Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp \u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i.

Khi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh 4 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh: khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf, khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i d\u00f2ng\u0111i\u1ec7n, khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf truy\u1ec1n.

Trong\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ng\u00f5 ra t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ng\u00f5 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u00ean\u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u1ea3i. Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch khu\u1ebfch\u0111\u1ea1i\u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf.

k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u
v\u1edbi RL = 0, n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i d\u00f2ng\u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch n\u1ed1i t\u1eaft (short-circuit).
Ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: