Good evening! I want to begin by thanking the Issues Committee for the invitation to
take part in tonight's debate, and I hope that it will be a significant step forward in your
own spiritual journey.

Now in raising the question of God's existence, we are in effect engaging in the
assessment of a hypothesis about the world, namely, the hypothesis that God exists. If our
goal is to determine rationally whether or not this hypothesis is true, we must conduct our
inquiry according to the basic rules of logic. Arguments based on invalid logic, however
emotionally appealing, are worthless in providing any rational warrant for their
conclusions.

Accordingly, we need to ask ourselves two questions with respect to this hypothesis: (1)
What evidence is there that serves toveri fy this hypothesis? and (2) What evidence is
there that serves tofalsi fy this hypothesis?

Now with respect to the second question, I'll leave it up to Dr. Pigliucci to present the
reasons why he thinks that this hypothesis is false. Atheists have tried for centuries to
disprove the existence of God, but no one has ever been able to come up with a
successful argument. Dr. Pigliucci, on the other hand, in his article "God as a Falsifiable
Hypothesis," says, "My position is that belief in God can be falsified" on the basis of the
evidence.1 So rather than attack straw men at this point, I'll just wait to hear Dr.
Pigliucci's answer to the following question: What good evidence is there to show that

Let's look, then, at the first question: What evidence is there that serves to verify God's
existence? Tonight I'm going to present five reasons in support of the specific hypothesis
that a personal Creator and Designer of the universe exists, who is the locus of absolute
value and who has revealed Himself in Christ. Whole books have been written on each
one of these, so all I can present here is a brief sketch of each argument and then go into
more detail as Dr. Pigliucci responds to them.

1. The origin of the universe. Have you ever asked yourself where the universe came
from? Why everything exists instead of just nothing? Typically atheists have said the
universe is just eternal and uncaused. But surely this is unreasonable. Just think about it a
minute. If the universe is eternal and never had a beginning, that means that the number
of past events in the history of the universe is infinite. But mathematicians recognize that
the idea of an actually infinite number of things leads to self-contradictions. For example,
what is infinity minus infinity? Well, mathematically, you get self-contradictory answers.
This shows that infinity is just an idea in your mind, not something that exists in reality.
David Hilbert, perhaps the greatest mathematician of this century, states, "The infinite is
nowhere to be found in reality. It neither exists in nature nor provides a legitimate basis
for rational thought. The role that remains for the infinite to play is solely that of an
idea."2 But that entails that since past events are not just ideas, but are real, the number of
past events must be finite. Therefore, the series of past events can't go back forever;
rather the universe must have begun to exist.

This conclusion has been confirmed by remarkable discoveries in astronomy and
astrophysics. The astrophysical evidence indicates that the universe began to exist in a
great explosion called the "Big Bang" 15 billion years ago. Physical space and time were
created in that event, as well as all the matter and energy in the universe. Therefore, as
Cambridge astronomer Fred Hoyle points out, the Big Bang theory requires the creation
of the universe from nothing. This is because, as you go back in time, you reach a point at
which, in Hoyle's words, the universe was "shrunk down to nothing at all."3 Thus, what
the Big Bang model requires is that the universe began to exist and was created out of
nothing.

Now this tends to be very awkward for the atheist. For as Anthony Kenny of Oxford
University urges, "A proponent of the big bang theory, at least if he is an atheist, must
believe that the . . . universe came from nothing and by nothing."4 But surely that doesn't
make sense! Out of nothing, nothing comes. So why does the universe exist instead of
just nothing? Where did it come from? There must have been a cause which brought the
universe into being.

We can summarize our argument thus far as follows:
1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
2. The universe began to exist.
3. Therefore, the universe has a cause.

Now from the very nature of the case, as the cause of space and time, this cause must be
an uncaused, changeless, timeless, and immaterial being of unimaginable power which
created the universe. Moreover, I would argue, it must also be personal. For how else
could atime less cause give rise to atemporal effect like the universe? If the cause were
an impersonal set of necessary and sufficient conditions, then the cause could never exist
without the effect. If the cause were timelessly present, then the effect would be
timelessly present as well. The only way for the cause to be timeless and the effect to
begin in time is for the cause to be a personal agent who freely chooses to create an effect
in time without any prior determining conditions. Thus, we are brought, not merely to a
transcendent cause of the universe, but to its Personal Creator.

Isn't it incredible that the Big Bang theory thus fits in with what the Christian theist has
always believed: that in the beginning God created the universe? Now I put it to you:
which makes more sense: that the theist is right or that the universe popped into being
uncaused out of nothing? I, at least, have no trouble assessing these alternatives!

2. The complex order in the universe. During the last 30 years, scientists have discovered
that the existence of intelligent life depends upon a complex and delicate balance of
initial conditions given in the Big Bang itself. We now know that life-prohibiting
universes are vastly more probable than any life-permitting universe like ours. How much
more probable?

The answer is that the chances that the universe should be life-permitting are so
infinitesimal as to be incomprehensible and incalculable. For example, Stephen Hawking
has estimated that if the rate of the universe's expansion one second after the Big Bang
had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe
would have re-collapsed into a hot fireball.5 P. C. W. Davies has calculated that the odds
against the initial conditions being suitable for later star formation (without which planets
could not exist) is one followed by a thousand billion billion zeroes, at least.6 John