Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot

HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

CHNG 2
CC THNG S CA TNG CHA V CC PHNG
PHP A VT L GING KHOAN DNG XC NH
CC THNG S VA CA TNG CHA

2.1. Nhng vn c bn ca a Vt L Ging Khoan
a Vt L nghin cu ging khoan l mt lnh vc ca ngnh a Vt L,
bao gm nhng phng php Vt L, s dng nghin cu lt ct a cht m
ging khoan i qua, t c th pht hin v nh gi tr lng khong sn, thu
nhp nhng thng tin v vng m khai thc v trng thi ging khoan.
Hin nay, c rt nhiu phng php a Vt L khc nhau, theo bn cht c
th chia ra thnh nhng nhm nh sau :
Phng php in trng.
Phng php t trng.
Phng php phng x.
Phng php sng siu m.
Phng php nhit.
Phng php c l.
Phng php chp nh.
Phng php a ha.
Bn cht ca nhng phng php trn l o dc thnh ging khoan ghi
mt vi thng s, nhng thng s ny c trng cho mt hay vi tnh cht vt l ca
t m ging i qua.

2.1.1. Mi trng l khoan
Trong qu trnh khoan, khi khoan qua thnh h ca tng thm th nc trong
dung dch khoan s thm nhim vo bn trong thnh h cn thnh phn st trong
dung dch khoan th khng thm vo thnh h c nn ch bm ngoi thnh h
15

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

(dc theo thnh ging khoan). Khi lp st bm vo thnh ging dy th n s
ngn chn khng cho nc t dung dch khoan xm nhp vo thnh h na. Khi
nc t dung dch khoan thm nhp vo thnh h th thnh h s hnh thnh nn ba
i theo hng t thnh ging vo l : i thm nhim hon ton, i chuyn tip
v i nguyn (Hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1 Mi trng l khoan
16

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

i thm nhim hon ton c b dy khong vi inchs l i m nc lc
mn khoan ngm hon ton vo va.
i chuyn tip th nm gia i nguyn v i thm nhim hon ton.
i ny th cht lu va v nc lc mn khoan trn ln vo nhau.
i nguyn nm cnh i chuyn tip v cht lu va y khng b
nhim nc lc mn khoan.
Chiu su ca i thm nhim ph thuc vo : p sut thy tnh, s mt dung
dch khoan, thi gian, rng, thm, i cha nc v i cha du. Da vo
cc gi tr in tr sut ca ba i, ngi ta xy dng nn mt mt ct gi l mt ct
in tr sut. Da vo mt ct ny ngi ta c th xc nh c va cha l nc
hay du (Hnh 2.2).


Hnh 2.2 Cc mt ct in tr sut
i cha nc : i cha nc th in tr sut ca i thm nhim
hon ton s ln hn hoc bng in tr sut i nguyn v khng c s
xut hin ca i vnh.
17

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

i cha du : i cha du th in tr sut ca i thm nhim hon
ton nh hn in tr sut ca i nguyn v c s xut hin ca i
vnh.

2.1.2. rng
t c hnh thnh t ba pha : rn, lng, kh. Th tch ca t khng
ph thuc pha rn c gi l th tch rng. Th tch rng bao gm nhng phn
khng gian khc nhau gi chung l l hng. Cc l hng c ngun gc, hnh dng
kch thc v mi lin h gia chng khc nhau.
rng l t s gia th tch rng V
r
v th tch t V

:

r
V
V
=

rng t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nhau nh :
Cu trc, ng knh ht.
Cc hot ng th sinh din ra trong t .
Hot ng kin to.
p sut nn trn t ,
Phn loi rng theo ngun gc hnh thnh :
rng nguyn sinh : xut hin khi t c hnh thnh v b thay i
v ln, hnh dng do qu trnh nn p ca cc lp t bn trn, qu
trnh xi mng ha v s bin cht ca t .
rng th sinh : l cc hang hc, khe nt trong t c to thnh
do qu trnh ha tan, phong ha, kt tinh, lmit ha vi, trong cc
qu trnh kin to v ha sinh.

(2.1)
18

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

Phn loi theo mi lin h gia cc l hng :
rng m : l rng ca cc l hng c mi lin h vi nhau, thng
nhau.
rng kn : l rng ca cc l hng khng c mi lin h vi nhau.
rng ton phn : l tng ca rng kn v rng m.

