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1/ ed'gef;
tjynfjynfqkdif&mu ? rsm;rMumrDumvtwGif; ]] &kd[if*smrsm;}} [l od&SdvmMuaom rGwfpvif
vlYtzJGYtpnf;wpf&yf&Sdonf/ vlrsm;rSm tb,fvlrsm;enf;? jrefrmekdifiHonf jAdwdefekdifiHrS 1948 ckESpfrS
pwifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;,ljyD;onfYumvuyif udp&yfukd jyemwpf&yftaejzifY ukdifwG,fvmcJY&onf/
rdrdukd,fukd rdrd &kd[if*smrsm;[ltrnfcHaeMuaomolrsm;rSm b*Fvm;a'Y(csf)ESifY jrefrmekdifiHe,ferdwftaemuf
bufr,la'o? ,aeYbl;oD;awmifESifYarmifawmjrKdYe,frsm;twGif; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom rGwfpvifrsm;jzpf
Muonf/ &kd[if*smrsm;rSm trSefpifppf,aeYb*Fvm;a'Y(csf)ekdifiH ta&SYb*Fvm;ppfwaumif;c&kdifrS &ckdifjynfe,f
twGif;okdY a&TYajymif;um tajcpkdufaexkdifolrsm;rS wkduf&kduftquftEG,frsm;jzpfMuonf/ 4if;vlrsdK;rsm;rSm
1824-1826 ckESpf t*Fvdyf?jrefrmyxrppfyJGtjyD; &EAkdvfpmcsKyft& &ckdifjynfukd tEd,ykdife,ferdwfxJokdY
xnfYoGif;jyD;umvuyif &ckdifjynfbufqDokdY a&Munf&mjrufek&m ul;ajymif;aexkdifvmcJYMuonf/ jrefrmESifY
b*Fvm;a'Y(csf)ekdifiHe,ferdwf?r,le,fpyfqDokdYtajcpkdufaexkdifvmcJYaom b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm;aexkdif&mae&yfonf
ukdvkdeDacwfuyif bmoma&;t&rwlnDaomrGwfpvifvlrsdK;rsm;\ae&mwpf&yfjzpfcJYonf/
trSefrSm-xkdrGwfpvifrsm;ukd jAdwdoQrSwfwrf;rsm;t& ]] ppfwaumif;om;rsm;}} [kac:qkdcJYMuonf/
vGefcJYaomESpf 50 cefYu ynmwwfjyD;ekdifiHa&;t& ekd;Mum;vmcJYMuaom ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;onf
pmwrf;aygif;rsm;pGmukda&;om;cJYMujyD;? &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;vGefcJYaomESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif &kd[if*smwkdif;&if;
om;tEG,0f ifrsm;tjzpfaexkid cf MYJ uaMumif;wifjyvmcJMY uonf/ trSepf ifppforkid ;f t&vufceH idk pf &mr&Sjd im;aomfvnf;
orkdif;qefqefa&;om;xkwfa0cJYaom pmtkyf?pmwrf;rsm;rSm vkyfBuHa&;om;cJYaom 0wKZmwfvrf;rsm;? '@m&D
ykHjyifrsm;ESifYjynfY ESufvsuf&SdjyD;? ,cifujrefrmekdifiHtwGif;ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJYjyD; aemufydkif; tar&duefekdifiHESifY
b*Fvm;a'Y(csf)ekdifiHwkdYyifvQifykHESdyfxkwfa0cJYonf/ pmtkyfrsm;onf tjynfjynfqkdif&mowif;rD'D,mrsm;?
tjynfjynfqkdif&mtzJGYtpnf;rsm;tygt0if? urmYukvor*'kuonfrsm;r[mrif;BuD;XmeokdYyif pdrfY0ifoGm;
cJYonf/ (bom 1960- pmrsufESm 33-36? &mZwfESifY[uf 1995 pmrsufESm 15) 1
vSKyf&Sm;rSKa&;om;csufrsm;t& &ckdifjynfwGif &kd[if*sm[ktrnfcHaeMuolrsm;\ tapmqkH;a&muf&Sd
vmcJYykHukdjyefvnfqef;ppf&efrSm ta&;BuD;vSonf/ okdYaomforkdif;t&jyefvnfqef;ppfMunfYaomf a0;a0;vHvH
&SmazG&efrvkd/ 1950 tapmykdif;umv &ckdifjynftaemufajrmufzufa'o&Sd b*FvDrGwfpvif tenf;i,fcefYu
rdrdukd,fukdrdrd &kd[if*smrsm;[ltrnfcHvmcJYMuonf/ &kd[if*sm[laoma0g[m&ukd jrefrmekdifiHw&m;0if
todtrSwf rjyKao;onfYtwGuf? &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;aexkdifvsuf&SdMuaom rGwfpvifrsm;ukd ]] &kd[if*sm}}
[laom tac:ta0:tpm; ]] ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;}} [lom pmwrf;okH;pJGoGm;ygrnf/
&ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom rGwfpvifrsm;ukd tkyfpk(4)pkcJGjcm;ekdifonf/ (1) r,le,fpyf
&Sd&kd[if*smtrnfcHppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;/ (2) 1430-1784 ckESpf rsm;twGif;rGwfpvifuRefrsm;rSaygufzGm;
vmMujyD; rdrdukd,fukd rdrd&cdkifrGwfpviftrnfcH rGwfpvifrsm;/ (3) aMu;pm;rGwfpvifrsm;rSwqifYaygufzGm;
vmcJYMujyD; &rf;jAJuRef;trsm;pkaexkdifMuaom urefrGwfpvifrsm; (4) 1784 ck &ckdifjynfukd usL;ausmf
vmMuaom jrefrmppfwyfrsm;ESifYvkdufygvmum jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;ajr'l;a'orS &ckdifjynfoHwJGc&kdiftwGif;
usef&pfcJYonfY rGwfpvifrsm;[l cJGjcm;owfrSwfekdifonf/
* ae&yf(enclave) \t"dyg,frSm vlrsKd;wpfrsKd; ? vlOD;a& ? ,Ofaus;rSK ? bmoma&;t& wpkwa0;wnf;aexdkif
vsuf&Sdaomae&mjzpfonf/ pmwrf; &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawmNrdKUe,frsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfygonf/ (bmomjyefol)
1/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm urmYukvor*'kuonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;BuD; ukd&SKyg

