Jharkhand Development Report 2009

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net
Jharkhand development report November 2008

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Jharkhand in its Eighth Year
A Study
For
Prabhat Khabar
November 2008
indicus Analytics
Nehru House 2nd Floor, 4 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
New Delhi 110002

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Phone- 011-42512400/01
Website: www.indicus.net

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...............................................................................................................6
Introduction........................................................................................................................7
Data Qualification..............................................................................................................9
Jharkhand – A Review......................................................................................................10
State Profile____________________________________________________________10
Gross State Domestic Product Estimates.........................................................................11
Section I Jharkhand in the post liberalization era..........................................................12
Section II Jharkhand @ IT today....................................................................................20
Section III. Jharkhand in its Eighth Year.......................................................................32
A. Governance in Jharkhand______________________________________________32
1. Law and Order.......................................................................................................33
2. Public Finance........................................................................................................42
3. Movement of Prices...............................................................................................50
4. Infrastructure..........................................................................................................52
B. Jharkhand As a Knowledge Economy.......................................................................60
1. Communication......................................................................................................60
2. Educational Institutions.........................................................................................64
C. Socio-Economic Profile .............................................................................................70
1.Demography............................................................................................................70
2. Workforce ..............................................................................................................75
3. Basic Necessity......................................................................................................77
4. Health.....................................................................................................................81
5. Education...............................................................................................................85
6. Agriculture.............................................................................................................92
.........................................................................................................................................92
.........................................................................................................................................93
7. Investment Scenario...............................................................................................95
8. Consumer markets...............................................................................................104
9. Fiscal Status.........................................................................................................110
Section IV : The Districts of Jharkhand_____________________________________116
1. Health and Civic Attainment ...............................................................................117
2. Education.............................................................................................................120
3. Demography.........................................................................................................122
4. Poverty.................................................................................................................124
...............................................................................................................................124
5. Economy..............................................................................................................126
6. Overall Performance of the districts....................................................................131

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Section V Jharkhand’s best and worst constituencies..................................................137

Section VI Potential Cities – An evaluation.................................................................141
Section VII Ranking of Eastern Zone States...............................................................143
Section VIII Looking into the future.............................................................................146
Bibliography....................................................................................................................155

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Acknowledgement
First and foremost we would like to acknowledge Prabhat Khabar for

initiating and supporting this project for the fourth consecutive year for
the people of Jharkhand. We would also like to thank Shri Harivansh ji
for providing us with insightful information and vision in putting
together and backing such a project. We would like to thank the
eminent contributors for taking out their valuable time and sharing
their thoughts about Jharkhand.
Team Members
Dr. Sumita Kale

Deepa Nayak
Ankur Gupta
Indicus Analytics, New Delhi

indic@indicus.net
November 2008.

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Introduction
The passing of the Bihar Reorganization Bill gave birth to the 28th state
of the nation, Jharkhand on November 15th 2000 on the occasion of the
birth anniversary of the legendary Bhagwan Birsa Munda. Jharkhand as
a state is known as a vast reservoir of natural resources in terms of
forest areas as well as minerals. However, in spite of this immense
potential, it has not been able to utilize them properly and is thus
counted among the backward states in the country. Its inheritance is
considered to be one of the major reasons for this backwardness which
is reflected in the development backlog over the years. The
widespread unrest among the naxal community in recent times has
further added to the problem. It thus puts a challenge before the state
to provide good governance and to enable equitable growth and socio-
economic progress. With a population size a third of Bihar and
community-centered traditional ethos of tribal people, it will be
relatively easier for the nascent state to pass on the benefits of growth
to its citizens equally.
The present study makes an attempt to analyze the strengths and

weaknesses of the state, objectively using government's own data.
Various aspects of Jharkhand's economy and the changes therein over
time have been tracked to see the extent of progress in different
indicators of growth and development. In each of the aspects,
Jharkhand's status in comparison to other states has been discussed.
Further, a comparative analysis of various districts of the state has also
been presented. Latest available data from various government and
semi-government sources have been used for this analysis. Since this
study is the fourth in the series, data has been updated from the
previous edition, where available.
The study is divided into eight sections each dealing with various
issues related to development. Section I focuses on Jharkhand's
position vis-à-vis other states in the post-liberalization phase. Section II
examines the potential of the IT/ITES sector in the state. The third
section of the study explores the quality of governance, examines the
knowledge and communication base as well as the socio-economic
profile of Jharkhand. The fourth section of the report deals with the
intra-state analysis where the districts of the state are compared. The
fifth section provides a comparative picture of the parliamentary
constituencies in the state in terms of various socio-economic and
infrastructure based parameters. Sixth section explores the potential
cities of the state while the seventh section gives the state rankings in
the eastern zone in terms of various socio-economic variables. Gross

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domestic product and per capita income of Jharkhand vis-a-vis other

states in 2020 has been discussed in the eighth and the final section.
The states, which are being considered for comparison, are in one way
or the other, related to Jharkhand. We have considered the parent
state of Jharkhand, Bihar, new states that were formed at the same
time as Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand and the other
neighbors of Jharkhand -West Bengal and Orissa. In some cases, where
relevant, we have also considered states that have performed
significantly well in the area being discussed.
This study is a depiction of the current scenario in Jharkhand across

different socio-economic parameters, which will enable readers to
understand the various elements crucial for growth and development
in the state. It will also provide useful insights to the policy makers to
take constructive steps in those areas where the state is lagging
behind.

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Data Qualification
Jharkhand was formed only eight years ago and generally the different
government departments take an average of two years to release their
data. Hence the data for the year 2006-07, and 2007-08 is not
available more majority of the indictors. As a result, for most of the
indicators, the latest data we have is for the period of 2005-06. Hence
depending on the availability of the data the analysis has been done
from 2001to 2005-06.
One important point related to the GDP data is that the previous
reports contained GDP figures with 1993-94 as the base year. While the
present report gives GDP figures with the latest released 1999-2000
base year.
Another point worth mentioning is that we have used the revised

estimates rather than budgeted estimates for indicators related to
expenditure incurred by the state government on various sectors like
education, health etc. The revised estimates actually gives the
estimates which has been revised and is thus an actual indicator of the
amount of expenditure incurred on health and family welfare. The
latest year for which the revised estimate is available is 2005-06.
With a relatively short time span, the data shows a lot of fluctuations
during this period. While analysis for these parameters is being done
on the basis of this data, the trends will become clearer with passage
of time and release of the data in forthcoming years.

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Jharkhand – A Review
State Profile
State Jharkhand
Capital Ranchi
Area (sq. km.) 79,714
Population 2001 29,945,829
Density of Population per sq. km. 338
Average Annual growth rate of 2.1
population 1991-2001 (%)
Annual Per Capita Income 2007-08
(Rs.) Rs. 23,098
Percentage of Urban Population
(%) 22.25
Literacy Rate (%), 2004-05 58.82
Number of Districts 24
Number of Towns 152
Number of Villages 32,616
Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad,
Prominent Cities Bokaro
Prominent Airports Ranchi
Principal Crops Maize, Rice, Wheat, Pulses
Heavy Engineering, Coal Mining,
Major Industries Tussar Silk, Steel, IT, Tourism

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Gross State Domestic Product Estimates
Table I : GSDP at current prices (Rs. Crores)
GSDP (Rs. Crores) Growth (%)

2
2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005 006-
States 2003 2004 2005 06 07 2003 2004 2005 -06 07
38,18 42,49 62,95 69,75 10.6 10.8
Jharkhand 7 4 56,871 0 2 9.01 11.28 33.83 9 1
18.2
Bihar 65,117 66,961 73,791 79,682 94,251 12.65 2.83 10.2 7.98 8
Madhya 102,83 118,58 128,20
Pradesh 86,832 9 107,657 6 2 0.1 18.43 4.68 10.15 8.11
12.3
Chhattisgarh 32,901 39,803 45,999 51,921 58,323 8.72 20.98 15.57 12.87 3
299,27 337,49 432,41 476,50 10.2
Maharashtra 9 5 378,839 3 9 10.32 12.77 12.25 14.14 0
104,70 123,39 17.8
Punjab 82,648 89,838 96,592 5 7 3.71 8.7 7.52 8.4 5
168,04 189,09 236,04 259,05
West Bengal 7 9 208,578 4 7 6.94 12.53 10.3 13.17 9.75
All-India
GDP(99-00 2,265, 2,549, 3,250, 3,790, 16.5
base) 304 418 2,855,933 932 063 7.86 12.54 12.02 13.83 8
Source: Central Statistical Organization

Note: The current series of GDP is based on the new 1999-2000 series.

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Section I Jharkhand in the post liberalization era
The Indian economy saw widespread reforms introduced in the P V

Narasimha Rao regime in early 1990s which led to a spurt in the
growth path in the entire nation. It changed the structure of the
economy from emphasis on government in a socialist pattern to a
mixed economy with considerable role for the private sector. For states
like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand which were born in 2000,
the early impact of liberalization is difficult to gauge as data is
available in most cases on the undivided states. Moreover the parent
states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the ones which
have been languishing at the bottom of the economic and social ladder
in India for many years. The new states were formed to break free of
the poor governance in the parent states and aim for higher growth
and better development policies. Consequently, new initiatives at the
national level are likely to show less impact on the newly formed state
as against the existing ones.
Prevalence of wide disparity in terms of economic and social

development characterizes the federal state of India. Therefore, any
reform or policy adopted at the national level is likely to have diverse
impact at the regional level. With the central government taking a back
seat in control, the role of the state governments increased with the
relaxation of norms. This made it easier for some states with better
governance like Gujarat and Maharashtra to attract private investment.
Another important point to note is that economic liberalization
encompasses diverse areas in industry, agriculture, trade etc. State-
specific characteristics would limit or enhance the impact of reforms in
these areas. For instance, dismantling of industrial licensing and
balanced growth policy meant that industries would locate on
economic considerations. States which had infrastructure in place
attracted investment while others whose infrastructure provision in
power, roads etc. was lacking, had to work towards putting in these
foundations first, without the help from the centre. States now have to
compete for investment projects, this increases the burden on the
state government for providing a conducive investment friendly
environment. Hence there are positive forces being unleashed across
the nation which states can take advantage of, and at the same time
there is reallocation of resources and increased competition amongst
states, which can have a negative effect on growth in some sectors.
Moreover, some areas are still under central government control and
have little role for the private sector, for example coal mining and
pricing. This limits the advantage that accrues to the states like
Jharkhand with huge coal reserves.

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This article will examine how economic liberalization has impacted

Jharkhand, looking at trends in various parameters like income growth,
poverty, health, education etc. It is seen that while economic growth
has spurted, there has been little impact on other parameters. An
attempt is made to give a complete picture of the effect of the reforms
despite the constraints of consistency and comparability of data across
the time period under study.
Broadly, parameters evaluated fall into two categories, viz, economic

and social. The economic indicators used are annual growth rate of the
state income, i.e the Gross State Domestic Product and the poverty
levels in the state. In terms of state income, there are significant
constraints of data. National accounting series have changed twice in
the period since the eighties and the growth rates have been
calculated for three equal intervals, 1986-87 to 1992-93, 1993-94 to
1999-00, 2000-02, each with a different data series. While these are
not strictly comparable across time, the general trend is clear when
compared across states and with the national picture. Moreover, data
are available separately for the divided states only from 1993-94.
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Figure1: Growth ratefor Real GSDP
10.3
10 9.6
8.5
8 7.4
6.6
5.9 5.9 5.9 6.2 5.7
(%)
6 5.0 5.0
4.5 4.4 4.6 4.7
3.9
4 3.2 3.0
2.1 2.1
2
0
Jharkhand Bihar Chhattisgarh Madhya Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh India
Pradesh
Source: Central Statistical Organization;Note: The three time periods 1986-87 to 1992-93
are based on three different national accounting series -1983-84, 1993- 1993-94 to 1999-00
94 and 1999-00 respectively, which are not strictly comparable across 2000-01 to 2006-07
time.
The graph reveals that there was a spurt in growth in Bihar, including
Jharkhand in the nineties with economic liberalization. However, after
the formation of the new state in 2000, Jharkhand growth has risen in
double digits, while Bihar has lagged behind. The picture is more
varied for the other divided states, but the basic trend is clear: growth

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has increased over the last two decades and the newly formed states
have benefited from separation from their parent state and having
greater control in their own governments.
The manufacturing sector in Jharkhand has seen a leap in growth and

investments, especially in key industries like steel, aluminum, cement
etc. With access to its vast mineral resources and connectivity through
a rail network, the state has reaped benefits from the liberalization.
However, with minerals being the strong attractor, other sectors like
services for instance have not grown, as they have in other states in
this decade. Moreover, the composition of services within the sector
shows large share of transportation and storage facilities, again an
offshoot of the mining and industrial sector requirements, rather than
catering to the needs of the people.
As per the Planning Commission, “Infrastructure is generally defined as

the physical framework of facilities through which goods and services
are provided to the public.
Its linkages to the economy are multiple and complex, because it
affects production and
consumption directly, creates positive and negative spillover effects
and involves large inflow
of expenditure. Proper infrastructure is very much essential for the long
term growth of the nation. Jharkhand was first part of Bihar, a poor
state and then as a new state faced the problem of lack of access to
infra structure, viz, proper roads, adequate power supply, proper
irrigation facilities etc. Although the problem persists in the entire
state, it is much more serious in rural areas. A good network of roads
allows for the smooth transport of both passengers and freight,
thereby promoting economic activities in the region. Nearly 44 percent
of the habitations in the state remain to be connected by road in
January 2008. Another key element to gauge the infrastructure base is
the power supply. Availability of cheap, abundant and regular power
supply is quite necessary for economic activity. Per capita consumption
of electricity is an important indicator for measuring the prevailing
power situation in a state. While generation capacity directly influences
power production and hence availability, it may not always be a good
indicator of power availability in the states of the country as sharing of
power generated in a particular state is possible through the National
Power Grid.1 In 2004-05, per capita consumption of electricity was
402.1 kwH compared to 411.1 at the national level. It is ironic that only
32 percent of the households have electricity in a state that has a third
of India’s coal reserves and abundant water resources, and also hosts
India’s first multipurpose hydro project, Damodar Valley Corporation.
1
Development Trends, Tenth Plan Document, Planning Commission

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Yet, reforms have reached the state with power projects now getting an
impetus.
The provision of electricity, road and telecom connectivity can give the
required impetus to growth in the villages that will reduce inequality by
boosting traditional livelihoods in the small-scale sector. Though
teledensity in India has crossed 25 percent, in Jharkhand there is only
one landline per hundred people and just 2 mobile phones per hundred
people. There are significant challenges to overcome here since forests
occupy almost 30 percent of the total state area, making accessibility a
difficult task. However infrastructure provision and connectivity in
particular are essentials for growth and development to be truly
inclusive.
Special Economic Zones are a new policy tool for attracting investment
on a large scale in high productivity sectors. Though Jharkhand was
born in the same year when the SEZs started in the country (2000),
there are only two SEZs being developed at Adityapur and Ranchi.
Jharkhand government has however made pioneering efforts in
introducing information technology (IT) in governance throughout the
state. Citizens now have more convenient access to government
information and it gives them an opportunity to participate in the
decision making process. The state through public private partnerships
has connected state headquarters to block level through the state wide
area network popularly known as Jharnet.
The state of Jharkhand therefore has made progress with liberalization

on the economic front, however, as can be seen below, the fruits are
yet to percolate to the masses. Poverty levels of a particular region
determine to a large extent the level of development of that region.
Jharkhand due to its inheritance is classified as one of the poorest
states in the country. Accessibility of state wise poverty related data is
a problem. The Planning Commission gives poverty data after
calculation from the expenditure rounds of National Sample Survey
Organization (NSSO). Table 1 gives the proportion of population below
poverty line of Jharkhand compared to other states. The table depicts
the existence of stark poverty in the state. The proportion of
population below poverty line of Jharkhand is almost double than the
national level although it is just below its parent state in the latest year
for which data are available separately. The institutions responsible for
implementing anti-poverty programmes are not efficient and only a
small section of the poor actually take the benefits.

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Table 1 Population below poverty line (%)

States 1987-88 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05
Jharkhand 52.1* 55.0* 42.6* 40.3
Bihar 52.1* 55.0* 42.6* 41.4
Chhattisgarh 43.1* 42.5* 37.4* 40.9
Madhya
Pradesh 43.1* 42.5* 37.4* 38.3
Uttarakhand 41.5* 40.9* 31.2* 39.6
Uttar Pradesh 41.5* 40.9* 31.2* 32.8
West Bengal 44.7 35.7 27.0 24.7
Maharashtra 40.4 36.9 25.0 30.7
Tamil Nadu 43.4 35.0 21.1 22.5
Orissa 55.6 48.6 47.2 46.4
India 38.9 36.0 26.1 27.5
Source : Planning Commission
Note: Asterisk denotes data for undivided states.
Health and education parameters are examined as the main social

indicators. Health and nutrition are classified among the basic
ingredients of human capital. Better provision of medical facilities is
quite essential for the development of any region especially in a newly
formed state as it would engender security in the new state.
Jharkhand’s initial health status indicators are unfavorable as
compared with the all-India average and the major Indian states.2
Infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of the most important health
indicators and gives an indication as to how the state has performed in
other indicators like level of education, availability of health facilities
etc. Table 1 shows the performance of the states in various health
indicators. The table shows that while Jharkhand has lower IMR than
Bihar, it fares badly in terms of other parameters. Only 34 percent of
the children in the age group of 12 to 23 months are fully immunized
against diseases. Access to good quality health care is the right of any
citizen and provision of the same is the responsibility of the
government, especially in a state where majority of the citizens have
very low incomes to support such expenses. Jharkhand has to go a long
way in improving its health care facilities and providing quality services
to its citizens. Public private partnerships (PPP) in health care which is
widely practiced in almost all the states in recent times, has not yet
penetrated the state. For example, in Karnataka, the Yeshaswini Health
Insurance Scheme was started in 2002 by a private health centre,
Narayana Hrudayalaya and now covers over 300 private and
government hospitals in the state where farmers can avail of health
care at the cost of just Rs. 10 per month. Government infrastructure is
2
Jharkhand: Addressing the Challenges of Inclusive Development, The World Bank, 2007

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used for enrolment and premium collection, and in the initial years, the
government also gave a small subsidy towards the insurance premium.
For a small fee, the farmers have access to the best medical care in
the state of Karnataka.
Table 2 Health Parameters

IMR (Number of
children dying before 1 Full
year for 1000 live Immunization
births) (%)
1992- 1998- 2005- 1992- 2005-
States 93 99 06 94 06
Jharkhand 89.2* 54.3 49 10.7* 34.2
Bihar 89.2* 73 60 10.7* 32.8
Chhattisgarh 85.2* 90.6 61 29.2* 48.7
Madhya 74
Pradesh 85.2* 86.1 29.2* 40.3
Uttarakhand 99.9* 37.6 43 19.8* 60
Uttar 71
Pradesh 99.9* 86.7 19.8* 23
West Bengal 81 48.7 38 34.2 64.3
Orissa 112.1 81 73 36.1 51.8
Source : National Family Health Survey I and II, 1992-93 and
1998-99, SRS Bulletin
Note : Asterisk denotes data for undivided states
Education is an important indicator of socio-economic development

since it improves the quality of life and by creating human capital, is an
integral investment in the development process. Jharkhand is
categorized as one of the educationally backward states of the nation.
One of the indicators of the educational level in a region is the literacy
rate, given in figure 2 below. One can see a rise in the literacy rate of
Jharkhand but it is still lower than the other two newly formed states.
Again, only 45 percent of children above 10 years completed primary
schooling in the year 2004-05.3 The absence of basic education has a
direct effect on the employability of the labour force in higher income
generating jobs. Therefore it is essential for the government to work
3
Indicus estimates from NSS 61st Round, 2004-05(Employment round)

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towards improving the education condition in the state. Realizing this,

the state government has begun taking specific steps like introducing
PPP in education. The East Singhbhum Jharkhand Education Project
(JEP) introduced in the state has been quite successful in providing
better quality of education resulting in lowering of drop out rates.
Under this scheme, private schools were persuaded to admit under-
privileged students in special sessions after regular school hours. This
project has shown immediate results in bringing and retaining students
in schools. The UNICEF has since recommended similar projects be
started in other states as well.
However, in case of higher educational institutions, the PPP scheme

has not been that successful. The standard of engineering colleges in
the state is not up to the mark and students prefer to go to better
quality institutes in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
Initiatives should be taken by the private colleges to improve the
quality of education. There are however, new and innovative ideas
being experimented with like the ‘Tele education project (TE)’ under
the Jharkhand Space Application Centre’s administration. The TE aims
to provide virtual classrooms to students to enable them to attend
classes from their native places thereby reducing the cost of migration.
This provision is especially useful in rural areas where access to good
quality education is a distant dream.
Figure 2 : Literacy Rates
80
72.0
69.0
70 65.0 64.0 63.0
58.0 57.0 58.0
60 54.0
48.0 49.0
50 44.0 46.0
41.0 43.0 42.0 41.0
39.0
(%)
40 35.0 33.0 34.0

26.0 28.0 27.0
30
20
10
0
J harkhand Bihar Chhattisgarh Madhya Uttaranchal Uttar West Bengal Orissa
Pradesh Pradesh
Source: Census of India and Indicus estimates,
1981 1991 2001
respective years
However, in case of higher educational institutions, the PPP scheme

has not been that successful. The standard of engineering colleges in
the state is not up to the mark and students prefer to go to better

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quality institutes in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Initiatives should be taken by the private colleges to improve the
quality of education. There are however, new and innovative ideas
being experimented with like the ‘Tele education project (TE)’ under
the Jharkhand Space Application Centre’s administration. The TE aims
to provide virtual classrooms to students to enable them to attend
classes from their native places thereby reducing the cost of migration.
This provision is especially useful in rural areas where access to good
quality education is a distant dream.
The process of liberalization initiated in the 1990s changed the closed Indian economy to
a globalised one, with the private sector playing a major role. However, the impact on the
mineral rich state of Jharkhand has been mixed. Though economic growth has been
boosted with the manufacturing sector benefiting from the changed conducive
environment, the state has lagged behind most of the states in various socio economic
parameters. The spurt in growth has not percolated through to the masses, and this is a
reflection of the poor governance in the state that has not been able to translate the impact
of growth into positive benefits to the poor. It is of course true that much of the problems
have been inherited from its parent state, Bihar. Moreover, the ongoing Naxalite problem
has put hurdles in the government reaching out to many areas. There are therefore many
challenges to overcome, but the major reasons responsible for the slow progress in
development parameters are the weak institutional mechanisms and lack of effective
governance. Economic liberalization can raise growth levels, but for balanced and
inclusive growth, the government has to play an active role. Provision of a secure
environment with effective delivery of basic social provisions like health and education
are imperative for the masses to take part in the benefits stemming from a liberalized
economic environment. It is here that the government of Jharkhand faces an uphill task
ahead.