Hnh 2.3 rng m

Hnh 2.4 rng kn
Phn loi theo tnh cht cha :
rng hiu dng : l th tch ln nht ca l hng cha nc, du, kh
m nc, du, kh nm trng thi t do.
rng phi hiu dng : l tng th rng cha cht lu trong trng thi
b gi li, b hp th.

19

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

Cc gi tr rng c chia nh sau :



2.1.3 st ca t trm tch
st ca t trm tch l bn cht ca t khi cha cc ht c ng
knh nh hn 0.01 mm, c khi nh hn 0.001 mm. Cc ht c kch thc b ny s
nh hng c bit n tnh cht ca t trm tch.
Cc ht st l nhng khong vt st thuc nhm kaolinite, montmorillonite,
illinite c ng knh thng thng nh hn 0.005 mm, cc mnh vn thch anh,
fenspat, khong vt nng, carbonat, pyrite v cc khong vt khc. Tham gia vo
st ca t c cc loi st cu trc, st phn lp, st phn tn. S dng Gamma
Ray xc nh hm lng st.
Cc kiu phn b ca st trong thnh h :
thnh h sch,
thnh h c st cu trc,
thnh h c st phn tn,
thnh h c st phn lp.
20

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun


Hnh 2.5 Cc kiu phn b ca st trong thnh h
21

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.1.4. thm
Kh nng ca t trong t nhin truyn dn cht lng, kh hoc hn hp
cht lng v kh i qua n di tc dng ca gradient p sut (p/l) c gi l tnh
cht thm ca t .
Gi s c mt lng Q cht lng, kh hoc hn hp cht lng v kh i qua
t , c tit din F, di tc dng ca gradient p sut (p/l), cht i qua c
nht l ta c :



=
l
F p
K Q
a
(2.2)
Trong :
K
a
: h s thm, n v Darcy (D)
Q : n v cc/sec
p : p sut (atm)
l : n v chiu di (cm)
F : tit din (cm
2
)

2.1.5. in tr sut
in tr sut l c tnh ca t , phng php in tr sut l phng
php c pht trin u tin. in tr sut l mt c tnh c hu ca vt liu th
hin kh nng cn tr dng in, bt k hnh dng v kch thc ca vt liu nh
th no. Cc loi vt liu khc nhau c kh nng cn tr dng in khc nhau.
Phng php in tr sut da trn php o in tr sut, nghch o ca
in tr sut l dn in. Trong minh gii ti liu a Vt L Ging Khoan, cc
loi hydrocacbon, khung , nc ngt, tt c u ng vai tr nh l cht cch in
v n c tnh cn tr dng in cao. n v ca in tr sut l m v c tnh :

L
A r
R

= (2.3)
Trong :
R : in tr sut (m)
r : in tr ()
22

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

A : din tch mt ct ngang (m
2
)
L : chiu di (m)
in tr sut l php o c bn cho bo ha ca cht lu trong va cha,
n lin quan n rng, loi cht lu (hydrocacbon, nc bin, nc ngt) v loi
. Bi v c v hydrocacbon u ng vai tr nh mt cht cch in, nhng
nc bin l mt cht dn in.
Php o in tr sut c thc hin bi cc thit b a Vt L Ging
Khoan, nhm pht hin ra hydrocacbon v nh gi rng ca cha. Bi v
trong sut qu trnh khoan, dung dch di chuyn vo cc l hng v thm vo cc
thnh h xung quanh ging khoan. Php o in tr sut ghi c nhng c tnh
ca va nhng su khc nhau, v nhng su khc nhau th gi tr in tr
sut khc nhau.
Cc th nghim ca Archie ch ra rng in tr sut ca thnh h (R
o
)
c lp y bi nc va v in tr sut ca nc va l R
w
c mi quan h thng
qua h s in tr thnh h (hoc h s va) F nh sau :

w o
R F R = (2.4)
Trong :
R
o
: in tr sut ca thnh h bo ha (100%) nc va.
Cng thc kinh nghim ca Archie cng cho php tnh ton h s va :

m
1
F

= (2.5)
Vi :
F : h s va v c tnh bng
w
o
R
R

m : h s xi mng ha
bo ha nc cng c th c xc nh t in tr sut ca thnh h bo
ha R
o
nu c lp y bi nc va v in tr sut ca thnh h R
t
khng b xm
nhim bi nc va R
w
:
23

