 j

V k+ = 0 , k j

( 3.62 )

Cng thc ny cho bit cch chuyn t cc thng s S cho mng vi tr khng
c trng ng nht (V-i/V+j) thnh cc thng s S cho mng ni vi cc ng
truyn c tr khng c trng khng ng nht.

28

 3.4 MA TRN TRUYN (ABCD)

Cc mng SCT thng gp trong thc t bao gm mt mng 2 cng hoc dy
cascade ca cc mng 2 cng. Cc ma trn c trng (S, Z, Y) ca dy cc mng 2
cng bng tch cc ma trn 2 x 2 (ABCD) ca mng 2 cng.
1) Ma trn ABCD: c nh ngha cho mng 2 cng nh sau:
V1 = AV 2+ BI 2
I1 = CV2 + DI 2

V1 A B V2
I = C D I
2
1

Hay

( 3.63 )

* Ch : Quy c du I2 ra khi cng 2 l tin li cho vic kho st mng

cascade.
- Khi c 2 mng kt ni cascade
V1 A1
I = C
1 1

B1 V2

D 1 I 2

B 2 V 3
D 2 I 3

V 2 A2
I = C
2 2
A

( 3 .64 a )

B A

( 3.64 b )

B V

3
2
=> 1 = 1 1 2

I1 C1 D 1 C2 D2 I 3

( 3 .65 )

Hay
A B A1
C D = C

* Ch :

B1 A2

D 1 C2

B2
D2

- Th t nhn ma trn phi ging th t cascade.

- C th xy dng mt th vin cc ma trn ABCD cho cc mng 2 cng c s
v dng php phn tch cc mng phc tp thnh cascade ca cc mng c s.
`
Bng 3.1 Cc thng s ABCD ca mt s mng c s quan trng.
2) Quan h gia (ABCD) v [ Z ]
T (3. 25), (3. 63) vi quy c du ca I2 nh trn=>
V1 = I111 I 2 12

( 3 .66 )

V2 = I1 21 I 2 22

A=

B=

v1
I2

v1
V2

v2 = 0

= 11

I 2 =0

I 1 11 11
=
I 1 21 21

I 1 11 I 2 12
I2

v2 = 0

12 21
I1 22
12 = 1 22
21
I1 21

( 3 .67 a )

= 11

I1
I2

v2 = 0

12

( 3 .67 b )
29

v1
V2
I
D= 1
I2

C=

I 2 =0

v2 = 0

I1
1
=
I 1 21 21

I
= 2 22 21 = 22
I2
21

( 3.67 c )

(3.67d)

* Nu mng l thun nghch th Z12 = Z21 v AD BC = 1

3) Cc s tng ng cho mng 2 cng
Xt chuyn tip gia mt ng truyn ng trc v mt ng vi di vi cc
mt tham chiu nh hnh v t1, t2.
- Do s gin on v mt vt l ca chuyn tip, nng lng in, t trng c
th b tch t ti chuyn tip v gy ra cc hiu ng phn khng. Cc hiu ng ny c
th o c hoc c phn tch l thuyt nh s hp en ca mng 2 cng nh
hnh v. M hnh phn tch ny c th s dng cho cc trng hp ghp gia cc loi
ng truyn khc nhau hoc cc ch gin on ca ng truyn nh s thay i
nhy bc ca rng hoc cong
- Thng ngi ta thay hp en bng s tng ng cha mt s cc
phn t l tng. C rt nhiu cch, y s kho st mt cch ph bin v hu dng
nht.
- S dng quan h: [ V ] = [ Z ] [ I ] v [ I ] = [ Y ] [ V ] v nu mng l thun
nghch th Z12 = Z21 v Y12 = Y21 v mng c th c biu din theo s hnh T
hoc TT nh hnh v.
V hnh
- Nu mng l thun nghch th s c 6 bc t do (phn thc v o ca 3 thng
s).
- Mt mng khng thun nghch s khng th c biu din b s tng
ng dng cc phn t thun nghch.

3.5 CC TH TRUYN TN HIU

1) nh ngha: Cc phn t c bn ca gin l node v nhnh:
- Node: Mi cng i ca mng SCT c 2 node ai v bi. Node ai l sng ti v bi l
sng phn x t cng.
- Nhnh: Mt nhnh l mt ng trc tip gia mt node a v mt node b, biu
th dng tn hiu t node a n node b. Mi nhnh c mt thng s S kt hp hoc
mt h s phn x.

30

Sng ti vi bin a 1 c tch thnh 2, phn qua S11 (v ra khi cng 1 nh

mt sng phn x b1) v phn truyn qua S21 ti node b2. Ti node b2 sng ra khi
cng 2. Nu c mt ti vi h s phn x zero c ni vo cng 2 th sng ny s ti
phn x mt phn v i vo mng ti node a2. Mt phn s ti phn x ra khi cng 2
qua S22 v 1 phn c th c truyn ra khi cng 1 qua S12.
Cc trng hp c bit:
+ Mng mt cng:
+ Ngun p:
2) Phng php phn tch th dng tn hiu:
+ Lut 1: (Lut ni tip) Hai nhnh m node chung ca chng ch c 1 sng vo
v mt sng ra (cc nhnh ni tip) c th kt hp thnh mt nhnh n vi h s
bng tch cc h s ca cc nhnh ban u.
(3. 69)
V3 = S32V2 = S32 S21 V1
+ Lut 2: (Lut song song) Hai nhnh gia hai node chung (2 nhnh song song)
c th kt hp thnh 1 nhnh n c h s bng tng cc h s ca hai nhnh ban
u.
(3.70)
V2 = SaV1 + SbV1 = (Sa + Sb).V1

+ Lut 3: (Lut vng n) Khi mt nhnh bt u v kt thc ti mt node c h

s S, th c th trit tiu nhnh bi vic nhn cc h s ca cc nhnh nui node vi
1/(1 S)

V2 =S 21V1 +S 22V2
V2 = 21 V1
1 S22
(3.71)
V3 = S33V2

V3 = S32V2
S 32 S 21
V1
(3.72)
V3 =
1 S 22
+ Lut 4: (Lut tch) Mt nt c th tch thnh 2 nt c lp khi v ch khi bt
k mt s kt hp no ca cc nhnh vo v ra (khng phi l cc nhnh vng n)
u dn ti nt ban u.