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Section II Jharkhand @ IT today

By Sunil Kr. Barnwal♣ and Syed S. Kazi♣
Introduction
The government of Jharkhand has recognized the strategic importance of
Information Technology in improving the society and economy of the state as
a whole. Underling the need of information society, the state has initiated an
innovative broad based, enterprise wide approach to service delivery. The
government of Jharkhand is investing towards ICT infrastructure in the state
to leverage the best and the latest in technology in devising solutions to the
governance issues in various areas beginning with the ones which have
maximum public interface. The larger realization is that unless the benefit of
ICT reach the village people in the rural areas, the state will not achieve
substantial social and economic growth. The state efforts are reflected in its
different projects initiatives in the areas of infrastructure, applications,
establishing new institutions and policy formulations.
Towards this end, the state has been taking regular initiatives in major
verticals to ascertain the status of underlying infrastructure, human
resources, policy regimes, investment climates etc. for setting up new
institutions and computerization of its major departments by rolling different
applications regularly on pilot basis in the districts with the view that once it
stabilizes in pilot district, the state will roll it out in each district to reach to its
people with minimum hitch.
The challenges are equally a matter of concern but not insurmountable.
Among identified challenges are expanding the IT infrastructure network,
quality human resource development, scaling up of projects already
implemented, and ensuring sustainable outcome of various interventions.
Recent IT Trends
There are many improvisations taking place in the state’s IT applications and
deployments. For instance, earlier ICT applications were not in 3-tier
architecture and required sending different forms from district and block
offices to be entered in the main system. This caused a delay in process and
was rather counter effective. The current application is web interactive and
paper handling has reduced a lot now and work is fast.
The following are major new initiatives in Jharkhand’s IT for

development:
Process standardization is being achieved through user interaction by

studying at different departments involving users for standardization.
Mr. Sunil Kr. Barnwal is Additional CEO, JAP-IT, Jharkhand and IG Prison
♣
MR. Syed Kazi is Programme Officer, Digital Empowerment
Foundation, New Delhi

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Standardization and simplification was achieved by dividing the
manual process in logical modules of the application software.
Under new Institutional Framework, Jharkhand Space Application
Centre and Jharkhand Agency for promotion of Information Technology
is working in the areas of GIS and software development activity. Some
pioneer work has been done by JSAC like Geological Mapping and
Studies, Soil Mapping and erosion studies, Agriculture / Horticulture
Studies, Forest Resources Mapping and Monitoring, Water Resource
Mapping and monitoring, Village Information System, Geographical
Information System, Space Communication, Urban and Infrastructure
Development, Land Records Computerization and Disaster
Management.
New IT polices encourages investments in the state by facilitating
single window clearance within 10 days. The current policies discuss in
length regulatory, legal and security needs of the industry. The state
has rendered its support by allowing exemptions from environment
clearance, self-certification for purpose of compliance of acts like
Minimum Wages Act, Factory Act, Water and Pollution Acts etc.
By improved service delivery now regular departmental information is
disseminated with the help of portal. Tender information is available on
portal for whole lot of work now. The results of examination are
available on net for wider and quick access in the state.
With investment in infrastructure, the State Wide Area Network
Connectivity through Jharnet is available for data, audio and video
applications up to block level. All the information related to Citizen
Service Centres will be routed through this network. Jharnet success
will encourage more and more applications to be made available at
Citizen Service Centres for better service to village people. Opening of
IIIT will take care of manpower requirement of the Industry in the state
in field of Information Technology. IT Park will create investment
climate for software companies.
By encouraging the Public and Private Partnership business Model in
new project areas, the state will work towards for improved
sustainability and wider participation such as Jharnet, IIIT etc.
In the state routine kind of work has been outsourced for better co-
ordination such as manpower outsourcing, and application program
development through industry specific and domain experts for state of
the art services and for achieving strict time schedule and budget.
Further introduction of computer in schools will generate computer
savvy people in the state to use the IT infrastructure in self-growth.
State IT policy gives lot of incentives for new entrants in IT and BPO
companies for opening their shops in the state for growth of IT sectors.
Development of IT Park in this direction is in progress in Namkum and
Jamshedpur.
The state has provision of a supplementary budget for state level e-
governance projects. A high level committee has been formulated to
review the project proposals prepared by PeMT for adherence to state
priorities.

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The state information on portal will save time and money of citizen
which they used to spend visiting different state offices all these days
is now available to them which they can further use in other social and
self development.
IT Infrastructure is critical for Growth
Being a newly created state, Jharkhand has its own traditional and emerging
infrastructure limitations. However, the positive trend is the Government of
Jharkhand’s extra effort in enabling IT infrastructure across the state in rapid
time. Already the state has been implementing the national programme of
State Wide Area Network (SWAN) which is a statewide high-speed
communication backbone to ensure voice and data connectivity at all blocks
& villages, and high speed internal gateway. Under this Jharkhand State Wide
Area Netwok (JHARNET), the State Government is promoting speed and ease
of governance.
JAP-IT
Jharkhand Agency for Promotion of Information Technology was

conceptualized to accelerate the growth of Information Technology in
Jharkhand and implement the policies of the State Govt. in the area of IT. The
broad objectives were to provide IT inputs to Governments Departments,
Agencies and to assist them in computerization and networking, to co-
ordinate with investors and industry, trade organizations and financial
institutions in public and private sector. With above objectives, JAP-IT geared
up for implementing the projects assigned to them and succeeded in
disseminating the strides made by DOIT, Jharkhand through participation in
various exhibitions, seminars etc among the leading IT players of the country
and thereby attracting them in the state of Jharkhand.
The need for SWAN has arisen to leverage connectivity benefits; delivery of e-
Governance applications; better monitoring and evaluation; seamless flow of
information; availability of Information to people; efficient delivery of
services; internal computerisation and information flow. Overall, the state ICT
infrastructure is focused on four key components: Data Centre, State
Jharkhand State Wide Area Network (JHARNET), Block to Panchayat
Connectivity (BPC) and Common Service Centres (Pragya Kendras).
As of actual implementation, a state of the art State Data Centre is

being built by the Government of Jharkhand to ensure the security,
integrity and availability of data with all government departments
through a secured centralised data hosting facility. Jharnet is being
implemented across the state to modernise the government's
communication network to act as a information superhighway since

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2005. The network is implemented on the modified Build Own Operate

and Transfer (BOOT) financial model for a period of 5 years. The
JharNet is designed as a state-of-the-art network to provide multiple
services like Voice, Data, Video and Internet communication
simultaneously over a single fully Internet Protocol (IP) based network
built across the state of Jharkhand using world class carrier level
networking infrastructure. The Government of Jharkhand has broadly
three vertical layers in its organizational structure viz. the State
Headquarters, District Headquarters and Sub-divisional and Block
Headquarters. The JharNet network architecture therefore also consists
of three vertical tiers covering the entire state of Jharkhand where
bandwidth connectivity between each tier is initially 2 Mbps which is
easily upgradeable to 8 Mbps as and when required in future.
Regarding Pragya Kendras, Jharkhand takes pride in being the first

state in the entire country to implement the scheme of Common
Service Centre (CSC). Steps have been taken to set up 4,562 CSCs
throughout all the panchayats in the state in first phase and 872 CSCs
in second phase to provide e-Governance and other value added
services. These CSCs, named Pragya Kendras in Jharkhand, seek to
transform rural areas through the use of ICT and deliver all hosts of
government and private services to the rural people at their doorsteps.
There are key issues in enabling a robust ICT infrastructure across the
state. These include- awareness and timely commitment among
stakeholders, infrastructure fragilities, telco issues, integrating existing
connectivity infrastructure, systems integration, loose ends: power,
third party infrastructure, downward connectivity and band-width and
expansion issues. However, efforts continue to ensure the best in class
social and physical infrastructure to attract leading companies to
invest in IT and ITES in Jharkhand.
Jharnet
Govt. of Jharkhand has conceived the Jharkhand State Wide Area
Network (JHARNET) to push forward in the Information Technology in
the Government to promote the speed and ease of governance. It is a
Information Superhighway for Jharkhand which carry Multi Services-
Data, Voice and Video. All Government communication and IT
infrastructures is being linked to Jharnet. The Connection will be from
State Headquarters up to Block Level through District and Sub-
divisions. The key applications envisaged on the network are Video
Conferencing, Voice and Data Communications, Intarnet Operation,
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) services, Value Added Networks, Help
Desk for JHARNET users, Information Kiosks, Data Warehousing and
Unified Messaging Services (UMS) etc. Benefits of Jharnet include

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connectivity of the entire state at on go under one Secured intranet.

Jharnet forms a Data Super Highway of Jharkhand and runs Intra &
Inter-departmental applications.

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Leveraging IT for e-Governance
e-Governance and pervasive use of information technology presents the

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as a compelling tool to
the government in its aforementioned roles. The introduction of ICT to
government presents an opportunity to provide government services to a
wider audience at a lower cost of availing services. Especially, in a vast and
highly populated country like India, ICT also helps to improve the coverage of
services while also facilitating faster processing of services requests. This
enables provisioning of satisfactory services to a larger number of people
without the need to open more physical offices and recruiting more staff
thereby improving efficiency and productivity of government. The savings
thus made may be ploughed back into the welfare and development activities
of the government. As the use of ICT allows the government to conduct its
activities in a totally different environment, introduction of ICT’s is an
opportunity to re-look the archaic processes and procedures and re-engineer
them for the benefit of both the departments and the masses. This process
improvement has a huge impact on the efficiency and speed of government
services delivery.
The Government of Jharkhand is cognizant of the significant role that may be
played by the government in improving the lives of its citizens. The
government can improve the lives of its citizens by ensuring that demanding
and availing government services is made easier and easily accessible to
every citizen at a time and place of their convenience. This appreciation is
manifested in its various development initiatives such as computerization of
departments, reforming the governance systems as also in its quest for
reaching out to the citizenry for proactive delivery of government services.
Further, the government can help in the elimination of poverty and general
economic prosperity by enhancing the investment climate by making it easier
for businesses to conduct business in a safe and red-tape free environment.
The Government of Jharkhand’s appreciation of the above is evident from the
following select initiatives taken by the government for improving services
delivery to citizens:
• State-wide high speed communication backbone – Jharnet, has
been established to ensure voice & data connectivity at all
blocks & villages.
• Pragya Centers or Citizen Services Centers are being established
in each of the 4,562 Panchayats to provide government services
using the ICT
• An internet portal has been established as a one stop shop to
get information and avail services from the GoJ
• A slew of computerization and automation initiatives in
important citizen interfacing departments such as the
commercial taxes, revenue, transport, social welfare etc. have
been undertaken to improve services delivery. A comprehensive
list is given as an answer to the question 2 below.

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Furthermore, acknowledging the vast employment generating potential of the
IT services industry, the State Government actively promotes establishment
of units for providing IT-Services (hardware/software based etc.) and IT-
enabled Services (Call Centre, Medical Transcription, BPO, etc.). State
Government also provides incentives necessary to foster rapid growth of the
industry by preferential allotment of land to IT Industry.
The Government of Jharkhand has undertaken a wide ranging and well

thought out e-Governance program as enunciated in its e-Governance
roadmap. Instead of ad-hoc computerization, the state has leveraged
cost benefit analysis to prioritize the revenue generation and citizen
interfacing departments for e-Governance initiatives so as to maximize
the returns on the money spent on e-Governance and build support for
e-Governance by showing tangible results. Some of the successful
initiatives are listed below:
S. N Initiative Description Status

Information Technology Department
1 Common Jharkhand is the pioneer State Service Centre
Service in the country to set up 4,562 Agencies have
Centres CSCs throughout all the been selected for
(CSCs) panchayats in Jharkhand to all five Divisions.
provide G2C and B2C Various G2C
services. services have
been rolled out.
2 JharNet JharNet is the backbone In use

(SWAN) network for voice, data and
video communication
throughout the state of
Jharkhand. It connects the
State HQ to all the Districts
with 10 Mbps backbone while
from the District level to the
Sub-division level down to
Block level with 2 Mbps
connectivity.
3 Jharkhand A single point entry portal for Operational

Portal the state of Jharkhand for
providing government
information and services to
citizens and businesses.

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4 FileTracker Its main objective is to Operational
replace the manual record
keeping system for files and
letters with a more efficient
paperless automated system.
The other objectives of the
system are to provide
necessary inputs to the
decision makers about work
studies, providing an efficient
monitoring of pending issues
and also provide an efficient
way to search the letters or
files and to ascertain their
present status.
Revenue & Land Reforms

5 Digitization
of Khatiyan Unicode-based application The pilot project
and software has been developed has been
Register II for the Land Record successfully
Computerization in the state. completed in
Lohardaga and
East
Singhbhum
districts
Registration & Stamps

6 J.A.R.S.
(Jharkhand A system which allows Operational in 10
Automated citizens to apply electronically districts.
Registration and scrutinize and verify the
System) documents automatically as
well as store all records
electronically.
Commercial Taxes Department

7 Integrated Dealer information system, Operational
Online Tax accounting information
Commercial system,
Taxes Assessment information
System system,
Return processing system,

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& other departmental
functions
Finance
8 Centralized To bring core Treasury Implemented
Treasury functions into one unified and in use in all
manageme centralized system 31 locations.
nt system
9 GPF through Computerization of GPF Operational

electronic system
network
Mines & Geology

10 GIS To have extensive details of Operational
minerals present in each of
the Districts and other
mineral related issues
Welfare Department
11 Website The website provides details Operational
of the Department and the
Department expects to
augment the scope of website
by allowing citizens to carry
out all their transactions
through it.
Others
12 Prison The main purpose behind the Operational
Management implementation of the Prison
System Management System (PMS)
was to enhance the
administrative capabilities of
the jails in terms of
monitoring and security of
the prison while improving
the efficiency and
productivity of the Prisons.

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13 Tender An internet based application Operational
Information has been developed and
System deployed that enables the
following on the internet:
publishing information about
tenders, sending the
information on tenders of
interest to registered private
players, uploading of tender
documents etc.
14 Employment An online system for Operational
Exchange registration and renewal of
computerizat registration at employment
ion exchanges has been
developed. The application
also allows transmitting data
to employers directly.
15 Computer Supply of computers systems The RFP has
education in and provision for computer been approved
Schools education services in Schools and the vendor
from class IX to Class XII selection in in
progress.

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The Trend in the ITES sector
One of the policy thrust of the Government of Jharkhand is ensuring best in

class social and physical infrastructure to attract leading companies to invest
in IT & ITES in Jharkhand. Of late there has been increasing trends in the
Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) in the state. Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) and call centres are new trends. Already a number of ITES
majors have applied for setting up units at the International Incubation
Facility Centre (IIFC), Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) in Ranchi, at a
cost of around Rs 10 crore. The state government has put up a demand
request to the Union Ministry of Communications and IT to approve proposals
to set up 3 more STPIs in the state. The new STPIs are identified in
Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Dumka.
Already various local and national ITES companies have evinced interest in
setting up middle-level units in the BPO and call centre sectors at the IIFC.
Jamshedpur-based Alpine Techno has already started its operations with 12
seats. It plans to increase it to 48 seats within a year. MdBoss-ew, Delhi, E-
Octopus, Ranchi, Cysys Technologies, Bhubaneswar and 7Hills, Kolkata are
the others who have implemented their pilot projects and have started their
operations on the Rs 3,000-per-seat plug-and-play facility. Talks are also
going on with key ITES companies to set up ITES units in the state.
The scope is tremendous in the IT and ITES sector in the state. As per a
NASSCOM-McKinsey study, the state can contribute enormously in the US$ 24
billion industry in India in 2008. Despite Kolkata and Bhubaneswar taking the
lead, the Government of Jharkhand with its vast untapped potential is keen to
boost the ITES sector in the state.
The key identified challenges in the IT and ITES sector are equally worrisome
at times. The absence of direct connectivity, either by rail or air, between
Jharkhand and the southern states like Hyderabad and Bangalore has
affected the prospects of the IT and ITES sector in the state. There are
concerns that the connectivity issue is holding back greater investments in
this sector. Another challenge is that ITES units in the state are facing the
problem of getting adequate number of people with required proficiency in
English language. To address this situation, necessary steps are taken to
promote/encourage establishment of institutions for training in spoken
English.
Fund crunch is holding back potential entrepreneurs in the state to set

up/expand units in ITES. Again, to help development of this industry in
Jharkhand, the Department of Industries is looking towards setting up special
funds to like venture capital fund to help the upcoming establishments. In this
context, coordination with SIDBI and other financial institutions is being
established. Another requirement is units engaged in medical transcription
require a different work culture. Such establishments need 24 hours working

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time. To address this, the Government of Jharkhand has been considering in
declaring this sector as essential service.
Recent advances in the state and in other states
The state has developed the IT policy keeping in mind the enhanced
opportunities that IT will unleash over the next decade. These
opportunities will allow corporates to create immense value, provide
significant opportunities for talent development and employment, and
enhance efficiencies in governance and social service. Therefore, the
core objective of the new IT policy is to allow different constituents
within the state to leverage this opportunity. As stated, the core
objective of the IT Policy is to facilitate improved communications and
infrastructure while implementing a statewide high-speed
communication backbone, ensure voice and data connectivity at all
blocks and villages, and high speed internal gateway. The objective is
to develop human resources and facilitate effective governance in all
major departments and timely service delivery to the citizens.
The state has planned to train at least 25 to 30 e-governance
Champions amongst State officials and to make them responsible to
implement the e-governance roadmap of Jharkhand. It goes without
saying that implementation of e-governance projects will create a
totally transformed work environment for employees in all departments
and will radically redefine the way services are offered to citizens and
businesses.
Currently, e-District project which seeks to make the district
administration more responsive and accessible is very high on the
state’s agenda. Decision support system for disaster assessment and
management is also being conceptualized. It has also planned to
resume information system and a web-based cultural Atlas of the state.
Tele-medicine is also going to be a milestone in the area of medicine
apart from another ambitious project called tele-education to provide
basic education in a mission mode. In a nutshell, information
technologies are being envisaged to deliver a variety of information
services to the citizens effectively and efficiently in near future.
Identifying key challenges

As like any other newly created and emerging State, Jharkhand has its
own share of challenges in IT for development and its deployment. The
foremost is the infrastructure barrier. The communications and
information infrastructure and its state wide implementation and
running are a huge task at hand. This includes increasing cost in
upgrading of hardware and software and setting up faster networks,
higher level machines, more complex software and more capable
professionals. As mentioned, developing quality human resource is a

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challenge. Until and unless the state has put greater efforts in
education and information literacy it would be difficult to bridge digital
divide in the state and facilitate development. The challenge is to
reduce gaps in poor access to computers and information and
communication technology amongst large section of the state
population who are living in the periphery of the state’s social and
economic set ups. Then there are the content barriers in terms of
facilitating local language digital content in meeting information and
communication needs of the local population.
Looking Ahead
After creation of DoIT, Jharkhand’s initiatives in the area of application
of ICT in improving service and governance were scaled up to harness
the advantages of ICT applications. While the state has been pioneer
in establishment of SWAN and Common Service Centre Projects, its
progress in computerization of key departments such as treasuries,
commercial taxes, registration etc. has been note worthy. In addition,
IT department is pro-actively trying to push for computerization of
operations in almost all the state departments so as to have an
absolutely integrated service delivery system in near future.
Successful implementation and sustenance of e-Governance
programmes for the state will depend on support, guidance and
direction from the top staff of various state departments. The need
was felt to train officials occupying decision making levels and
managerial posts who will be trained as ‘e-Champions’ to be equipped
with necessary skills to lead the successful implementation of e-
governance projects in the state.
*******
Section III. Jharkhand in its Eighth Year
A. Governance in Jharkhand
This section explores effectiveness of governance in Jharkhand. Good

governance is the prerequisite for the overall development of a region.
Good governance can be gauged from various angles like maintenance
of law and order, management of finances of the government, control
in the movement in prices and development in infrastructure.