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun


n
1
t
o
w
R
R
S
|
|

\
|
= (2.6)
Trong :
n : l h s bo ha c gi tr thay i t 1,8 n 2,5 nhng gi tr
thng s dng l 2.
T (2.5) v (2.6) ta c cng thc sau :

n
1
t
w
w
R
R F
S
|
|

\
|
= (2.7)
Cng thc (2.7) l cng thc m ta thng s dng trong cc phng trnh
Archie v bo ha nc v tt c nhng phng php dng cho vic minh gii
ti liu c lin quan n ng cong in tr sut u bt ngun t phng trnh
ny.

2.1.6. bo ha nc
bo ha nc l phn trm th tch rng trong c cha y bi nc
va. Tnh bng phn trm, k hiu S
w
.
S
w
= Nc va cha trong l rng / Tng th tch l rng trong .
bo ha nc l mt khi nim quan trng trong vic minh gii ti liu a
Vt L Ging Khoan bi v t bo ha nc c th xc nh c bo ha
ca hydrocacbon trong va cha.

2.1.7. Cc gi tr a, m, n
Cc gi tr a, m, n l nhng s dng trong cng thc tnh bo ha nc
(du, kh). Chng c ly t mu li, nu nhng ging khng c mu li th ly t
cc ging ln cn.
a : l h s un khc, l mt hm biu din phc tp ca ng dn
m cht lu v dng in phi di chuyn qua t .
24

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

m : l h s xi mng ha, gi tr ca n thay i theo kch thc ca ht,
theo s phc tp ca cc ng ni cc l rng, gi tr m ln khi h s
un khc ln.
n : l h s bo ha c gi tr thay i t 1.8 n 2.5 nhng gi tr thng
s dng l 2.

2.1.8. Nhit va
Nhit va k hiu l T
f
cng l mt thng s quan trng trong vic phn
tch ti liu a Vt L Ging Khoan bi v in tr sut ca dung dch khoan, nc
lc bn, nc va khc nhau ty theo nhit .
Nhit va c xc nh sau khi bit chiu su ca va, nhit y l
khoan, chiu su tng cng ca ging, nhit b mt. Ta c th xc nh gi tr
hp l ca nhit va bng cch s dng cc d liu v cc tuyn gradient a
nhit.
Nhit va cng c tnh ton bng cch s dng phng trnh hi quy
tuyn tnh :
y = mx + c (2.8)
Trong :
x : su
y : nhit
m : gradient a nhit
c : nhit b mt




25

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.2. Nhn dng tng cha bng ti liu a Vt L Ging Khoan

Cng vic u tin ca vic nh gi c trng thm cha l phi xc nh
c tng cha. Mt lp t c gi l tng cha khi chng c kh nng cha
c cc loi cht lu v cc cht lu ny c kh nng dch chuyn c trong lp
t . i vi cc loi trm tch th ct kt v cacbonat l hai loi cha
ph bin. i vi magma v bin cht th khng c kh nng cha, tuy nhin
khi cc loi ny b phong ha to ra cc nt n th cht lu c kh nng i vo
cc khe nt v lc ny chng c kh nng l mt tng cha. Cc phng php
a Vt L Ging Khoan rt hu dng trong vic xc nh tng cha. Vic nhn
dng tng cha da trn bn phng php ch yu l : phng php in trng t
nhin (Log SP), phng php in tr sut, phng php phng x t nhin
(gamma ray) v phng php ng knh ging khoan.

2.2.1. Xc nh tng cha bng phng php Log SP
xc nh tng cha bng phng php Log SP th ta phi tm cho c
ng st c s trn ng Log SP.
Khong no m ng Log SP lch khi ng st c s th khong
chnh l tng cha, ti v tr m ng Log SP bt u lch i so vi ng st th
chnh l ranh gii ca tng cha (Hnh 2.6).

2.2.2. Xc nh tng cha bng phng php in tr sut
xc nh tng cha bng phng php in tr sut th ta phi kt hp
ba ng in tr sut o ba i khc nhau trn cng mt su ca thnh h.
Khong no m ba ung in tr sut tch ra th chnh l tng thm, ti v tr
m ba ng in tr sut ny tch ra chnh l ranh gii tng thm (Hnh 2.7).