31

Chng IV: PHI HP TR KHNG V TUNING

4.1 M U:
Chng ny p dng cc l thuyt v k thut cc chng trc cho cc bi
ton thc t trong KT SCT. Bi ton phi hp tr khng thng l mt phn quan
trng ca qu trnh thit k h thng SCT.
- Matching network thng l khng tn hao l tng v thng c thit k
sao cho tr khng nhn vo matching network bng Z0 trit tiu phn x trn
ng truyn, mc d c th c a phn x trn on Matching network v Load.
* Mc tiu phi hp tr khng:
- Ly c cng sut cc i trn ti, gim thiu cng sut tn hao trn ng
truyn.
- i vi cc phn t nhy thu, phi hp tr khng tng t s tn hiu /
nhiu ca h thng (anten, LNA, )
- Phi hp tr khng trong mt mng phn phi cng sut (mng nui anten
mng) s cho php gim bin v li pha.
* Nu ZL cha phn thc khc 0 th mng phi hop Tn khng lun c th tm
c. C nhiu phng n phi hp, tuy nhin cn theo cc tiu ch sau:
+ phc tp: n gin, r, d thc hin, t hao tn.
+ rng bng: cn phi hp tr khng tt trong mt di tn rng, tuy nhin
s phc tp hn.
+ Lp t: Ty vo dng ng truyn hoc ng dn sng quyt nh phng
n phi hp TK.
+ Kh nng iu chnh: trong 1 s trng hp c th yu cu MN hot ng tt
khi ZL thay i.

4.2 PHI HP TR KHNG VI CC PHN T TP TRUNG

(L NETWORKS)
1) Gii thiu:
- Dng n gin nht ca PHTK l dng khu L, s dng 2 phn t in khng
phi hp 1 ti ty vi ng truyn c 2 cu hnh kh d.

- Nu tr khng ti chun ha zL= ZL/Z0 nm trong vng trn 1 + j x trn gin

Smith th hnh v (4.2a) c dng, nu khng th dng (h4.2b).
- Cc phn t in khng trong hnh 4.2 c th l C hoc L ty thuc vo ZL.
Do c 8 kh nng xy ra.
- Nu tn s nh v / hoc kch thc mnh nh th c th dng cc t v
in cm thc (c th n 1 GHz). y l hn ch ca mch L.

32

2) Li gii gii tch: (dng cho computer aided design program, hoc khi cn c
chnh xc cao hn so vi phng php dng Smith chart)
ZL
- Xt mch (h 4.2a), t ZL = RL + j XL, v zL = Z nm bn trong ng trn
0
1 + j x (r = 1), nn RL > Z0.
- Tr khng nhn vo matching network c ti pha sau phi bng Z0, tc l:
1
Z0 = j X + j B + 1/(R + j X )
(4.1)
L
L
- Tch phn thc v phn o ca (4.1)
(4.2a)
B (X RL XL Z0) = RL Z0
(4.2b)
X (1 B XL) = B Z0 RL - XL

=>

B=

XL

RL

Z0

RL2 + XL2 Z0RL

RL2 + XL2
Z
1 X Z
X= + L 0 0
B RL
BRL

(4.3a)

(4.3b)

Nhn xt: T (4.3) c 2 li gii kh d cho B v X, c 2 li gii u kh d v

mt vt l (B < 0 cun cm B > 0 t, X > 0 cun, X < 0 t). Tuy nhin c
mt li gii c th gy ra gi tr nh hn ng k ca cc phn t in khng v c
th l li gii thch hp hn cho rng di tt hn hoc h s SWR trn on gia
b phi hp TK v ti nh hn.
* Vi (h 4.2b) (RL < Z0): Dn np nhn vo matching networrk phi bng 1/Z0 hay
1
1
=
(4.4)
Z0 RL + j (X + XL)

B Z0 ( X + XL) = Z0 - RL
(4.5a)
(4.5b)
X + XL = B Z0 RL

* phi hp ZL vi ng truyn Z0= th phn thc ca tr khng vo MN phi

bng Z0, phn o = 0 MN c s bc t do t nht bng 2, l 2 gi tr ca cc
phn t in khng.

4.3 PHI HP TR KHNG DNG ON DY CHM

(Single Stub tuning)
1) Khi nim:
- u im: khng dng cc phn t tp trung d ch to; dng shunt stub c
bit d ch to cho mch ghi gii (microstrip) hoc mch di (stripline)
- Hai thng s iu chnh l khong cch d v Y hoc Z.
- Chng hn vi h4.3a nu dn np nhn vo on dy cch ti 1 khong d c dng
Y0 + j B th dn np ca dy chm s c chn l j B.

33

- Vi h4.3b nu tr khng ca on dy ni ti, cch ti on bng d, l Z0+jX th

tr khng dy chm ni tip (series stub) c chn l jX.
2) Shunt Stub:
V d: Cho ZL = 15 + j 10 (), thit k hai mng phi hp dng 1 dy chm mc
song song ghp vi ng truyn 50 . Gi thit tn s phi hp l 2 GHz v ti
gm c 1 in tr v 1 cun ni tip.
gii: (phng php dng Smith chart)
- Tm im zL = 0,3 + j 0,2.
- V ng trn SWR tng ng v chuyn i thnh dn np yL (ly i
xng tm ca im zL)
- Khi dch trn ng dy th khng i nn tng ng vi php dch
chuyn trn ng SWR.
Y0 + j B
)
- ng SWR ct vng 1 + j b ti 2 im y1, y2 (y0 = Y
0
- Khong cch d c cho bi 1 trong 2 gi tr tng ng trn thang WTG
d1 = 0,328 0,284 = 0,044
d2 = (0,5 0,284) + 0,171 = 0,387 (0,284 tng ng vi yL)

y1 = 1 j 1,33
y2 = 1 + j 1,33
dn np dy chm cho li gii y1 l j 1,33 v li gii y2 l j 1,33.
- Nu dy chm h mch th chiu di ca n c tm bi vic dch chuyn t
y = 0 theo mp ngoi ca gin (g = 0) v pha ngun pht n im j 1,33
l1 = 0,147
l2 = 0,353
- nghin cu s ph thuc tn s ca 2 li gii trn, cn tm gi tr ca R v
L tn s cho trc (2 GHz): R = 15 , L = 0,796 nH. Sau v th theo f
(GHz).
1
* Phng php gii tch: t ZL = Y = RL + j XL
L
- Tr khng on ng truyn d c ti ZL kt cui

Z = Z0

(RL + jXL ) + jZ0t

, t = tgd
Z0 + j(RL + jXL )t

(4.7)

RL2t (Z0 XLt)(XL + Z0t)

RL (1+ t 2 )
1
+j
Y = = G + jB = Z0 2
(4.8)
RL2 + (XL + X0t)2 Z0
RL + (XL + X0t)2
Z

1
- Chn d (tc t) sao cho: G = Y0 = Z , t (4.8)

X L RL (Z 0 RL ) + X L2 Z 0
t=
, vi R L Z 0
RL Z 0
2

(4.9)

- Nu RL = Z0 th t = XL/2Z0 ->
34

 1
tg 1t , t 0

d
2
=
1
( + tg 1t ), t > 0
2

(4.10)

- tm chiu di on dy chm l, dng t trong (4.8b)B v l suy ra t BS =- B.