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1. Law and Order
a. Value of property stolen & recovered
The manner through which the property is secured in a particular

region depicts how efficient is the state in securing the basic needs of
its citizens.
Table A.1 (a): Percentage of stolen property recovered
States 2003 2004 2005 2006

Jharkhand 20.6 16.2 18.3 16.3
Bihar 15.0 15.9 16.5 16.0
Uttarakhan
d 32.0 27.6 29.0 29.4
Chhattisga
rh 28.9 33.2 50.7 22.8
West
Bengal 23.7 22.9 22.0 20.7
Orissa 39.0 38.1 39.9 33.4
India 25.8 19.9 23.9 25.3
Source: Crime In India, National Crime Record Bureau, 2006
• In Jharkhand, the percentage of stolen property recovered

has reduced from 2005 to 2006. This depicts that volatile
law and order situation is prevalent in the state and the
government has not been able to curb this problem
effectively.
• However, the percentage recovery of stolen property in

Jharkhand is marginally better than its parent state, Bihar.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has been the

most efficient in recovering stolen property followed by
Chhattisgarh.
• Neighboring states like Orissa and West Bengal also fare

well on this front compared to Jharkhand.

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b. Juvenile Delinquency
Juvenile delinquency refers to criminal acts committed by children

below 18 years of age. Since this criminal act is related to children who
are the future citizens, juvenile delinquency has become a major social
problem and thus a major concern for the state government. The
crimes committed by the juveniles fall under two categories – under
the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Under Special Laws (SL).
Table A.1 (b): Incidence of crimes committed by Juveniles

States 2003 2004 2005 2006
Jharkhan
d 821 821 189 881
Bihar 260 214 286 210
Uttarakha
nd 28 36 23 106
Chhattisga
rh 1,179 1,819 2,924 2053
West
Bengal 106 75 131 99
Orissa 219 261 430 430
India 25,686 24,985 25,601 25817
• Jharkhand has shown considerable rise in the incidence of

crimes committed by the juveniles between 2005 and
2006. Though the 2005 low figure appears to be an
aberration, the number of crimes in 2006 exceed the
previous years levels, a warning to the state government
to achieve the betterment of children below 18 years.
• Compared to its parent state, Jharkhand has larger

incidence of juvenile crimes committed in 2006. It is more
than four times that of Bihar.
• Among the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the

highest incidence of juvenile delinquency followed by
Jharkhand.

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c. Incidence of Murder
Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) murders come under the category of
violent crimes. The measure of murder used here includes all the
reported cases of murder. The incidence of murder in a particular
region indicates the effectiveness of the police administration
prevalent in that particular region.
Table A.1 (c): Incidence of Murder

Change
in
2001-06
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 (%)
Jharkhand 1,507 1,482 1,488 1,523 1,492 -1.0
Bihar 3,643 3,772 3,948 3,471 3,249 -10.8
Uttarakhand 316 293 262 279 274 -13.3
Chhattisgarh 880 797 927 1,013 1,098 24.8
West Bengal 1,594 1,464 1,425 1,453 1,425 -10.6
Orissa 987 1,102 1,066 1,079 1,159 17.4
India 36,202 33,821 33,608 32,200 32,481 -10.3
• In Jharkhand the number of reported murders slightly

decreased in 2006 compared to the previous year. This is a
solace for the state government but continued efforts in
this direction are needed to bring in good law & order
situation in the state.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has fared
well compared to the other two states.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has shown
considerable rise in murders since 2001.

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d. Incidence of Rape
Rape is one of the major crimes against women and incidence of rape
in a particular region is an indicator of the extent of safety provided to
them. Over the years the punishment of committing rape has become
stricter with an aim to check this heinous crime. While it is true that
crimes against women are under-reported, the changes over time do
reflect the trends. For the present analysis the number of reported
cases of rape in respective years has been considered.
Table A.1 (d): Incidence of Rape

Change in
2001-06
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 (%)
Jharkha
nd 567 1,482 797 753 799 40.92
Bihar 888 3,772 1,390 1,147 1,232 38.74
Uttarakh
and 74 293 115 133 147 98.65
Chhattisg
arh 959 797 969 990 995 3.75
Orissa 790 1,102 770 799 985 24.68
India 16,075 33,821 18,233 17,651 19,348 20.36
• Jharkhand reported an increase of about 40 percent in the

number of rapes in a time span of five years (2001 to
2006).
• Together Bihar and Jharkhand make this part of eastern
India increasingly unsafe for women in terms of incidence
of rape.
• Jharkhand has fared well compared to Uttarakhand where
the rate of growth in incidence is very high. However, it is
far behind Chhattisgarh where the rate of growth in
incidence of rape is quite low.

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e. Incidence of Crime Against Women and Child
Crimes against women include rape, kidnapping & abduction,

molestation, sexual harassment, forced prostitution, dowry deaths and
importation of girls (NCRB, 2003). Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
punishable crimes against children include infanticide, rape,
kidnapping & abduction, foeticide, exposure and abandonment,
procuration, selling and buying of girls, forced domestic and economic
duties, and other unnatural duties. For the present discussion, all
reported cases of crimes against women and children in the respective
year have been considered.
Table A.1(e): Incidence of Crime against Women and Children
Change
in
2001-06
State 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 (%)
Jharkha
nd 2,270 2,601 2,132 1,887 2,641 3,091 36.17
Bihar 5,439 5,800 4,563 6,107 6,134 6,806 25.13
Chhattisg
arh 4,574 8,915 4,935 2,307 4,596 4,995 9.20
Uttarakh
and 795 897 745 750 862 1,089 36.98
West
Bengal 6,737 7,017 4,199 9,244 12,123 13,217 96.19
Orissa 5,425 4,835 4,383 2,744 6,335 6,979 28.65
India 154,609 158,147 144,353 102,504 170,528 183,732 18.84
• Jharkhand registered a decline in the incidence of crime

committed against women and children in 2004 since 2001
but the numbers increased thereafter.
• Among the newer states, Uttarakhand has recorded the
lowest incidence of crime committed against women and
children followed by Jharkhand in 2005.
• Jharkhand lies far below its neighbouring state, West
Bengal and mother state Bihar where the incidence of
crime committed against women and children is
considerably high.

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f. Incidence of Crime Against Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes
The Constitution of India provides that the state shall promote the
social and economic upliftment of the weaker sections like Schedule
Castes and Schedule Tribes. Since independence, various laws have
been passed to prevent them from injustice and exploitation. As per
Census 2001, SC & ST constitute around 40% of the total population of
Jharkhand and thus crime committed against these sections indicates
the lack of equality in the state and ineffectiveness of governance
The crimes against Schedule Castes/ Schedule Tribes are broadly

categorized under two categories
1. Under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)
It includes crimes like murder, hurt, rape, kidnapping & abduction,
dacoity, robbery, arson, others (other classified IPC crimes)
2. Under Special Laws (SL)
It includes the crimes which come under Protection of Civil Rights
Acts, 1955, Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989.
For the following discussion, all the reported cases of crimes against
Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes in the respective years have been
taken.
Table A.1 (f): Incidence of Crime against SC and ST

Change
in 2001-
State 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 06 (%)
Jharkhan
d 440 184 249 760 665 51.14
Bihar 1,350 1,799 2,691 1,906 2,099 55.48
Uttarakhan
d 186 134 140 100 69 -62.90
Chhattisga
rh 987 1,483 1,374 951 1,027 4.05
Orissa 2,468 1,641 1,917 2,041 1,502 -39.14
India 39,718 32,141 32,422 31,840 32,861 -17.26
• Crimes committed against SCs and STs have decreased in

2006 compared to 2005 although the incidence had
increased in previous years.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has
performed well compared to others.
• Crime has increased at all India level marginally.

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g. Civil and Armed Police Strength
Police force is essential for maintaining law and order, combating

crime and regulating traffic. It is important for a state to have
adequate police force, which should keep on increasing with the
increase in population. Development and growth are feasible only
when there is peace and order in the civil life of a state and the
presence of a strong police force is essential for enforcing the law of
the land and combating crime.
Table A.1(g)Civil and Armed Police strength

Change in
States 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2001-06 (%)
Jharkha
nd 8,930 17,659 20,992 24,563 25,730 188.13
Bihar 48,968 42,707 49,590 51,046 43,273 -11.63
Uttarakh
and 9,092 10,373 12,173 11,947 9,518 4.69
Chhattisg
arh 10,909 12,715 20,350 23,350 18,147 66.35
West
Bengal 61,727 62,343 81,749 80,039 61,393 -0.54
Orissa 27,392 27,044 35,265 34,911 27,913 1.90
India 1,015,416 1,025,777 1,337,183 1,342,858 1,091,899 7.53
• The strength of police has increased in Jharkhand in 2006

compared to 2005. This may be attributed to increased Naxalite
movement in the state.
• Other states have experienced reduction in the civil and armed

police strengths.
• An important insight derived from the table is that in Jharkhand

the strength of police is high. In spite of this high presence of
police personnel in Jharkhand, the crime committed is not low.

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This calls for the police strength to be more efficient in

maintaining law and order in the state.
2. Public Finance
a. Expenditure on Health, and Family Welfare
Health and Family Welfare are crucial inputs into the well being of the
population and the expenditure by the government in this sector
indicates how seriously this commitment is taken. Public health &
family welfare are some of the public services provided by the
government. Expenditure in this sector reflects the proportion of total
expenditure that the state invests in these public services.
Table A.2 (a): Share of expenditure on Health and Family Welfare in total
disbursements (%)
2006-
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 07
Jharkhand 4.9 4.2 3.3 2.9 5.8 6.3
Bihar 4.9 4.2 2.9 2.6 2.6 4.4
Chhattisgarh 4.3 4.0 0.9 1.3 1.4 3.9
Madhya Pradesh 4.1 4.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 4
Orissa 3.7 3.8 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4
Uttar Pradesh 3.6 3.8 0.9 2.1 2.6 6.4
Uttarakhand 4.4 3.8 0.7 2.3 2.4 4.6
West Bengal 5.0 4.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 4.4

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India 4.4 4.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 4.1
Source : Reserve Bank of India; Budget Documents of State Governments
• The percentage share of expenditure on health & family welfare

in total expenditure has been higher in Jharkhand than that of
other states except Uttar Pradesh where it is slightly higher. A
possible reason might be that as a new state, Jharkhand is in the
process of developing its overall infrastructural facilities for
improving human resource potential which includes setting up
hospitals, primary healthcare centres etc.
• The expenditure incurred by Jharkhand on health and family

welfare is comparatively higher than other newly formed states,
its neighbouring states as well as the national average thereby
signifying that the state invests more than the national average on
public services which is a positive sign from the perspective of
long term progress of the state.

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b. Share of expenditure on education to total disbursements
A major priority of governments in developing economies is to build on

human capital by improving access to and the quality of educational
facilities to all sections of the society. The share of expenditure on
education in total expenditure of the state budgets is just one indicator
of the commitment of the state to fulfilling this objective.
Table A.2 (b): Share of expenditure on education to total disbursements (%)

States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 16.2 19.0 11.5 11.7 13.5 15.2
Bihar 20.7 18.4 14.3 13.9 14.2 17.5
Madhya Pradesh 12.5 12.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 11.9
Chhattisgarh 12.4 11.0 3.1 4.5 4.8 13.2
Orissa 12.4 11.0 3.1 4.5 4.8 12.6
Uttar Pradesh 16.0 14.6 2.9 6.5 8.0 15.2
Uttarakhand 21.1 20.0 3.6 9.2 9.0 16.9
India 16.1 15.0 5.0 6.3 7.2 14.2
Source : Reserve Bank of India; Budget Documents of State Governments
• Share of educational expenditure out of total expenditure in

Jharkhand is slightly higher than the All India figure.
• The share of educational expenditure out of total expenditure

spent by Jharkhand is also comparatively higher than the newly
formed state of Chhattisgarh.
• Jharkhand also spends larger share of its budget on education

compared to its neighbouring states like Orissa.

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c. Expenditure on Administration
Expenditure on administration includes the revenue expenditure of the

state government in the administration of the state in the respective
year. Administrative activities include activities like Secretariat-General
Services, District Administration Services, Police, Public Works etc. It is
an important measure of the importance given to administrative
activities.
Table A.2 (c): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Administration
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Jharkhand 10.7 9.0 7.2 6.7 9.7 9.0
Bihar 9.6 8.1 5.3 5.7 5.5 6.8
Chhattisgarh 6.4 6.4 1.3 1.7 2.4 2.2
Uttarakhand 9.5 7.4 1.4 4.1 3.7 2.8
West Bengal 6.5 6.3 1.4 1.8 2.0 1.4
Orissa 6.7 4.2 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.1
India 7.1 6.5 2.2 2.7 3.2 2.2
Source: Reserve Bank of India , Respective Years
• Jharkhand spends a considerable share of almost 9 percent of its

total expenditure on administrative activities.
• Jharkhand spends a larger share of expenditure on administration

compared to other newly formed states and other neighbouring
states.
• The percentage share of all India expenditure on administrative

activities is also much lower than Jharkhand’s percentage share.

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d. Expenditure on the Welfare of SC and ST
The Constitution of India classifies Scheduled Castes and Scheduled

Tribes (SC/ST) as socially and economically weaker sections of the
society. The state is required to take constructive actions to empower
them. The amount spent on them can indicate how much the state
invests in the upliftment of this section. It includes total actual
expenditure, which is done by the government for the welfare of
Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes.
Table A.2 (d): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Welfare of SC and ST

States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 5.3 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.3 2.2
Bihar 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6
Chhattisgarh 9.6 8.4 1.7 2.2 2.6 2.3
Madhya Pradesh 4.4 4.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 0.8
Orissa 2.2 2.0 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.6
Uttar Pradesh 1.8 2.3 0.4 1.5 1.6 1.5
Uttarakhand 1.2 0.9 0.2 1.0 1.1 0.8
West Bengal 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
India 1.9 1.8 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.8
Source: Reserve Bank of India, Respective Years
• Jharkhand spends around 2.2 percent of the total expenditure on

the welfare of SCs and STs which is much higher than the
corresponding All-India average figure.
• It should be mentioned that Jharkhand has a significant tribal

population and this could be the reason behind greater
expenditure on the welfare of SC/STs.
• Among new states, Chhattisgarh spends a higher proportion of

total expenditure on the welfare of the deprived sections.

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e. Expenditure on Development
Some of the major heads under development expenditure include

social services such as education, medical and public health.
Table A.2 (e): Percentage of Total Expenditure on Developmental

Expenditure
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 63.1 65.5 47.8 50.0 50.7 55.0
Bihar 49.2 47.7 34.3 35.2 36.9 49.4
Chhattisgarh 62.6 63.5 16.7 22.4 23.6 28.7
Madhya
Pradesh 61.3 58.6 25.3 22.3 23.1 15.7
Orissa 46.5 46.1 20.0 22.7 28.1 33.0
Uttar Pradesh 47.5 46.7 17.9 23.3 27.1 35.5
Uttarakhand 61.6 55.8 10.5 32.7 34.7 30.1
West Bengal 46.7 40.0 9.6 13.1 14.0 10.8
India 54.2 51.2 19.2 24.1 27.1 20.7
• In Jharkhand almost 55 percent of the total expenditure is

being incurred on development activities in the year 2006-
07.
• When we compare the development expenditure of the

new states with the older states we find that generally new

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states have to make greater expenditure on development.

However, Jharkhand spends more towards development
compared to the other new states.
• In 2006-07 India spent just 21 percent of its total

expenditure on development compared to states like
Jharkhand and Bihar.

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f. Grants From the Center
This indicator looks at the grants received in the year from the Central
Government. It shows how dependent the state is on the Center for
their Revenues.
Table A.2 (f): Percentage of Total Revenue Receipts from Grants

States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 14.3 25.2 25.1 16.5 20.6 17.4
Bihar 12.2 15.2 16.2 23.2 21.1 23.6
Chhattisgarh 11.1 14.5 11.4 17.1 14.9 18.1
Madhya Pradesh 13.3 13.9 12.4 13.8 14.5 19.1
Orissa 17.6 21.3 18.2 23.6 27.3 21.7
Uttar Pradesh 12.9 8.3 7.8 12.7 11.9 13.9
Uttarakhand 48.4 45.1 43.6 54.9 48.2 39.9
West Bengal 20.2 15.4 11.4 13.5 13.6 17.7
India 16.9 16.3 16.2 17.5 18.3 19.2
• The percentage of grants received by Jharkhand from

center has decreased in 2006-07 compared to 2005-06
though it had increased the previous year.
• Among new states, Uttarakhand has the highest

dependence on grants compared to the other two. Being a
hilly state, Uttarakhand has topographical and climatic
constraints and needs more investment for achieving the
same level of development.
• Jharkhand receives lower grants compared to neighbouring

states like Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.

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3. Movement of Prices
The Consumer Price Index is one of the widely used indicators for
assessing the movement of prices or inflation.
a. Movement of Prices for Urban Non-Manual Employees
The Consumer Price Index for Urban Non Manual Employees (CPI -
UNME) measures the change in prices of a basket of goods consumed
by the Urban Non-Manual Employees. This index is calculated monthly
by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) for 59 urban centres
across India. CPI-UNME uses the base year 1984-85. It is basically
used for determining dearness allowances of employees of some
foreign companies working in India in service sectors such as airlines,
communications, banking, insurance and other financial services. It is
also used under the Income Tax Act to determine capital gains and by
the CSO for deflating selected service sectors’ GDP at current prices to
get the corresponding GDP at constant factor cost.
Table A.3 (a): Inflation measured by Consumer Price Index for Urban Non-
Manual Employees4 (%)
States 2006 2007

Jharkhand 13.8 5.9
Bihar 10.4 7.7
Delhi 7.1 4.2
Maharashtra 7.0 5.2
Source: Central Statistical Organization
Base: 1984-85=100
• Inflation in CPI – UNME for Jharkhand is higher compared to

advanced states such as Delhi and Maharashtra.
• The prices in Bihar for urban non manual employees have

however risen more, compared to Jharkhand.
4
The CPI- UNME has been considered for the capital cities of the states under
consideration.

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b. Movement of Prices for Industrial Workers
It is based on the Consumer Price Index of industrial workers (CPI – IW).

The CPI – IW which also includes selected services and is measured on
the basis of retail prices, and is used to used to determine the
dearness allowance of employees in both the public and private
sectors, is the appropriate indicator of general inflation.5 CPI for
industrial workers is released by labour bureau, Ministry of Labour,
Government of India.
Table A.3 (b): Inflation measured by Consumer Price Index for Industrial
Workers (%)
State
2007 2008
Jharkhand 6.20 11.68
Bihar 8.46 7.09
Delhi 5.60 5.30
Maharashtra 5.43 7.35
Source: Labour bureau
Base: 2001=100
• The percentage change in CPI for industrial workers in

Jharkhand is higher than developed states like Delhi and
Maharashtra.
• Jharkhand is also ahead of its mother state Bihar in terms

of inflation in CPI for industrial workers.
5
Economic Survey, 2004-05

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4. Infrastructure
a. Road Connectivity
Rural road connectivity is not only a key component of rural
development but also an ingredient in ensuring sustainable poverty
reduction. It promotes access to economic and social services by
generating increased agricultural incomes and productive employment
opportunities. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was
launched in the year 2000-01 by the Govt. of India to provide all
weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations. It aimed to
provide connectivity to all unconnected habitations having population
above 1000 by 2003 and for population above 500 by the end of the
Tenth Five Year Plan (2007).
Table A.4 (a): Percentage of Habitations connected by Pucca roads
State 2000 2008

Jharkhand 50.0 56.3
Bihar 30.8 37.6
Chhattisgarh 27.5 62.6
Uttarakhand 48.8 54.5
Orissa 42.1 57.2
West Bengal 30.5 43.8
All India State Mean 59.2 70.1
Source: PMGSY, Ministry of Rural Development
• Among newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has witnessed the

maximum rise in habitations being connected by rural roads.
• A marginal rise in connectivity has been experienced in

Jharkhand as well as its parent state Bihar over a span of eight
years. Still more than 45 percent of habitations remain to be
connected by good roads.
• The habitations connected by rural roads in the state is higher

than the neighbouring state of Orissa.

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b. Transport Vehicles
Transport vehicles include all the registered transport vehicles in the

state across the given years. The major transport vehicles include
buses, trucks, and taxis among others. It depicts the status of
infrastructure of transportation in the state.
Table A.4 (b): Registered Buses, Trucks, Taxis and Other Vehicles (Per lakh
People)
2001 2002 2003 2004
Buses Buses Buses Buses
/ / / /
trucks Other trucks Other trucks Other trucks Other
States / taxis s / taxis s / taxis s / taxis s
Jharkha
nd 416 601 424 87 441 101 325 125
Bihar 134 69 138 210 101 110 62 47
Chhattisg
arh 278 277 295 305 366 344 288 108
Uttarakh
and 348 359 371 366 405 378 300 134
West
Bengal 316 43 312 43 463 90 415 45
Orissa 283 156 308 170 339 183 234 151
INDIA 573 400 580 418 660 445 354 324
Source: Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping, Road
Transport and Highways
• The penetration of transport vehicles in Jharkhand is more

than four times than that of Bihar.
• In Jharkhand the ratio of transport vehicles per million

population is better than other newly formed states.