2
ukdvkdeDacwf&ckdifjynfonf t"duvlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;aexkdif&ma'owpfckjzpfcJYjyD; 4if;\vlOD;a&trsm;pkrSm
&ckdifAk' bmomvlrsdK;rsm;ESifY ppfwaumif;om; rGwfpvifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ukdvkdeDacwfukefqkH;jyD;umvwGif
ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;u ]] &kd[if*sm}} rsm;onf jrefrmekdifiH\wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk0ifrsm;jzpfaMumif;
a<u;aMumfvmcJYMuonf/ 4if;wkdY\t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm 4if;wkdYukdtodtrSwfjyK&efESifY woD;wjcm;vlrsdK;pk
wpfckjzpfaMumif;yifjzpfjyD;? vGwfvyfcgpekdifiHtwGif; vlrSKtcGifYta&;tjynfYt0&&Sd&ef a&SYwef;wifvmjcif;
yifjzpfonf/ 4if;wkdY\ ekdifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufrSm jrefrmekdifiHtaemufbuf Ak'bmom0ifrsm;tvkH;t&if;ESifY
aexkdif&ma'otwGif;woD; wjcm;vlrsdK;pktjzpftodtrSwfjyKcH&a&;yifjzpfonf/
&kd[if*smtrnfcHolrsm;onf &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;ukd jrefrmwkdYESifYbmompum; ? ,Ofaus;rSK ? ukd;uG,faom
bmomwl vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfMuonf[laom tjrif&SdMuonf/ 4if;jyif vGwfvyfa&;&pekdifiHwGif &ckdifvlrsdK;wkdYonf
tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifY &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ukdvTrf;rkd;xm;olrsm;[lvnf; tjrif&SdMuonf/ jrefrm
tpkd;&u &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;ukd wkdif;&if;om;rsm;[lowfrSwfxm;&SdjyD; &kd[if*smrsm;ukdrl wkdif;wyg;rS0ifa&muf
aexkdifolrsm;[l cJGjcm;xm;aomay:vpDaMumifh &cdkifESifh b*FvDvlrsdK;pktMum; qefYusifbuftajctae
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/
uk d v k d e D a cwf b *F v D v l r sd K ;rsm;tvk H ; t&if ; ES i f Y a jymif ; a&T Y a exk d i f v mjcif ; / (1826-1948)
txufuazmfjyouJYokdY ]] &kd[if*sm}} [laoma0g[m&rSm 1950 ESpfrsm;twGif;u r,le,fpyfa'o
wGifaexkdifvsuf&SdMuaom b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm;\zefwD;csufwpf&yfomvQifjzpfjyD;? 4if;rwkdifrDumv rnfonfY
bmomESirYf Q a&;om;cJah omorkid ;f rsm;rawGU&ay/ k[
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jzpfonf/ usaemfhtaejzifhNAdwdoQtdEd,tkyfcsKyfa&;okdU &ckdifjynftm;oGwfoGif;cJhaomumvu &ckdifjynf
rGwfpvifrsm;r&SdcJh[lrqkdvkdyg/ajrmufOD;acwf(1430-1784)ukdwnfaxmifcJhol &ckdifbk&ifrif;apmrGefonf
&ckdifjynfrS b*Fvm;okdU 24eSpfwmckdvSHKNyD;aemufb*Fvm;plvwefbk&if\ tultnDjzifh&ckdifjynftm;jyefvnf
odrf;ykdufNyD;aemuf? 4if;\b*FvDwyfom;rsm;ukdajrmufOD;aejynfawmf\ tjyifbuf pef'dcefAvDtm;aqmuf
vkyfapNyD;aexkdifcGifhay;cJhonf/ 4if;wkdUrSm&ckdifjynftwGif;&Sd aS;tusqkH;tajcpkdufolrGwfpvifrsm;jzpfcJhonf/
xkdUtjyif 4if;wkdU\vlOD;a&rSmvnf;rrsm;vS/ 17-&mpkwGif &ckdifjynftwGif;trsdK;rsdK;aomvkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd
aqmif&Guf&efrGwfpvifuRefrsm;ukdwifoGif;cJh&mrS rGwfpvifvlUtzJGUtpnf;rSmBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ 16-&mpk
tapmykdif;rStpjyKNyD; ay:wl*DESifh&ckdifwkdUonf b*Fvm;rSoHkUyef;rsm;ukdzrf;,ljcif;? vk,ufjcif;wkdUonfvkyfkd;
vkyfpOfudpwpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ r*kdorkdif;ynm&Sif SD[mbl'ifwmvpf Shiaha buddian Talish u ay:wl*D
"g;jyrsm;onf oHkUyef;rsm;ukdzrf;qD;NyD; &cdkifjynfwGifpkdufysdK;a&;ESifhtjcm;aomvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif &eftwGuf
a&mif;cscJhonf[k qkdxm;onf/ (wmvpf 1907-pmrsufESm422)
4if;jyif &ckid ef ef;wGi;f rGwpf vifvrl sdK;tenf;i,fcefUom&Scd o
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tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ajrmufOD;acwfbk&ifrsm;onfAk'bmom0ifrsm;jzpfMuNyD;? tpvmrfzuf&Sift&aiG'*Fg;rsm;
tay: rGwpf vifbUGJ rsm;cwfEydS &f efEiS hf tcgtm;avsmfpmG plvwefb&k ift0wftpm;rsm;0wfqif&ef vdt
k yfcsufaMumifh
[k qdEk ikd o
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f viftaptyg;rsm;onf &cdik b
f &k ifrsm;tm; tpvmrfuo
YJ Ydk tcrf;tem;rsm;usif;y
cJYMuonfYtcgtultnDay;cYJ&olrsm;vnf;jzpfcJYMuonf/(csmae 1999 pmrsufESm 146)
okdYaomfvnf; ajrmufOD;rif;quf&ckdifbk&ifYekdifiH&Sd rGwfpvifvlrsdK;rsm;onf b*FvDtajcpkduf aexkdifol
rsm;rS aygufzGm;vmMuaom &kd[if*smtrnfcHrsm;ESifY uJGjym;jcm;em;onfukd &Sif;vif;em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
rSmvkdtyfonf/ xkdbk&ifacwfazmfjyygrGwfpvifvlrsdK;rsm;rSmaysmufqkH;oGm;cJYjyDjzpfaom &ckdifekdifiH\twGif;buf
omtajcpkdufaexkdifolrsm;jzpfMujyD; ? &ckdifvlrsdK;wkdY\0wfpm;qif,ifykH?,Ofaus;rSKESifY bmompum;rsm;ukd
aeYpOfb0 a0iSokH;pJGaecJYMujyD;? tpvmrfbmomukd ukd;uG,fcJYMuolrsm;omjzpfMuonf/
2/

