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AcknowledgementsIntroduction 9

All great ages of architecture are known by their grand period titles - ours will probably be known as ‘Architecture in the Age of Consumerism’ arising from the self-indulgent intemperance of the developed world, the declining quality of urban life globally, and a universal disregard for proper stewardship of the natural resources of the planet.

The Urban Habitat 19

.In the planning and design of the urban setting the aim should be to create ‘ennobling’ and ‘enabling’ environments. Inevitably this demands a process based on peope-driven dynamics, in other words, based on the perceptions of the users of urban space.

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Universal cultural needs 19Cultural needs and urban space 21The urban ecosystem 24Socio-spatial patterning 27Movement corridors and destinations 32

In the context of our environmentally stressed planet, it is not responsible to think of architecture as being ‘good’ only in terms of past design maxims.

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Directions in Architecture 37Cultural Rhythms 56

In the urban environment, the failure to meet the cultural needs of the community, the end user, threatens the amenity value of the social environment with potentially dire sociological consequences

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Spaces that liberate 56Sense of community 58Optimum norms for shared streets 64Busy streets and pedestrians 64Outdoor urban life 66Security through the presence of others 67Territorial needs 69Commercial opportunity 69Space for informal marketing and jobs 71Recreational needs 73Urban culture and natural regimes 74

Urban Design in Response 75

The rigorous design axioms of the Modern Movement have caused streets to lose their attraction as gathering places. ‘As a consequence individual attitudes to urban space have been radically altered... Functionalism, which laid the groundwork for our loss of traditional space, became obsessed with efficiency.’ (Trancik 1986)

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7777777777Movement corridors 78Meaningful urban space 80

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8282828282Public squares free of buildings 83Shape and size criteria for public squares 84 Visual closure and visual order 86Planned outdoor amenities 88Places to linger 90Controls on sun and wind 91Pedestrian density in a public area 92Pedestrians-only streets 95The residential/public interface 95Pollution-free spaces 96

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