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c. Railway Lines in India
Railway is one of the most widely used transport services in India. It is

an extremely efficient mode of transportation which unites the country
economically, politically and culturally. The increase in route of railway
lines within a state reflects how well its cities and villages are internally
connected and also depicts its connectivity with other states. For the
present discussion total rail length in kilometers has been used.
Table A.4 (c): Length of Railway Lines (Kms)

Change
2004- 2005- (2001-05
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2005 2006 (%)
Jharkhand 1,797 1,798 1,943 1,941 1,955 8.79
Bihar 3,429 3,224 3,377 3,379 3,330 -2.89
Madhya
Pradesh 4,845 4,825 4,849 4,905 4,903 1.20
Chhattisgarh 1,180 1,180 1,159 1,159 1,186 0.51
Uttarakhand 356 345 345 345 345 -3.09
Uttar
Pradesh 8,578 8,799 8,566 8,545 8,546 -0.37
India 63,140 63,122 63,221 63,465 63,332 0.30
Source: Basic Road Statistics, Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping, Road
Transport and Highways, Ministry of Railways, Government of India
• Jharkhand has shown an increasing trend in the growth of

length of railway lines over the years.
• In some states like Bihar, Uttarakhand railway lengths have

actually reduced over the years.

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d. Movement through Aviation
It includes the number of passengers traveling per day and number of

outbound flight movement per day from the state in the respective
years. Development of aviation shows the how fast the state is
adapting to the rapid increase in economic growth. Passengers per
outbound movement is the ratio of total number of passengers
traveling in a day to the total number of flights going out in a day.
Table A.4 (d): Passengers per Outbound Movement

State 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 28 38
Bihar 52 53
Madhya Pradesh 31 43
Orissa 46 52
Chhattisgarh 44 51
West Bengal 84 86
India 86 88
Source: Airport Authority of India
• The average numbers of passengers traveling in Jharkhand

is generally low (less than 40 passengers per flight per
day), reflecting on the low levels of economic growth and
development in the state. Compared to Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh fares much better.
• Among the neighbouring states, West Bengal has much

more passengers per outbound movement than Jharkhand.
This reflects the presence of Kolkata, the hub for transport
in the region.

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e. Households with Electricity and LPG
It includes the total percentage of households having electricity and

LPG connections.. Along with economic growth, electricity consumption
increases as power has become an integral part of improved and
modernized infrastructure for production as well as consumption. The
per capita consumption of electricity therefore reflects upon the level
of such improvement and modernization, in short, of development.
Table A.4 (e): Percentage of households having LPG connection and

Electricity connections across states
LPG Electricity
State 2001 2006 2001 2006

Jharkhand 6.7 11.7 24.3 32.2
Bihar 3.8 7.1 10.3 13.9
Chhattisgar
h 7.5 12.7 53.1 64.2
Uttarakhand 33.5 34.5 60.3 66.8
Maharashtra 29.7 41.6 77.5 85.4
Punjab 33.7 42.8 91.9 96.4
Tamil Nadu 19.1 35.4 78.2 87.8
INDIA 17.5 25.4 55.8 64.1

Source: Census 2001,Market Skyline of India,2006
• Households in Jharkhand are more likely to have LPG and

electricity connections than Bihar. However, there is
significant scope for increasing the coverage of both LPG
and electricity as the all India average stands at 25.4
percent and 64.09 percent respectively.
• Amongst the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the

highest percentage of households having electricity and
LPG connections, followed by Chhattisgarh..
• The higher-ranking states like Maharashtra and Punjab are

much better off than Jharkhand with Punjab having more
than 90 percent of households have electricity

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f. Electricity
Electricity has become basic necessity of our daily lives. For the
present discussion the percentage deficit or surplus of electricity
supply in relation to its demand has been used. It explains how
effectively government can meet the demand of electricity in the state.
Table A.4 (f): Surplus/deficit of Electricity across different States (%)

2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006-
States 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007-08
Jharkhan
d -0.6 -4.2 -2.2 -6.9 -2.4 -10.9
Uttarakha
nd -2.8 -2.1 -3.4 -13.5 -4.3 0
Chhattisga
rh -3.3 -2.7 -1.7 -12.9 -18.2 -14.8
Punjab -6.3 -2.9 -9.0 -20.3 -1.2 -12.9
Maharasht
ra -13.6 -10.2 -12.1 -23.1 -30.4 -24.9
Bihar -7.8 -22.5 10.1 -15.1 -12.2 -27.8
Orissa -2.1 -1.7 -0.8 -1.7 -3.4 -2.3
West
Bengal -1.4 -2.2 -1.6 -3.0 -0.7 -6
India -9.0 -7.1 -7.3 -12.3 -13.5 -14.4
Source: Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
• Jharkhand was able to meet almost 90 percent of the

demand of electricity in the state during 2006-07. The
figures were more impressive in the initial years where
they met almost entire demand.
• Jharkhand has shown much better performance in meeting

power demands than India as a whole.
• Interestingly, Jharkhand’s performance is better than some

of the developed states like Punjab and Maharashtra.
• The neighbouring states of West Bengal have however

performed better in meeting the demands of electricity
than Jharkhand.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand leads in meeting the

power demand followed by Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

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g. Banks
Banks have always been intermediaries of money in an economy. Most

of the major transactions in the economy are done through banks.
They are also one of the major employment generators. Higher number
of banks in any state reflects the growing economy of the state and
also its effort made in the direction of achieving financial inclusion
among the society. For this discussion all the banks registered with RBI
in the respective years have been taken.
Table A.4 (g): Per capita bank branches across different states, 2006-07
Bank branches/ Per
ten thousand
State population
Jharkhand 0.5
Punjab 1.1
Bihar 0.4
Tamil Nadu 0.8
Chhattisgarh 0.5
Uttarakhand 1.0
Maharashtra 0.7
India 0.6
Source: RBI
• Economically developed states like Maharashtra, Punjab

and Tamil Nadu have better banking coverage than
Jharkhand.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand has comparatively

higher per capita bank branches compared to the other
two.
• Low number of bank branches will impede the flow of

investments and therefore the government should take
constructive steps to address this problem.

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h. Post Offices
According to the Economic Survey 2003-04 ‘ The Indian postal network
is among the largest networks in the world in terms of areas covered or
population served..’ Besides providing access to affordable means of
communication anywhere in the country, it also provides financial
services such as savings accounts, money order transactions, Postal
Life Insurance etc. It is actually the largest Bank in India in terms of
network, accounts and annual deposits. The number of post offices in
the state is a good measure of the communication and financial
services infrastructure .
Table A.4 (h): Post Offices per ten thousand Population across States, 2005
State Post offices
Jharkhand 1.0
Bihar 1.0
Chhattisgarh 1.4
Uttarakhand 2.9
Maharashtra 1.3
Punjab 1.5
Tamil Nadu 1.9
West Bengal 1.1
Orissa 2.1
INDIA 1.4
Source: India Posts, Ministry of communications & IT
• The number of post offices per thousand population in

Jharkhand is less than that of the all India average.
• Though the density of post offices in Jharkhand is slightly

better than Bihar, it still lags behind the other new states.
• Uttarakhand, in fact, has the highest post office density

with its percentage points being almost two times of the all
India average.

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B. Jharkhand As a Knowledge Economy
Information is the foundation of any economy. Factors such as the

method of provision of information, its spread and the extent of
technical development in an economy, in terms of accepting and
spreading information are crucial in determining the pace of
development. This section is devoted to the assessment of Jharkhand’s
information base.
1. Communication
Good public communication is one of the major deciding factors in the

development of any economy. Today communication modes like
telephones, cellular phones and internet are connecting even farthest
parts of world. Increasingly various business and services have been
provided through these communication modes.
a. Telephone Connections
Telephone lines play a major role in the public communication of any
state. It is one of the most easily accessible and cheap modes of
communication. Almost the entire nation today has been covered by
telecommunication-network. The present analysis reports the number
of telephones per 100 persons.
Table B.1 (a): Telephone Density (%) across states
State 2006-07 2007-08

Jharkhand 3.2 3.4
Bihar 6.7 11.1
Tamil Nadu 27.1 40.7
Punjab 36.8 47.6
Orissa 8.8 13.4
India 17.1 24.2
Source: Annual Report, Department of Telecommunications
• Only a little higher than 3 percent people have telephone

connections in Jharkhand. This highlights low coverage of
telephones. This increases the dependence of people on
postal network, which is again not very strong in
Jharkhand.

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• There is tremendous scope for increasing the coverage of

telecommunications in Jharkhand. Even though coverage
has increased in the last few years, it is still below the
national average.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has the

highest density of telephone connections followed by
Chhattisgarh.
• Jharkhand’s figures stands much below in comparison to the figures of the

developed states like Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. In Punjab at
least one person out of every two people has telephone connection.
b. Mobile Connections per 1000 people
Mobile phone technology has rapidly become a necessity in recent

years especially in urban areas. Greater use of mobile telephone is an
indicator of an technologically advancing economy and its growing
acceptance among the general population. Further it also indicates
how well a state is adapting to advancing technology and demand for
the same especially since the telecom sector has now been privatized.
Mobile density i.e. mobiles per 1000 persons has been used in the
present discussion and it includes all the connections with all the
service providers operating in the state in the respective years.
Table B.1 (b): Mobile Connections per 1000 people

State 2006-07 2007-08
Jharkha
nd 16.6 19.1
Bihar 55.8 98.4
Chhattisg
arh 16.7 25.3
Uttarakh
and 46.8 66.6
West
Bengal 50.4 90.9
India 132.5 203.8
Source: Annual Report, Department of telecommunications
• Penetration of mobile connections in Jharkhand is

significantly lower than all India.
• Bihar, its parent state, has almost five times higher

penetration than Jharkhand.

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• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has about

66 mobile connections per 1000 persons followed by
Chhattisgarh with 25 mobile connections per 1000 persons.
c. Internet Users
The Internet has emerged as a new tool of communication for last few
years. It is a highly versatile mode of accessing information. It is used
for business promotion, transactions, making contracts etc. In this
discussion all the registered internet connections have been
considered.
Table B.1 (c): Internet Connections (per lakh population) across States
State 2001 2002 2003
Jharkha
nd 83 42 51
Bihar 13 14 22
Chhattisg
arh 20 37 43
Uttarakh
and 69 126 223
West
Bengal 334 163 174
Orissa 50 47 60
Maharash
tra 948 789 961
India 347 310 330
Source: Ministry of Telecommunication, Govt. of India.,
Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 1733, dated 18.12.2003

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• Internet has miniscule prevalence in Jharkhand, but it is

much higher than its parent state. In comparison to the all
India average Jharkhand’s internet penetration is not even
one sixth. There is an urgent need to bridge this digital-
gap.
• Even though it is one of the newly formed states

Uttarakhand, surprisingly has almost four times
penetration of internet than Jharkhand. This difference is
probably on account of high literacy rate in Uttarakhand.

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2. Educational Institutions
a. Pre-College Institutions/Schools
Pre college level of education forms the foundation for higher

professional education. It also marks completion of school education.
Current discussion includes all the registered Pre-College institutions or
schools in the state.
Table B.2 (a): Number of Pre-College Institutions/Schools per Million People

State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 817 768 785 802
Bihar 629 616 606 598
Madhya Pradesh 1,470 1,665 2,158 2,104
Chhattisgarh 1,555 2,067 2,143 1,991
Uttar Pradesh 886 942 990 1,017
Uttarakhand 2,162 2,171 2,199 2,214
Maharashtra 1,340 1,375 1,375 861
Kerala 419 424 463 459
India 1,036 1,099 1,150 1,098
Source: Selected Educational Statistics, respective years
• Density of pre-college institutes or schools is

considerably lower in Jharkhand than all India average
though it has shown a rising trend over the years.

highest density of pre college institutes followed by
Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

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b. Higher Educational Institutions/Post School Institutions
The presence of higher educational institutions shows the existence of

infrastructure for higher education. Presence of higher educational
institutes is also indicative of the demand for the higher education.
Good educational institutes not only attract students from within the
state but also those from outside. It includes all the registered Post
School and Higher Educational Institutions in the state in the
respective years.
Table B.2 (b): Number of Higher Educational Institutions/Post School

Institutions per
Million People
2003- 2004- 2005-
State 2002-03 04 05 06
Jharkhand 6 6 5 6
Bihar 10 4 10 10
Madhya
Pradesh 13 13 17 17
Chhattisgarh 12 11 11 19
Uttar Pradesh 7 7 11 15
Uttarakhand 9 9 13 18
Maharashtra 19 19 18 24
Kerala 12 12 12 17
India 1 13 15 19
• Jharkhand has very low number of higher educational

institutions per million people compared to the newer
states.
• It also falls below its parent state, Bihar. The Government

should take steps to increase the access of higher
education to its people thereby investing in future human
capital.

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c. Engineering, Technical & Architecture Institutions
Increasingly economies are becoming more technically advanced

which requires technically trained work force. This makes the presence
of technical colleges important to meet this growing demand. For this
discussion all the registered engineering, technological and
architecture institutes in the respective years have been considered.
Table B.2(c): Number of Engineering, Technical & Architecture Institutions

per
10 Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 1 2 2 4
Bihar 1 1 1 1
Madhya Pradesh 5 10 9 11
Kerala 20 20 20 30
India 9 10 12 14
• Jharkhand has a long way to go to have considerable

penetration of technically oriented institutes though the
number has increased in 2005-06 compared to previous
years.
• Generally the presence of professional institutes is low in

the new states except Uttarakhand where it has shown a
considerable rise. In case of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, it
could be attributed to the nascent phase of statehood to
have an adequate infrastructure with respect to
professional education.
• Jharkhand falls far below states like Kerala where the

educational standards is better than most other states.
• Realizing the importance of good quality education, the

state government has already proposed to open an Indian
Institute of Technology at Dumka, an Indian Institute of
Management at Bokaro and an Indian Institute of
Information Technology at Hazaribagh.

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d. Medical Colleges
Health is a public service and hence presence of adequate number of

doctors and other nurses etc is indispensable for the system to work
effectively. For adequate training of medical professional, proper
infrastructure is essential. We have included all the registered medical
colleges in this discussion. Medical colleges cover education in the
various systems of medicine practiced in India – Allopathy, Ayurved,
Homeopathy, Unani – as well as colleges offering training in nursing
and pharmacy. They are indispensable for providing an adequate
number of professionals in the health care system of the country.
Table B.2 (d): Number of Medical Colleges per

10 Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 1 3 3 2
Bihar 3 3 3 3
Madhya Pradesh 4 4 4 15
Kerala 12 12 12 37
India 7 7 7 18
• Jharkhand is far behind the educationally developed

states like Kerala.
• Among the newly formed states, Jharkhand has the

lowest number of medical colleges compared to other
two states.
• Jharkhand’s figure is also far behind India as a whole.

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e. Management, Law, IT, Agricultural Colleges
Management, Law , Information Technology and Agricultural Education

are specialized courses of education. Increasingly economies require
people with management and legal skills who can provide consultancy
in the growing service sector. This section includes all the registered
management, law, IT, agricultural colleges in the state in the
respective years.
Table B.2 (e): Number of Management, Law, IT, Agricultural Colleges per
Million People
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8
Bihar 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4
Madhya Pradesh 3.3 3.3 3.2 2.2
Chhattisgarh 1.5 1.5 1.4 2.2
Uttar Pradesh 0.7 1.5 3.9 3.8
Uttarakhand 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0
Maharashtra 1.3 1.3 1.3 4.0
Kerala 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
India 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.3
• In Jharkhand the penetration of management educational

institutions is less than the all India average.
• In 2005-06, the number of management institutes per

million students in Jharkhand has slightly increased, giving
some solace to the aspiring management students.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has shown

comparatively better performance followed by
Chhattisgarh.

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C. Socio-Economic Profile
1.Demography
a. Population
Population of a particular region refer to the number of people residing

within that specified geographical area. The population of a region is
an important indicator for wide section of the society ranging from the
policy makers to the investors.
Table C.1 (a): Growth rate of Population between 1991 & 2001
1991-2001
States Rural Urban Total
Jharkha
nd 21.6 29.0 23.2
Bihar 28.3 29.3 28.4
Chhattisg
arh 14.2 36.2 18.1
Uttarakh
and 15.2 32.8 19.2
Punjab 12.3 37.6 19.8
Maharash
tra 15.2 34.3 22.6
Tamil
Nadu -5.2 42.8 11.2
West
Bengal 16.9 20.2 17.8
Orissa 13.8 29.8 15.9
INDIA 17.9 31.2 21.3
Source: Census of India, 2001

.
• Between 1991 and 2001 population growth in Jharkhand
was considerably higher than the other two newly formed
states of Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh. It was even higher
than the all India average.
• If we compare population growth across sectors, we find

that Chhattisgarh has the highest growth rate in rural
population.

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• Jharkhand’s population growth is however less than its

mother state Bihar.

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b. Sex Ratio
The sex ratio is measured as number of females per thousand males.

Sex ratio is an indicator of the extent of gender biasness prevailing in a
particular region and also reflects the extent of discrimination shown
against a girl child.
Table C.1 (b) Sex Ratio, 2001

0-6 yrs Sex
State Sex Ratio Ratio
Jharkhan
d 941 965
Bihar 919 942
Chhattisg
arh 989 975
Uttarakha
nd 962 908
Maharash
tra 922 913
Punjab 876 798
Tamil
Nadu 987 942
INDIA 933 927
• The number of females per thousand males of Jharkhand is

higher than India as a whole.
• In spite of faring better than its mother state, Bihar, and

economically better performing states such as Maharashtra
and Punjab, Jharkhand trails behind the two other newly
formed states.
• A positive aspect emerges from the fact that the sex ratio
in 0-6 years age group in Jharkhand is much higher as
compared to that for overall population. In the 0 to 6 years
age group, Jharkhand performs much better than all the
states under consideration except Chhattisgarh
• This suggests that gender bias is comparatively less in

Jharkhand than the country as a whole. This is also an

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opportunity for the future economic and social

development to build upon.

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c. SC and ST population
The proportion of scheduled castes(SC) and scheduled tribes(ST)

residing in a particular region shows the proportion of backward
sections in the entire population. This gives an indication to the policy
makers to take various constructive steps for the betterment of these
backward sections.
Table C.1 (c) Percentage of SC & ST population, 2001
States SC ST
Jharkhand 11.8 26.3
Bihar 15.7 0.9
Punjab 28.9 0.0
Tamil Nadu 19.0 1.0
Orissa 16.5 22.1
INDIA 16.2 8.2
• STs constitute a considerable proportion of Jharkhand’s

population. This proportion is more than three times that of
all India.

highest proportion of tribal population followed by
Jharkhand,whereas Uttarakhand has the highest proportion
of SC population.
• Among Jharkhand’s neighboring states, West Bengal has

the highest proportion of SC population. Orissa also has a
considerable proportion of tribal population.

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2. Workforce
The workforce is the percentage of the total population who are

working in return for monetary incentives. Therefore, it does not
include housewives/homemakers, working in a family business etc.,
which do not involve monetary incentives.
Table C.2 Percentage of workers in the Total population, 2001

Marginal
States Main workers workers Non-workers
Jharkhand 23.92 13.59 62.48
Bihar 25.37 8.34 66.3
Chhattisgarh 33.86 12.6 53.54
Uttarakhand 27.36 9.56 63.08
Punjab 32.17 5.3 62.53
Maharashtra 35.87 6.63 57.5
Tamil Nadu 38.07 6.6 55.33
West Bengal 28.7 8.1 63.2
Orissa 26.1 12.8 61.1
INDIA 30.43 8.67 60.9
• In Jharkhand, percentage of people who are not workers

exceeds that of Chhattisgarh by almost 10 percentage
points. However, the situation in Jharkhand is very similar
to Uttarakhand and India as a whole. Even Punjab, which is
one of the economically developed states, has almost
equal share of people who do not fall in the working
category.
.
• Among the three newly formed states, Jharkhand accounts
for maximum percentage of people who had not worked for
the major part of the reference period (i.e. less than 6
months). The percentage points are almost doubled when
compared with the economically developed states like
Punjab and Maharashtra. The percentage of marginal
workers is also much higher than all India average, which is
very similar to Bihar.
• Percentage of main workers in the total population in

Jharkhand is considerably lower than the India average. In
fact, Jharkhand has the minimum percentage of people
having full employment as compared to all the other states

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considered. This could be due to lower avenues for regular

employment.
• Overall therefore, lower percentage of people working will

lead to greater pressures on household budgets for
meeting basic needs.

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3. Basic Necessity
a. Head Count Ratio (HCR)
The head-count ratio is computed on the basis of National Sample

Survey data on consumption expenditure. People with an income below
a predefined poverty norm( also called poverty line) are "poor" and the
proportion of the poor to the aggregate population defines the head-
count ratio.
Symbolically, HCR = q/n * 100 (Where q is the number of persons
below poverty line and n is the total population.)
Table C.3 (a) Head Count Ratio
State 1999-00 2004-05

Jharkhan
d 43.96 33.15
Bihar 40.92 33.36
Chhattisg
arh 40.54 36.46
Uttarakha
nd 15.20 31.67
Punjab 6.16 4.98
Maharash
tra 25.02 25.05
Tamil
Nadu 21.12 17.17
West
Bengal 27.02 20.96
Orissa 47.15 40.09
India 26.10 21.76
Source: NSSO 55thand 61st (Consumer Expenditure)round, 1999-2000 & 2004-05
• Percentage of population below poverty line is significantly

high for Jharkhand, much higher than that of India as a
whole although over the years it has successfully reduced
this percentage.

highest percentage of population below poverty line in
2004-05 followed by Jharkhand.

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• When compared with the neighbouring states, Orissa has

the highest percentage of population below poverty line.
The HCR of Jharkhand is also higher than that of Bihar, the
mother state.
• Jharkhand is far behind the economically better performing

states such as Punjab, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
• Overall, more than two out of every five people cannot

meet their basic needs in Jharkhand. High poverty is
reflected in all other measures of socio-economic
development. This calls for constructive steps to be taken
by the government to eradicate the stark poverty.

