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People’s Democratic Republic of AlgeriaMinistry of Higher Education and ScientificResearchTeacher Training School of ConstantineA Distant Course In Written Expression(LMD)Semester onePrepared by: Mrs. Leila Djouimaa2007- 2008
 
Sentence constructionsI- Phrases :
A phrase is a group of words which contains neither a subject nor a verb. (It may, however, contain a verbal form such as an infinitive, a participle or a gerund).They are considered as the second level of classification as they tend to be larger than individual words, but are smaller than sentences.There are nine generally accepted classifications for phrases.
1- Noun phrases:
They may serve as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, or objects of  prepositions.
Example
:
My coach
is happy (noun phrase as subject).
2- Verb phrases:
They are composed of the verbs of the sentence and anymodifiers of the verbs, including adverb, prepositional phrases or objects. Most verb phrases function as predicates of sentences.
Example:
Henry
made my coach very proud.(
Predicate verb phrase)
3- Adjectival phrases:
They are composed of the adjectives that modify a noun and anyadverbs or other elements that modify those adjectives. They alwaysoccur inside noun phrases or as predicate adjectives.
Example:
Dad bought
a blue and green sweater.4- Adverbial phrases:
They are composed of the adverbs that modify verbs, adjectives,or clauses. Adverbial phrases may occur with more than one word. Theextra adverb is called an intensifier.
Example:
He scored the goal
very quickly.5- Prepositional phrases:
2
 
They are composed of the preposition and a following noun phrase. They are used either adjectivally to modify nouns or adverbiallyto modify verbs, adjectives, or clauses.
Examples:
-The man
in the house
rented it. (prepositional phrase, modifies anoun adjectivally)-He went
in the arena
. (prepositional phrase, modifies a verbadverbially)-Dad was happy
about the goal.
(prepositional phrase, modifiesan adjective adverbially)-
On reflection
, I believe that she was correct. (prepositional phrase, modifies a clause adverbially)
6- Gerundive phrases:
They may function in any way in which nouns may function:subject, object, object of a preposition, or even nouns functioning asadjectives.Gerundive phrases may contain gerunds, adjectives, objects, adverbs, or other main verb elements.
Example:
Dad talked about
winning the game.7- Participial phrases:
They begin with a participle. Participles are adjectives formedfrom verbs. They come in two tenses: present and past.
Present participle:
an
ing
word like : singing, analyzing, sharpening…
Past participle:
usually an
ed
word like: believed, analyzed, butsometimes an irregular form like written, sung, lost, wept, frozen….
Example: Racing around the corner,
he slipped and fell.
8- Absolute phrases:
They are composed of a subject noun phrase and a participial phrase. The absolute phrase is formally independent of the main clause.The subject of the absolute phrase does not have to appear in the mainclause because the absolute phrase has its own subject.
Example: (My chores)( completed for the week),
I went on a walk.
9- Infinitive phrases:
They consist of an infinitive (to dance, to fly…) plus an object.They perform three functions: nouns, adjectives, adverbs.3
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