26

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun



























Hnh 2.6 Xc nh tng cha bng
phng php Log SP
Hnh 2.7 Xc nh tng cha bng
phng php in tr sut

27

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.2.3. Xc nh tng cha bng phng php phng x t nhin
Trong trm tch, tng cha ch yu l ct hoc cacbonat. V hm lng
phng x trong hai loi ny b nn gi tr gamma ray o c cng b. Do ,
nhng v tr m gi tr gamma ray ca thnh h gim chnh l du hiu nhn
bit tng thm (Hnh 2.8). Tuy nhin phng php ny cng phi ch v c th
nu ct hoc cacbonat c cha cht phng x th lc ny gi tr gamma ray vn cao.





















Hnh 2.8 Xc nh tng cha bng phng php gamma t nhin
28

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.2.4. Xc nh tng cha bng phng php Log ng knh ging khoan
Trong mi trng l khoan khi khoan qua tng cha th nc lc mn khoan
s thm vo va cha cn lp st th bm li trn thnh ging khoan lm cho ng
knh ging khoan b gim i. Do , khi ng knh ging khoan gim th y chnh
l du hiu ca i thm (Hnh 2.9). i vi cc ging khoan b sp l thnh h
th phng php ny khng th xc nh c tng cha.





















Hnh 2.9 Xc nh tng cha bng phng php Log ng knh ging khoan
29

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.3. Cc phng php a Vt L Ging Khoan dng xc nh cc thng
s va ca tng cha
2.3.1. Cc phng php Log rng
Log siu m
Log siu m l mt phng php Log rng, dng o khong thi gian
t ca sng dc khi i qua 1 foot ca va. Thit b o sng siu m gm c mt hay
nhiu ngun pht v hai hay nhiu u thu. Khong thi gian truyn sng t c
tnh bng micro giy cho mi foot v t l nghch vi vn tc sng dc.
Khong thi gian t m sng i qua ph thuc vo thnh phn thch hc v
rng ca t . V th vn tc khung ca va (Bng 2.1) phi c bit
xc nh rng t ng cong rng o bng siu m hoc s dng cng thc
Willie :

ma f
ma log
sonic
t t
t t


= ffgd (2.9)
Trong :

sonic
: rng thu c t Log siu m

ma
t : khong thi gian truyn sng trong khung (Bng 2.1)

log
t : khong thi gian truyn sng trong va

f
t : khong thi gian truyn sng ca cht lu trong h khoan (bn
khoan gc nc ngt
f
t = 189, bn khoan gc nc mn
f
t = 185 )

Bng 2.1 Cc gi tr vn tc siu m v thi gian truyn sng qua cc loi khung

Cc loi khung V
ma
(ft/sec)
ma
t ( sec/ft)
ma
t ( sec/ft)
Gi tr thng dng
Ct kt 18.000 19.000 55,5 51 55,5 51
vi 20.000 23.000 47,6 43,5 47,6
30

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun


Sng siu m thng dng xc nh rng trong ct cha c kt th
trong phng trnh Willie ngi ta a thm vo mt h s hiu chnh :

p ma f
ma log
sonic
C
1
t t
t t

|
|

\
|


= (2.10)
Vi C
p
l h s nn cht v c tnh theo cng thc sau :

100
C t
C
sh
p

= (2.11)
Trong :

sh
t : khong thi gian truyn sng qua lp st vy quanh
C : hng s (thng bng 1)
Khong thi gian truyn sng qua va s tng khi c mt ca hydrocacbon
(hiu ng hydrocacbon). Do nu khng hiu chnh nh hng ny th rng
thu c t Log siu m s cao. Hilchie (1978) ngh mt h s hiu chnh kinh
nghim i vi cc nh hng ca hydrocacbon :
7 . 0
sonic
= (2.12)
9 . 0
sonic
= (du) (2.13)
Log mt
Log mt l mt phng php rng thng vic o mt electron trong
va. Dng c o Log mt bao gm ngun pht tia gamma vo trong va. Cc tia
gamma va chm vi cc electron trong va, kt qu l mt s tia gamma mt nng
lng. S tng tc gia cc tia gamma v cc ht electron trong va gi l tn x
Compton, cc tia gamma tn x ti my thu v c my thu ghi nhn.
Dolomit 23.000 26.000 43,5 38,5 43,5
Anhydrite (thch
cao)
20.000 50 50
Mui 15.000 66,7 67
ng chng (thp) 17.500 57 57
31