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b. Food Sufficiency
Food Sufficiency is defined as a household where every member has

had at least two square meals a day . This measures the extent of
nutritional poverty of a country. India has the largest number of the
absolutely poor. This in turn implies that the number of households not
having food sufficiency is also very high. It has been estimated that
about 27.3 million people had to suffer some degree of hunger and as
many as 23 percent of the population remained undernourished as of
late 1990s.
Table C.3 (b) Percentage of household without food sufficiency,

2004-05
% of households
without food
State sufficiency
Jharkhand 0.57
Bihar 2.69
Chhattisgarh 2.24
Uttarakhand 0.39
Punjab 0.65
Maharashtra 0.84
Tamil Nadu 0.30
West Bengal 8.91
Orissa 5.24
India 1.93
Source: NSSO 61st (Employment & Unemployment) round
• The percentage of households not getting two square

meals per day in Jharkhand is lower than that of its mother
state Bihar. It also trails behind the all India figure.

maximum
percentage of households who live without sufficient food
followed by
Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand performs much better on this front compared to

its neighbours like West Bengal and Orissa.

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c. Safe Drinking Water & Sanitation Facility
If a household has access to piped drinking water, it is considered to

have access to safe drinking water. While every household should have
the provision of safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities in its
premises, this facility is not provided for the majority of households in
rural areas and also in many parts of urban centres. The situation is
grim in many states and well-governed states are those who would
demonstrate a high proportion of rural and urban households enjoying
such facilities.
Table C.3 (c) Percentage Households using piped drinking

water
State Urban Rural
Jharkhand 44.4 0
Bihar 19.8 1.2
Orissa 51.7 1.9
India 71.0 27.9
Source : NFHS-III-2005-06
• Urban Jharkhand performs much better than the urban Bihar in

providing their people access to piped drinking water. However,
situation in the rural Jharkhand is alarming with neglible number
of households having access to piped drinking water.
• Also both Bihar and Jharkhand have much lower coverage of

piped drinking water as compared to the national average.
Table C.3 (d) Households having access to toilet facility

State Urban Rural
Jharkhand 73.7 5.0 Source : NFHS-
Bihar 73.0 16.2 III-2005-06

Orissa 58.9 11.3
West Bengal 90.5 44.8 • In
India 83.1 25.9
terms of providing access to toilet facility in urban areas
Jharkhand performs much better than its neighboring states of
Orissa and Chhattisgarh. However, the coverage of toilet facility
is abysmally low in rural areas of the state.
• Jharkhand needs to develop the poor sanitation facilities which in

turn will raise the standard of living of the people.

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4. Health
a. Infant Mortality Rate
Infant mortality rate (IMR) refers to the number of infants, per 1000
live births, dying before completing one year of age. Infancy is a stage
when the human body is most susceptible to diseases, and therefore
proper hygiene, care and nutrition are essential. The infant mortality
rate can be significantly reduced through the dissemination of requisite
health care for mother and child and is therefore a marker of a
society’s socio-economic development. Reduction in infant mortality is
a major policy goal and thus part of the strategy to achieve health for
all in India.
Table C.4 (a) Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
Male
Male IMR/Femal Male
IMR/Female e IMR/Female
State IMR(2005) IMR(2006) IMR(2007) IMR(2005) IMR(2006) IMR(2007)
Jharkhand 50 49 48 0.74 0.88 0.96
Bihar 61 60 58 0.97 0.92 0.98
Chhattisgarh 63 61 59 0.98 0.95 0.95
Uttarakhand 42 43 48 0.77 0.95 0.98
West Bengal 38 38 37 0.97 0.93 0.97
Orissa 75 73 71 0.96 0.99 0.97
Maharashtra 36 35 34 0.92 0.97 0.94
Punjab 44 44 43 0.85 0.78 0.93
Tamil Nadu 37 37 35 0.90 0.97 0.94
INDIA 58 57 55 0.92 0.95 0.98
Source: SRS Bulletin, respective years
• The infant mortality rate in Jharkhand has reduced

marginally from 50 in 2005 to 48 in 2007.
• Though the ratio of male to female IMR has increased

during the same period, it is still below the national
average.
• Among the new states, Chhattisgarh has the highest IMR.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has very high IMR

compared to others.

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b. Percentage of assisted births
Percentage of births assisted by trained health professional. Trained

health professionals includes doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse,
midwife, lady health visitor or other health professional. It does not
include dais and other traditional attendants.
Table C.4 (b) Percentage of Assisted Births across different

states
State 1992-93 1998-99 2005-06
Jharkhand 17.8 27.1 28.7
Chhattisgarh 32.4 27.1 44.3
Uttarakhand 35.1 33.1 41.5
Bihar 25.1 27.0 30.9
Maharashtra 59.4 64.6 70.7
Punjab 62.6 63.3 68.6
Tamil Nadu 83.8 90.3 93.2
West Bengal 44.4 58.0 45.7
Orissa 33.5 42.7 46.4
India 42.3 42.8 48.3
Source: National Family Health Survey, I,II & III
• In Jharkhand, the percentage of assisted births has

increased by a little more than 10 percentage points, since
1992-93.
• In contrast, in Bihar this percentage has just increased by 5

percentage points.
• Other new states have shown better performance in this

context where the percentage of assisted births has
increased substantially thereby depicting improvement of
health facilities provided in the state.
• Among the neighbouring states, both West Bengal and

Orissa have better health conditions prevailing than
Jharkhand.
• In Tamil Nadu, more than 90 percent of women are being

assisted by trained personnel during delivery.

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c. Estimated Death Rate
The Death rate gives the number of deaths during a year per thousand
mid year population and is also known as the crude death rate. While
the death rate gives only a rough indicator of the mortality situation, it
accurately measures the impact of current mortality on population
growth. Access to good quality health services is an important factor in
reducing the death rate. Better household hygiene practices, access to
sanitation, and water supply amenities aid in further reduction in death
rate.
Table C.4 (c) Death Rate across different states, 2007

State Death Rate
Jharkhand 7.3
Bihar 7.5
Chhattisgarh 8.1
Uttarakhand 6.8
West Bengal 6.3
Orissa 9.2
Maharashtra 6.6
Punjab 7.0
Tamil Nadu 7.2
INDIA 7.4
Source: Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletin
• The average death rate of Jharkhand is slightly lower than

that of India as a whole.
• The death rate of Jharkhand is slightly more than that of

Maharashtra, Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
• Amongst the newly formed states, Chhattisgarh has the

highest death rate followed by Jharkhand.
• Among the neighboring states, Orissa has a high death

rate of 9.2 percent.

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5. Education
a. Literacy rate
The Literacy Rate is measured as a percentage of population aged

seven years and above who are able to read and write simple
sentences. As per the Census, literacy is defined as the ability to read
and write the person’s name and to form simple sentences. Higher
literacy levels in a state denote rising socio-economic development
and universal literacy is a crucial step towards achieving overall
progress.
Table C.5 (a) Literacy Rate across different states, 2004-05

States Literacy Rate (%)
Jharkhand 58.82
Bihar 54.84
Chhattisgarh 65.60
Uttarakhand 72.64
Maharashtra 77.28
Punjab 73.40
Kerala 91.82
West Bengal 72.15
Orissa 64.06
India 67.30
Source: NSSO 61st (Employment and Unemployment) Round (2004-05)
• Jharkhand has a comparatively lower literacy rate with just

59% people being
literate and falls below the all India figure.
.
• Though the state performs better than its mother state,
Bihar, it trails behind the newly formed states. Amongst
the three, Uttarakhand fares the best with almost three
fourths of the population being literate.
• The high performing states like Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil

Nadu, have more than 70% literate population.
• In other words, Jharkhand has a long way to go if it is to

achieve its socioeconomic development goals. And it

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should avail the benefits of various literacy campaigns

introduced from time to time by the central government.

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b. Proportion of 10 plus children having completed Primary Education
Primary schools are up to either standard IV or V in different states and

as per the formal education system a child between the ages 9 and 11
years would have ordinarily completed the primary level of education.
Thus the primary school completion rate is the percentage of children
in the age group 10 to 12 years who have completed this level of
education. This ratio measures educational attainment based on
enrolment at the right age and timely completion of primary school.
Thus a higher percentage of timely completion of primary schooling
gives an indication that the programmes and plans of the government
are effective.
Table C.5 (b) Percentage of Children having completed primary
schooling across different states, 2004-2005
Primary
Completion
States Rate (%)
Jharkhand 34.84
Bihar 28.04
Chhattisgarh 32.16
Uttarakhand 44.87
Maharashtra 49.08
Punjab 47.90
Kerala 61.86
West Bengal 49.81
Orissa 49.67
India 42.50
Source: NSSO 61st round (Employment & Unemployment)
• The earlier the children complete primary school, the more

they can learn at higher levels of schooling. In Jharkhand
barely a third of the 10 year olds have completed primary
education. Though it is better than some neighboring
states in this respect, its primary education system needs
strengthening to achieve levels as in other parts of the
country

highest proportion of children completing primary
schooling within the given age group followed by
Jharkhand.

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• Jharkhand also falls far below other neighbouring states

like West Bengal and Orissa.
• Jharkhand also falls behind the high-ranking states like

Maharashtra and Punjab.
• Primary school completion rate is a very good proxy for the

quality of education that is being provided in state schools.
The figures suggest that primary educational institutions
are not being able to provide education that will (i) retain
the children in school, and (ii) provide them with education
that their parents consider beneficial enough to send their
children to school.

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c. Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and middle school
Gender disparity in education is a concern in India. This ratio measures

disparity at two levels of formal education. It is the ratio of number of
girls enrolled in a particular level to the number of boys enrolled in a
particular level.
Table C.5 (c) Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and

middle school
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkha
nd 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
Bihar 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Chhattisg
arh 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8
Uttarakh
and 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9
West
Bengal 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9
Orissa 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
India 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
• The ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and middle

school for Jharkhand has remained stagnant since the last
3 years. The ratio is below the primary level.
• The ratio of girls to boys in Jharkhand is higher than its

mother state Bihar.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand has minimum gender

biasness in the state which is reflected in the higher ratio
of girls to boys enrolment in primary and middle schooling.
Uttarakhand is followed by Chhattisgarh.

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d. Pupil Teacher Ratio
The pupil teacher ratio is defined as number of students attended by a teacher. It reflects
the degree up to which a teacher can devote personalized attention to his pupils. Adequate
trained teachers are essential for the educational upliftment. It takes into account all the
teachers teaching and the students enrolled in higher educational levels i.e. secondary,
senior secondary or intermediate schools.
Table C.5 (d) Pupil Teacher Ratio across different states

State 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhan
d 24 26 24 24 28
Bihar 18 20 18 19 17
Chhattisga
rh 31 32 32 32 36
Uttarakha
nd 35 38 37 38 44
West
Bengal 31 30 29 30 29
Orissa 18 17 17 17 18
INDIA 21 22 22 25 26
Source: Selected Educational Statistics ,respective years
• Lower pupil teacher ratio is an indication of better quality of

education The pupil teacher ratio in Jharkhand has shown a
marginal increase over the years, which calls for attracting
talented and committed individuals to take up teaching as a
profession.
• Among the new states, Jharkhand has the lowest pupil teacher
ratio followed by Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand.
• Jharkhand performs at par with India in terms of Pupil-Teacher

Ratio at the higher educational level.

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e. Total expenditure of Education Department on Primary & Middle

Level
This variable measures the per person expenditure made by the

government on primary and middle level education. As a social and
development sector issue it is important that the government spends
adequately on this aspect.
Table C.5 (e) Total Expenditure on primary and middle level education
per child in 6-14 years age group, (Rs. Per Person)
State 2005-06
Jharkhand 1,821
Bihar 1,393
Chhattisgarh 1,788
Maharashtra 2,301
Punjab 1,189
Orissa 1,743
West Bengal 1,279
India 1,810
Source : Analysis of budgeted expenditure on education, Ministry of HRD
• The expenditure on primary and middle education per

person for Jharkhand is higher than that of Bihar. The
expenditure is also higher than that of Chhattisgarh in
2005-06.
• At about 1800 rupees per head, the expenditure incurred

by Jharkhand state
government on primary and middle school education is
much less than that of higher-ranking states like
Maharashtra.
• The expenditure incurred by the state is a little higher than

the national average.

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6. Agriculture
a.Net irrigated area/net sown area
Agriculture productivity is dependent on irrigation of the sown area.

Higher percentage of net irrigated area to net area sown increases the
productivity of the land and mitigates the negative impact of rainfall
variation. For sustained agricultural growth, the availability of water is
crucial and this is one aspect on which many states have failed to
deliver.
Table C.6 (a) Net Irrigated Area over Net Sown Area
States 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Jharkhand 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.3
Bihar 61.1 60.5 60.1 60.1 54.5
Chhattisgar
h 24.0 22.5 22.8 25.3 26.2
Punjab 95.4 98.1 95.2 95.2 95.2
Tamil Nadu 54.2 50.3 45.8 51.7 55.7
Uttarakhand 44.5 44.9 44.5 44.5 45.0
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
• Jharkhand fares very poorly in terms of irrigation of its

agricultural land. Less
than 10 percent of the total sown area of Jharkhand is
under irrigation and is almost stagnant over last five
years.
• Economically better performing states like Punjab have as

high as 95 percent of their sown area under irrigation.

highest percentage of their sown area under irrigation
followed by Chhattisgarh.
• The relatively low irrigated area for the state will continue
to be a constraint on its agricultural development.
However, since it receives high seasonal rains, efforts
should be made to develop tanks, ponds and lakes across
the state. These will not only help in maintaining high
ground-water levels, but will also be used directly for
irrigation purposes.

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b. Food grain yield
Agricultural productivity is measured through yield of basic food grains

which includes cereals and pulses.
Table C.6 (b) Food grain yield (Kilograms per hectare)

2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
States 02 03 04 05 2005-06
Jharkha
nd 1199 1053 1490 1,479 1,077
Bihar 1664 1568 1600 1,535 1,311
Chhattisg
arh 1118 651 1228 1,278 1,111
Orissa 1399 716 1341 1,414 1,349
Punjab 4040 3828 3929 3,943 3,986
Uttarakh
and 1742 1508 1672 1,649 1,548
West
Bengal 2424 2374 2422 2,444 2,423
Tamil
Nadu 2209 1612 1549 1,536 1,847
Maharash
tra 874 846 897 917 948
India 1734 1535 1731 1,744 1,716
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India
• Foodgrain yield in Jharkhand per hectare area is lower than

its mother state Bihar.

highest food grain yield followed by Chhattisgarh.
.
• Jharkhand has however higher food-grain yield per hectare
compared to Maharashtra which is perceived to be an
economically better performing state.
• Jharkhand is far behind the agriculturally rich states like

Punjab or West Bengal. It needs to improve its agriculture
productivity which is essential for the benefit of the
masses.

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c. Bank Credit to Agriculture
Farmers’ access to resources is regarded as an important input for

increasing productivity. Credit to the agricultural sector has always
been a priority sector for banks as loans for agricultural needs are
provided at cheaper rates of interest. A high growth rate of credit to
the farmers can denote better prospects for agricultural output and
this year the government has planned for trebling farm credit in a bid
to revive growth in the agricultural sector.
Table C.6 (c) Bank credit to agriculture (Rs. ‘000)
State 2007
Jharkhand 123,775
Bihar 664,689
Chhattisgarh 188,533
Maharashtra 2,439,864
Orissa 381,670
Uttarakhand 140,361
Punjab 1,317,621
West Bengal 815,019
India 20,581,791
Source : Reserve Bank of India
• Bank credit to agriculture is considerably lower in

Jharkhand as compared to economically developed states
like Punjab, Maharashtra.
• Among the new states, bank credit to agriculture is

considerably higher in Chhattisgarh followed by
Uttarakhand.
• The lower amount of agricultural loan extended may affect

the agricultural productivity further as there might be a
consistent financial constraint on investment in agriculture.
• Improving agriculture productivity would require greater

investments in farm
inputs, this will require greater lending activity in the
future.

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7. Investment Scenario
a. Per Capita Gross State Domestic Product
GSDP is the market value of all the goods and services in the current
year in the state. It is one of the widely used measures of economic
growth.
Table C.7 (a) Per Capita GSDP at current prices across states
2000- 2002-
State 2001 2003 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
12,85 13,77 15,07 19,84 21,62 23,31
Jharkhand 0 0 0 0 0 5
10,22
Bihar 6,850 7,610 7,690 8,320 8,840 8
Chhattisgar 14,48 15,37 18,26 20,63 22,87 25,21
h 0 0 0 0 0 1
18,67 21,42 23,31 25,25 28,14 30,92
Uttarakhand 0 0 0 0 0 8
27,70 30,12 33,43 36,94 41,51 45,98
Maharashtra 0 0 0 0 0 7
32,37 32,96 35,18 37,13 39,52 47,12
Punjab 0 0 0 0 0 6
23,76 25,01 27,53 31,17 34,42 37,47
Tamil Nadu 0 0 0 0 0 8
Source: CSO
• The per capita GSDP of Jharkhand is lower than the other

new sates.
• Jharkhand is much above its mother state Bihar in terms of

per capita GDP.
• However, it is far below the developed states like

Maharashtra and Punjab.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand takes the lead


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b. State Per Capita Income and Growth in Per Capita

income
Change in per capita income over time is measured by the annualized

average growth rate of per capita income in a given period. It can be
measured in current prices, which will express change in per capita
income in nominal terms, or at constant prices, which adjusts for
inflation to give a more realistic picture of the improvement in standard
of living over time. The base year, presently, is 1999-2000 for constant
prices. If the growth in population slows down over the years, this will
result in a higher growth in income per capita and thus states which
have been doing well at controlling population will perform better in
raising personal income levels, other things remaining equal.
Table C.7(b): Growth (%) in Annual Per Capita Income (2001-2007)

States Growth in Annual Growth in Annual
Per Capita Per Capita
Income (at Income in (at
Current Prices) Constant Prices)
Jharkhand 13.4 8.9
Bihar 6.7 3.1
West Bengal 8.9 4.7
Tamil Nadu 8.7 5.0
Source: CSO
• Jharkhand has much higher growth rate in per capita income

than its mother state, Bihar during 2001-07.
• The growth rate of Jharkhand is also higher than the other two
newly formed states of Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh.
• Although growth of per capita income in Jharkhand is higher than

developed states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, we can’t
conclude that Jharkhand is in a better position than these states,
since the developed states have already higher per capita
income though the growth is less.

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c. Sectoral Shares in GSDP
Income in the state originates from various sectors – the primary

sector: agriculture (including livestock products), forestry, fishing,
mining activities; the secondary: manufacturing activities, construction,
electricity, gas and water supply; the services sector: transportation,
storage and communication, trade, hotels and restaurants, finance,
banking and insurance, real estate, public administration etc.
Traditionally the process of development has seen the contribution of
the primary sector declining as secondary sector activities grow in
importance. Recently, the surge in the services sector has added
considerable value to economic activity in the country. Less developed
states continue to have relatively larger shares of income still coming
from the primary sector.
TableC.7(c)Sectoral shares in GSDP

Secondary
Primary Sector Sector Tertiary Sector
States 2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkha
nd 24.7 23.6 41.1 42.2 34.3 34.2
Bihar 28.1 30.4 13.9 14.6 58.0 55.0
Chhattisg
arh 29.9 28.7 33.9 36.0 36.3 35.3
Uttarakh
and 23.9 22.1 25.7 28.3 50.3 49.6
Punjab 31.9 31.2 22.7 24.8 45.5 44.0
West
Bengal 24.6 23.6 20.8 21.6 54.6 54.8
Maharash
tra 13.2 12.6 27.2 27.0 59.7 60.3
Source : CSO
• The share of secondary sector in Jharkhand has increased while

that of primary sector has reduced in 2006-07.
• Jharkhand’s share of the secondary sector is higher than

economically developed states like Punjab and Maharashtra.
• The share of secondary sector is almost three times more than

its mother state Bihar.
• Among the new states, Chhattisgarh has the highest share in

primary sector followed by Jharkhand. The share of secondary
sector is highest in Jharkhand followed by Chhattisgarh. As far as
tertiary sector is concerned, Uttarakhand leads the other two
states.

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d. Public Administration GSDP
Per capita public administration GSDP is the ratio of the GSDP

contribution from public administration to the population of the state
for the current year. This ratio captures essentially the per capita
expenditure incurred on public administration.
Table C.7 (d) Public Administration GSDP across states

(Rs per person)
State 2002-
2001-02 2003 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 866 570 997 886 1,026 1,187
Bihar 539 476 561 574 597 723
Chhattisgar
h 898 817 676 740 791 1,002
Uttarakhan
d 1,060 1,134 1,269 1,343 1,555 1,755
Maharashtr
a 1,247 1,332 1,401 1,574 1,789 1,898
Punjab 1,485 1,658 1,795 1,844 1,990 2,101
Tamil Nadu 1,350 1,311 1,371 1,481 1,670 1,963
Source: CSO
• In Jharkhand per capita Public administration GSDP had

increased over the years. It spends more than that
spent by its mother state Bihar.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand spends highest

portion of its GSDP on public administration followed by
Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand is far behind economically developed states

like Maharashtra and Punjab.

