Skeletal System

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BonesOs, osteo, osse: _______________________ ology: _____________________________ A. The skeletal system is composed of _______________, _________________, and _______________.1. The functions of the skeletal system include:a. __________________: Bones of the legs, pelvis and vertebral columnhold up the body, and almost all of the bones support __________________.b. __________________: Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord,heart, lungs, visceral organs and bone marrow.c. __________________: The action of muscles on the bones is necessaryfor limb movement, breathing and other movements.d. __________________: _________________________ is the major producer of red and white blood cells.2. Bone is a type of ________________________ in which the matrix is hardenedby the deposition of ____________________________ and other minerals in aprocess called ____________________________.3. Bone can refer to an organ composed of osseous tissue, ______________, __________________, ____________________, ___________________, __________________, and ______________________ connective tissue or it can simplyrefer to the osseous tissue.B. Shapes of bones1. _____________ bones are longer than wide and serve as ______________ actedupon by skeletal muscle to produce movements. Examples include the ___________, _______________, __________________, ______________.2. ________________bones are similar in length and width. They have limitedmovement and glide across one another. Examples include the ______________ and _______________.3. ___________ bones _________________ and __________________ soft organs andprovide broad surfaces for muscle attachment. Examples include the ______________ bones, _______, ______________.4. __________________bones have elaborate shapes that do not fit into anyother category. Examples include the __________________ and the many bones of the skull.C. Bone (Osseous) tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and ground substance.

1. Cells found in bone tissue include:a. ___________________ cells are ___________ cells that develop fromfibroblasts and give rise to most other bone cells since most otherbone cells are _________________.b. _____________________ (osteo: bone, blast: _____________________) arebone-forming cells. These cells line up in a single layer andsynthesize the organic components of bone matrix which isthen hardened by mineral deposition.c. ______________________ are former osteoblasts that have becometrapped in the matrix they deposited in small cavities called _____________. Osteocytes have fingerlike processes that areconnected to other osteocytes by ____________________.i. Functions of osteocytes include deposition and resorption of bone matrix.d. ______________________ (osteo: bone; clast: ______________) are bone-dissolving cells on the bone surface. These cells do not developfrom osteogenic cells, but from ____________ cells originating in the _____________________.i. Osteoclasts have a __________________ border facing the bonesurface that increases its surface area, making it more efficientat ________________ bone.2. The ________________ of bone tissue is composed of organic and inorganicmaterial with organic matter contributing about __________ of the weight.a. The organic components include ___________________ and variousprotein-carbohydrate complexes such asglycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.b. The inorganic matter is 85% _________________________, a crystallized __________________________ salt, but also may containsodium, potassium, magnesium, fluoride, sulfate,carbonate, and hydroxide.3. Bone is a _________________ of the organic and inorganic components withthe protein components (_______________) provides some degree of ____________________, and the inorganic components providing ___________________ and ____________________.4. Bone tissue can form into either compact bone or spongy bone.

a. ________________bone is arranged like the rings around a tree witheach ring called a ___________________ deposited around a central or _________________ canal.i. A Haversian canal and its lamellae are called an __________________.ii. Each bone has nutrient foramina on their surface for ___________________ to enter into the bone, which thenenter narrower ________________ canals that cross thematrix and feed into the Haversian canal.b. _________________ or cancellous bone consists of a lattice of slenderrod, plates and spines called _______________________ (trabe: ____________;cul: ____________). Spongy bone is spongelike in appearance with thespaces filled with ________________.i. The bone is arranged in lamellae, but lacks _______________________ since there are plenty of space forvessels to pass through already.5. _______________________ is a general term for soft tissue that occupies themarrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces between trabeculae and largerHaversian canals.a. ________ bone marrow is _______________ (hemo: __________; poietic: ___________) produces ____________________ and consists of a meshwork of reticular tissue surrounded by immature redblood cells and adipocytes.i. In adults, red marrow is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs,sternum, pelvis, and proximal heads of the humerus andfemur.b. In adults, most red marrow turns to fatty _____________bone marrowwhich no longer produces blood and is filled with _______________________.D. Parts of a bone1. Bone is covered with a sheath called the ____________________ (peri: ____________; oste: bone) which consists of a tough outer fibrous layer of collagenfibers and an inner layer of __________________________ cells.a. Some of the collagen fibers are continuous with tendons that bindmuscles to bones, and others perforate the bone matrix called _______________ fibers.

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