3
tjcm;wpfbuf &kd[if*smtrnfcHolrsm;rSm ppfwaumif;a'o b*FvDbmompum;ukdomajymqkdMujyD;
b*FvD,Ofaus;rSKESifYtpvmrfbmomukdouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifY 4if;wkdYonf &ckdifjynf
&Sd &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifY4if;? tjcm;aomvlenf;pkrsm;ESifY4if;? uJGjym;jcm;em;vsuf&Sdaeayonf/ ppfawGc&kdifyxrqkH;
aumfrD&Sifemrif;BuD;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJYol tmomzJY,mu jAdwdoQwkdY&ckdifjynfukdodrf;,ljyD;aemuf &ckdifjynf&Sd
vlrsdK;pkrsm;taMumif;ESifYywfoufaoma&;om;csufwGifatmufygtwkdif;azmfjycJYonf/
]] ajrjyefYvGifjyifrsm; 1/ &ckdifom;rsm; (Arakanese) 2/ udkvm;2 ukvm; (Indian) 2/ 'krf;
([dEL ZmwfedrfYrsm;) aexkdifMujyD;?awmifay:a'orsm; 1/acsmif;om; 2/clrD;(okdY)crTD; 3/ csif; 4/ 'kdif;euf?
jrKdESifY tjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;aexkdifMuonf/ b*Fvm;rSv,fajrykdifqkdifaom &ckdifrsm;onf &ckdifjynfzufqDokdY
vlrsm;ukd aus;uRefrsm;tjzpfykdYcJY[efwlonf/ xkdYaMumifY &ckdifjynf&Sd ukvm;OD;a&rSm ,ckumvwkd;yGm;vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ (zJ,m- 1836 pmrsufESm 680-681)
(1784-1824) ckESpfrsm;twGif;ESpfaygif; (40) twGif; jrefrmwkdY\ &ufpufvSaomtkyfcsKyfa&;atmuf
wGif ajrmufrsm;pGmaom &ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;onf jAdwdoQykdifb*Fvm;e,fxJokdY ckdvSKHcJY&onf/ jAdwdoQta&SYtdEd,
ukrPDrSwfwrf;rsm;t& 1799 ckESpfwGif &ckdifvlOD;a& 35000 rSm jAdwdoQtdEd,ykdifppfwaumif;e,fxJokdY
tumtuG,f,l&ef0ifa&mufvmcJYonf/ (tm&SESpfpOfrSwfwrf; 1799 pmrsufESm 61/csmae 1999? pmrsufESm
265)/ z&efqpfblcefeef (Francis Buchanan)u &ckdifjynfukdusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom jrefrmwkdY\
&ufpufrSKrsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif;rSwfwrf;wifcJYonf/
]] yl&ef (Puran) ajymjycsuft& &ckdifjynfukd bkd;awmfbk&m;0ifa&mufusL;ausmfcsdefumvwpfaeY
wnf; &ckdifvlrsdK; 40000 ukdowfjzwfcJYjyD;? &kyf&nfacsmaom &ckdiftrsdK;orD;wpfa,mufukdawGYjrifwkdif;4if;wkdY\
cif y G e f ; uk d owf j zwf v k d u f o nf / xk d Y a emuf r d b rsm;uk d n m wmaxmuf & S K jcif ; r&S d b J rD e f ; uav;rsm;ud k
ZeD;tjzpfodrf;ykdufvkdufonf/ xkdYaMumifY ta&SUtdEd,ukrPDvufatmuf&Sd &ckdifrdom;pkrS touf&ifYtkd
aomolrsm;uom ckdukd;&mrJYolrsm;ukdwm0ef,lcJY&onf/ yl&efonf tvGefw&maMumuf&GYHaeykH&jyD; b*Fvm;tpkd;&
taejzifY &ckid rf S 'kuonfrsm;ukd jrefrmwkv
Yd ufxo
J Ydk jyefvnfvt
TJ yfay;a&;ukd tvGew
f &maMumuf&HG ah eyk&H onf/
3
(blcefeef 1992- pmrsufESm 82)
&ckdifvlOD;a&tawmfrsm;jym;vSaom yrmPukd jrefrmusL;ausmfolrsm;u jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;okdY
ykdYaqmifcJYMuonf/ jAdwdoQwkdY0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufcsdefumv &ckdifjynf&Sd vlaetdrfajcrSmenf;yg;vsuf&Sdaeonf/
&ckdifjynf&Sd ajrqDMoZm<u,f0vSaom ukvm;wefESifYav;jrKdYvGifjyifrsm;rSm pkdufysdK;rSKr&SdbJ&SdaecJYjyD;?tyif&kdif;
rsm;ESifYom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmvTrf;jcKHjcif;&SdcJY&onf/ (csmae- 1999 pmrsufESm 179) xkdYaMumifY jAdwdoQwkdY\
ay:vpDrSm b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm;ukd &ckdifjynfv,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;orm;tjzpfokdY wkdufwGef;vm&jcif;jzpfonf/
jAdwdoQwkdY\ ta&SYtdEd,ukrPD\tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm b*Fvm;ESifY&ckdifjynfMum;tjynfjynfqkdif&m e,ferdwfowfrSwf
jcif;r&SdawmYonfhtavsmuf wpfekdifiHESifYwpfekdifiHtwGif;vl0ifrSKwm;jrpfxm;jcif;r&SdawmYay/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m
vufaxmuft&m&SdwpfOD;ukd &ckdifjynftm;wkduf&kduftkyfcsKyfap&ef rif;BuD;tjzpfaemufykdif;umvusrScefYtyf
vkdufonf/ 4if;tm; &ckdifwkdif;udk tkyfcsKyfap&ef 1828 ckESpfumvrS cefYtyfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ &ckdifwkdif;
ukd aemufxyf xyfrHjyD;c&kdifokH;c&kdifcJGjcm;vkdufonf/ 4if;wkdYrSm ppfawG?ausmufjzLESifYoHwJGc&kdifrsm; jzpfMuonf/
4if;c&kdiftoD;oD; vufaxmufaumfrD&Sifemrif;BuD;rsm;tjzpfcefYtyfcJYjyefonf/(zmeDA,f-1975 pmrsufESm29)
b*F v m;rS b*F v D r sm;uk d ajymif ; a&T Y a exk d i f v mapjcif ; rS m ]] twif ; wtm;wG e f ; yk d Y e nf ; }} ES i f Y
]] twif;t"rqJGoGif;enf;}} tjzpf tm;ay;cJYjcif;rsdK;jzpfcJYonf/ jrefrmwkdYtkyfcsKyfpOfumvwkdif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS
vkyftm; yrmPrSmt&G,ftpm;tm;jzifY aomfvnf;aumif;? zJGYpnf;ykHyrmPtm;jzifYaomfvnf;aumif;? ysufpD;
,dk,Gif;vmcJhonf/ tmomzJ,mu 1830 ckESpfrsm;twGif; &ckdifjynfrS&&Sdaom vkyftm;crSm b*Fvm;ESifY
2/]] ukdvm;}} okdYr[kwf ]] ukvm;}} [laomjrefrmpum;rSm taemufzufrS vma&mufcJYMuolrsm;twGuf a,bk,stm;jzifY
okH;pJGaom a0g[m&jzpfonf/ (OD;Mobmombd0Ho 1955- pmrsufESm 12)
3/yl&efbdqkefBuD; (Puran Bisungri ) rSm &ckdifwkdYyif;0g[kac:wGifaom&mrl;jrKdY &Jpcef;rS t&m&SwpfOD; jzpfonf/
4if;onf &ckdifjynfrS [dELvlrsdK;wpfa,mufjzpfjyD; &ckdifjynfukd 1784 ckESpf jrefrmwkdY usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufcJYjyD;aemuf
b*Fvm;okdYxGufajy;vmolwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ (bluefeef 1992-pmrsufESm 79)