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e. Gross Capital Formation
It is the aggregate of fixed assets purchased in the current, stocks of

materials and finished goods in the current year, and work-in-progress
in the current year. Gross Capital Formation measures the total of gross
additions to fixed assets and changes in stocks. Estimates of capital
formation cover (i) durable goods –the lifetime of which is one year or
more- acquired by producers (ii) major improvements and alteration of
the durable goods, (iii) new construction (iv) reclamation and
improvement of land and the development and extension of timber
tracts, mineral exploration, orchards, plantations etc. and (v) breeding
stocks, draught animals, dairy cattle and the like.
It is therefore an indicator of the extent to which productive assets are

being built up in the state by the public sector, the private corporate
sector and the household sector. Supra-regional sectors such as
railways, banking, communications and Central Government also
contribute to the building of capacity in the state. As larger states
would show higher levels of capital formation, adjusting for population
normalizes the data for comparison across states.
Table C7 (e) Per Capita Gross Capital Formation, 2004-05

Gross Capital formation
State per person (in Rs)
Jharkhand 1,255
Bihar 116
Chhattisgarh 1,736
Uttarakhand 1,300
Maharashtra 1,821
Punjab 1,152
Tamil Nadu 2,281
West Bengal 493
Orissa 635
India 1,022
Source: Annual Survey of Industries
• Jharkhand has significantly higher per capita gross capital

formation than that of India in general in India.
• Among the new states, Chhattisgarh has the highest gross

capital formation followed by Uttarakhand.

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• Jharkhand has more than ten times of gross capital

formation than its mother state Bihar. The greater
investment level is good progress for the future, provided it
is sustained.
• Jharkhand is much better off than neighbouring states like

West Bengal and Orissa.

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f. Commercial Bank Credit
It is the per capita credit granted by the Banks in the region for the
purpose of business activities.
Table C.7 (f) Commercial Bank Credit across states (Rs per Person)
State 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 3,641 4,048
Bihar 1,553 1,974
Chhattisgarh 4,521 5,272
Uttarakhand 6,366 8,131
Maharashtra 48,527 61,166
Punjab 15,937 21,192
Tamil Nadu 21,686 28,294
Orissa 5,457 6,891
West Bengal 8,434 11,264
India 13,655 17,249
Source:. Reserve Bank of India
• Jharkhand has more than two times commercial bank

credit that of Bihar on a per capita basis.
• Jharkhand is much behind the states of Maharashtra,

Punjab and Tamil Nadu in terms of commercial bank credit.

highest amount of commercial credit per person followed
by Chhattisgarh.

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g. Total outstanding Bank Credit
The amount of bank credit utilized in a state measures the extent to

which funds are being used for economic activity as all sectors of the
economy – agriculture, industry, trade etc – take recourse to bank
credit to meet their investment needs. In a poor country where
resources are scarce, the banking system is a tool which is used to
promote development, particularly as credit is made cheaper for
priority sectors. Over time, the growth of total bank credit is a pointer
to the expanding economic growth in the region as a higher rate
denotes higher demand for financing economic activity.
Table: D.7(g) Total outstanding Bank Credit

CAGR(%) for Total
Bank Credit
States 2001 2007 Utilized (2001-07)
Jharkhan
d 473,335 1,231,154 17.27
Chhattisga
rh 374,897 1,423,788 24.91
Uttarakha
nd 223,333 942,791 27.13
Bihar 554,718 2,751,914 30.60
West
Bengal 2,947,559 10,333,469 23.25
Orissa 626,234 3,012,290 29.93
India 53,843,379 194,709,962 23.89
Source : Reserve Bank of India
• The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for total

commercial bank credit utilized in Jharkhand is
comparatively lower to its neighboring states.
• The growth rate is also lower than the national average.
• The CAGR for total commercial bank credit utilized among

the newly formed state is highest in case of Uttarakhand

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8. Consumer markets
a. Households in the top & bottom income levels
The households who earn less than Rs. 75,000 annually fall under the
bottom income category and those households who earn more than Rs.
3,00,000 annually fall under the top income category. This indicator
describes about the extent of inequality prevalent in the region.
Table C.8 (a) Percentage of households in the bottom and top

income categories, 2008
Bottom
States Category Top Category
Jharkhand 50.6 8.8
Bihar 78.6 1.6
Orissa 60.0 5.0
Punjab 21.8 17.6
India 40.3 10.7
Source Market Skyline of India,2008
• Jharkhand has a very high percentage of households in the

bottom category thereby depicting its poor socio economic
background.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand has lowest

percentage of households falling under the bottom
category followed by Chhattisgarh. Uttarakhand has also
high percentage of households under the top category
compared to the other two states.
.
• Jharkhand is far behind economically advanced states like
Maharashtra and Punjab where only 25 percent and 22
percent of the households earn less than Rs. 75,000 per
annum.

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b. Per Capita Expenditure
The per capita expenditure of a region gives a clear picture as to what

is the per capita amount spent by the residents of a particular region
and thus gives a clear picture about the consumer patterns of the
residents of a state.
Table C.8 (b) Annual Per Capita Consumption Expenditure across states
(Rs’000 per person), 2008
State Rural Area Urban Area

Jharkhand 16.3 38.1
Bihar 6.8 12.8
Orissa 17.1 35.1
Punjab 23.5 41.1
India 16.2 41.1
Source Market Skyline of India,2008
• Jharkhand’s per capita expenditure is much less compared

to most other states but it performs much better than its
parent state Bihar.
• Among the newly formed states, Uttarakhand and

Chhattisgarh has the highest annual per capita expenditure
in rural area and urban area respectively.
• The annual per capita expenditure of Jharkhand is much

less than economically developed states like Maharashtra
and Punjab.

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c. Households with T.V. Available
Television has become one of the most prevalent sources of

entertainment and information across all geographical regions in the
country and economic classes. The ownership of television requires
significant expenditure- including the cost of television, access to
electricity, and the cost of cable connection. The penetration of
television reflects the affluence level of an area.
Table C.8 (c) Percentage of Households owning TV sets, 2001
State 2001 2006

Jharkhand 17 24
Bihar 9 15
Chhattisgarh 22 28
Orissa 16 24
West Bengal 27 32
Punjab 68 78
Uttarakhand 43 53
India 32 41
Source: Census of India,2001 and Market Skyline of India, 2006
• Only about one-fifths of the total households in Jharkhand

own televisions. This is much lower than the all India
average
• Though it has increased in 2006 compared to that of 2001,

still the figure is much lower than the all India figure.
• With respect to Bihar, Jharkhand has higher percentage of

households owning TV sets. However, when compared with
the newly formed states Jharkhand trails behind with
Uttarakhand having the highest percentage.
• Affluent states like Punjab outperform Jharkhand by a huge

margin with more than two-fifths of the households in the
state owning TV sets.
• TV penetration is almost half the all-India average. This not

only reflects lower consumption of power but also the lack
of entertainment and communication channels to large

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masses of the population. Apart from lower prices,

availability of electricity is an important factor.

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d. Vehicular Population
Owning a vehicle denotes some level of affluence of the owner and the
type of vehicle owned explains the degree of affluence.
Table C.8 (d) Percentage of household owning two-wheelers and four

wheelers
Four wheelers Two wheelers(excluding bicycles)
States 2001 2006 2001 2006
Jharkha 2 2 9 14
nd
Bihar 1 1 4 5
Chhattisg 1 2 11 17
arh
Uttarakh 3 5 12 20
and
Punjab 32 40 6 9
Orissa 1 1 8 13
West 2 3 5 10
Bengal
India 3 4 12 18
Source: Census of India,2001 and Market Skyline 2006
• Jharkhand has much more private vehicle ownership than

Bihar. The penetration is almost double in case of car
owners.
• Jharkhand is showing an increasing trend in terms numbers

of two wheelers and four wheelers when comparing the
year 2006 with 2001.
• However the penetration is less than all India penetration.

The penetration of cars in Jharkhand is just the half of all
India penetration of cars
• When we compare Jharkhand with West Bengal one very

interesting thing that is observed is that Jharkhand has
better penetration of two wheelers than West Bengal, but
the picture gets reversed in the case of penetration of four
wheelers.
• The similar picture comes out in case of Jharkhand and

Chhattisgarh as well but this time Chhattisgarh has better

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penetration of two wheelers and Jharkhand has better

penetration of cars.

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9. Fiscal Status
a. Per Capita Revenue Receipts
Revenue receipts of a state denotes that it does not incur any

obligation on the part of the government to return the amount at a
future date. Revenue Receipts of states include the following: Tax
revenue, Non-tax revenue, and Grants from center and transfer from
funds.
Table C.9 (a) Revenue Receipts (Rs. per person)
State\Yea
r 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhan
d 2,264 2,700 2,666 2,572 2,838 3,391
Bihar 1,231 1,369 1,573 1,919 2,102 2,470
Chhattisga
rh 2,100 2,555 2,762 3,396 3,527 5,155
Orissa 1,915 2,275 2,524 3,044 3,329 4,539
Uttarakha
nd 3,219 3,705 4,054 5,469 6,480 7,083
West
Bengal 1,813 1,790 2,021 2,446 2,528 3,117
India 2,486 2,685 2,986 3,570 3,927 4,708
Source: RBI
• Revenue receipts per person have shown an increasing

trend in Jharkhand over the years. A prominent reason may
be the presence of Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
• Jharkhand has higher revenue receipts than its mother

state Bihar.
• Among the newly formed state, Uttarakhand has the

highest amount revenue receipts per person followed by
Chhattisgarh.

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b. Per Capita Revenue Expenditure
Revenue expenditure of states is incurred for carrying out the day to

day expenses in a specific accounting period. It includes non-
developmental expenditure, development expenditure and transfer to
funds. The revenue expenditure per person shows how much amount is
spent per person in an accounting period. It basically includes the
expenditure on administration, wages, maintenance and consumables.
Table C.9 (b) Revenue Expenditure(Rs. per person)

State\Yea
r 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhan
d 2,226 2,821 2,615 2,963 3,225 3,755
Bihar 1,513 1,660 1,702 1,958 2,087 2,552
Chhattisga
rh 2,359 2,608 3,059 3,581 3,639 4,430
Orissa 2,684 2,700 2,903 3,627 3,615 4,347
Uttarakha
nd 3,337 4,231 4,911 6,637 6,948 6,713
West
Bengal 2,918 2,854 3,134 3,521 3,689 4,088
India 3,061 3,213 3,563 3,982 4,160 4,757
Source: RBI
• Jharkhand has much higher per capita revenue expenditure

than Bihar, but the increase for both the states shows a
similar rate.
• Among the new states, Uttarakhand has the highest per

capita revenue expenditure followed by Chhattisgarh.
• A lower revenue expenditure of Jharkhand shows that its

current expenditure is under control .

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c. Per Capita Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure is the expenditure which is incurred on capital
goods. In other words, it means expenditure incurred for the
acquisition of any long term asset, incurred with a long term
perspective.
Table C.9 (c) Per Capita Capital Expenditure (Rs)

State\Ye 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005-
ar 02 03 04 05 06 2006-07
Jharkha
nd 718 755 1,745 2,269 2,176 2,550
Bihar 278 441 1,338 1,452 1,471 1,589
Chhattisg
arh 341 609 11,325 9,760 9,620 9,470
Orissa 594 877 5,504 4,450 3,353 3,658
Uttarakh
and 548 1,350 29,301 9,373 9,860 13,532
West
Bengal 584 561 11,919 10,209 9,607 16,467
India 607 814 9,000 7,442 6,389 12,538
Source RBI
• If we look at the figures we find an increasing trend in

terms of capital expenditure of Jharkhand. And the trend
holds equally good for most of the states.
• Jharkhand has a higher per capita capital expenditure than

its mother state Bihar. This implies that a considerable
portion is spent on building assets.

highest per capita capital expenditure compared to the
other two.
• Incurring higher capital expenditure is a positive sign for

the growth of a state provided it is divided equally among
all the sectors.

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d. Expenditure on Social Services
The level of Social Sector expenditure has crucial implications for the
long-term prospects of the economy. This is a crucial component of
developmental expenditure as it encompasses social services including
education and health, rural development, food storage and
warehousing.
Table C.9 (d.i) Percentage of Revenue Expenditure on Social Services

State 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkha
nd 40.88 38.90 33.91 35.74 39.83 41.30
Bihar 35.25 33.54 35.60 37.12 35.68 37.03
Chhattisg
arh 38.95 37.73 34.37 36.01 37.84 40.92
Orissa 33.00 34.54 34.15 31.80 34.15 33.95
Uttarakh
and 39.45 39.96 38.84 37.99 38.75 37.27
West
Bengal 35.49 32.81 31.20 31.81 32.15 34.32
India 34.19 33.25 31.78 33.03 33.23 35.00
Source: RBI
Table D.9 (d.ii) Percentage of Capital Expenditure on Social

Services
State 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkha
nd 12.7 18.4 8.3 7.7 9.1 12.0
Bihar 5.7 5.7 2.4 1.6 1.6 5.7
Chhattisg
arh 15.0 10.6 0.8 1.6 2.1 2.8
Orissa 6.7 5.0 0.6 0.9 1.3 2.4
Uttarakh
and 5.8 5.6 0.5 2.7 2.6 2.8
West
Bengal 3.2 2.7 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4
India 9.5 8.9 1.0 1.6 2.4 1.4
Source: RBI
• During 2006-07, an increasing share of social services in

the revenue expenditure of Jharkhand is noticed compared
to 2005-06. The need is to reduce its revenue expenditure
but it should not be at the cost of the social services.
.
• Jharkhand spends a higher proportion of its revenue
expenditure on social services than its parent state Bihar.

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• Among the newly formed states, Jharkhand spends a larger

portion of its revenue expenditure on social services than
Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand. Again Jharkhand spends
larger portion of its capital expenditure on social services
than the other two.
• Jharkhand also spends more revenue as well as capital

expenditure on social compared to its neighbouring states
like West Bengal and Orissa.
e. Per Capita Gross Fiscal Deficit
Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD) is the difference between the total revenue in
the current year and total expenditure by the government. State
governments’ GFD can be broadly broken up into the following
components: revenue deficit, capital outlay and net lending.
Table C.9 (e) Gross Fiscal Deficit (Rs per person)

States 2005-06 2006-07
Jharkhand 1,701 1,757
Bihar 566 749
Chhattisgarh 589 617
Maharashtra 1,630 1,507
Orissa 371 237
Punjab 1,438 2,126
Uttarakhand 2,629 1,944
West Bengal 1,330 1,365
India 1,041 1,009
Source:RBI
• The deficit per person is high currently in Jharkhand

compared to most states. However, for it to remain at low
levels, sustained efforts should be pursued against
expanding state government employment, wasteful
expenditures, and ensuring timely completion of
investment projects.
• The GFD of Jharkhand is also higher than its neighbouring

states of West Bengal and Orissa.

highest GFD per person followed by Jharkhand.

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Section IV : The Districts of Jharkhand
During its formation Jharkhand had 18 districts. Gradually 4 new

districts were added after its formation - Sareikela and Kharsawan,
Jamtara, Latehar and Simdega. Further two major subdivisions namely
Khunti and Ramgarh of Ranchi and Hazaribagh district respectively
have been created as new districts in October 2007. At present the
state is divided in 24 districts. Jharkhand is endowed with vast natural
resources specially the vast variety of minerals ranging from iron ore,
coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, lime stone, uranium and
other minerals. It is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the
country.
Ranchi is the largest district of the state and is rich in coal, limestone
and asbestos, while Bokaro is famous for having the largest steel plant
of the country owned by SAIL. Paschim Singhbhum is blessed with
mineral wealth, especially iron ore and manganese, while Purbi
Singhbhum is known for Jamshedpur, the first steel city of India- the
Tata Steel plant.
In this section, we compare the relative performance of the districts

based on various socio-economic parameters. However the district
level comparison has been done between 22 old districts only since the
data for the newly formed districts are yet not available. The
parameters we have explored include safe drinking water, birth rate,
sex ratio, literacy rate and head count ratio. The results show that
most districts of Jharkhand have significant improvements with respect
to socio-economic factors before they can best utilize the potential of
their human resources. Another fact that comes to light is the wide
disparities amongst districts. Dhanbad, Ranchi and Purbi Singhbhum
are found to be performing well under most heads, whereas Godda,
Gumla, Garhwa, Deogarh and Pakaur are among the laggards.

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1. Health and Civic Attainment
Coverage of health and basic facilities such as better sanitation

facilities is one of the core responsibilities of any state. The following
section discusses Jharkhand’s performance in this area.
a. Access to proper sanitation facility
Proper Sanitation facility has been considered as one of the basic

necessities for good health. Ensuring better sanitation facility is not
only the implied but also the ethical duty of the state. This variable
observes the percentage of households who have water closet/latrines.
Table D.1 (a) Percentage of households with Water Closet/Latrine,2001
Percentage of
households with
proper sanitation
District facility (%)
Bokaro 46.2
Chatra 26.5
Deoghar 58.1
Dhanbad 36.2
Dumka 36.8
Garhwa 39.3
Giridih 36.5
Godda 37.3
Gumla 21.3
Hazaribagh 49.5
Koderma 33.8
Lohardaga 40.5
Pakaur 37.6
Palamu 41.0
Paschim 26.6
Singhbhum
Purbi 45.3
Singhbhum
Ranchi 42.7
Sahibganj 28.1
Source: Census 2001
• As per Census 2001, Deoghar has the highest percentage

of households with water closet/latrines. Other better
performing districts include Hazaribagh, Bokaro and Purbi
Singhbhum.

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• Districts like Gumla, Paschhim Singhbhum and Chatra have

only around 27 percent of the households having water
closet/latrines.

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b. Immunization of children
This variable looks at percentage of immunization of children between

12 to 35 months. Complete immunization here implies vaccination
against diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough
(pertussis), tetanus, polio and measles. This indicator reflects the
extent of availability of better health facilities and awareness about
children’s health.
Table D.1 (b) Percentage of Children 12-35 months fully immunized

(2008-09)
Children 12-35 months fully
District immunized
Bokaro 51.9
Chatra 23.2
Deoghar 8.4
Dhanbad 54.9
Dumka 15.5
Garhwa 37.2
Giridih 43.2
Godda 6.6
Gumla 25.8
Hazaribag 72.8
Kodarma 38.1
Lohardaga 61.1
Pakaur 46.7
Palamu 40.0
Pashchimi 13.9
Singhbhum
Purbi Singhbhum 27.3
Ranchi 47.1
Sahibganj 31.9
Source: Indian Development Landscape, Indicus Analytics, 2008
• Among the available data set, districts like Hazaribagh,

Lohardega and Dhanbad have comparatively better health
conditions compared to others with more than 50 percent
of the children being fully immunized.
• On the other hand, the districts of Deoghar, Godda and

Dumka have performed poorly with less than 20 percent of
the children being fully immunised.

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2. Education
a. Literacy Rate
Literacy Rate is defined as a percentage of literate population aged

seven years and above. As per the census of India, literates are those
who can read and write their name and can form simple sentences.
Table D.2 (a) Literacy rate across different Districts in Jharkhand,

2004-05
District Literacy rate District Literacy rate

Bokaro 61.67 Hazaribagh 68.35
Chatra 55.87 Kodarma 60.54
Deoghar 54.53 Lohardaga 63.96
Dhanbad 71.57 Pakaur 48.35
Dumka 45.04 Palamau 58.95
Garhwa 56.56 Paschim Singhbhum 46.45
Giridih 50.9 Purbi Singhbhum 70.87
Godda 58.38 Ranchi 60.94
Gumla 56.71 Sahibganj 48.36
Source: NSSO 61st (Employment & Unemployment) Round, 2004-05
• Dhanbad has the highest literacy rate among the districts

of Jharkhand followed by Purbi Singhbhum and Hazaribagh.
Ranchi, the capital of Jharkhand has also shown better
performance in terms of percentage of literates.
• Lowest literacy rates in Jharkhand are prevalent in the

districts of Pakaur, Dumka, Paschhim Singhbhum.

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b. Pupil Teacher Ratio
The pupil teacher ratio is the number of students per teacher. It takes
into account all the teachers teaching the students enrolled in classes I
to VIII. This ratio shows the average number of students every
teacher is teaching. It reflects the degree up to that a teacher can
devote personalized attention to his pupils. The lower the ratio, the
better it is for developing the educational standard of a particular area
since lesser number of students will get attention by a teacher.
Adequate trained teachers are essential for the educational upliftment.
Table D.2 (b) Pupil Teacher Ratio across different Districts in

Jharkhand (2008-09)
District Ratio District Ratio
Bokaro 119 Kodarma 112
Chatra 115 Lohardaga 107
Deoghar 88 Pakaur 81
Dhanbad 74 Palamu 105
Pashchimi
Dumka 89 Singhbhum 28
Garhwa 105 Purbi Singhbhum 75
Giridih 125 Ranchi 81
Godda 67 Sahibganj 67
Gumla 64 Hazaribag 125
• Pupil Teacher Ratio is lowest in the district of Paschhim

Singhbhum, which gives an indication of the better
education conditions prevailing in the district. Other
districts performing better are Godda, Gumla and
Sahibganj.
• Districts like Giridih, Chatra, Bokaro and Hazaribagh have a

very high Pupil Teacher Ratio thereby displaying poor
education conditions in these districts.

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3. Demography
a. Crude Birth Rate
Crude birth rate measures the number of live births during a particular
year per thousand mid year population. It is one of the basic indicators
of population growth. India’s crude birth rate has been falling and
stands at about 25 per thousand population.
Table D.3 (a) Crude Birth Rate (per thousand of population), 2008
Birth Birth
District rate District Rate
Bokaro 24.4 Hazaribag 28.4
Dumka 27.1 Palamu 32.9
Pashchimi
Garhwa 35.7 Singhbhum 26.8
• Generally the crude birth rate in Jharkhand is not very low.

