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i
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
................................................................................................................................. v
 
Executive Summary
.................................................................................................................................vii
 
PART I
............................................................................................................................................................1
 
OVERVIEW
...............................................................................................................................................1
 
CHAPTER ONE
........................................................................................................................................1
 
Introduction
.........................................................................................................................................1
 
Setting up the Commission
............................................................................................................1
 
Establishing a communication strategy
.....................................................................................3
 
Publication of Rules and Procedure
.............................................................................................4
 
Consultations with Government Departments and Others
.................................................4
 
Role of Civil Society
...........................................................................................................................5
 
Standing Before the Commission
.................................................................................................6
 
Methodological Issues
.......................................................................................................................8
 
Given the time constraints adverted to above the Commission was not able to visiteach province and therefore the methodology which the Commission adopted forgathering evidence varied to some extent between the various provinces.
...................10
 
Alleged Perpetrators: To Name or Not To Name?
...................................................................15
 
PART II
.........................................................................................................................................................20
 
Post-Election Violence, 2007 – How Deep Are the Roots?
......................................................21
 
Introduction
.......................................................................................................................................21
 
 The Use of Political Violence
.........................................................................................................24
 
 The Personalization of Presidential Power and the Deliberate Weakening of PublicInstitutions
.........................................................................................................................................28
 
Land and Inequality
........................................................................................................................30
 
Unemployed Youth
..........................................................................................................................33
 
Conclusion
..........................................................................................................................................35
 
CHAPTER THREE
................................................................................................................................37
 
Violence in Rift Valley Province
.......................................................................................................37
 
 The North Rift Region
.........................................................................................................................37
 
Introduction
.......................................................................................................................................37
 
Nature and extent of violence
.......................................................................................................42
 
Impact of the Violence
....................................................................................................................49
 
Response by Police and Provincial Administration
...............................................................53
 
 The Provincial Administration and Security Forces
.............................................................53
 
Intelligence Concerning Post-Election Violence and Its Use
..............................................58
 
Was the violence planned or spontaneous?
............................................................................66
 
Was the violence spontaneous?
...................................................................................................73
 
Findings
...................................................................................................................................................76
 
Central Rift Region
..............................................................................................................................78
 
Molo District
..........................................................................................................................................79
 
Koibatek District: Attempted Ethnic Cleansing
.........................................................................91
 
Nakuru District: Organized Attacks and Counter-Attacks
.....................................................97
 
Naivasha District: Planned Criminal Attacks by Mungiki and Kikuyu politicians
.......113
 
Narok District
......................................................................................................................................128
 
 The South Rift and Kisii Region
....................................................................................................132
 
 
 
ii
CHAPTER FOUR
.................................................................................................................................162
 
Violence in Western and Nyanza Provinces
...............................................................................162
 
Western Province
............................................................................................................................162
 
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................................162
 
Nyanza Province
.................................................................................................................................173
 
Violence in Nairobi, Central and Coast Provinces
...................................................................193
 
Nairobi
...............................................................................................................................................193
 
Central Province
.............................................................................................................................205
 
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................................205
 
Coast Province
.................................................................................................................................218
 
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................................218
 
PART III
..................................................................................................................................................236
 
CHAPTER SIX
......................................................................................................................................237
 
Sexual Violence
............................................................................................................................... 237
 
Collecting Evidence
........................................................................................................................242
 
Public Testimony by Expert Witnesses
...................................................................................243
 
 Testimony from Victims
...............................................................................................................249
 
Who Were the Victims of Sexual Violence?
............................................................................250
 
Who Were the Perpetrators?
.......................................................................................................252
 
Security Forces
............................................................................................................................... 253
 
Organized Gangs
............................................................................................................................258
 
Neighbours and Others individual Criminals
.......................................................................259
 
Humanitarian Workers and IDP Service Providers
.............................................................260
 
Unintended Sexual Consequences of General Violence
....................................................261
 
Impact of the Victims’ Health and Socio-Economic Conditions
.....................................261
 
Institutional and Legal Challenges to Responding to Sexual Violence
.........................265
 
Recommendations
..........................................................................................................................268
 
CHAPTER SEVEN
............................................................................................................................... 271
 
Internally Displaced Persons
..........................................................................................................271
 