4
ESKdif;,SOfvQif tvGefjrifYrm;cJYaMumif;tm;owif;ay;ykdYcJYonf/ xkdYaMumifY &mESifYaxmifESifYcsDaomv,fulvDrsm;onf
ppfwaumif;c&kid t
f wGi;f rSuek ;f vrf;jzifw
Y enf;? a&vrf;ESiw
Yf oG,0f ifa&muf vmcJMY ujyD;? tvky&f mS azGvmcJMY uonf/
(zJ,m 1836 pmrsufESm 96)/
ppfawGjrKdY\ 'kvufaxmufrif;BuD; tm&fbDprwf(R.B Smart)u ppfwaumif;c&kdifrS 'va[m
0ifa&mufvmMuolrsm;ESifYywfoufjyD; atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;cJYonf/
]] 1879 ckEpS rf S pwifjyD; vl0ifrKS qkid &f mudp& yfrsm;ukd BuD;BuD;us,fus,faqmif&u
G cf o
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ESifYajrmufOD;jrKdYe,f&Sd ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif &ckdifbk&ifrsm;vufxufrS uReftquftEG,f rGwfpvifvlrsdK;
rsm;aexkdifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; ?armifawmjrKdYe,frS tajcpkdufaexkdifolrsm;u vTrf;rkd;vkdufonf/ bl;oD;awmif
jrKdYe,fonfvnf;aemufrusef&pfbJ topfa&muf&Sdvmolb*FvDrsm;ukd c&kdifwpfckvkH;&Sdae&mtESHYtjym;awGYjrif
&rnf/ (prwf 1957-pmrsufESm 89)
rlvursm;aomtm;jzifY ppfwaumif;b*FvDtvkyform;rsm;rSm pkdufysdK;a&;&moDwGifvma&mufcJYMujyD;
&moDukefqkH;csdefwGif rdrdwkdY\ae&yfokdYjyefoGm;cJYMuonf/ tm&fbDprwf urkd;&moDtpykdif;u a&muf&SdcJYaom
b*FvDOD;a&wpfckwnf;rSm 25000 &SdcJYonf[kqkdonf/ 4if;u qufvufazmfjyonfrSm 4if;vlOD;a&twkdif;
pyg;&dwfodrf;csdef jyefvmMujyefonf [kqkdxm;onf/ 4if;wkdYonf pyg;&dwfodrf;jcif;tjyif qefpuf
vkyfudkif&efESifhukefwifukefcstvkyfrsm; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhMuonf[kqdkxm;onf/ ESpfpOfa&TUajymif;
0ifa&mufvmonfhOD;a&rSmpkpkaygif; 50000 cefU&Sdonf/ ta&twGufxufrenf;vS/(prwf 1957-pmrsuf
ESm.99)
b*Fvm;\w&m;Oya't& qHk;jzwfcsufwpf&yfudkom 1876 ckESpfucsrSwfcJhonf/ 4if;tvkyform;
tufOya't& tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;ay;aomud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &u ceft
Y yfNyD; jrefrmEkid if H
twGif;odkU tdEd,rStvkyform;rsm;ydkUaqmifay;a&;ESifhqdkifaom pnf;urf;csufrsm;yg&Sdonf/ (csufu&mbmwD
1971-pm 8-9) 4if;tjyif ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm; a&TUajymif;aexdkifvmrSKonf v,f,majrudk
tywfwukwfvdkvm;rSKtay: t"durlwnfaeonf/NAdwdoQwdkU\w&m;a&;qdkif&mrSwfwrf;rsm; t& 20 &mpk
\yxrq,fESpftwGif; v,f,majrydkifqdkifjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; xl;jcm;pGmw&m;pGJqdkrSKrsm; wdk;yGm;vm
jcif;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ ppfawGckdif\ w&m;olBuD;owif;ydkUcsuft& 1913 ckESpfwGif bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,ftwGif;
ppfwaumif;om; b*FvDrsm;onf &cdkifwdkUxuf 2;1 &mcdkifESKef;ydk &SdaeNyD;? ppfwaumif;b*FvDrsm;u
trSK 7 ckteuf 6 ckrSm &cdkifwdkUtay: v,f,majrydkiftwGuf w&m;pGJvmcJhMuonf/ (prwf-1957?
pmrsufESm 163)
ppfwaumif;cdkiftwGif;rS b*FvdDa&TUajymif;aexkdifolrsm;\ taMumif;ESifhywfoufNyD; xl;jcm;vSaom
udkvdkeDrSwfwrf;wpf&yfvnf; &Sdaeao;onf/ ]]usaemfwdkU &cdkifjynf&Sdaomfvnf; usaemfwdkUjzwfoef;cJhaom
aus;&Gmrsm;rS rGwfqviftajcpkdufaexdkifolrsm; odkUr[kwf xdkolwdkU\ tquftEG,frsm;ESifhom jynfheufvQuf
&SdNyD; 4if;wdkUtrsm;pkrSm ppfwaumif;om;rsm; jzpfaeMuonfudkawGUcJh&onf/}} (a0:um 1891 ck? pmrsufESm
1-15)
tdEd,EkdifiH&Sd tkyfcsKyfa&;u b*FvDrsm;udk trdefUemcHaomvufatmufi,fom;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfMuNyD;
wdkif;&if;om;&cdkifrsm;rSm tmPmzDqefaomolrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfonf/ taMumif;rSm 1930 ESpfrsm;twGif;
(2) Budrfwdkifwdkif olykefxcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ NAdwdoQwdkU\ ay:vpDrSm b*FvDrsm;\ tajcpdkufaexdkifrSKudk
&cdkifjynf v,f,mpdkufysKd;aomvlrsKd;tjzpf vuHcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ udkvdkeDrSwfwrf;u az:jyonfrSm]]b*FvDrsm;onf tvkyfBudK;pm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;xuf wif;MuyfaomtcGefaiGudk
tcuftcJr&SdbJ ay;aqmifEdkifonfhtjyif &cdkifrsm;uJhodkU avmif;upm;jcif;? bdef;SLjcif;rsm;udk pGJvrf;olrsm;
r[kwfMu/ xdkUaMumifh &cdkifwdkUESifhNydKifqdkifrSKrSm wjznf;jznf;omvGefvQuf&Sdonf/ (ppfawGckdif tajcpdkuf
aexdkifrSKqdkif&m ppfqifa&;rSwfwrf;? 1887 ck? pmrsufESm 21)