Among the districts Purbi Singhbhum has the lowest crude
birth rate of 20.9 per thousand population, while Garhwa
has a very high crude birth rate of 35.7 per thousand
population.

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b. 0-6 year Age Group Sex Ratio
Child sex ratio measures the number of female per 1000 male children
in 0-6 age group. This ratio is indicative of discrimination against the
girl child starting from birth to her overall upbringing. It specifically
gets reflected in her access to food, nutrition, health care, and medical
support services. The child sex ratio of Jharkhand as a whole is 965
females per 1000 males.
Table D.3 (b) 0-6 years Age sex ratio
District Sex ratioDistrict Sex ratio

Bokaro 946 Hazaribagh 965
Chatra 984 Koderma 972
Deoghar 973 Lohardaga 942
Dhanbad 953 Pakaur 968
Dumka 976 Palamu 974
Paschim
Garhwa 960 Singhbhum 973
Giridih 961 Purbi Singhbhum 941
Godda 996 Ranchi 960
Gumla 977 Sahibganj 972
Source: Census 2001
• Among the districts of Jharkhand Godda has the highest 0

to 6 years sex ratio with 995 of girls per 1000 boys. Some
of the other districts that perform better than the state
average of 965 girls per 1000 boys are Chatra, Dumka,
Gumla, Hazaribagh, Kodarma, Pakaur, Palamu, Paschim
Singhbhum, Sahibganj and Deoghar
.
• Purbi Singbhum has the lowest child sex ratio at 940. As
the child sex ratio is directly associated with mortality, it is
indicative of discrimination against the girl child and the
prevalence of female infanticide. Even better developed
districts like Ranchi, Bokaro, and Dhanbad have very poor
ratios, which is a cause for concern.

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4. Poverty
a. Head Count Ratio

The Head Count Ratio is a measure of the percentage of population
living below the poverty line and is defined as :
HCR = q/n * 100

Where q= the number of persons below a predefined poverty norm(
also called poverty line)
n= total population
This ratio takes into account percentage of all the people who are
below the poverty line. This is the standard measure of poverty.
Table D.4 (a) Head Count Ratio across different Districts in

Jharkhand (2004-05)
Districts Ratio Districts Ratio
Bokaro 37.4 Hazaribag 41.7
Dumka 45.2 Palamu 53.4
Pashchimi
Garhwa 32.2 Singhbhum 50.7
Source: Bhandari and Dubey 2004-05
• The Head Count Ratio is very high in districts of Lohardaga,

Sahibganj and Gumla where it is more than 70 percent,
showing the poor conditions of these districts. With the
available resources and potentialities, these district deserve immediate
attention for resources planning which could magnify these districts in
every field of development.
• The lowest Head Count Ratio is in the districts of Ranchi,

Kodarma and Chatra where it is below 25 percent.

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b. Households not getting Square Meals
The number of households where every member has had at least two
square meals a day is an indicator of food sufficiency and a high
proportion of food sufficient households reflects less poverty.
Table D.4 (b) Percentage of Households not getting two square meals
a day for all members
Househol Household
District ds District s
Bokaro 0 Hazaribagh 27.11
Chatra 0 Kodarma 0.53
Deoghar 0 Lohardaga 0
Dhanbad 0 Pakaur 0
Dumka 0 Palamu 23.45
Pashchimi
Garhwa 0 Singhbhum 7.28
Godda 3.91 Ranchi 0
Gumla 9.09 Sahibganj 0
Source: NSSO 61st (Unemployment & Employment ) Round, 2004-05
• Districts like Giridih, Palamu and Hazaribagh have the highest

number of households that do not get two square meals a day
for all their members. There is an urgent need for combating
drought, hunger and mass migration, increasing the productivity
of agriculture, generating farm and forest-based livelihoods and
promoting animal husbandry.
•
• Districts like Bokaro, Chatra, Deoghar are better performers with
negligible households without food sufficiency.

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5. Economy
a. Growth in Employment
Growth in employment reflects the opportunities being created with
respect to providing the labour force with gainful employment. A faster
growth rate of the labour force than that of employment leads to
greater unemployment. This indicator calculates the employment level
and its increase in the region in the given tenure.
Table D.5 (a) Growth in Employment from 1991 to 2001
Districts Average annual Average annual Average annual

Growth in Growth in Rural Growth in Urban
Employment Employment Employment
1991-2001 1991-2001 1991-2001
Bokaro 1.21 1.11 1.38
Chatra 3.38 3.39 3.08
Deoghar 2.89 2.89 2.86
Dhanbad 2.09 2.22 1.94
Dumka 1.43 1.38 2.55
Garhwa 3.35 3.32 4.64
Giridih 2.58 2.65 1.26
Godda 2.15 2.12 3.78
Gumla 2.04 1.98 4.24
Hazaribagh 2.81 2.99 1.96
Kodarma 2.77 2.67 3.45
Lohardaga 2.62 2.48 4.56
Pakaur 2.19 2.12 4.37
Palamu 3.26 3.31 2.06
Pashchim 1.48 1.37 2.53
Singhbhum
Purbi Singhbhum 2.28 1.75 3.05
Ranchi 2.16 1.85 3.20
Sahibganj 3.52 3.49 4.03
Source: Census of India
• Growth in employment is maximum in the case of districts

of Sahibganj, Chatra and Palamu. But in cities like Bokaro
and Dumka growth in employment is as low as 1.2 percent
and 1.44 percent respectively.

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• In the capital city Ranchi, employment growth is one of the

lowest in the state, unusual for the capital of any state.
• If we look at urban growth of employment, we can see that
Garhwa is the district which has shown maximum growth in
urban employment followed by Lohardaga and Giridih is
the district showing the least growth in urban employment.
• Similarly the districts showing the maximum and minimum
growth in rural employment are Sahibganj and Bokaro
respectively.
b. Per capita Rural & Urban Income and Market Size
The market size of a particular area is an indirect manner of moving

towards the industrial development. A larger market size gives
positive incentives to the producers and in turn contributes to the
overall growth of that area. Similarly, the per capita income of a
particular area indicates the extent of affluence of a particular area.
TableD.5(b)Per Capita Rural and Urban Income and Market Size,2008

Districts Market size Per capita Per capita
(Rs Crore) Income in Urban Income in
Areas (Rs) Rural Areas
(Rs.)
Bokaro 5,208 64,511 14,478
Chatra 1,149 23,646 14,249
Deoghar 3,397 69,138 23,507
Dhanbad 6,199 36,855 20,601
Dumka 2,770 50,335 13,891
Garhwa 1,341 32,084 11,796
Giridih 3,787 72,058 16,928
Godda 1,650 23,469 15,844
Gumla 2,160 35,518 15,622
Hazaribag 5,848 52,181 20,210
Kodarma 1,141 42,281 19,760
Lohardaga 706 32,777 17,899
Pakaur 2,475 26,112 37,497
Palamu 3,304 45,306 13,957
Pashchimi 4,890 49,195 19,215
Singhbhum
Purbi Singhbhum 5,310 64,260 10,789
Ranchi 9,213 60,187 19,841
Sahibganj 3,230 24,270 38,135
Source: :Market Skyline of India,2008

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• Among the districts of Jharkhand, Giridih has the highest per

capita income in urban areas followed by Deoghar. On the other
hand, Godda has the lowest per capita income in urban areas.
• In rural area, the highest and lowest per capita income is seen in
the districts of Sahibganj and Purbi Singhbhum respectively.
• Ranchi has the largest market size among all the districts of
Jharkhand followed by Dhanbad.

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c. Percentage of Households with Two wheelers and Four Wheelers
Table D.5(c): Percentage of households owning

Two wheelers and Four wheelers (2006)
2 4
Districts wheeler wheeler
Bokaro 33.6 4.4
Chatra 3.5 0.9
Deoghar 7.7 1.1
Dhanbad 23 3.5
Dumka 6.6 0.8
Garhwa 3.7 0.9
Giridih 7.1 1.1
Godda 5.6 0.8
Gumla 6.3 0.8
Hazaribagh 14.9 2.3
Kodarma 8.5 1.8
Lohardaga 8.6 0.9
Pakaur 3.1 0.5
Palamu 4.8 1.1
Pashchim 11.1 1.3
Singhbhum
Purbi Singhbhum 38.7 5.8
Ranchi 19.1 3.7
Sahibganj 2.6 0.4
Source : Market Skyline of India,2006
• Purbi Singhbhum and Bokaro have higher percentage of

households owning two wheelers and four wheelers compared to
other districts where the figure is very low.
• Pakaur and Chatra are among the districts who have fared badly
in these indicators.

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d. Mobile Connections
Mobile phone technology has rapidly become a necessity in recent

years especially in urban areas. Greater use of mobile telephone is an
indicator of a better connectivity which in turn indicates technologically
advancing economy and its growing acceptance among the general
population. Further it also indicates how well a state is adapting to
advancing technology and demand for the same especially since the
telecom sector has now been privatized. Mobile density i.e. mobiles per
1000 persons has been used in the present discussion and it includes
all the connections with all the service providers operating in the state
in the respective years.
Table D.5 (d) Number of Mobile Connections per 1000 persons, 2005
Connections per 1000
Districts persons
Bokaro 8
Chatra 4
Deoghar 8
Dhanbad 11
Dumka 5
Garhwa 4
Giridih 3
Godda 4
Gumla 2
Hazaribagh 8
Jamtara 2
Koderma 7
Latehar 2
Lohardaga 4
Pakaur 4
Palamu 5
Paschim
Singhbhum 5
Purbi Singhbhum 19
Ranchi 17
Sahibganj 4
Sareikela and
Kharsawan 1
Simdega 2
Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred question no. 5931 dated 04/05/2005

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• Purbi Singhbhum has the maximum penetration of mobile

connections. This may be because of presence of
Jamshedpur in the district. As a industrial area the
purchasing power of the population here is better.
• Except Purbi Singhbhum only Ranchi and Dhanbad are the

other districts which have more than 10 per 1000
penetration of mobiles among their population.
6. Overall Performance of the districts
District wise comparison is a useful exercise as it highlights the priority

issues that need to be taken up in each district. The performance of
the districts of Jharkhand have been measured on different parameters
of economy and aggregated to denote the overall role of the district in
the economic upliftment of the state. Though Jharkhand has 24
districts, two of them, namely Khunti and Ramgarh have been carved
out of Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts respectively in October 2007. As
data is not yet available for these new districts separately, the
following section ranks the districts of Jharkhand according to the 22
district divisions.
The parameters used for measuring the overall standing of the district
in the state are
1. Education
• Literacy Rate
• Female Literacy Rate
• Pupil Teacher ratio
2. Health and Civic Attainment
• Safe Drinking Water
• Women having trained assistance during delivery
• Percentage of households with Water Closet/Latrine
• Percentage of women receiving full Ante natal checkup – At
least 3 visits for ANC + at least one TT injection + 100 or
more IFA tablets/syrup
3. Demography
• Crude Birth rate

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4. Poverty
• Head Count Ratio
• Households not getting square meals
5. Economy
• Growth in Employment
• Number of Mobile Connections
• Percentage of households with 4 wheelers
• Percentage of households with TV
Motivation
Development is a sum of progress made not just in economy, but also

provision of basic services such as health, education, water and
sanitation among various others. For the assessment performance of
the districts in education, three parameters have been used, namely,
literacy rate, female to male literacy rate and teacher pupil ratio.
Literacy rate which reflects the overall education levels achieved in the
region. Female to male literacy rate depicts the gap in educational
attainments between males and females. The gender gap in education
reflects that even today education for girls isn’t considered as
important as that for boys. The third variable taken is teacher pupil
ratio which denotes the level of personalized attention every student is
getting.
For measuring the performance of the district in health and civic

attainment four variables have been taken namely, coverage of safe
drinking water, the percentage of women having trained assistance
during delivery, percentage of households with Water Closet/Latrine
and Percentage of women receiving full Ante natal checkup – At least 3
visits for ANC + at least one TT injection + 100 or more IFA
tablets/syrup.
The Crude Birth Rate reports the rate of increase in population. A high
population growth rate is not good for an already populous country like
India since the resources are limited and income levels are relatively
low.
Underdevelopment in India has been characterized by mass poverty,

as many households still cannot afford two square meals for all its
members. Further a significant proportion of the population lives
below the poverty line. Two widely used variables have been taken to
asses performance in controlling poverty. The variables are head count
ratio and percentage of households not getting square meals.

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The last parameter is the status of economy which includes variables

like the growth in employment which reflects how fast the new
avenues of jobs are developing in the region, number of mobile
connections which depicts the dynamism of technological
advancement made in the economy, percentage of households owning
assets such as four wheelers and TV.
Methodology
Each of the variables have been appropriately normalized so that
districts that differ in absolute size are rendered comparable. Upon
adequate normalizing we obtain ratios, which are then used for
calculating the indices. Further, all the ratios that are used for
generating the indices are such that the higher the value of the ratio
the better the level of economic freedom that they signify. In case of
certain ratios this has been achieved by taking the inverse or in case of
percentages by subtracting from 100.
The economic index has been constructed in two steps.
Step 1: An index is obtained for each of the 10 ratios discussed in the

data section. The following formula was used to obtain each of the 10
indices:
Iij=
Sij – Min(S1j, S2j,…,S10j)
Max(S1j, S2j,…,S10j)-Min(S1j, S2j,…,S10j)
Where Sij represents the value of ratio j for state i. The index is
constructed for 22 districts of Jharkhand and therefore i ranges from 1
to 22. There are 10 ratios for which the indices have been constructed,
j=1,2,…,10. Iij is the index value that is derived for district i over ratio
j. The index value lies between 0 to 1 within each ratio. The district
corresponding to index value 0 can be interpreted as having the lowest
level of economic freedom and the district with index value of 1 can be
said to have the highest level of economic freedom relative to other
districts.
Step 2: Once all the indices for the 10 ratios were obtained, a
composite index was obtained on the basis of all these indices.
An additive composite index has been constructed for every
parameter. This has been constructed by using the formula of
arithmetic mean.
Ai=Σ Iij
j
55
Then the districts were ranked for different parameters. After this the
average of all the parameters was taken and the overall aggregate was

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calculated. The districts were then ranked on the basis of this overall
aggregate.
The overall standings of the various districts of Jharkhand on the basis

of these parameters are :
a. Overall performance
Table D.6 (a) Overall Ranks of the Districts in
Jharkhand
Districts 2008 2007

Purbi Singhbhum 1 1
Dhanbad 2 2
Ranchi 3 3
Bokaro 4 6
Koderma 5 5
Hazaribagh 6 4
Latehar 7 13
Deoghar 8 8
Chatra 9 7
Lohardaga 10 10
Garhwa 11 21
Jamtara 12 19
Sahibganj 13 15
Paschim Singhbhum 14 11
Sareikela and
Kharsawan 15 9
Godda 16 17
Palamu 17 14
Simdega 18 12
Dumka 19 20
Gumla 20 18
Pakur 21 16
Giridih 22 22
A comparison of the overall performance of the districts in the last 2

years leads us to the conclusion that Purbi Singhbhum, Dhanbad and
Ranchi maintain their ranks in top three. Some have shown
improvement in their rankings like Latehar, Garhwa and Jamtara while
some others have shown a decline in the rankings like Pakaur and
Simdega. Garhwa has shown remarkable performance in effectively
meeting its health, education and poverty challenges resulting in
significant jump in its rank from the previous year.

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Table D.6 (b) Standings on the basis of performance in different aspects
Health and
Civic
Education Attainment Poverty Demography Economy
Rating Rating Rating Rating Rating
Overal (Index (Index (Index (Index (Index Rating
l Rank ) District ) Rank ) Rank ) Rank ) Rank (Index) Rank
1 0.84 Purbi Singhbhum 0.68 2 0.97 1 0.79 10 1.00 1 0.83 1
2 0.72 Dhanbad 0.69 1 0.74 2 0.88 7 0.77 2 0.62 2
3 0.59 Ranchi 0.46 6 0.49 6 0.98 2 0.61 4 0.60 3
4 0.58 Bokaro 0.40 9 0.66 3 0.88 6 0.65 3 0.45 6
5 0.50 Koderma 0.38 12 0.54 4 0.95 4 0.20 14 0.38 7
6 0.42 Hazaribagh 0.56 3 0.31 11 0.36 20 0.36 9 0.47 4
7 0.42 Latehar 0.52 4 0.50 5 0.35 21 0.12 17 0.46 5
8 0.40 Deoghar 0.27 16 0.31 13 0.96 3 0.19 15 0.36 8
9 0.38 Chatra 0.29 15 0.25 16 1.00 1 0.15 16 0.31 11
10 0.37 Lohardaga 0.48 5 0.37 10 0.50 19 0.21 13 0.25 13
11 0.36 Garhwa 0.33 14 0.26 15 0.92 5 0.00 22 0.30 12
12 0.36 Jamtara 0.05 22 0.42 8 0.83 8 0.45 7 0.08 21
13 0.35 Sahibganj 0.18 17 0.42 9 0.65 15 0.09 20 0.32 10
Paschim
14 0.35 Singhbhum 0.39 11 0.30 14 0.67 13 0.47 5 0.16 18
Sareikela and
15 0.33 Kharsawan 0.09 20 0.44 7 0.67 13 0.47 5 0.06 22
16 0.32 Godda 0.41 8 0.20 18 0.74 11 0.28 12 0.18 16
17 0.32 Palamu 0.36 13 0.31 12 0.35 21 0.12 17 0.32 9
18 0.32 Simdega 0.46 7 0.10 22 0.50 17 0.32 10 0.21 15
19 0.28 Dumka 0.07 21 0.25 17 0.83 8 0.45 7 0.15 19
20 0.25 Gumla 0.40 10 0.14 21 0.50 17 0.32 10 0.12 20
21 0.25 Pakur 0.16 19 0.20 19 0.73 12 0.11 19 0.17 17
22 0.24 Giridih 0.17 18 0.19 20 0.51 16 0.08 21 0.23 14
• Purbi Singhbhum topped the list (which is most likely because of

the presence of the industrial area like Jamshedpur), followed by
Dhanbad. The capital city Ranchi acquired the third position.
• Due to the unavailability of the data for the newly formed

districts in Jharkhand such as Jamtara, Simdega, Saraikela and
Kharsawan, Latehar, their figures have been estimated on the
basis of the figures of their parent districts.
• Giridih secures the bottom position by performing badly in

almost all the indicators.

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Section V Jharkhand’s best and worst constituencies
Parliamentary constituencies are territorial divisions identified for the

purpose of electing representatives from different states of India. The
number of seats allotted to a state is based on the population of the
respective states. This section will examine the performance of
parliamentary constituencies of Jharkhand on two parameters: socio
economic performance and infrastructure provision at the state and all
India level. This exercise aims to serve as a quantifiable reminder to
the MPs about the shortcomings in their constituencies.
The rankings have been derived using district-level data from ‘Indicus
District Development Database’. The variables selected for the ranking
exercise are mentioned below:
a. Socio-economic category
1. Female literacy
2. Primary to upper primary school transition

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3. Poverty ratio6,
4. Marginal workers
5. Immunization of children
6. Weight for age
b. Physical infrastructure category
1. Households electrified
2. Households with telephones
3. Areas connected by pucca roads
The next step is to map districts with parliamentary constituencies.

This requires the percentage of a constituency's population in a
district. If this is known, weighted averages of district values can be
used to obtain estimates for constituencies. The population data for
the individual constituencies was available from Delimitation
Commission which itself used the Census data, 2001. With equal
weights, one can now construct a socio-economic index and a physical
infrastructure index at the constituency level with the respective
district level socio economic and infrastructural variables adjusted
accordingly. An important point to note here is that the lists of
constituencies are the new constituencies as specified by the
Delimitation Commission in the year 2008 and may or may not
coincide with prevailing constituencies.
6
derived from work done by Amaresh Dubey

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Table 1
Index in the state Rank in the state

Parliamentary* Socio Socio Infrastructur
Constituency economy Infrastructure economy e
Dhanbad 0.528 0.629 1 1
Bokaro 0.46 0.457 2 2
Jamsedpur 0.449 0.443 3 3
Khunti (ST) 0.445 0.332 4 6

Ranchi 0.44 0.367 5 5
Hazaribagh 0.381 0.378 6 4
Singhbhum (ST) 0.321 0.26 7 7
Lohardaga (ST) 0.279 0.183 8 14
Chatra(SC) 0.266 0.222 9 11
Deoghar 0.262 0.258 10 8
Giridih 0.26 0.237 11 10
Palamu (SC) 0.238 0.204 12 13

Dumka (ST) 0.208 0.222 13 12
Godda 0.205 0.243 14 9
Note: * The constituencies are the new constituencies as declared by the
Delimitation Commission
Table 1 shows the list constituencies of Jharkhand with their

corresponding index values and respective positions in the state. The
index values are given separately for both socio economy and
infrastructure. As evident from the table, the constituency of Dhanbad
has occupied the top position in the state followed by Bokaro and
Jamshedpur in both the categories. The worst performers in the socio
economy category are Godda and Dumka and that in the infrastructure
category are Lohardaga and Palamu. The top performing
constituencies are the mineral rich places which give them an edge
over others. For instance, coal in Dhanbad, steel in Bokaro etc. On the
contrary, the worst performing constituencies are basically clustered
around the tribal regions of Lohardaga, Palamu which are generally the
deprived areas.