Conclusion and Recommendations
..........................................................................................291
 
CHAPTER EIGHT 
................................................................................................................................295
 
 The Media and the Post Election Violence
.................................................................................295
 
CHAPTER NINE
...................................................................................................................................304
 
Extent and Consequences of the Post-Election Violence:
.....................................................304
 
Deaths, Injuries and Destruction of Property
...........................................................................304
 
CHAPTER TEN
....................................................................................................................................345
 
Findings
.................................................................................................................................................345
 
Findings in Relation to the Extent of Violence
.....................................................................345
 
Findings In Relation to the Causes and Patterns of the Post-Election Violence
.......346
 
Findings In Relation to Sexual Violence
.................................................................................348
 
Findings In relation to Internally Displaced Persons
.........................................................351
 
PART IV
.....................................................................................................................................................354
 
Acts and Omissions of State Security Agencies and Impunity
...............................................354
 
CHAPTER ELEVEN
............................................................................................................................355
 
State Security Agencies
....................................................................................................................355
 
Introduction
.....................................................................................................................................355
 
Identifying the key issues
............................................................................................................356
 
How Prepared were the Agencies?
............................................................................................358
 
Findings in relation to planning and preparing for the 2007 General Elections
......372
 
How Did State Security Agencies (SSAs) Respond to the PEV?
..........................................376
 
 
 
iii
 The Operational Environment
...................................................................................................383
 
Use of Force
.....................................................................................................................................384
 
Investigative Capability
................................................................................................................394
 
Criminal Conduct (by police) including killings and SGBV
.............................................396
 
Omissions and Misconduct (by police)
....................................................................................398
 
Outside influence on police decisions
.....................................................................................405
 
State Security Agencies and Systems Failures
........................................................................410
 
Positive Responses by State Security Agencies
........................................................................413
 
Reviewing performance
....................................................................................................................415
 
Findings on Responses to the Post Election Violence
............................................................416
 
 The Police
..........................................................................................................................................416
 
Findings on the use of Force
......................................................................................................417
 
Findings in relation to Investigations
......................................................................................420
 
Findings relating to criminal offending by police officers
.................................................421
 
Findings relating to partiality
.....................................................................................................421
 
Findings relating to a lack of independence
..........................................................................422
 
Findings relating to secrecy
........................................................................................................423
 
Findings relating to failure to respond
....................................................................................424
 
Findings in relation to policies, systems and processes
...................................................424
 
Findings in relation to dealing with complaints
...................................................................425
 
Findings in relation to resourcing
............................................................................................426
 
Findings in relation to review and improvement arrangements
.....................................427
 
Findings in relation to other Security Agencies
...................................................................428
 
Rationale for Recommended Action Regarding the Police
....................................................429
 
Background
......................................................................................................................................429
 
 The Current Reform Programme
...............................................................................................430
 
Dealing with perpetrators
............................................................................................................431
 
Using a Reform Catalyst
..............................................................................................................432
 
Integration of the Kenya Police Service and Administration Police
...............................434
 
Police Act
...........................................................................................................................................436
 
Police Service Commission
..........................................................................................................436
 
A modern Code of Conduct
.........................................................................................................437
 
Strengthening Investigations
......................................................................................................438
 
Civilian Oversight of Police (Police Conduct)
.........................................................................438
 
International Police Oversight Entities
...................................................................................441
 
CHAPTER TWELVE
...........................................................................................................................443
 
Impunity
................................................................................................................................................443
 
Definition of Impunity
..................................................................................................................443
 
Background
......................................................................................................................................444
 
Investigation, Prosecution and Adjudication of Guilt
........................................................445
 
 The Akiwumi Commission of Inquiry
......................................................................................446
 
Other aspects of the Criminal Justice System
.....................................................................454
 
Obstacles to Investigation of Post Election Violence (PEV)
..................................................455
 
Lack of political will and fear of the political establishment
................................................456
 
 The Judicial Function
.......................................................................................................................460
 
Amnesty
.................................................................................................................................................462
 
Meaning
.............................................................................................................................................462
 
 The debate
........................................................................................................................................463
 
 The numbers
....................................................................................................................................463
 
 The law
..............................................................................................................................................467
 
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