5
ppfwaumif;rS tvkyform;rsm;pD;qif;vm&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;rSm &cdkifjynf\ pD;yGg;a&;wdk;wuf
vmrSKonf q,fpkESpftenf;i,frsm;twGif; ppfwaumif;ESifh ppfawGNrdKUtMum; a&aMumif;qufoG,frSKc&D;
pOfrsm;udk rSefrSefajy;qGJvmrSKaMumifh jzpfonf/ 1831-1852 ckESpfrsm;twGif; pdkufyskKd;Ekdifavmufaom v,f,m
ajryrmPrSm av;qrS av;qcGJcefUtxd wdk;wufvmcJhonfhtwGuf ppfawGNrdKUonf urmay:wGif qefpyg;
wifydkUEkdifaom t"duNrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUtjzpfodkU a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ (tif'&yf? 1953? pmrsufESm-43)
trSefpifppf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&; ESpf 100 umvtwGif; r,le,fajra'o ppfwaumif;om;
b*FvDtajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;onf udef;*Pef;t& vTrf;rdk;xm;a&; vlrsKd;pktjzpfodkU a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
atmufaz:jyyg oef;acgif pm&if;t& 1871-1901 ESifh 1911 ESpfrsm;twGif; ppfawGcdkif trsKd;rsKd;aom
vlrsKd;pk? bmoma&;t&uGJjym; jcm;em;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif; vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;vmrSKudkawGUjrifEkdifygonf/
xdkoef;acgifpm&if;t& rGwfqvifOD;a&rSm 206.67 &mcdkifESKef;wdk;yGm;vmcJhonfudk awGUjrif&onf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif &cdkifwdkU\vlOD;a&xJ awmifay:vlrsKd;pkESifh b*Fvm;rS jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmMuaom
'kuonfrsm;tygt0if wdk;wufrSKrSm 22.03 &mcdkifESKef;udkawGUjrifEdkifonf/
1871-1901 ES i f h 1911 ES p f r sm;twG i f oef ; acgif p m&if ;
aumuf , l c suf r sm; 4
vlrsdK;
rkd[mrwf'if
jrefrm
&cdkif
&Srf;
awmifay:om;
tjcm;
pkpkaygif;

1871
58255
4632
171612
334
38557
606
273996

1901
154887
35751
230649
80
35489
1355
458211

1911
178647
92185
209432
59
34020
1146
515489

owdjyK&eftcsufrSm tm;vkH;aomppfwaumif;om;rsm;ESifh rGwfqviffrsm;udk oef;acgifpm&if;t&

rdk[mrwf'ifvlrsKd;rsm;[l pm&if;oGif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ pm&if;t& xif&Sm;onfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;
tok;H jyKaom acwtvkyo
f rm;rsm;onf v,fxeG Nf yD;umv? pyg;&dwo
f rd ;f NyD;umv 4if;wdUk \ XmaeodUk jyefroGm;
MubJ &cdkifjynf 4if;wdkU\ ae&yfa'oozG,f tajcpdkufaexdkifvmcJhonfudk awGU&onf/ (prwf 1957?
pmrsufESm-83)5
b*FvDrsm; tajcpdkufaexdkifrSKtjrifhrm;qkH;tcsdefrSm pl;tufwl;ajrmif;zGifhvSpfNyD;umv? 19 &mpk
'kw,
d ydik ;f twGi;f jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifq
h akd omf NAdwo
d Q udv
k ekd o
D rm;rsm;onf tjynfjynfqikd &f m pyg;aps;uGuf
\awmif;qdkcsuftwGuf v,f,mtvkyform;trsm;tjym;udk vdktyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 1921 ckESpf?
oef;acgifpm&if;wGif &cdkifjynftwGif; aexdkifMuaom rGwfqvifrsm;udk ukvm;rsm;( Indians)pm&if;
xnfhoGif;xm;cJhonf/ (bifeDqif 1931? pmrsufESm-213 )
4/ R.B Smart (tm&fbDprwf) wifjyxm;aomaumfvHwpfckpD&Sd pkpkaygif;udef;*Pef;rsm;rSm twef;&Sdudef;*Pef;rsm;ESifh
rudkufnDonfudkawGU&Sd&onf/ xdkUaMumifh oef;acgifpm&if;rSwfwrf;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyfxm;csufrSm usaemf
udk,fydkifoHk;oyfcsufomvQifjzpfonf/

5/ aemufqufwGJpm&if; 1-18-72 ck? oef;acgifpm&if;t& &cdkif;wdkif;\NrdKUawmf ppfawG b*FvDrsm;\ OD;a&rSm

26.1 &mcdkifESKef; &SdaeygNyD/ aemufqufwGJpm&if; 2-1881 oef;acgifpm&if;t&? &cdkifwkdif;\OD;a&rSm 267877
NzpfNyD;? 4if;teuf 68809 OD;rSm b*Fvm;arG;zGm;cJholrsm;jzpfaMumif;? oef;acgifpm&if;t& od&Sd&onf/

6
3/

ppf w aumif ; om;b*F v D w d k U \ tzG J U vd k u f j yKrl v k y f a qmif c suf r sm;ES i f h tzG J U vd k u f t Murf ; zuf r S K rsm;