Vi dy chm h mch =>
l0
B
1
B
1
=
tg 1 ( )
tg 1 ( S ) =
(4.11a)

Y0
2
Y0
2
Vi dy chem. h mch =>
lS
Y
1
Y
1
=
tg 1 ( 0 )
tg 1 ( 0 ) =
(4.11b)

B
2
BS
2
Nu cc chiu di trong (4.11a,b) c gi tr m th chiu di cn tm s c c
nh cng thm on /2.
3) Dy chm ni tip:
V d: Ghp ZL= 100 + j80() vo ng truyn 50 dng mt dy chm h
mch mc ni tip.Tn s hot ng 2GHz, ti gm 1 in tr v 1 cun mc ni tip.
Gii:
Theo phng php dng gin Smith
- Tm im tr khng chun ha ZL = 2 + j1,6 , v vng SWR.
- Vi trng hp dy chm ni tip dng gin tr khng
- ng trn SWR ct vng 1+jx ti 2 im Z1, Z2.
- i chiu trn thang WTG
d1 = 0,328 0,208= 0,120
d2 = (0,5 0,208) + 0,172 = 0,463
- Tr khng chun ha
(1)
z1 = 1 j 1,33
(1)
z2= 1 + j 1,33
- (1) yu cu on chm c tr khng j 1,33. di ca 1 dy chm hmch c
th tm c khi xut pht t z = . Dch chuyn dc theo mp ngoi ca gin (T=
0) v pha ngun ti im j 1,33
l1 = 0,397
l2 = 0,103 = 0,25 0,147 = 0,5 0,103 .
* kho st s ph thuc vo tn s ca SWR cn tnh ra
R = 100 v L = 6,37 nH ri v li s mch dng kt qu trn.
V hnh

* Phng php gii tch: t YL=

1
= GL + BL
Zl

- Dn np vo on d c ti kt cui :
35

Y = Y0

(GL + jBL ) + jY0t

, t = tgd
Y0 + j(GL + jBL )t

(4.12)

Z = R + jX = 1
Y

=> tr khng vo :

GL (1+ t 2 )
R= 2
GL + (BL + Y0t)2

Vi

(4.13a)

GL2t (Y0 tBL )(BL + Y0t )

X=
Y0 GL2 + (BL + Y0t )2

(4.13b)

- Cn tm d sao cho R = Z0 = 1/Y0 t (4.13a)

Y0 (GL Y0)t2 2BL Y0 t + (GLY0 GL2 BL2) = 0

BL GL (Y0 GL ) 2 + BL2 Y0
t=
, vi GL Y0
GL Y0

t =

(4.14)

BL
, vi GL = Y0
2Y0

- T t => d :

1
tg 1t , t 0

d
2
=
1
( + tg 1t ), t > 0
2
- Dng t v (4.13b) => cm khng X, yu cu XS = -X =>
+ Dy chm ngn mch :
lS
X
1
X
1
=
tg 1 ( )
tg 1 ( S ) =

Z0
2
Z0
2
+ Dy chem. h mch :
l0
Z
1
Z
1
=
tg 1 ( 0 )
tg 1 ( 0 ) =

X
2
XS
2

(4.15)

(4.16a)

(4.16b)

4.4 B GHP MT PHN T BC SNG

- Cc b ghp nhiu on c th dng tng hp cc b phi hp tr khng
hot ng nhiu di tn mong mun.
- B ghp ch dng cho ta thun tr .
- Mt ti phc c th c chuyn thnh ti thun tr bi vic s dng mt on
ng truyn c chiu di thch hp gia ti v b phi hp, hoc dng on dy
chm ni tip hoc song song ph hp. K thut ny thng dn ti thay i s ph
thuc tn s ca ti tng ng v gy ra gim rng bng ca s phi hp tr
khng.

36

Trong tit ny chng ta s kho st rng bng thng nh l mt hm ca s mt

phi hp tr khng lm tin cho cc b ghp nhiu khu phn sau.
(4.25)
Z1 = Z 0 Z l
Khi tn s f f0, th di in l 0/4, khi tr khng vo ca on ghp l :
Z in = Z 1

Z L + jZ 1t
Z 1 + jZ L t

( 4.26 )

(
(

Z Z 0 Z 1 (Z l Z 0 ) + jt Z 1 Z 0 Z l
- H s phn x
=
= in
Z in + Z 0 Z 1 (Z l + Z 0 ) + jt Z 1 2 Z 0 Z l
Z l Z 0
=
Z l + Z 0 + 2 jt Z 0 Z l
1
=
{1 + 4Z 0 Z L (Z L Z 0 ) 2 sec 2 }12
Zl Z0
=
cos
2 Z0Zl

)
)

( 4.27 )
(4.28)
(4.29)
( 4.30)

- Gi m l gi tr bin cc i c th chp nhn c th rng bng ca b

ghp c nh ngha l :

= 2 m
2

2 Z0Zl
m
cos n =

Zl Zo
1 2m

rng bng t i

(4.31)
(4.32)

f
f
thng c biu din theo %:100
(%)
fo
fo

rng bng ca b ghp tng nu ZL Z0

Ni sng non TEM (ng dn sng) h s truyn khng cn l hm tuyn tnh
ca tn s do tr khng sng s ph thuc tn s.iu ny lm phc tp hn cc
c trng ca b ghp . Tuy nhin trong thc t rng bng ca b ghp
thng nh sao cho khng nh hng n kt qu.
nh hng ca cc in khng xut hin do s khng lin tc (s thay i kch
thc ng truyn) c th c khc phc bi s iu chnh di ca on ghp.

4.5 B GHP DI RNG

(Multisection matching Transformer)
1) L thuyt phn x nh:
Xt h s phn x ton phn gy bi s phn x ring phn t mt s gin on
nh.
a.B ghp 1 khu:

37

1 =

Z 2Z 1
Z 2+Z1

(4.34)
( 4.35)

2 = 1
Z Z
3 = l 21
Z l+Z 2

(4.36)

C th tnh h s phn x tng

= 1 + 12 21 3 e 2 h 2 3 e 2 jn

1 + 3 e 2 j
=
1 + 1 3 e 2 j

(4.40)

* Nu s gin on gia cc tr khng Z1, Z2 v Z2, ZL l nh, th :

(4.41)
1 .3<< 1
2j
(4.42)

1 + 3 e

C ngha l h s phn x tng ph thuc ch yu s phn x gy bi tnh

khng lin tc gia Z1 v Z2 (1) v s phn x u tin do tnh khng lin tc gia
Z2 v ZL (3 e 2 j ). S hng e 2 j biu th s tr pha khi sng n vo v ra khi
ng truyn .
b. B ghp nhiu khu:
Xt b ghp nhiu khu gm N phn ng truyn c di nh nhau.
Z1 Z 0
Z1 + Z 0
Z Zn
n = n +1
Z n +1 + Z n
Z ZN
N = L
ZL + ZN

(4.43a)

0 =

(4.43b)
(4.43c)

- Ga thit Zn tng hoc gim n iu dc theo b ghp, Zl thun thc. iu

ny c ngha l tt c cc n u l s thc v cng du (n > 0 nu ZL > Z0; n < 0
nu ZL <Z0).
Tng t phn trc h s phn x tng c th c tnh sp s.
(4.44)
() = 0 + 1 e 2 j + 2 e 4 j +.+ N e 2 j N
Gi thit b ghp l i xng sao cho
0 = N, 1 = N 1, 2 = N 2

{[

] [

] }

jN
jN
jN
+ 1 e j( N2) +e j( N2) +..... (4.45)
Vy (4.44) ( ) = e 0 e + e

Nu N l l th s hng cui cng l : (N 1)/2 (e j + e j ), nu N chn th s

hn cui cng l N/2.
Phng trnh (4.45) c th vit di dng mt chui Fuorier hu hn cosine
theo .
38

( ) = 2e jN 0 cos N + 1 cos(N 2) + .... + N vi N chn

2 2

(4.4.6a)

( ) = 2e jN 0 cosN + 1 cos(N 2) + ....+ N1 vi N l

(4.46b)
2 2

Nhn xt: C th tng hp bt k h s phn x mong mun c dng hm theo tn

s () bi vic chn cc h s n thch hp v dng s khu (N).
2) B ghp nhiu on dng nh thc:
p ng thng di ca b ghp nh thc nhiu on c u im l c bng
phng gn tn s thit k ti u vi cng mt s lng on ghp.
- B ghp c thit k sao cho h s phn x c dng nh thc:
N
( ) = A(1 + e 2 j )
( 4.47)
( ) = 2 N A cos

Lu rng ( ) = 0 vi =
vi n=.2,,N-1;( =
= l =

(4.48)

d n ( )
d

= 0 ti =

tng ng vi tn s trung tm f 0 m vi l =

Xc nh t iu kin khi f 0 0 = 0
T 4.47 suy ra

(0 ) = 2 N A =

Suy ra

A=2

ZL Z0
ZL + Z0
N Z L Z 0

(4.49a)
( 4.49b)

ZL + Z 0

- Khai trin nh thc( 4.47)

Suy ra

(0 ) = A C n e 2 jn
N

( 4.50)

n0

vi

N
n

N!
( N n)! n!

( 4.51)

- Bc tip theo la tm iu kin (4.44) ging vi (4.50)

Tc l n = A C nN vi A cho bi (4.49)
Suy ra , Cc tr khng Zn c th gii c t h ( 4.43)
Tuy Nhin li gii n gin hn c th tm c nh php gn ng sau y:
+ V gi thit (n ) rt nh neen c th vit
n =

Z n +1 Z n 1 Z n +1
2( x 1)
ln
dung ln
Z n +1 + Z n 2
Zn
x +1

T (4.52) v (4.49)
ln

Z n +1
Z Z0
N
2n = 2 A C n = 2 2 N L
Zn
ZL + Z0

( )

N
n

2 N

N
n

ln

ZL
Z0

(4.53)

y l cng thc truy hi tm tt c Zn

+ rng bng
- Gi s m l gi tr ln nht cho php , khi t (4.48)
39

 m = 2 N A cos N m

- Vi m l mp di ca bng thong ( n <

1 1 m
m = cos
2 A

(4.54)

rng bvng tnh t (4>33) l

4 m
f 2( f 0 f m )
=
=2
f0
f0

1
= 2 coqs 1 m
2 A

( 4.55)

4.6 TIU CHUN BODE FANO

- Cc tiu chun Bode Fano cho cc dng tr khng ti khc nhau cho bit
gii hn l thuyt ca gi tr h s phn x cc tiu c th c:
- Gi s mun tng hp 1 mng phi hp vi p ng ca h s phn x nh
hnh v (a). Khi nu dng mch ti RC (a) th

ln dw = ln
0

= w ln

dw

( 4.79)

1
<
m RC

- Vi ti RC c nh, w tng khi m tng

- m ch = 0 khi w =0
- nu R tng v hoc C tng cht lng phi hp gim tc l mch High-Q
kh phi hp hn Lowen_Q
V ln

1
t l vi tn hao ngc (return loss, dB) ti u vo ca mng phi

hp (MN), (4.79) c th xem nh l yu cu rng din tch gia ng cong tn hao

ngc (RL) v ng = 1 (RL = o dB) phi nh hn hoc bng 1 hng s.
Du = xy ra (trng hp ti u) khi ng RL c iu chnh sao cho =
m trn ton bng thng U v = 1 trong min cn li. iu ny ch c th c
vi s phn t trong MN l v cng.

40

Chng V: CHIA CNG SUT V GHP NH HNG

5.1 GII THIU
- Cc b phn chia cng sut v ghp nh hng l cc cu phn SCT th
ng dng chia hoc ghp cng sut.
- Vi b chia cng sut, mt tn hiu vo c chia thnh 2 hay nhiu tn hiu
c cng sut nh hn. Cc b chia c th l cc cu phn 3 hoc 4 cng, c hoc
khng c tn hao.
- Cc mng 3 cng thng c dng T v dng cho chia cng sut
- Cc mng 4 cng thng dng cho ghp nh hng hoc hn tp.
- B chia cng sut thng c dng chia cn bng (3dB)
- Cc b ghp nh hng c th c thit k cho vic chia cng sut ty ,
cn cc b ghp hn tp thng dng cho chia cng sut cn bng.
- Cc b ghp hn tp thng c gc lch pha gia cc cng ra l 900
(quadrature) hoc 800 (magic T).
- C rt nhiu loi ghp ng dn sng v chia cng sut c khm ph v
nghin cu ti MIT Radiation Labotory trong nhng nm 40 th.
- n nhng nm 50 th, 60 th chng c pht trin dng cho cng ngh
ng truyn di v vi di.

5.2 CC C TRNG C BN
Trong phn ny s s dng l thuyt ma trn tn x rt ra nhng c trng c
bn ca cc mng 3 v 4 cng, v nh ngha cc khi nim: cch ly, ghp v
tnh nh hng l nhng i lng c bn c trng cho cc b ghp v chia hn
tp.
1) Mng 3 cng (T Junctions)
- L dng n gin nht ca cc b chia cng sut, gm 2 cng ra v 1 cng
vo.
- Ma trn tn x c 9 phn t c lp
V hnh
S11 S12 S13
[S ] = S21 S22 S23
(5.1)
S31 S32 S33
- Nu cu phn l th ng v khng cha cc vt liu bt ng hng th phi
l thun nghch v [S] phi i xng.
41

- Thng trnh tn hao cng sut, cn phi c kt cu khng tn hao v

c phi hp tr khng tt c cc cng, tuy nhin iu ny l khng th thc hin
c.

42

* Tht vy nu tt c cc cng u phi hp th Si i = 0, i =1,3.