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

S lng tn x Compton ph thuc trc tip vo s lng ht electron ca
va (mt electron) v mt khi ca va. Mt khi ca va l mt hm s ca
mt khung , rng v mt ca cht lu trong l rng (dung dch nc
mn, ngt hoc hydrocacbon). Cng thc tnh ton rng t mt :

f ma
b ma
den


= (2.14)
Trong :

den
: rng thu c t Log mt

ma
: mt khung (Bng 2.2)

b
: mt khi ca va
f
: mt ca cht lu (bn khoan mn
f
=1.1; bn khoan ngt
f
=1.0; kh
f
=0.7)
Phng php Log mt gip cc nh a cht :
- Xc nh cc khong vt lng ng t s bc hi ca cc dung dch.
- nh gi cc i cha kh.
- Xc nh hm lng hydrocacbon.
- nh gi st trong cha dng ct pha v mt s c im thch
hc.

Bng 2.2 Mt ca cc loi khung ca t ph bin

Thnh phn thch hc
ma
(gm/cc)
Ct kt 2,648
vi 2,710
Dolomit 2,876
Anhydrit 2,997
Mui 2,032

32

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

Log neutron
Log neutron l phng php o rng thng qua vic o lng ion hydro
trong va. Cc ht neutron c to ra t ngun ha hc trong thit b o neutron.
Ngun ha hc pht ra neutron l h thng kt hp gia Americium v Beryllium,
chng pht neutron mt cch lin tc. Cc neutron ny s va chm vi ht nhn ca
cc thnh phn vt cht trong va, dn n neutron mt i nng lng ca n. Bi v
nguyn t hydro c khi lng gn bng khi lng neutron nn nng lng
neutron tn tht ln nht l khi neutron va chm vi nguyn t hydro. V vy tng
tn tht nng lng ln nht l mt hm o lng ion hydro trong va. Bi v
hydro trong l rng ca va thng tp trung dung dch lp y l rng, tn tht
nng lng c th lin quan n rng ca va.
Mi khi l rng b lp y bi kh th rng thu c t phng php
neutron s thp hn so vi l rng b lp y bi du hoc nc. iu ny xy ra
bi v nng ion hydro trong kh km hn du v nc. S h thp rng
neutron do s sut hin ca kh c gi l hiu ng kh.
Kt qu o ca phng php Log neutron ph thuc vo :
- S khc nhau ca cc loi thit b d.
- Khong cch gia ngun v my thu.
- Thnh phn thch hc.
iu ny c th c hiu chnh nu chng ta s dng cc th thch hp
(Hnh 2.10 v Hnh 2.11). Phng php Log neutron phi c minh gii bng cc
th c bit c thit k cho mt Log c bit.
T hp Log neutron v mt
T hp neutron mt l phng php rng kt hp. Ngoi vic s
dng n nh l mt phng xc nh rng, n cng c dng xc nh
cc c im thch hc v tm ra cc i kh. rng c xc nh :

