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TheInternationalEcotourismSociety(TIES),
 DigitalTraveler~AsiaPacific
eNewsletter,July2005www.ecotourism.org
1
 HowisTourismAffectingEthnicMinorityWomen?TheCaseofBaiandMosuoWomeninYunnanProvince,PRC ByDuarteB.Morais
Tourismhasbecomeincreasinglyrecognizedasaglobalforceofchange,particularlyindevelopingcountries.IntheAsiaPacificregion,tourismdevelopmentisoftenseenasatoolforsocio-economicrevitalizationofcommunitiesthathaveremainedisolatedfromthemainstreamsocietyandeconomy.Despitetheclaimsforthepotentialbenefitsoftourism,therehavebeenlimitedempiricalexaminationsoftourismimpactsinperipheralareasintheAsiaPacific,andlittleinsightintotheimpactstourismhasonethnicminoritywomen.Althoughtourismoffersopportunitiesforincomegenerationandeconomicindependence,whichhelpsenhancewomen’ssocialandeconomicstatus,womentypicallyholdtourismjobsthatareanextensionoftheirtraditionalhomeduties(e.g.,homestayproviders,cleaners,andcraftmakers)andrarelyattainleadershippositions,perpetuatingthecycleofwomen’sinvisibilityandlackofappreciationbysociety.Inordertoexaminetowhatextentsocio-culturalcharacteristicsofthehostcommunitymayinfluencethewaytourismimpactswomen,weconductedacontrolledcomparisonofimpactsintwoethnictourismdestinationsinYunnanProvince,PRC;DaliandLugu-Hu,andtheirpredominantethnicgroups–theBaiandtheMosuorespectively.Thesetwogroupsaresimilarintermsoftheirgeographicalandeconomicsituations,buthaveonecriticaldifference:theBaipeoplearepatriarchalandtheMosuomatriarchal.Table1and2belowsummarizetheresultsoftheinterviewswithBaiandMosuowomen,whichincludedquestionsregardingtheimpactstourismhashadonthem,theirfamilyandtheirchildren.Table1.
PositiveimpactsImpactsDaliLugu-HuEconomicIncreasesfamilyincome(4)Moreincomesourcesforwomen/unskilled(3)Part-timejobsforchildren(3)Livingstandardsimproved(2)MoreavailabilityofgoodsLivingstandardsimproved(4)IncreasedincomeCulturalWecanlearnaboutoutsideworld(2)LocalsnackspromotedWomen’sknowledgeincreasedWomenlearnnewlanguagesPeoplewanttomodernizetheirtownsEthniccultureisprotectedWivesandhusbandsshareeconomicburdenWelearnnewlanguages(2)Peoplebecameopenminded(2)WedonotneedtodoheavyfarmworkHygienicpracticesimprovedChildrenrealizelearningisimportantEducationallevelimprovedClothingismorediverseEcologicalInfrastructureimproves(2)Greenvegetablesareproduced&consumed(2)Housesandfacilitiesimproved
 
TheInternationalEcotourismSociety(TIES),
 DigitalTraveler~AsiaPacific
eNewsletter,July2005www.ecotourism.org
2
Table2.NegativeimpactsImpactsDaliLugu-HuEconomicPricesincreasedFamilies’expendituresincreasedOutsidersdominatetourismbusinessPublicexpenditurestoprotectenvironmentincreasedProfitsfromtouristssouvenirsarelowPricesofagriculturalproductsaretoohighOutsidersdominatetourismbusinessCulturalChildrendistractedfromtheirstudies(2)Familytimeandfreetimehasdecreased(2)TimeforguidingchildrenhasdecreasedProstituteshavecomefrompoorvillagesFallinginlovewithoutsidershurtsfamilyharmony(2)Mothersbecomeverybusy(2)ChildrenbecomelazyCriminalcaseshaveincreasedOutsidersmisrepresentlocalcultureWeforgethowtodofarmworkEcologicalNoisepollutionMorevehiclesaredangeroustolocalsRiversarepollutedWhitepollution(paper/plastic)LakepollutionhasbecomeseriousThedatacollectedfromthestudyprovidesmuchinsightintothewaysinwhichtourismaffectsBaiandMosuowomen.Namely,
•
WhileBaiwomenemphasizedthattourismbringseconomicopportunities,Mosuowomen,whowerealreadyeconomicallyindependent,onlynotedmoderateimprovementstotheirstandardofliving.
•
Informantsmentionednumerouspositiveandnegativeimpactsthathadnoevidentrelationshipwithaccesstoincome,e.g.exposuretootherlanguages,culturesandtheconceptofmodernization.
•
Mosuowomenshowedparticularconcernoverthepreservationoftheirtraditionsbynotinghowtourismbroughtcrime,culturalmisrepresentation,andtemptationstoMosuogirls.Inconclusion,thisstudyaffirmsthattourismdevelopmentbringsmuchneededeconomicrelievetoperipheralregionsdespitethefactthatthehostsonlyretainasmallfractionoftherevenuesduetonationaltouragencies’controlovertransportationandlodgingandimmigrantmerchantsdominatingtheretailofsouvenirs.Italsosuggeststhatincreasedaccesstoincomeonlybenefitswomen’ssocialstandingincommunitieswheretheyhavebeentraditionallyalienatedfromthelocaleconomy,whereasincommunitieswherewomenhavebeencommerciallyactive,tourismonlyprovidesanalternativesourceofincome.Lastly,animportantimplicationfortourism-relatedresearchinChinaandthebroaderAsiaPacificregion,wheretraditionalsocio-culturalfactorsplayanimportantroleindetermininggenderrelations,isthatsincetourismaffectswomeninmanywaysnotrelatedtoeconomicbenefits,anyexaminationsoftourismimpactsonwomenshouldencompassbotheconomicandsocio-culturalfactors.
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