txufuaz:jycJo
h nft
h wdik ;f ? 19 &mpktqH;k ydik ;f 10 pkEpS rf sm;uyif ppfwaumif;om;b*FvD udv
k ekd o
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&cdkifjynf\ taemufajrmufzuf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;Ak'bmomvlUtzGJUtpnf;ESifh tNydKifay:xGef;vmcJhonf/ xdkrS
onfvlrsdK; tcsif;csif;twGif; jyif;xefaomuGJvGJcsufrsm;rS jcm;em;aomtpGef;ESpfzufay:aygufvmcJhonf/
xkduJhodkUay:aygufrSKrSm xdkvlrsdK; ESpfpktwGif; ,Ofaus;rSKESifh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mudp&yfrsm;aMumifh jzpfay:vm
&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkU vlrsdK;ESpfpk twGif; tpOfwpdkuf vlrsdK;a&;y#dyursm;aMumifh vlrsdK;pktMurf;zuf
rSKrsm;ay:aygufvmcJh&onf/ xkdktBurf;zuf rSKrsm;onf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
&cdkifjynfrSqkwfcGgNyD;aemuf jzpfay:vmcJhonf/
rdak &Sa,*g(Moshe Yeagar)\tBuHjyKajymqdck suft& udv
k ekd u
D mvtwGi;f jrefrmjynf ukvm;qefUusif
a&;t"dukPf;rsm;onf &ckdif? weoFm&DESifhatmufjrefrmjynfa'orsm; ukvm;rsm;twm;tqD;r&Sd tajcpdkuf
aexdkifvmrSKtay: rausreyfrSKaMumifh jzpfay:vmcJh&onf[kqdkonf/(a,*g-1992? pmrsufESm-29-31)/
xkduJhodkU ukvm;jrefrmt"dukPf;onf &efukefESifh tjcm;aomNrdKUBuD;rsm; 1926 ckESpfESifh 1938 ckESpfrsm;
jzpfay:vmcJjh im;aomfvnf; &cdik jf ynfbufoUkd rul;pufcahJ cs/ ,Ofaus;rSKESpcf o
k nf jcm;em;aomtoGi&f v
dS ifu
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&cdik Ef iS b
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f uf0ufausmfcefU Nidr;f csrf;pGmtwlwaJG exdik v
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tapmydkif;umvwGif NAdwdoQwdkUonf AsLdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk wnfaxmifvmcJhNyD;aemuf 4if;wdkUonf
&cdkifwdkU\ yl;aygif;aexdkifaomaus;&Gmrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifolESifh aemufrSemcHaompepfudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkuf
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ a&G;cs,fcH&aom&GmolBuD;onf a&Gcs,fjcif;cH&aom&GmaumifpDtay: MoZmvTrf;rdk;rSKtenf;i,f
om&Sdonf/ *Ref;tuf(zf)au'D(John F.Cady)\ a&;om;csuft& tpdk;&\ay:vpDonf aus;&GmvlBuD;tm;
trsdK;om; vSKyf&Sm;rSKrsm;ESifhqdkifaom aqmif&GufcsufrSeforQudk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ xdkwm;jrpfcsuft& olBuD;\
aus;&GmaumifpDtay: acgif;aqmifrSKtaetxm;rSm tm;enf;oGm;aponfhtjyif &Gm&Sdbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;
tay:vnf; tm;enf;oGm;apcJhjyefonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf bkef;awmfBuD;onf vSKyf&Sm;rSKtrsdK;rsdK;
jyif;jyif;xefxefyg0ifvSKyf&Sm;aeolrsm;jzpfaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ (au'D-1958? pmrsufESm 172-173)
tjcm;wpfbuf NAdwdoQwdkU\tkyfcsKyfa&;onf rGwf qvifaus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk bmoma&;ESifh
,Ofaus;rSK? vGwfvyfrSKrsm;udk tajctaewpf&yftxday;xm;cJhonf/ armifawmNrdKUe,frS uRef;tkyfarmifndK\
rSwfwrf;wGif ppfwaumif;cdkifrS topf0ifa&mufaexdkifol b*FvDrsm;onf e,fpyfwavQmuf&Sdaus;&Gmrsm;udk
xlaxmifvmcJhonf/ jrefrmvufatmufrS xGufajy;pGefUcGmoGm;cJhMuaom &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;ae&mwGif rGwfqvif
aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;oufoufudk xlaxmifvmcJhMuonf[kqdkxm;onf/
aus;&GmaumfrwDudk 1942 ck? aus;&Gmjyifqifa&; tufOya'cGifhjyKcsuft& armfvADESifhyvDb@ma&;
aumfrwDtzGUJ 0ifrsm;onf aus;&GmaumfrwDaumifp0D ifrsm;tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufciG &hf &Scd o
hJ nf/ 4if;wdUk onf
&yfuGufaus;&Gmw&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpfodkUvnf; wifajrmufcH&cGifh&Sdao;onf/ xdktcsufrsm;onf rGwfqvif
aus;&Gmrsm;omvTrf;rdk;rSK&SdNyD; &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;usifhoHk;jcif;r&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf/(csmwm-1938?pmrsufESm 34.38)
tenf;qH;k rGwq
f vifwUkd \ tpvrfw&m;H;k onf rdom;pkjyemrsm;jzpfaom xde;f jrm;jcif;? tarGqufcH
jcif;ESifh uGm&Sif;a&;wdkU w&m;qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ uJhodkUrGwfqviftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf tcGifhta&;
rsm;udkcHpm;EdkifcGifh&SdonfhtavQmuf 4if;wdkUtxJ w&m;rQwrSKr&Sd[laomcHpm;csufrSm r&Sd[kqdk&rnf/
odkUaomf &cdkifAk'bmomvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ppfwaumif;rGwfqvifvlrsdK;rsm;twGif; tMurf;zufrSKonf
&cdkifjynf'kwd,urmppftwGif;ESifh 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf aoG;xGufoH,dkrSK
tajrmuftrsm; udkjzpfay:vmapcJhonf/ ar,ke,fpyfa'orS touff(70)ESifh (80)t&G,f&Sd vltcsdKUonf
1942 ESifh 1943 ckESpf? NAdwdoQtqkwf? *syeft0if wdkawmif;vSaomrif;rJhumvtwGif; &uf&ufpufpuf
owfjzwfrSKrsm; udk ,aeYxufwdkifarhaysmufEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;onfudk awGU&SdEdkifayao;onf/ tpdk;&r&SdbJ
&SdaecsdefMum;umv (1942-43)twGif; &mpkESpfwpfckcefU vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&;rsm;aMumifh waiGUaiGUjzpfay:
aecJhaomudp&yfrsm;rSaygufuGJrSKrsm;pwifcJhonf/