2
2
D
2
N
D N
+
=

(2.15)
Trong :
N
l rng neutron,
D
l d rng mt ,
D N
l rng t hp.
33

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun


Hnh 2.10 Biu hiu chnh Log rng neutron b ca
34

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun



Hnh 2.11 Biu hiu chnh Log rng neutron sn ca
35

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

2.3.2. Phng php Log phng x t nhin
Log phng x t nhin (GR) nghin cu trng phng x t nhin do cc
bc x gamma t nhin ca t xung quanh thnh ging khoan gy ra. Khi tin
hnh o cng bc x gamma trong ging khoan, ngi ta a ng o phng x
vo trong ging khoan m cc tia gamma t nhin i vo trong ng, cn thit b
ghi t trn mt t.
Kt qu ghi l ng cong gamma biu din s thay i cng bc x
theo chiu su (Hnh 2.12). Cng bc x gamma ty thuc vo s c mt ca
cc nguyn t ng v phng x nm trong t , ch yu l cc nguyn t ca cc
dy phng x Uran, Thori, Kali.
Thng cc loi magma c hot tnh phng x cao nht, cc magma
mafic c hot tnh phng x yu hn magma axit n mi ln. Cc phun tro
mafic c hot tnh phng x yu.
Trong t trm tch th thng cc loi st, phin st,c phng x
cao. St c thnh to trong cc iu kin khc nhau th hm lng phng x cng
khc nhau. Do t c tnh phng x nn nc ngm v khng kh cha trong
chng cng b nhim x. Khi i qua t , bc x b hp th v yu i, do cc
my o phng x ch c th nghin cu c cc t nm trong phm vi bn
knh vi centimet tnh t tm ging khoan.
Phng php gamma t nhin c s dng phn chia lt ct ging
khoan, xc nh hm lng st, thnh phn thch hc ca t ,
Bn cnh vic s dng cc phng php phng x t nhin xc nh c
im thch hc v cc i lin quan, cc phng php ny cng c th cung cp
nhng thng tin tnh ton th tch ca st trong ct kt hoc cacbonat.

Tnh ton th tch st :
V st c hot tnh phng x cao hn ct v cacbonat nn Log phng x t
nhin c dng tnh th tch st trong l rng ct kt v cacbonat. Vic tnh ch
36

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

s phng x t nhin l bc u tin xc nh th tch st t Log phng x t
nhin (cng thc Schumberger, 1974) :

min max
min log
GR
GR GR
GR GR
I

= (2.16)
Trong :

GR
I : ch s gamma ray

log
GR : phng x t nhin t log

min
GR : phng x t nhin nh nht (ct sch hoc cacbonat)

max
GR : phng x t nhin ln nht (st)
Sau khi tnh ch s gamma ray ta tnh th tch st theo cng thc ca Dresser
Atlas (1979) :

Cc loi c hn, c kt :

( )
[ ] 0 . 1 2 33 . 0 V
GR
I 2
sh
=

(2.17)
Cc loi trong k tam, cha c kt :

( )
[ ] 0 . 1 2 083 . 0 V
GR
I 7 . 3
sh
=

(2.18)

Trong :

sh
V : th tch st

GR
I : ch s gamma ray

37

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun





2.3.3. Phng php trng in t nhin
Phng php in trng t nhin (SP) l phng php nghin cu in
trng tnh trong ging khoan, trng in ny c to thnh do cc qu trnh l
ha din ra gia mt ct ging khoan vi t v gia cc lp t c thnh
phn thch hc khc nhau. Cc qu trnh l ha gm :
Hnh 2.12 ng Gamma Ray in hnh i vi cc loi t
38

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

- Qu trnh khuych tn mui t nc va n dung dch khoan v ngc
li.
- Qu trnh ht cc ion trn b mt ca cc tinh th t .
- Qu trnh ngm lc t dung dch ging vo t v nc va vo ging
khoan.
- Phn ng oxy ha kh din ra trong t v trn b mt tip xc gia
v dung dch ging khoan.
i vi mi trng l khoan, qu trnh khuych tn ht ion l qu trnh
chnh to nn trng in t nhin, sau l qu trnh ngm lc.
Phng php SP c ng dng :
- Pht hin ra cc tng thm.
- Tm ranh gii gia cc lp thm.
- Xc nh in tr sut ca nc va R
w
.
- nh gi hm lng st trong tng thm.
- Pht hin ra hydrocacbon.
Gi tr SP o c trong l khoan b nh hng bi chiu dy ca lp, in
tr sut lp, ng knh thm nhim, ng knh l khoan, hm lng st v quan
trng nht l in tr sut ca nc lc bn khoan R
mf
v in tr sut ca nc va
R
w
.

ng dng ng cong SP vo minh gii thch hc :
Khi c s khc bit gia R
mf
v R
w
ng thi gi tr SP gn vi ng st c
s th l tp st. ng st c s l ng tham chiu xc nh gi tr SP ca
tp thm v SP Log khng c gi tr khng.
i vi tp thm cha th ng SP dch chuyn lch khi ng st c s.
i vi cc lp cht xt th nu n nm xen k gia mt lp st v mt lp khng
thm th n c xc nh da vo on khng thay i dc ranh gii. Tuy
nhin nu n nm ln trong i st hoc ln trong i thm th SP khng th pht
hin c.
39

