" "

1. IUPAC =113,
( )
.
;

(Cl ).
.

IUPAC
> 100, Ununtrium (Uut).
.. = 113
Uub, 7 3 (
).

[Rn]5f146d107s27p1 ( 2.2).
l
In ( ).
Cl
( 3.2)
UutCl3 UutCl.

2.
. .
Ti, Fe3+, V, Mn2+, K

() K > Ti > V > Mn2+ > Fe3+.

,
( 3.3, 3.2
- 3.4).
Mn2+ Fe3+ Mn > Mn2+ Fe > Fe3+. Mn2+
Fe3+ ( 23 ),
Fe3+ (26 25
Mn2+).
() K < Ti < V < Mn2+ = Fe3+.

( 3.5).

. :

4s
1

[Ar]4s

19

[Ar]

V [Ar]3d 4s

[Ar]

Mn2+ [Ar]3d5

[Ar]

Ti [Ar]3d 4s

22

23

25

3+

Fe

26

[Ar]3d

[Ar]

[Ar]

1
3d

4s
2

3d

4s

4s

3
d

3d

5
4s
5

:
,
ns
(n 1)d.

[Ar] .

3.
. () K, Cs, Rb, Li () N, B, Be, O

() :
Cs < Rb < K < Li.
T .. ( 1).
, .,
(
, n) eff .
.
() : B < Be < O < N .
T ..
, ..
eff
.
( 3.9, . 176). ,
np ( )
ns . 1 1
Be. , 1 1
.
(2p) . , 1
1 .

4. N Br 1
. 1
laser
. 3.4,
( nm) 1 Br.
;

() .. ( ).
(r), = 35, (I), = 53,
.
, 1
1 ,
(g) + e X(g) Br.
()
(g) X(g) + e .
. 3.4
1 Br 324,6 kJ mol-1
, mole , Br(g) + e r (g) .
, E Laser
1 mol Br(g) +324,6 kJ mol1 . 1
( ) Br(g), :
1 = /A= (324,6 kJ mol1) (103 J kJ1) /6,022 1023 mol1 = 5,390 1019 J.
:
1 = h =h c/ = h c/E1
= (6,626 1034 J s 2,998 108 m s1) / 5,390 1019 J = 3,685 107 m = 368,5 nm
2.3,
(. 3.7).

5. ;
.

Lewis .

.
Mo 4
.
H
a(s) Na+(g) + e- 1 Na.
6
3d Fe2+ Co3+.
1 .

T Na+, 2 , Mg2+, Ne, F

.
Cu+ 1 o
o.
1A ..
1 .
1 1.

Lewis .

Lewis
.
VSEPR
.
.

.

.
Mo 4
.

Mo 6
. [Kr]4d55s1
[Kr]4d45s2,
(d5) .

H
a(s) Na+(g) + e- 1 Na.

(1)

,
,

. (1)
: a(g) Na+(g) + e-

6 3d
Fe2+ Co3+

,
[Ar]3d6

1 .

( ), 1
.

T Na+, 2 , Mg2+, Ne, F

.

, 5 ,
[Ne]

.

Cu+ 1 o
o.

Cu [Ar]3d104s1
Cu+ [Ar]3d10
.
1 .. 1
.

( 1)
I1 ( 3.9).
1 1

O (eff )

.

6.
AlCl3(s). () AlCl3(s) 704 kJ/mol. ()
l(s) +326 kJ/mol. () ,
Al +558, +1820 +2750 kJ/mol, . ()
ClCl 244 kJ/mol. () Cl
349 kJ/mol.

4.2, :
Al(s)
1. Al(s) Al(g)

H1 = 326 kJ mol1

2. Al(g) Al3+(g) + 3e

Al(g) (1+2+3) H2 = 5128 kJ mol1

3. 3/2Cl2(g) 3Cl(g)

Cl-Cl

4. 3Cl(g) + 3e 3Cl(g)

1
Cl(g)

AlCl3(s)
AlCl3(s)

5. Al3+(g) + 3Cl(g)
AlCl3(s)
6. Al(s) + 3/2Cl2(g)
AlCl3(s)

H3 = (3/2 244) = 366

kJ
H4 = 3(349) = 1047 kJ
H5 = ?
H = 704 kJ mol1

Hess :
. = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
5 = 5477 kJ mol1
, AlCl3(s) +5477 kJ mol1.

7. ,
:
() CH3OH, () H2CO () CO
.

Lewis (. 4.10 4.11).

() CO ( = 1), () (
= 2) () ( = 3).
( 4.11), (
),
.
:
: () > () > ()
: () > () > ()
: () > () > ()

8. M 4.7,
:
() NO NF, () HO HS, () CF CBr, () CH C.

.

( 4.7)
( ). A 4.7 :
C = 2,5, = 3,5, = 3,0, S = 2,5, = 2,1, r = 2,8 = 2,5, F = 4,0.

HO
HS

CF
CBr

CH
CI

0,5
1,0

1,4
0,4

1,5
0,3

0,4
0

+
+
: +F ,
HO ,
CF CH+.
4.8 ,
20%, 40%, 45%
5%, (. 4.9).

9. Lewis : () 3 , () PH3,

() PO43 . ;

P43 3

3 .

4.14 :
()

12
( ).
()

(
).
()

10
( ).

10. VSEPR,
:
() CF3Cl,
() ICl3,

() H2S,
() XeF4,

() PCl5,
() N2O,

() ClO3 ,
() SF6,

() SiF4,

() CH3

VSEPR ( 4.10), Lewis

, ( )

4.5 4.6:

CF3Cl

=4, =0

H2S

=2, =2

PCl5

=5, =0

ClO3

=3, =1

SiF4

=4, =0

ICl3

=3, =2

XeF4

=4, =2

N2O

=2, =0

SF6

=6, =0

=3, =1

CH3