7
xkduJhodkU vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;tMurf;zufrSKy#dyu\ tajccH&mtaMumif;wpfckrSm NAdwdoQwdkU b*Fvm;rS
,laqmifvmaom *srde'f gpepf(Zemindary System)* wenf; ajray;NyD;ae&mcsay;aompepfaMumifyh ifjzpfonf/
NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;onf pepfjzifh b*FvDvlrsdK;ajrydkif&Sifrsm;tm; pdkufysdK;Edkifaom axmifESifhcsDaom
ajr{ursm;udk ESpf 90 iSm;&rf;vkyfudkifcGifhay;aompepfrsdK;jzifhcGifhjyKcJhaomaMumifhyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm;\
tkycf sKyfrKS atmufrS xGuaf jy;cJ&h aom &cdik v
f ,form;rsm;onf NAdwo
d QwdUk &cdik jf ynfukd jyefvnford ;f ,l cJNh yD;aemuf
rd r d w d k U ,cif v k y f u d k i f c J h a om v,f a jrrsm;\yd k i f q d k i f r S K ud k a wmif ; qd k v if h u pm; &&S d j cif ; um;r&S d o nf h t jyif
odrf;,ljcif;cHcJh&onf/ xdkUjyif b*FvDvlrsdK;ajrydkif&Sifrsm;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk 4if;wdkUvufatmufv,fulvDrsm;
tjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcGifhudkyif rjyKcJhbJ 4if;wdkU\ydkifqdkifaomv,f,majrrsm;udk ppfwaumif;cdkifrS
axmifESifcsDaomb*FvDv,form;rsm;udkom wifoGif;vkyfudkifapcJhonf/ (1887-1888 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ppfawG
cdkif tajcpdkufaexdkif&m ppfqifa&;rSwfwrf; - pmrsufESm 2 ESifh 21)/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh b*FvDtajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;onf b*Fvm;rS zm&mtD'DvSKyf&Sm;rSK(Fara-i-di)\
vTr;f rd;k rSKudk cHc&hJ onf/ tawG;tac:,lqcsufrmS tma&AsrS 0g[mbpf(Wahabis) tawG;tac:wpf&yfjzpfNyD;
a&&&SdEdkifaom ae&mrsm; tDuGefac: nDaemifrsm;(Ikhwan or brethren)tm; v,f,mpdkufysdK;aom vlUtzGJU
tpnf;rsm;ESifh tajcpdkufaexdkif&ef ESdK;aqmfcsufwpf&yfjzpfonf/ 4if;0g'\oGefoifqHk;rcsuft&? v,f,majr
rsm;udk vkyu
f ikd &f if; txuftzGUJ tpnf; u awmif;qdv
k monft
h cg bmoma&;ppfuq
kd ifE&JG eftoif&h &dS rnf[al om
awG;ac:csufvnf;yg0ifonf/ (&mref 1979-pmrsufESm?200-204)
armifawmNrdKUe,fwpfckwnf; 1910 ESpfrsm;u b*FvD*srdef'g(15 OD;)&SdcJhonf/ 4if;wdkUonf
ppfwaumif;v,fulvDrsm;udk axmifESifhcsDNyD;ac:,lvmum rlqvifv,form;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tjzpf xlaxmif
ay;Muonf/ yvDrsm;ESifhtwlwGJvsuf tpvmrfausmif;rsm;udkygyl;wGJxm;&SdvmcJhMuonf/ odkUaomf b*FvD
rsm;odrf;,lxm;aom&Gmrsm;u &cdkif&Gmtrnfrsm;twkdif;om NAdwdoQrSwfwrf;rsm;awGU&Sd&onf/ (*&rfoefESifhvwf
1956? pmrsufESm 41-43? 48-51)
ppfwaumif;cdkifrS &moDtvdkufwifoGif;cJhaom ppfwaumif;om;rsm;\ tvG,fwuloGm;vmrSKtwGuf
tm&uefzvdkwDvm ukrPD(Arakan Flotilla Company)onf bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawmtMum; rD;&xm;vrf;
wpfckudkazmufvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;wdkU\tBuHtpnfrSm ppfwaumif;rSbl;oD;awmifqDodkU rD;&xm;jzifh v,f,m
tvkyform;rsm;udko,f,lvmNyD; bl;oD;awmifNrdKUrS ppfawGNrdKUodkUvnf;aumif;? xkdrS &cdkifjynftv,fydkif;
ESifhawmifydkif;NrdKUrsm;qDodkUvnf;aumif; tm&uefzvkdwDvm ukrPDydkifoabFmrsm;ESifh o,f,lydkUaqmifay;rnfh
tpDtpOfjzpfonf/
1920 ESpfrsm;ESifh 1930 ESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKacwfumvwavQmuf
r,le,frS rGwfqvifrsm;onf tdEd,EdkifiHrGwfqviftzGJUcsKyf\ wdk;wufvSKyf&Sm;rSKtay: pdk;&drfylyefvmcJh
Muonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrGwfqvifrsm;txJrS xif&Sm;aomtrfat&m&SpfESifh OD;&mZwfwdkUonf jrefrmtrsdK;om;a&;
vSKyf&Sm;rSKwGif ta&;BuD;aomacgif;aqmifrSK yg0ifvsuf&Sdaecsdefvnf;jzpfonf/
1931 ckwGif NAdwdoQygvDrefu qdkifrGefaumfrD&Sif(Simon Commission)udk cefUtyfcJhonf/ zGJUpnf;yHk
udk jyKjyifrSKtwGuf jrefrmjynfolrsm;taejzifh tdEd,EdkifiHrSjrefrmjynfudkcGJxGufvdkrvdk qEtm;odvdkaom
aqmif&Gufcsufjzpfonf/ rGwfqviftoif;\ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdolu tpdk;&vkyfief;rsm;wGif wef;wlnDrQtcGifhta&;
udk awmif;qdkcJhNyD; 10 &mcdkifESKef;udk tm;vHk;aomjynfolUtzGJUtpnf;rsm; ae&may;&rnf[kawmif;qdkcJhonf/
txl;ojzifh &cdik jf ynf\pdu
k yf sdK;a&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;acs;aiGrsm;xkwaf cs;a&;rsm; rGwq
f vifrsm;udk wef;wltcGit
hf a&;
ay;&efvnf;yg&Sdonf/ (uwf'D 1958-pmrsufESm 294)/
udkvdkeDacwfwGif ppfwaumif;b*FvDrsm;onf ynma&; &cdkifwdkUaemuftrsm;BuD;usef&pfcJhonf/
1901 ESpf? oef;acgifpm&if;t& b*FvDrGwfqvif 4.5 &mcdkifESKef;om pmwwfajrmufonfudkawGU&NyD;
&cdkifwdkUwGif 25.5 &mcdkifESKef;awGU&onf/ prwfuwifjycJhonfrSm xdkuJhodkUaomjzpf&yfonf b*FvDpdkufysdK;a&;
orm;rsm;txJ ynma&;udkvspfvsLIxm;cJhaomaMumifh[kqdkonf/ bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd
b*FvOD ;D a&rsm;txJ v,f,mpdu
k yf sdK;olrsm;onf ynma&;buf tenf;tyg;pdw0f ifpm;rSK&SMd uojzifh bl;oD;awmif
ESifharmifawmNrdKUe,frsm;onf ynma&; txl;aemufusqHk; NrdKUe,frsm;jzpfvmcJhMuonf/
*Zemindary System, b*Fvm;e,fwiG u
f sifo
h ;kH cJah om ajray;NyD;ae&mcsay;onfh ajr&Sipf epfjzpfonf/ &cdik jf ynf
wGifjyKpkpepf[kac:onf/ (bmomjyeffol)