0 S12 S13
[S ] = S21 0 S23
(5.2)
S31 S32 0
- Nu mng l khng tn hao th t iu kin (3.53) ma trn tn x phi l
unita
S12 2 + S13 2 = 1

2
2

S12 + S 23 = 1
(5.3a,b,c)

2
2
S13 + S 23 = 1
S 13* . S 23 = 0
*
S 23
. S 12 = 0

(5.3d,e,f)

S . S 13 = 0
*
12

Cc iu kin (5.3d-f) -> S12, S23, S13 = 0 -> mu thun

- Vy mng 3 cng khng th ng thi thun nghch, khng tn hao v phi
hp tr khng ti tt c cc cng (gi tt l phi hp).
- Nu mng khng thun nghch th S i j S j i v iu kin phi hp tr khng
ti cc cng v khng tn hao c th c tha mn, mng c gi l mch vng,
cu to t cc vt liu bt ng hng (nh ferrite).
- C th chng minh rng bt k mt mng 3 cng khng tn hao, phi hp,
phi khng thun nghch (tc l 1 mch vng Circulator):
+ ma trn :
0 S12 S13
[S ] = S21 0 S11
(5.4)
S31 S32 0
+ iu kin khng tn hao =>

S .S 32 = 0
*
S 21 .S 23 = 0
*
S12 .S13 = 0
*
31

(5.5a,b,c)

S12 2 + S13 2 = 1

2
2

S12 + S 23 = 1

2
2
S13 + S 23 = 1

(5.5d,e,f)

=> Hoc S12, S23, S13 = 0 , S21 = S32 = S13 = 1

(5.6a)

hoc S21, S32, S13 = 0 , S12 = S23 = S31 = 1

(5.6b)

=> Sij S ji , i,j = 1 3 , tc mng l khng thun nghch

* Mt trng hp khc c th xy ra l mt mng khng tn hao, thun nghch
th ch c 2 trong 3 cng l phi hp.
- Gi s cng 1 v 2 l phi hp, khi :

43

 0 S12 S13
[S ] = S12 0 S23
S13 S23 S33
khng tn hao cn c :

S13* .S 23 = 0
*
*
S12 .S13 + S 23 .S 33 = 0
*
*
S 23 .S12 + S 33 .S13 = 0
S12 2 + S13 2 = 1

2
2
S12 + S23 = 1
2
2
2
S13 + S23 + S33 = 1

(5.7)

(5.8a,b,c)

(5.8d,e,f)

Cc phng trnh d-e => S13 = S23 nn t (5.8a) => S13 = S23 = 0. Do

S12 = S33 = 1
* Nhn xt: Mng bao gm 2 cu phn tch bit, mt phn c phi hp 2
cng, 1 phn khng phi hp, 1 cng
* Trng hp mng 3 cng c tn hao th c th thun nghch v phi hp; y
l trng hp ca b chia tr tnh.
2) Mng 4 cng (Cc b ghp nh hng)

0 S12 S13 S14

S
0 S23 S24
12

[S ] =
S13 S23 0 S34

S14 S24 S34 0

(5.9)

Vi mng thun nghch, cc cng u phi hp

- Nu mng khng tn hao, s c 10 phng trnh t iu kin ca ma trn unita.
Chng hn xt tch ca hng 1 v hng 2, hng 3 v hng 4:

S13* .S 23 + S14* .S 24 = 0
*
S14* .S13 + S 24
.S 23 = 0

(5.10a,b)

Nhn (5.10a) vi S 24* , (5.10b) vi S13* , tr ln nhau =>

2

S14* ( S13 S 24 ) = 0

(5.11)

Tng t cho hmg (1,3); (2,4) =>

S13* .S 23 + S14* .S 34 = 0
*
S14* .S12 + S 34
.S 23 = 0

(5.12a,b)

Nhn (5.12a) vi S12, (5.12b) vi S34 v tr nhau =>

2

S 23 ( S12 S 34 ) = 0

(5.13)
44

a) Nu S14 = S23 =0, ta c b ghp nh hng

* T tch ca cc hng vi chnh n =>
2

=1

=1

=1

=1

S12 S13
S12 S 24
S13 S 34
S 24 S 34

(5.14a,b,c,d)

S13 = S24 v S12 = S34

=>
* Vic gin c tip theo c thc hin bi vic hcn goc pha tham chiu trn 3
trong 4 cng. gi s chn S12 = S34 = ; S13 = ej v S24 = ej vi v l cc s
thc, v l cc hng s pha cn tm (1 trong 2 c chn trc ty ).
- Tch chp hng 2 v 3 =>
*
S12* .S13 + S24
.S34 = 0

(5.15)

=> Quan h gia hng s pha :

+ = + 2 n

(5.16)

Trong thc t thng xy ra hai trng hp :

1,Ghp i xng: = =
bng nhau ), Khi :

( pha ca cc s hng c bin cchn

0 . j

0
[S ] = 0
j
0

j
0

j
0
0

0
j

(5.17)

2,Ghp phn i xng: = 0, = ( pha ca cc s hng c bin c

chn ngc pha), khi :

0 0
0 0

[S ] =
(5.18)
0 0

0 0
Ch : - 2 dng b ghp ch khc nhau vic chn cc mt tham chiu.
- Cc bin , tun theo chng trnh :

2 + 2 =1

(5.19)
=> Ngoi gc pha tham chiu, mt b ghp nh hng l tng ch c 1 bc
t do
b) Nu S13 = S24 v S12 = S34

45

- Nu chn pha tham chiu sao cho S13 = S24 = v S12 = S34 = j (tho 5.16) th t
(5.10a) =>

(S23 + S14* ) = 0 v t (5.12a) => (S14* S23) = 0

+ Nu S14 = S23 = 0 -> li gii tng t cho php nh hng.

+ Nu = = 0 , tc l S12 = S13 = S24 = S34 = 0 , y l trng hp ca mng 2

cng ring bit.
* Kt lun: Bt k mng 4 cng thun nghch khng tn hao v phi hp u l 1
b ghp nh hng.
* Hot ng ca b ghp nh hng:
- Cng sut cung cp vo cng 1 c ghp ti cng 3 vi h s ghpS132 =
2, phn cn li ca cng sut cung cp c ly n cng 2 vi h sS122 = 2 =
1 - 2. Trong b ghp nh hng l tng, khng c cng sut no c ly ra
cng 4 (Isolated port)
+ Cc i lng c trng cho b ghp nh hng:
- ghp (Coupling) = C =10lg(P1/P3)=-20lg (dB)
(5.20a)
- nh hng (Directivity) :
(5.20b)
D = 10lg(P3/P4) = 20lg(/S14) (dB)
- cch ly (Isolation) :
(5.20c)
I = 10lg(P1/P4) = -20lgS14 (dB)
=>
I = C + D (dB)
(5.21)
* B ghp hn tp : l trng hp ring ca b ghp nh hng vi h s ghp l
3dB hay = = 1 . C 2 dng ghp hn tp tng ng gc lch cng 2 v 3 l 2
2

vi :

0 1 j 0

1 1 0 0 j
[S ] =
2 j 0 0 1

0 j 1 0
V gc lch pha 1800 gia ng 2 v 3 v ghp bt i xng .
0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 1
[S ] =
2 1 0 0 1

0 1 1 0

(5.22)

(5.23)

46

5.3 B CHIA CNG SUT T - JUNCTION

1) Gii thiu: T Junction powerdivider l trng hp n gin ca mng 3 cng,
c th s dng cho chia cng sut hoc cng cng sut v c th c thc hin cho
hu ht cc dng mi trng ng truyn.
2) B chia khng tn hao:
- C s tch t nng lng do s gin on ti junction, dn ti nng lng tch
t c th quy cho dn np tp trung B.