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun





2.3.4. Phng php Log in tr sut
Hai phng php c bn c s dng hin nay xc nh in tr sut ca
va l phng php Log cm ng v phng php Log in cc, trong phng
php Log cm ng c s dng ph bin hn.
Thit b o ca phng php Log cm ng gm mt hoc nhiu cun dy
pht ra mt trng in xoay chiu tn s cao vi cng khng i. S thay i
t trng ca cun dy to ra dng in th cp i vo va. ng i ca dng in
th cp trong t c dng nhng dng in vng, vung gc vi trc ca l

Hnh 2.13 M hnh minh ha vic xc nh thch hc t ng Log SP

40

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

khoan (Hnh 2.14) v to ra t trng cm ng vo cun dy. Tn hu t cun dy
thu t l thun vi dn in, tc l t l nghch vi in tr sut.
Thit b o ca phng php Log in cc gm cc in cc trong l khoan
c ni ti mt ngun in, dng in t cc in cc i qua dung dch st trong
l khoan ri i vo va v i n mt in cc xa.




Cc phng php Log in tr
Log o bng h in cc loi ngn : h in cc ngn o in tr sut
su nh ca vng nghin cu (thnh h khoan). l in tr sut ca i xm
nhp (R
i
). Khi so snh in tr sut o bng h in cc th ngn vi in tr sut
o bng thit b cm ng o su (R
t
), i xm nhp c pht hin bi s phn tch
Hnh 2.14 M hnh h thng o cm ng trong phng php in tr sut

41

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

hai ng Log ca chng. S xut hin ca i xm nhp l quan trng v n bo
hiu kh nng thm ca va. Ngoi vic a ra gi tr R
i
, ng Log ca h in cc
ngn cn c th c s dng xc nh gi tr in tr sut l rng.
Log cm ng : thit b cm ng o dn in bng cch s dng dng
in c to bi cc cun dy. Cc cun dy pht to ra mt dng in cm ng
ln va, dng in ny c ghi li bng cc cun dy thu. ng cong dn in
c o bng Log cm ng c s dng xc nh chnh xc hn gi tr R
t
ca
nhng va c in tr sut thp, v loi tr sai s c th c khi tnh gi tr in
tr sut tht t dn in. Phng php Log cm ng khng i hi s truyn dn
in qua dung dch khoan nn c th thc hin trong thnh l khoan cha y
khng kh, du hoc bt.
Log trng in t nhin (SP) : nh trong Mc 2.3.3 gii thiu.
Log cm ng hi t kp : phng php Log cm ng hin i c gi l
phng php hi t kp. Log ny gm :
- Thit b cm ng o sn su.
- Thit b cm ng o sn trung bnh.
- Thit b o sn nng hi t.
Phng php Log hi t kp c s dng trong cc va c i xm nhp
su. Do s xm nhp su ca dung dch khoan m gi tr Log cm ng o sn su
(o R
ILd
) c th khng th hin chnh xc gi tr in tr sut tht ca va (R
t
). Gi
tr in tr sut thu c t Log hi t kp dng hiu chnh in tr sut o sn
su (R
ILd
) v in tr sut tht ca va (R
t
).
Log o sn : phng php o sn c thit k o in tr sut tht
(R
t
) xung quanh thnh ging khoan cha dung dch gc mui (R
mf
R
w
). Dng in
t in cc pht hi t i vo va nh cc in cc chn. Cc in cc chn pht ra
dng in c tnh phn cc ging nh cc in cc pht nhng bn trn v bn
di in cc pht. Cc in cc chn ngn chn khng cho dng in i ln dc
theo thnh l khoan cha dung dch mui. su o sn ca phng php o
sn c iu khin bng cch thay i cng dng pht.
42

