METODE TENSOMETRICE

IN INGINERIE
Prof. dr. ing. Ionel Chirica
Master MSIM
Introduction to Engineering
Measurement
When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it
in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot
measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your
knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the
beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts
advanced to the stage of science.
(Lord Kelvin)
- How good is a structure?
- How reliable will a structural system be once it is
installed?
- How much more testing should I do?
- How many more bugs can I expect to find?
- How much will the testing cost?
- How difficult will it be to maintain a system?
- How much will it cost to build a new system similar to
one we built five years ago?
- How long will it take?
Questions before testing
Mechanical engineers face questions like these every day
of their professional lives. At the heart of these questions
is one of the most important concepts in engineering:
measurement.

An engineer needs to know:
- why to make measurements?
- what can be measured?
- what should be measured?
- how to measure?
- what to do with the results?

Lets explore these issues in the general context of
science and engineering.
1. Definitions
The first question might be, What is measurement? In its
simplest form, we can think of measurement as associating a
numeric value with an object or action. We interpret that
value as the amount of some quality or attribute possessed by
that object or action.

measure (verb)
- to ascertain the quantity, mass, extent, or degree of
something in terms of a standard unit or fixed amount,
usually by means of an instrument or process;
- to compute the size of something from dimensional
measurements;
- to estimate the extent, strength, worth, or character of
something;
- to take measurements.
measure (noun)
- a standard or unit of measurement;
- the extent, dimensions,
- capacity, etc. of anything, especially as determined by a standard;
- an act or process of measuring;
- a result of measurement.
measurement
- the act or process of measuring something.
- a result, such as a figure expressing the extent or value that is
obtained by measuring.
Measures in the Physical World

The materials and forces of the physical world are the raw
materials of the traditional engineering disciplines (such as civil,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering).
Measuring in the physical world is thus a basic skill needed by
engineers.
There are only a few fundamental physical measures. The most
common of these are length, mass, and time. Other measures can
be expressed in terms of these; for example, we express the speed
of our cars in miles per hour (length divided by time), or our
weight (which is really a measure of the force of gravity on our
bodies at the earths surface) in pounds (mass times length divided
by time squared).
The last four centuries have produced many scientists who made
important contributions to our understanding of the physical world,
and several of these scientists have been honored by having units of
measure named for them. Identify the following scientists, the unit
(or scale) of measure named for them, the kind of measure it is, and
its definition in terms of the fundamental measures.
Andr-Marie Ampre William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
Anders J. ngstrm James Clerk Maxwell
Amedeo Avogadro Friedrich Mohs (minerale)
Alexander Graham Bell Isaac Newton
Anders Celsius Hans Christian rsted (camp magnetic)
Charles A. de Coulomb Georg Simon Ohm
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie Blaise Pascal
Gabriel D. Fahrenheit Charles R. Richter
Michael Faraday Wilhelm Rntgen
Enrico Fermi Nikola Tesla
Karl Friedrich Gauss Allesandro Volta
Joseph Henry James Watt
Heinrich R. Hertz Wilhelm E. Weber (flux magnetic)
James P. Joule
What Engineers Measure
Engineering is often described as being a process that results in
useful products. It follows that we can describe what engineers
measure in two broad categories: product measures and process
measures.
We can further categorize the product measures as static and
dynamic.
In the static measures many of the physical measures of objects such
as size, length, height, width, weight, capacity, and volume, meaning
that they can usually be measured while the object is not in use.
The dynamic measures describe the behavior of the object while it
is in use; these include such attributes as velocity, fuel or power
consumption, heat dissipation, vibration, and noise level. Engineers
in the various disciplines (civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical,
etc.) typically need to know dozens of specialized static and dynamic
measures for the kinds of products they build.
We also characterize some measures as being basic or directly
measurable quantities, and others as composite or derived
quantities. Quantities like length, time, and weight are usually
measured directly, while measures of productivity and velocity are
often derived from direct measures by a mathematical operation
(productivity can be computed by dividing the number of items
produced by the time it took to produce them;
velocity can be computed by dividing the distance traveled by the
time it took).
Sisteme de msurare
Proces
fizic
Captor cu
traductoare
Condiionator
Multiplexor
Prelucrare
Vizualizare
Stocare
Emitor Receptor
Convertor
analog - digital
Traductoare
Parametrice
Generatoare
Rezistive
Capacitive
Mrci tensometrice
Fotorezistene
Cu miez mobil
De proximitate
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Fotoelectrice
Termoelectrice
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Proces
fizic
Captor cu
traductoare
Condiionator
Funciuni
Generale
Specifice
Amplificare
Filtrare
Izolare
Liniarizare
Excitare
Termostatare
Compensare
Hardware
Software
SCXI
5 B
Proces
fizic
Captor cu
traductoare
Condiionator
Convertor
analog - digital
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0101 = 5