- iu kin phi hp tr khng u vo (Z0)

1 1
1
Yin = jB + + =
(5.24)
Z1 Z2 Z0
- Nu cc ng truyn l khng tn hao th cc tr khng c trng l thc, tc
B = 0 v
1 1
1
+ =
(5.25)
Z1 Z2 Z0
- Trong thc t B thng b nh cc phn t in khng (trong di tn s hp).
- Cc gi tr Z1, Z2 c th c chn thay i t s chia cng sut. C th
dng cc on 1/4 thay i cc tr khng ng ra (Z1, Z2)
- Nu cc ng ra c phi hp th ng vo s c phi hp, nhng s
khng c s cch ly gia 2 cng ra v s c s mt phi hp khi nhn vo cc cng
ra.
V d: Tm Z1, Z2 mt b chia T khng tn hao c Z0 = 50 v cng sut
c chia theo t l 2/1. Tnh h s phn x nhn vo cc cng ra.
3) B chia tn hao: (b chia tr tnh)
Mt b chia T c tn hao c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng mc d cc cng ra
c th khng c cch ly.
Hnh bn minh ha mt b chia dng cc in tr tp trung, c chia u cho
2 cng ra (- 3 dB) .
Quan nim rng tt c cc cng u c kt ni vi Z0 th tr khng Z nhn
vo cc in tr Z0/3 theo sau bi cc ng ra l:
Z
4Z
Z = 0 + Z0 = 0
(5.26)
3
3
Vy tr khng vo ca b chia l :
Z
2Z
Z in = 0 + 0 = Z 0
(5.27)
3
3
Tc l li vo phi hp vi feed line. V mng l i xng cho tt c cc cng
nn phi hp ti tt c cc cng, tc l S11 = S22 = S33 = 0
Ti tm ca mng :
2Z 0
2
3
V = V1
= V1
(5.28)
2Z
Z0
3
+ 0
3
3

47

V2 = V3 =

=>

1
V1
2

(5.29)

S21 = S31 = S23 = 1

2

- Cng sut pht ra mi cng thp hn cng sut vo 6 dB.

- Ma trn tn x:
0 1 1
1
[S ] = 1 0 1
2
1 1 0

(5.30)

C th chng minh [S] khng unita

- Cng sut u vo :

1 V12
Pin =
2 Z0
- Cng sut cc u ra :

1
P2 = P3 =
2

(5.31)

(12 V ) = 1 P
2
1

Z0

in

(5.32)

=> Mt na cng sut cung cp b tn hao trn cc in tr.

5.4 B CHIA CNG SUT WILKINSON

1) Gii thiu: Dng cho mch di hoc vi di.
V hnh
C th phn tch mch wilkinson bng cch tch thnh 2 mch n gin hn
bng k thut phn tch mode chn l.
2) Php phn tch mode chn l:
n gin, c th chun ha tt c cc tr khng theo Z0 v v li (h.b) vi
cc ngun th ti cc cng ra.
Hai in tr ngun c gi tr chun ha bng hai mc song song cho 1 in
tr gi tr 1, biu th tr khng ca ngun phi hp.
on /4 c tr khng c trng, chun ha Z v tr shund c gi tr chun
ha r (vi chia cn bng z = 2 v r = 2).
nh ngha: Hai mode ring r ca s kch thch mch (h5.4.2): mode chn
vi Vg 2 = Vg 3 = 2V v mode l vi Vg 2 = - Vg 3 = 2 V. Khi chng chp 2 mode s c
kch thch vi Vg2 = 4, Vg3 = 0, t tm ra cc thng s S ca mng.
a. Mode chn: Vg 2 = Vg 3 = 2 Ve2 = Ve3 v khng c dng qua cc in tr
r/2 v qua ngn mch gia cc input ca 2 ng truyn ti cng 1 c th tch i
mng (h5.4.2) vi vic h mch ti nhng im ni trn c s sau:

48

Khi nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng

Z2
Z =
2
e
in

(5.33)

V ng truyn ging nh on /4 .Vy, nu Z = 2 th cng 2 s phi hp

vi mode chn, V2e = 1V v Z ine = 1 .Tip theo s tm V1e t phng trnh ng truyn.
Nu t x = 0 ti cng 1 v x = -/4 ti cng 2 th in p trn on ng
truyn c th c vit:
V( x ) = V + (e jx + e jx )
Vi

V2e = V = jV + (1 ) = 1V
4
+1
V1e = V (0) = V + (1 + ) = jV
1

(5.34)

H s phn x c nhn ti cng 1 v pha in tr chun ha 2 nn

=

2 2
2+ 2

=> V1e = jV 2

(5.35)

b. Mode l: Vg = Vg3 = 2V => V2 = V3 v c mt in p khng dc theo on

gia ca mch (h54.2) do c th tch bng cch ni t ti 2 im trn machj ct
gia ca n c s sau:
- Nhn vo cng 2 thy tr khng r/2 v on ng truyn song song l /4 v
ngn mch ti cng 1 (nn c th xem nh h mch ti cng 2). Vy cng 2 s c
phi hp nu chn r = 2. Khi V20 = 1V v V10 = 0 . Vi mode kch thch ny tan b
cng sut ri trn r/2, khng c cng sut ti cng 1
3) Trng hp cc cng 2 v 3 kt cui vi ti phi hp:
Tng t nh mode chn v V2 = V3 s tng ng
V s
(Khng c dng chy qua tr chun ho 2 nn c th b nh h.b)
2
1
Z in =
2 =1
(5.36)
=>
2
4) Cc b chi Wilkinson khng cn bng v N way
- V s + cng thc
0

( )

- Gi s

P3
= K2
P2

Cc phng trnh thit k sau c th s dng:

1+ K 2
Z03 = Z0
K3

(5.37a)

Z02 = K 2 Z03 = Z0 K(1+ K 2 )

(5.37b)

R = Z0 K +
K

(5.37c)

49

Nu K = 1 b chi cn bng. Cc ng ra phi hp vi cc tr

R2 = Zo K, R3 =

Z0
. Cc b ghp phi hp c th c dng chuyn i cc tr
K

khng ra ny.
* Cc b chia Winkinson cng c th c thit k c N way divider hoc
combiner nh hnh v.
Mch ny c th phi hp ti tt c cc cng vi s cch ly gia tt c cc cng.
Hn ch ca mch l yu cu c in tr ngang khi N 3, l hn ch khi ch
to dng planar.
Winkinson divider c th thc hin vi cc on bc thang tng rng
bng

5. 5 GHP NH HNG NG DN SNG.