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

Log o sn kp vi h cc hi t cu : phng php o sn kp gm
mt thit b in tr sut o sn su (R
LLd
) dng xc nh R
t
v mt thit b
in tr sut o sn nng (R
LLs
) dng xc nh R
i
.
Vi h cc hi t cu l mt dng tm m c cc in cc c p st vo
thnh l khoan. Phng php ny c su xm nhp vo sn l khoan rt nng
v dng o in tr sut ca i thm hon ton (R
xo
). Khi vi h cc hi t cu
(MSFL) c thc hin cng vi o sn kp ta thu c ba ng cong (su,
nng v MSFL) c s dng hiu chnh in tr sut o sn su (R
LLd
) v
in tr sut tht ca va (R
t
).
Log vi h cc : vi h cc l thit b o in tr sut ch yu pht hin
lp v bn. Thit b gm ba in cc, cc in cc c kch thc rt nh c gn
trn tm m cch in v c p st vo thnh l khoan. T tm m, hai php o
in tr sut c thc hin, mt c gi l o thun v mt l o nghch. o
thun nghin cu su vo va t 3 n 4 inch (o R
xo
) cn o nghch th su
nghin cu xp x 1 n 2 inchs v o in tr sut ca lp v bn (R
mc
). Vic pht
hin ra lp v bn bng Log vi h cc l du hiu ca i thm lc v va l thm
c.
Log vi h cc khng thc hin c trong cc ging c dung dch khoan gc
nc mn hoc dung dch khoan gc thch cao v lp v bn khng mnh
cch tm m vi va. Ti nhng v tr tm m tip xc trc tip vi va lch
dng khng th xy ra.
Log vi h cc o sn v Log vng gn : cng nh vi h cc hi t cu vi
h cc o sn v Log vng gn l nhng loi vi h cc hi t c thit k p
st vo thnh l khoan o in tr sut trong i thm lc (R
xo
). V vi h cc o
sn chu nh hng mnh vi nhng lp v bn dy hn inch nn n ch c
thc hin vi cc dung dch khoan gc nc mn. Cn Log vng gn hi t mnh
hn nn c dng nghin cu su hn do n c s dng vi cc dung dch
khoan gc nc ngt c lp v bn dy hn.
Phng php Log in tr c s dng :
43

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun

- Phn bit gia cc tng cha du v nc.
- Ch ra cc i thm.
- Xc nh in tr sut l rng.
- ng dng quan trng nht ca Log in tr l phn bit cc tng cha
du v nc. V khung hay cc ht nh t khng dn in nn hu
nh kh nng dn in ca t hon ton do nc trong l rng.
Hydrocacbon cng nh khung khng dn in, do khi bo ha
hydrocacbon trong l rng tng ln th in tr sut cng tng ln.
- Xc nh bo ha ca nc va bng cng thc (3) mc 2.15 :

n
1
t
w
w
R
R F
S
|
|

\
|
= (2.19)
Vi :
S
w
: bo ha nc
R
w
: in tr sut ca nc va
R
t
: in tr sut tht ca va
n : s m bo ha (thng chn n = 2)
F = a/
m
: h s va
a : h s un khc ca l rng
m : h s xi mng ha

Xc nh rng t Log in tr sut :
Cc khong vt hnh thnh t cc ht trong khung v cc hydrocacbon
trong cc l rng khng dn in nn kh nng truyn dng in ca t hu nh
hon ton l do nc trong l rng. Do in tr sut c o c th s dng
xc nh rng. Thng thng, gi tr in tr sut ca va c o st thnh l
khoan (i thm lc R
xo
hoc i thm nhp R
i
) c s dng xc nh rng.
Khi dung dch khoan i vo mt va rng thm, cha nc th nc t va s
c thay th bng dung dch khoan. Do rng trong va cha nc c th tnh
t in tr sut o nng (R
xo
v R
mf
) theo cng thc :
44

Xy dng chng trnh xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha du kh bng phng php biu ct crossplot
HV : Dng Hoi Thanh GVHD : PGS. TS Trn Vnh Tun


m / 1
xo
mf
R
R a
|
|

\
|
= (2.20)
Trong :
: rng ca va
R
mf
: in tr sut ca dung dch trong i thm lc nhit va
R
xo
: in tr sut ca i thm lc
a : hng s (va cacbonat a = 1, va ct gn kt a = 0.81, va ct
khng gn kt a = 0.62)
m : hng s (va cacbonat v ct gn kt m = 2, va ct khng gn
kt m = 2.15)
Cng thc hiu chnh rng khi trong i thm lc c hydrocacbon :

( )
( )
m / 1
2
xo
xo mf
S
R / R a
(

= (2.21)
Trong S
xo
l bo ha nc trong i thm nhim hon ton v c tnh :
S
xo
= 1- S
RHS
(2.22)
Vi S
RHS
l bo ha d ca hydrocacbon.












45