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Table 2
Parliamentar All India Rank
y Socio Infrastructu Member of
Constituency* Economy re Parliament Political Party
Chandra Sekher Indian National
Dhanbad 279 209 Dubey Congress
Bokaro 345 338 NA NA
Jharkhand Murti
Jamsedpur 355 351 Sunil Kumar Mahato Morcha
Indian National
Khunti (ST) 356 423 Sushila Keketta Congress
Indian National
Ranchi 360 403 Subodh Kant Sahay Congress
Bhubneshwar Prasad Communist Party of
Hazaribagh 443 393 Mehta India
Singhbhum Indian National
(ST) 501 461 Bagun Sumbarai Congress
Indian National
Lohardaga (ST) 527 509 Rameshwar Oraon Congress
Chatra(SC) 530 480 Dhirendra Agarwall Rashtriya Janta Dal
Deoghar 532 463 NA NA
Jharkhand Murti
Giridih 533 472 Tek Lal Mahato Morcha
Palamu (SC) 537 497 Ghuran Ram Rashtriya Janta Dal
Jharkhand Murti
Dumka (ST) 540 483 Shibu Soren Morcha
Indian National
Godda 541 470 Furkan Ansari Congress
*: The constituencies are the new constituencies identified by the Delimitation Commission
Table 2 gives the list of parliamentary constituencies with their

respective members of parliament. The table also provides the position
of the constituencies at the all India level. The all India ranks give the
position of the constituencies of Jharkhand in the country as a whole.
The all India rank shows that even the top performing constituencies of
the state have occupied 279th rank among all the 543 constituencies
in the country. The ranking exercise reinforces the popular perception
of poor governance in the state, thereby depicting the challenges
ahead for public representatives. Unless the public representatives are
themselves aware of the necessary actions to be taken to develop their
particular areas and learn from their successful counterparts, growing
at an accelerated pace and providing basic services to the people
would remain a dream. This exercise should go a long way in arming
the voters with necessary information to push for appropriate
manifestos and change in the upcoming elections next year.

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Section VI Potential Cities – An evaluation
‘Jharkhand’ meaning ‘forest land’, is known for its immense potential in

terms of various natural resources. The abundance of minerals and
forests in the state however has not helped the state in getting an
edge over others, rather it is considered to be a laggard on various
fronts. Poor infrastructure facilities, lack of quality education and health
facilities etc characterize most of the cities in the state attracting very
low investment. However, some cities in the state have immense
potential where much of the industrial activities are taking place. This
section focuses on those cities and attempts to examine their
potential.
The quartet of Ranchi, Dhanbad, Jamshedpur and Bokaro cities hold

tremendous potential in achieving high economic growth in the state.
These are the cities where much of the state’s industrial activity is
carried out. Brief industrial profiles of these cities have been given
below:
Bokaro City is an industrial city housing several medium and small

industries. It is also home to one of the largest steel plants in India. The
Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) has two big power plants in the city;
Coal India Ltd. has two subsidiaries; Jharkhand State Electricity Board
has a power captive plant. The steel township of the state is named as
the Bokaro Steel City after the Bokaro Steel Plant was established in
1964. It is the district headquarters of the Bokaro district as well as
Bokaro divisional range (Bokaro, Dhanbad and Giridih).
Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand having good reserves of forest

and minerals offers an excellent place to set up medium and large-
scale industries. Some of the well-known industries in the state
include: Chotanagpur Rope Works Private - Namkum; Heavy
Engineering Corporation – Dhurwa; Bharat Mineral and Ceramic Ind. –
Mahilong etc. An autonomous body “Ranchi Industrial Area
Development Authority” is responsible for developing the industries in
Ranchi by arranging loans, supplying power, and water etc.
Jamshedpur, also known as ‘Tata Nagar’ is another important

industrial hub of the state. Initially established for the manufacture of
steel, it gradually transformed itself to an important industrial hub
since small industries opened to change the raw steel into finished
products. Some of the major industries established in the city are,
TELCO, Indian Tube Company, The Tinplate Company of India Ltd. etc.

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Besides this, the city is home to the first private Iron and Steel
Company of India.
Dhanbad is a mining town as it treasures vast mineral wealth of India

and is internationally famous for its rich coal fields. Some of the
industries in and around Dhanbad are Tata Iron & Steel Company,
Foundry fuel products Pvt. Ltd., Akash Coke industries (P) Ltd, etc. Coal
washing and coke making are the main coal related industry found in
the city.
The industrial profile of these four major cities gives a clear picture of
the potential of these cities, which is instrumental to the development
of the whole state. Further, a detailed demographic as well as
economic profile of these cities will provide valuable insights for the
investors before they decide to bring in investment.
Table 1: Demographic Profile 2001

Recent
Migrants per
100,000 Slum
Cities Population population Population
Ranchi City 730,655 5,607 74,692
Dhanbad City 958,280 4,074 37,579
Jamshedpur City 1,091,204 3,471 75,924
Bokaro City 648,966 4,387 .
Table 2: Economic Profile 2008

Annual Total
Annual Total Household
Household Savings of
Income of Urban Urban
Households (in Households (in Market Size (in
Cities Rs Crore) Rs Crore) Rs Crore)
Ranchi City 6,821 1,152 5,669
Dhanbad City 5,309 1,303 4,007
Jamshedpur City 7,962 3,596 4,366
Bokaro City 5,793 1,978 3,815
Source: City Skyline of India, Indicus Analytics, 2008
 Jamshedpur city has the highest household income and household

savings among four cities identified in the state.

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 Household savings in Jamshedpur city are as high as 45 percent of

the household income as compared to Ranchi and Dhanbad where it
is below 25 percent.
 Ranchi city has the largest market size among all four major cities in
the state and thus has higher chances of attracting investments.
Section VII Ranking of Eastern Zone States
Eastern zone comprises of the states of West Bengal, Assam, Bihar,

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa. The region lies on the east coast
of India and on the Indo-Gangetic plain. Agriculture has been the
mainstay for most of the states in the region thereby employing
majority of the working population. Development of the industrial
sector is concentrated mostly in West Bengal and Jamshedpur region of
Jharkhand. Recently, the IT sector is also developing in these states.
This section will look at how the states in the eastern zone are
performing in sectors like agriculture, infrastructure etc. The rankings
of these states in the eastern zone as well as in the whole country will
be given.
The performance of the states was examined across eight heads -

agriculture, consumer markets, education, law and order, health,
infrastructure, investment-scenario and macro-economy. Six to eight
variables were selected in each category and individual index was
constructed in each of the sectors. A composite index was constructed
by taking the simple average of the individual indices. The overall
ranks of these states as well as the ranks in three categories, viz,
agriculture, law & order and infrastructure have been given in the

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present analysis. The position of the states in three categories in the

country is given in Table 1. The composite rank of these states is also
mentioned.
Table 1: All-India Ranks
Composite Rank
States Agriculture Law & Order Infrastructure 2008
Assam 19 14 17 13
West Bengal 8 15 14 15
Orissa 17 13 16 17
Jharkhand 20 17 20 19
Bihar 15 19 19 20
Table 1 shows that no eastern zone state makes it in the top ten at all-
India level. The potential of agriculture-sector generally remains
untapped in the region. Except West Bengal no other state has
performed well in agriculture. Dry-land farming; sustainable
agricultural practices, commercialization of agriculture etc. are some of
the possible measures which the states could take to improve this
sector. The law & order situation is quite poor in the region. It is mainly
disrupted by widespread naxalism. Equitable socio-economic
development, strengthened internal-security, and a coordinated effort
by all the affected states would go a long way in resolving this
persistent problem. Infrastructure bottlenecks are another major
hindrance in achieving overall development in the region. The
provision of world-class infrastructure in certain spheres like power,
telecommunications, information-technology, and transport would go a
long way to remove these bottlenecks.
Table 2: Eastern Zone Ranks
Overall Rank
States Agriculture Law & Order Infrastructure 2008
Assam 5 3 3 1
West Bengal 1 4 1 2
Orissa 3 2 2 4

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Jharkhand 6 5 6 5
Bihar 2 6 5 6
Table 2 gives the position of the states in the eastern zone. In

agriculture, West Bengal has done the best in the eastern region.
Fertile alluvial soil and good irrigation facilities have helped in
enhancing food grain yield in the state. River Hooghly and its
tributaries - Mayurakshi, Damodar, Kangsabati and Rupnarayan while
the northern part comprising of the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri
and Cooch Bihar are watered by the swift flowing rivers Tista, Torsa,
Jaldhaka and Ranjit. On the other hand, Jharkhand’s mineral rich land is
generally unsuitable for agriculture.
Law and order situation in Chhattisgarh is comparatively better than

the states under consideration. The success of ‘Salwa Judum’ in
reducing the influence and menace of naxalism has been one of the
major factors for this performance. On the other hand, widespread
naxalism, high number of pending cases in the courts and high
incidence of cognizable crimes in Jharkhand has pushed it to the last
place in law and order situation in the region.
West Bengal has better infrastructure facilities than other states. The
state has better connectivity to pucca roads, rich asset ownerships etc.
On the other hand, Jharkhand has not been able to provide better
infrastructure facilities to its citizens. Despite hosting Damodar Valley
Corporation, India’s first multi-purpose hydro-project, Jharkhand has
not been able to provide power, telephone and road connectivity in
remote areas. This has pushed it to the bottom in terms of
infrastructure in the region.
In terms of overall performance, Assam holds rank one among the eastern zone states.
The state has performed better vis-à-vis its neighbors especially in providing education
and health facilities to its people, which has pushed it to the top ranking. Jharkhand
comes at fifth place, one place above its parent state Bihar. Unscientific agriculture, poor
infrastructure, naxal problem, and political instability pose major developmental
challenges for the state, which need to be transcended to achieve all-round development
of the state.

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Section VIII Looking into the future
What will be the life of the average citizen in the future? This is a
question that occupies the mind of most people as they wonder
whether the future
holds something
good for them, will Rank Annual
Per capita Matching
of rate of
conditions be the income in country’s
countr growth
same or could they State internatio current per
y in
nal dollars capita income
be worse? the
2020-21 2007
Forecasting has its world*
limitations as there Chandigarh 57,068 Norway 3 13.1%
is continual change Delhi 21,467 Czech Republic 34 8.4%
Gujarat 13,997 Malaysia 51 8.9%
in underlying
Himachal 58 8.3%
conditions. Ten Pradesh
12,168 Turkey
years ago, for Maharashtra 11,291 Mauritius 60 6.7%
instance, the state Andhra Pradesh 9,641 South Africa 72 8.2%
of Jharkhand did not Punjab 9,537 South Africa 72 5.6%
even exist and no Tamil Nadu 9,287 Brazil 74 9.3%
forecasts could Karnataka 8,004 Macedonia 75 7.0%
predict when the West Bengal 7,391 Peru 81 7.1%
state would come to Chhattisgarh 7,059 Tunisia 83 8.5%
Orissa 6,710 Ukraine 86 8.0%
being. However,
Jharkhand 6,313 Azerbaijan 90 7.8%
even with these
Assam 4,955 Bhutan 100 6.4%
constraints, one can Madhya 123 3.9%
always indulge in 2,817 Guyana
Pradesh
some speculation, Bihar 2,676 Congo 124 7.2%
to imagine one *India ranks 125th in the world today in per capita income out of
probable scenario of 175 countries
the infinite
combinations of the future.
It is therefore an interesting academic exercise to see where the

various states in India are projected to be in 2020-21. The aim of
economic growth is to raise the standard of living of the average
citizen; the measure for this is typically the per capita income of the
state or country. In this exercise, there has been no attempt to forecast
any change in the rate of growth, that is, the states are assumed to
grow at the rate they have grown in the past. In other words, the
question that is answered here is - if the present growth trend
continues, what will be the per capita income in the year 2020-21?
More importantly, this per capita income has been translated into

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international dollar7 terms to compare with current conditions in

countries around the world. This makes it easier to visualise the
change ahead. One important point to note is that if a state grows at a
faster rate than before, its position will naturally improve, whereas if it
grows at a slower rate, there will be a comparative fall in the ranking.
Thus, the exercise shows for instance that if Chandigarh grows at its
present growth rate, by 2020-21, its citizens will enjoy the same per
capita income as Norway does today. As Norway ranks third today in
per capita income levels and India ranks 125th, it is clear what this
jump will mean to the people of Chandigarh.
According to this exercise, by 2020, per capita income in Jharkhand will

match the level in Azerbaijan today. Azerbaijan is a country in Central
Asia, which has gained wealth through natural resources, as it is rich in
oil and natural gas. It has a high rate of out- migration as people find
better employment opportunities outside the country. Development
indicators are not ranked high as health and education provision is still
lacking in most parts of the country. There are thus points of similarity
between Azerbaijan and Jharkhand. However, if Jharkhand can raise its
level of economic growth, it has the potential to boost income and
standard of living levels, higher than what are found in Azerbaijan
today. Currently, Azerbaijan is ranked 90th in the world in terms of its
per capita income level.
On the other hand, parent state Bihar which is the poorest state in
India today needs a much higher boost. Given the present trend of
economic growth, it will reach the same level as the Democratic
Republic of Congo today. This country in West Africa has been through
wars that have ravaged the economy. Human development indicators
are much lower than in India. In per capita income terms, the country
ranks 124, just one rank above India currently. This means that at
current rates of growth, it will take 13 years for the average per capita
income in Bihar to even match the present levels in India today.
This exercise has been done to give food for thought to the people and
to the governing classes in the various states. By making comparisons
of projected future income levels with present conditions in countries
around the world, the importance of raising growth rates becomes
much clearer. One does not know what will eventually transpire, but it
7
International dollars refers to converting the income from the local currency in PPP
terms or purchasing power parity terms. Market exchange rates fluctuate depending
on the trade between countries; if a dollar is Rs. 43, it does not mean that Rs. 43
buys the same amount of goods and services in India as $1 does in the US. Therefore
PPP exchange rates are calculated to account for these differences. International
dollar therefore is a better method of comparing incomes measured in different
currencies in the world.

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is important to move towards improving upon the present growth

rates, to push the economies on higher paths and deliver a better
living for the citizens of the country.

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Appendix
Table 1.Total Population in the districts of Jharkhand

(2001 & 2008)
Districts 2001 2008
Bokaro 1,775,961 1,977,187
Chatra 790,680 914,979
Deoghar 1,161,370 1,315,932
Dhanbad 2,394,434 2,677,336
Dumka 1,754,571 1,905,451
Garhwa 1,034,151 1,197,402
Giridih 1,901,564 2,179,195
Godda 1,047,264 1,161,959
Gumla 1,345,520 1,450,259
Hazaribagh 2,277,108 2,559,382
Kodarma 498,683 569,007
Lohardaga 364,405 414,578
Pakaur 701,616 789,904
Palamu 2,092,004 2,399,785
Pashchim Singhbhum 2,080,265 2,239,936
Purbi Singhbhum 1,978,671 2,214,469
Ranchi 2,783,577 3,160,640
Sahibganj 927,584 1,053,599
Total 26,909,428 30,181,000
Source: Census 2001, Indian Development Landscape 2008

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Table 2.Proportion of SC & ST population

(2001)
Districts SC ST
Bokaro 13 12
Chatra 32 4
Deoghar 13 12
Dhanbad 16 9
Dumka 7 40
Garhwa 24 15
Giridih 13 10
Godda 9 24
Gumla 5 68
Hazaribagh 15 12
Koderma 14 1
Lohardaga 4 56
Pakur 3 45
Palamu 26 19
Paschim
Singhbhum 5 53
Purbi
Singhbhum 5 28
Ranchi 5 42
Sahibganj 6 29
Source: Census 2001

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Table 3.Total Literate Population in the districts of

Jharkhand (2001 & 2008)
District Name 2001 2008

Bokaro 942,078 1,350,258
Chatra 273,166 475,612
Deoghar 475,684 752,501
1,367,67
Dhanbad 8 1,974,958
Dumka 699,682 1,064,170
Garhwa 320,533 562,327
Giridih 679,053 1,127,879
Godda 371,184 566,021
Gumla 578,182 850,560
1,081,92
Hazaribagh 1 1,699,677
Kodarma 210,679 341,008
Lohardaga 158,918 252,374
Pakaur 171,056 275,486
Palamu 766,490 1,240,594
Paschim
Singhbhum 871,410 1,273,225
Purbi 1,184,65
Singhbhum 7 1,643,801
1,537,82
Ranchi 6 2,263,084
Sahibganj 279,980 450,587
Source: Census of India,2001 & Indian Development Landscape 2008

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Table 4.Work Participation Rate across sectors
Work Work Work

participat participat participati
ion rate - ion rate - on rate -
Districts Rural Urban Total
Bokaro 32.7 23.7 28.7
Chatra 38.6 23.9 37.8
Deoghar 39 25.4 37.1
Dhanbad 30.7 24.9 27.7
Dumka 45.4 27.1 44.2
Garhwa 39.5 26.2 38.9
Giridih 34.5 24.3 33.8
Godda 40.8 25.4 40.3
Gumla 50.3 25.5 48.9
Hazaribag 37.5 25.5 34.7
Kodarma 36.7 27.4 35
Lohardaga 44.6 24.7 42.1
Pakaur 45 27.7 44.1
Palamu 38.7 24.7 37.8
Pashchimi
Singhbhum 47.3 28 44.1
Purbi Singhbhum 44.9 26.7 34.9
Ranchi 45.2 26.5 38.7
Sahibganj 43.9 24.6 41.8
Source: Census 2001

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Table 5.Total amount of deposits and total credit as per place

of sanction, 2007
Credit as per
Distri Deposits (in Rs Place of sanction
cts '000') (in Rs '000')
Bokaro 38,165,200 13,230,500
Chatra 4,965,600 888,300
Deoghar 10,361,300 3,470,700
Dhanbad 56,496,800 12,627,400
Dumka 10,183,900 3,133,600
Garhwa 4,428,700 1,077,000
Giridih 13,433,800 4,882,600
Godda 5,173,300 1,992,200
Gumla 7,431,200 1,522,300
Hazaribag 29,782,700 7,862,400
Kodarma 5,426,700 1,342,600
Lohardaga 2,444,700 746,600
Pakaur 3,121,600 938,400
Palamu 14,077,900 2,987,100
Pashchimi Singhbhum 22,009,000 7,411,200
Purbi Singhbhum 53,774,100 31,167,400
Ranchi 83,499,900 24,313,000
Sahibganj 4,605,000 1,513,700
Source : Reserve Bank of India, Basic Statistical Returns, March- 07

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Table 6.District-wise penetration of LPG & television, 2006
% Hhlds
% Hhlds using owning
Districts LPG TV
Bokaro 23.8 43.0
Chatra 2.2 8.3
Deoghar 7.6 18.2
Dhanbad 18.8 59.5
Dumka 4.4 14.7
Garhwa 2.2 6.6
Giridih 2.8 8.5
Godda 1.3 9.3
Gumla 1.7 3.2
Hazaribagh 9.0 31.1
Kodarma 9.2 18.8
Lohardaga 6.7 12.8
Pakaur 2.0 6.4
Palamu 2.2 8.5
Paschim Singhbhum 5.2 10.7
Purbi Singhbhum 43.4 52.0
Ranchi 20.9 32.0
Sahibganj 4.5 9.9
Source : Market Skyline of India, 2006

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http://www.jharkhandindustry.in/export-survey.php#survey
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Jharkhand development report November 2008

Jharkhand in its Eighth Year

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Section V Jharkhand’s best and worst constituencies..................................................137

Jharkhand development report November 2008

First and foremost we would like to acknowledge Prabhat Khabar for

Dr. Sumita Kale

Indicus Analytics, New Delhi

Jharkhand development report November 2008

The present study makes an attempt to analyze the strengths and

Jharkhand development report November 2008

domestic product and per capita income of Jharkhand vis-a-vis other

This study is a depiction of the current scenario in Jharkhand across

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Another point worth mentioning is that we have used the revised

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Gross State Domestic Product Estimates

Table I : GSDP at current prices (Rs. Crores)

GSDP (Rs. Crores) Growth (%)

Source: Central Statistical Organization

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Section I Jharkhand in the post liberalization era

The Indian economy saw widespread reforms introduced in the P V

Prevalence of wide disparity in terms of economic and social

Jharkhand development report November 2008

This article will examine how economic liberalization has impacted

Broadly, parameters evaluated fall into two categories, viz, economic

Jharkhand development report November 2008

The manufacturing sector in Jharkhand has seen a leap in growth and

As per the Planning Commission, “Infrastructure is generally defined as

Jharkhand development report November 2008

The state of Jharkhand therefore has made progress with liberalization

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Table 1 Population below poverty line (%)

Health and education parameters are examined as the main social

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Table 2 Health Parameters

Education is an important indicator of socio-economic development

Jharkhand development report November 2008

towards improving the education condition in the state. Realizing this,

However, in case of higher educational institutions, the PPP scheme

Figure 2 : Literacy Rates

40 35.0 33.0 34.0

However, in case of higher educational institutions, the PPP scheme

Jharkhand development report November 2008

quality institutes in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Section II Jharkhand @ IT today

The following are major new initiatives in Jharkhand’s IT for

Process standardization is being achieved through user interaction by

Jharkhand development report November 2008

Jharkhand development report November 2008

IT Infrastructure is critical for Growth

Jharkhand Agency for Promotion of Information Technology was

As of actual implementation, a state of the art State Data Centre is

Jharkhand development report November 2008

2005. The network is implemented on the modified Build Own Operate

Regarding Pragya Kendras, Jharkhand takes pride in being the first

Jharkhand development report November 2008

connectivity of the entire state at on go under one Secured intranet.