1) Gii thiu:Cc b ghp nh hng l cc mng 4 cng c cc c trng c bn
- Cng sut ti ti cng 1 s ghp ti cng 2 (through port) v ti cng 3
(coupled port) nhng khng ti cng 4 (isolated port).
- Tng t, cng sut ti cng 2 s qua cng 1 v 4, khng qua 3 .
- T s cng sut ghp t 1 n 3 l C: ghp (5.20a).
- Cng sut r t 1 n 4 l I: cch ly (5.20c)
- nh hng D = I C (dB) l t s cng sut ti cng ghp v cng cch ly.
- B ghp l tng c nh ngha c I v D = , l b ghp khng tn hao
v phi hp tt c cc cng.
- B ghp nh hng c th c nhiu dng: ghp ng dn sng, ghp hn tp (3
dB, quadrature hoc magic T) .
2) B ghp l Bethe:
c tnh nh hng ca tt c cc b ghp nh hng c c l nh s dng
cc sng hoc cc thnh phn sng ring r, ng pha cng ghp v trit tiu nhau
cng cch ly. Phng php n gin nht l dng 2 ng dn sng c chung 1 l nh
trong vch ngn chung gia 2 ng, b ghp nh vy gi l Bethe hole coupler.

* Nguyn l hot ng: L ghp c th thay bng cc ngun bt x tng

ng, gm cc moment in v t. Moment in v moment t dc bc x sng c
tnh cht i xng chn v moment t ngang bc x sng i xng l. Bng cch
iu chnh bin tng i ca cc ngun ny c th lm trit tiu bc x theo
hng ca cng cch ly v tng cng bc x theo hng cng ghp. iu ny c th
c thc hin nh iu chnh thng sS (h5.51a) v (h5.51b).

50

* Cu hnh song song (h5.51a). Gi thit c sng TE10 n cng 1,

Ey = Asin

x
a

e jz

(5.38a)

A
x j z
sin
e
Z 10
a
x j z
jA
cos
e
Hz =
aZ 10
a
Hx =

(5.38a)
(5.38a)

Vi Z10 = k00 : tr khng sng ca mode TE10

- Bin ca sng ti v sng v ca ng dn sng bn di l :
0m 2 s 2
s
jA
+
2 s
A10 =
2 sin
+ 2 2 cos2
0e sin
P10
a
Z10
a a
a

0m 2 s 2
jA
2 s
2 s

A =
sin
sin
cos
+

0 e

P10
a
Z102
a 2a2
a

10

(5.40a)

(5.40b)

Nhn xt: Bin sng ti cng 4 ( A10+ ) ni chung khc vi bin sng ti
cng . trit tiu cng sut ti cng 3 ( A10 ) cn iu kin:
A10+ = 0 <=> sin

s
a

0
2
=
2 2
4 k0 a
2(20 a 2 )
2

(5.41)

Khi h s ghp l :

C = 20 lg

A
(dB)
A10

(5.42a)

H s nh hng l :

D = 20 lg

A10
(dB)
+
A10

(5.42a)

* Cc bc thit k
Dng (5.41) tm S (v tr ca l)
Dng (5.42) xc nh r0 (bn knh l) tha mn D, C cho trc.
* Cu hnh xin: L t ti v tr S = a/2, iu chnh , trit tiu sng n cng
4. Trong trng hp ny in trng khng thay i theo nhng thnh phn t
trng ngang thay i theo h s cos , do c th dng (5.40) vi vic thay m =
mcos .
Khi vi s =

a
2

A10+ =

0m
jA

cos

0 e

P10
Z102

(5.43a)

A10 =

0m
jA
0e + 2 cos
P10
Z10

(5.43b)

iu kin A = 0 ->

k02
cos = 2
2

H s ghp :

C = 20 lg

+
10

4k02 r03
A
=

20
lg
(dB)
A10
3ab

(5.44)
(5.45)
51

V d: Thit k b ghp bethe song song cho di bng tn x - ng dn sng hot

ng 9 GHz, h s ghp 20dB
Gii: Cc hng s cho X band waveguide ti 9GHz, a = 0,02286m , b =
0.01016 , 0 = 0,0333m , k0 = 188,5m-1 , = 129m 1 , Z10 = 550 , P10 = 4,22.10-7 m2/ .
a 1
T (5.41) => s = sin 0,972 = 9,69mm

(5.42) =>

20
A
6
20
=
10
= 10 => t (5.40) => r0 theo iu kin : 0,1 =1,44.10

A10

r03 => r0 = 4,15mm.

52

Chng VI: B LC SIU CAO TN

6.1 GII THIU
nh ngha: B lc siu cao tn l 1 mng 2 cng dng iu kin p ng
tn s 1 v tr xc nh trong h thng SCT, bao gm cc loi tng t nh b lc
tn s thp
ng dng: bao gm tt c cc dng thng tin SCT, radar, cc h thng o dc
v thy in.
Lch s: T u th chin II, bi Mason, Sykes, Darlington, Fano, Lawson v
Richards.
- u nhng nm 503, cc nh nghin cu Stanford Research Institute ng
dng phng php thng s nh nghin cu cc b lc SCT.
- Hin nay hu ht cc b lc SCT c thit k s dng cc phn mm CAD
trn c s phng php tn hao chn.
- y vn l lnh vc ang c nghin cu mnh vi vic nghin cu tng hp
b lc vi cc phn t phn b, ng dng siu dn nhit thp v cc linh kin tch
cc.
- Cc cu trc tun hon c cp trc tin do cc ng dng trong cc h
thng sng chm, khuch i sng chy v do chng c p ng lc chn di, l c
s cho phng php thng s nh.
- Cc phng php thng s nh v tn hao chn u s dng m hnh cc phn
t tp trung do vi cc b lc SCT, cc phng php ny cn phi c s iu
chnh cho cc phn t phn b, chng hn dng cc tr khng bc thang v cc ng
ghp hoc cc b copng hng ghp.