Convertor
analog - digital
LSB
MSB
t o
u o
Proces
fizic
Captor cu
traductoare
Condiionator
Multiplexor
Convertor
analog - digital
Modaliti de multiplexare
1
2 Prin modulaie n frecven
Categorii de S.C.A.D.
(sisteme de conversie analog-digital)
cu comunicatie seriala (RS-232);
cu comunicatie paralela (IEEE 488);
cu placi de achizitie de date (DAQ);
de uz industrial (VXI / MXI).
S.C.A.D.
cu comunicatie seriala
Aparat de masura analogic
cu interfata seriala





Calculator
Interfata de comunicatie
seriala RS-232
Pentru comanda aparatelor analogice simple
si pentru semnale lent variabile
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
S.C.A.D.
cu comunicatie paralela
Aparat de masura analogic
cu interfata paralela





Calculator
Interfata de comunicatie
paralela IEEE-488
Pentru comanda aparatelor analogice
complexe si pentru semnale rapid variabile
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
S.C.A.D.
cu placi de achizitie de date
Aparat de masura
analogic





Calculator
Placa de achizitie
de date DAQ
Captor cu
traductoare
Conditionator
de semnal (SCXI)
Captor cu
traductoare
Alte conexiuni
......
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
S.C.A.D.
de uz industrial (VXI / MXI)
Aparate de masura
analogice cu
interfata paralela
Calculator
Placi de achizitie
de date DAQ
Captor cu
traductoare
Conditionatoare
de semnal
Captor cu
traductoare
Dispecer
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
COMPUTER





Plac de achiziie de date
Proces
fizic
Captor cu
traductoare
Condiionator
Multiplexor
Prelucrare
Vizualizare
Stocare
Convertor
analog - digital
Indicatori de
performan
Funciuni
Plci de achiziie de date
Intrare analogic
Ieire analogic
Comunicaii digitale
Numrare / Cronometrare
Numr de canale
Rat maxim
de eantionare
Interval de msurare
Rezoluie
Precizie de msurare
Neliniaritate
Timp de stabilizare
Precizia de masurare
Interval de masurare (gain=1)
Interval de masurare (gain=5)
2
rezolutie
-1 subintervale
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
3. Modalitati de programare
in limbaj de nivel inalt;
in mediu de programare grafica;
in mediu de programare mixt.
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
Programarea in limbaj de nivel
inalt
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
NI - DAQ
C
Pascal
Basic
Aplicatie utilizator
cu sursa text
Mediu de programare grafica
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997
LabVIEW
C
*.exe
Aplicatie utilizator
cu sursa grafica
Programare in mediu mixt
S.C.A.D.
Tom SAVU
C.T.A.N.M.
1997

LabWindows
C
Aplicatie utilizator
cu sursa mixta
*.exe
Software
Proiectare
sistem
Configurare componente
Descriere componente
analogice
Programare grafic
Lantul de masurare
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