6.2 CC CU TRC TUN HON

1) Gii thiu:
- Mt ng truyn hoc mt ng dn sng v hn mc ti c chu k vi cc
phn t in khng c gi l mt cu trc tun hon.
- C th c nhiu dng, ty thuc vo mi trng ng truyn.
- Thng cc phn t ti c to thnh t cc ch gin on trong ng
truyn. chng c th c m hnh ha nh l cc in khng tp trung mc ngang
ng truyn nh hnh v:

53

2) Phn tch cu trc tun han v hn:

Xt cu trc m hnh nh (h6.2.2), mi cell n v chiu di d c dn np shunt
qua im gia ca cell, b l dn np chun ha so vi Z0. Coi ng truyn l mt
Cascade ca cc mng 2 cng ging nhau. in p v dng in ti 2 pha ca cell
th n c quan h:
Vn A CVn+1
(6.1)
I = B DV
n+1
n

Ch : A, B, C, D l cc thng s ma trn cho dy Cascade ca mt on ng

truyn d/2, mt dn np shunt b v mt on ng truyn d/2, do t bng (3.1)

A B cos 2 j sin 2 1 0 cos 2 j sin 2

C D =

j sin cos jb 1 j sin cos

2
2
2
2

b
b
b

j (sin + cos )
(cos 2 sin )
2
2
=

b
b
b

j (sin + cos )
cos sin
2
2
2

(6.2)

Vi = kd
* Vi sng truyn theo hng +Z phi c :

V( z ) = V( 0 ) e z

(6.3a)

I ( z ) = I ( 0 ) e z

(6.3b)

Vi mt phng pha tham chiu ti z =0

- Ti cc nt :

Vn+1 = Vn e d

(6.4a)

I n+1 = I ned

(6.4a)

=.>

V n A
I = C
n

=>

A e d

B V n +1 V n +1 e d
=

D V n +1 I n +1 e d

B Vn +1

D e d Vn +1

Cho li gii khng tm thng th phi c :

AD + e 2d ( A + D)ed BC = 0
AD BC =1 =>
Coshd =

* Nu = + j =>

A+ D
b
= cos sin
2
2

(6.5)
(6.6)
(6.7)

b
Coshd = CoshdCoshd + j sinhd.sin d = cos sin
2
=> = 0 hoc = 0 (V v phi thun thc)

(6.8)

54

+ Trng hp 1: = 0, o : trng hp khng suy gim (sng) v c nh

ngha l gii thng ca cu trc. Khi (6.8)
b
Coshd = cos sin
(6.9a)
2
c th gii tm nu ln ca v phi 1, v khi s c v s gi tr
tha mn (6.9a).
+ Trng hp 2: 0, = 0,: sng b suy gim theo chiu di ng truyn,
y l gii chn (stop band) ca cu trc. V ng truyn l khng tn hao nn cng
sut b phn x ngc tr li u vo ca ng truyn t (6.8)

b
Coshd = cos sin 1
2

(6.9b)
b
2

- (6.9b) ch c mt li gii > 0 cho sng chy dng. Nu cos sin 1

th (6.9.b) thu c t (6.8) bng cch cho = . Khi tt c cc ti tp trung trn
ng truyn u l cc on 2 do tr khng vo ging nh trng hp = 0.
* Vy ty thuc vo tn s v gi tr dn np chun ha m ng truyn ti
tun hon c th l Pass band hoc Stopband v do c th xem nh l mt b lc.
in p v dng ch c ngha ti cc u cui ca Unit cell. Sng p v dng lc ny
c tn l cc sng bloch, tng ng nh cc sng n hi lan truyn qua mng tinh
th tun hon.
+ nh ngha: Tr khng c trng ti cc u cui ca cell n v

ZB = Z0

V n +1
I n +1

(V cc Vn+1 l cc i lng chun ha)

Cc ZB c tn l cc tr khng Bloch.
A e d V n + 1 + BI
T (6.5) =>

V t (6.10) =>

ZB =

t (6.6) =>

Z B =

BZ 0
A e d

(6.10)

n +1

= 0

)
BZ0

2A A D m

( A + D )2 4

(6.11)

Vi cc cell n v i xng , A = D

ZB =

BZ0
A2 1

(6.12)

Cc li gii tng ng tr khng c trng cho cc sng chy dng v m.

Vi mng i xng, cc tr khang ny ng thi c chp nhn v khi chiu ca
I n + 1 c nh ngha ngc li tr khng dng.
T (6.2) B lun thun o
- nu = 0, 0 => ZB thc
- nu = 0, = 0 => ZB o
55

3) Cu trc tun hon c kt cui: ZL

Gi s cu trc hot ng Passband

Vn = V0+ e jnd + V0e jnd

+ jnd
0

jnd
0

In = I e
Vi

=>

+I e

V0+ jnd V0 jnd

= +e
+ e
ZB
ZB

Vn+ = V0+e jnd : sng ti

Vn+ = V0+e jnd : sng phn x

Vn+ Vn
Vn = V +V , I n = + +
ZB ZB
+
n

(6.13a)

(6.13b)
(6.14a)
(6.14b)

(6.15)

- Ti ti (n = N) :

VN+ VN
VN = V +V = ZL I N = ZL + +
B B
+
N

V
=
V

n
+
n

ZL
=

ZL

Z B+
Z B

(6.16)

1
1

(6.17)

Nu cell dn v l i xng (A = D) ZB = ZB = ZB =>

ZL ZB
ZL + ZB

(6.18)

6.3 THIT K B LC BNG PHNG PHP

THNG S NH
1) Tr khng nh v hm truyn cho cc mng 2 cng:
Xt mng 2 cng ty nh hnh v:
nh ngha:
+ Zi1: Tr khng vo ti cng 1 khi cng 2 kt cui vi zi2.
+ Zi2: Tr khng vo ti cng 2 khi cng 1 kt cui vi zi1.
Vy c 2 cng u phi hp khi cng kt cui vi cc tr khng nh ca
chng. Chng ta s tm biu thc cho Zi1, Zi2 theo ABCD:
V1 = AV 2 + BI 2
(6.22)
I 1 = CV 2 + DI 2
Tr khng vo ti cng 1 khi cng 2 kt cui vi Zi2 :
Z in1 =

V1 AV2 + BI2 AZi 2 + B

=
=
I1 CV2 + DI2 CZi 2 + D

(6.23)

(V V2 = Z i 2 I 2 ). AD BC =1 =>
56

V2 = DV1 BI 1

(6.24)

I 2 = CV1 + AI 1

=>

Z in2 =

V2
DV1 BI 1
DV1 + BI 1
=
=
CV1 + AI 1
I2
CZ i1 + D

(6.25)

- Zin1 = Z1 , Zin2 = Z2 =>

Z i1 D B = Z i 2 ( A CZi1 )
=>

Z i1 =

AB
, Zi2 =
CD

(6.26)

BD
AC

(6.27)

DZ
V Z in2 = in1 A

Nu mng i xng (A=D) th Zi1 = Zi2

* Hm truyn in p : xt mng nh (h.6.3.2)

B
V2 = DV1 BI1 = D V1
Zi1

(6.28)

(V V1 = I1 Z i1 ) =>

V2
B
D
= D
=
AD BC
Zi1
A
V1

(6.29a)

I2
V
A
AD BC
= C 1 + A =
D
I1
I1
+ H s

(6.29b)

D
nghch o nhau (6.29a) v (6.29b) v c gi l t s chuyn
A

i ngc.
+ Phn cn li c nh ngha l h s lan truyn ca mng

=>

e = AD BC

(6.30)

cosh = AD

(6.31)

57