8
1894 ckESpfwGif tl&'lpmoifausmif;(9)ckom&SdNyD; ausmif;om; (375)a,mufom ckdifwpfckvHk;
&SdcJhonf/ NAdwdoQa'oqdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;u vufaxmuftifpywfawmft&m&SdwpfOD;udk 1902 ESpfu rGwfqvif
ausmif;rsm;twGuf cefUtyfcJhNyD;aemuf 2 ESpftwGif;ausmif;aygif; 72 ausmif;txdwdk;yGm;vmonf/ ausmif;om;
OD;a&rSmvnf; 1474 a,muftxdjzpfvmcJhonf/ (prwf 1957? pmrsufESm 207-209)/
xkdUaMumifhvnf; &cdkifESifh[dELukvm;onf udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf\ taxmuftulvkyfief;rsm;
ydkNyD;vkyfudkifcJhMuonf/ 20 &mpkavmufwGif ynmwwfNyD;EdkifiHa&;tod&Sdaomvli,frsdK;qufrsm;onf touf
t&G,fBuD;aom ppfwaumif;om;rsm;udkausmfwufvmonf/ 20 &mpkv,f tpydkif;avmufwGif tpvrf
ynm&S i f r sm;wnf a xmif x m;aom *smrD - twf w l v f - OvD r m? tD t p v rf ( Jami-a-tul Ulama-e-Islam)
EdkifiHa&;ygwDudkwnfaxmifvmcJhonf/ tpvrf0g'onf xdkygwD\tajccHt,l0g'jzpfvmcJhonf/ (cifBuD;aysmf?
1960? pmrsufESm-99)/
&cdkifjynfvlrsdK;a&;tBurf;zufy#dyutpESifhywfouf rdka&Sa,*ga&;om;csufwGif 1942 ck?NAdwdoQ
tkyfcsKyfa&; tdEd,odkUqkwfcGgoGm;cJhcsdef0,f awmifydkif;&cdkifvlrsdK;vl&rf;um;rsm;onf rGwfqvifrsm;udkpwif
wdu
k cf u
kd v
f mcJ
h xdak us;&Gmrsm;&Srd w
G q
f vifrsm; xGuaf jy;Muum ajrmufzufbo
l ;D awmifEiS hf armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;
&Sd &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk vufpm;acsMuonf/ (a,*g-1972- pmrsufESm - 67 )/
odkYaomf&cdkifwdkY\ rSwfwrf;wGif ]]*syefwdkY0ifa&mifodrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf NAdwdoQwdkY\ tkyfcsKyfa&;rSm
NydKysufomG ;cJ&h NyD;aemuf ajryHNk rdKUe,f &ufacsmif;aus;&GmrS &GmolBuD;ESihf 4if;\nDi,fEpS Of ;D wdu
Yk kd ukvm;&Gmom;rsm;u
owfjzwfcJhMuonf/ &GmolBuD;rSm&cdkifjzpfNyD; &Gmom;rsm;rSmukvm;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ &cdkifvli,fESpfOD;jzpfaom
odef;ausmfatmifESifh ausmf,onfvlpkNyD;ukvm;&Gmrsm;udk wdkufcdkufcJhNyD;aemuf tcsdKUaomolwdkYtowfcH&onf/
(&cdkifjynfe,f? jynfholYaumifpD? 1986- pmrsufESm 36 )/
&cd k i f j ynf a wmif y d k i f ; &S d rG w f q vif v l r sd K ;axmif a ygif ; rsm;pG m ajrmuf z uf q D o d k Y x G u f a jy;cJ h o nf r S m
xif&Sm;vSonf/ tcsdKUaomudp&yfrsm;vnf; NAdwdoQwdkYyJclwdkif;ESifh &cdkifjynfawmifydkif;rSqkwfcGmvmcsdefwGif
&cdkif&dk;rvrf;c&D; yef;awmif;ESifh awmifukwftMum;ukvm;'kuonfrsm;udk 'gjywkdufjcif;rsm;&SdcJhonf/ odkYaomf
vlowfjcif;ESifh 'g;jywdkufjcif;owif;onf tdEd,jrefrme,fpyfqDodkY a&mufvmcsdef0,f csJUxGifrSKrsm;&SdcJhonf/
(barmf-1968 - pmrsufESm 78 )/
NAdwdoQwdkYonf a'orsm;udk jrefrmESifh&cdkif'g;jyrsm; csrf;omay;rStouf&Sif&rnfh tajctae
xm;ypfcJhonf/ odkYaomf tdEd,okawoD tef? tm&fcsmu&mbmwD(N.R Chakravati)u ppfwvif;jzpfaeaom
{&m0wDvGifjyifa'o rS&cdkif&dk;rqDodkY ftdEd,'kuonfrsm; xGufajy;vmjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfhtusOf;csKyf
a&;om;cJhaomrSwfwrf;wGif- ]] jrefrmjynfwGifaexdkifMuaom ysrf;rQtdEd,vlrsdK; (9) odef;onftdEd,odkY
vrf;avQmufxGufajy;cJh&onf/ vufawGUoabmt&ajymqdk&vQif usef;rma&;raumifvSaom tdEd,vlrsdK;
tm;vHk;eD;yg;onf tultnDrJhjzpfcJh&NyD; wpfae&mrS wpfae&mqDodkY tdEd,wa&mufvHkNcKH&mESifh tumtuG,f
&&Sdap&ef &SmazGaexdkifvmcJh&onf/}} (csmu&mbmwD? 1971-pmrsufESm 171)
csmu&mbmwD\ cefrY eS ;f csufrmS &cdik jf ynfr'S u
k onfrsm;rygbJ jrefrmjynfrwpfcw
k nf;rS tdEd,'kuonf
rsm;pm&if;omjzpfonf/ a,*gwifjyrSKrl ppfwaumif;om;'kuonfrsm;rSm 22,000 eD;yg;cefY[kaz:jyonf/
(a,*g 1972? pmrsufESm-98)/ odkUaomf 1939 ck? &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf(ANC aemufydkif; zufqpf
qefYusifa&;tzGJUcGJ)onf *syefrsm;ESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ra&mufrDumvuyif xdka'orsm;odkU
a&muf & S d c J h N yD ; 'D z uf w d k (de-facto)* tpd k ; &wpf & yf z G J U pnf ; cJ h o nf / attif p D ( ANC)\ausnmcsuf w G i f
vlwpfa,mufuaomf4if;? tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfuaomf4if;? 'kuonfrsm;udkowfjzwfjcif;? vk,ufjcif;jyKvkyfu
w&m;Oya't&ta&;,lc&H NyD; jypf'Pfay;cH&rnf[k aMunmcJo
h nf/ (e,l;bm;rm;aeYpOf? 1942 arv(28)&uf)/
* de-facto tpdk;&qdkonfrSm rdrdxdef;csKyf&me,fajrudk tkyfcsKyfaomtpdk;&rsdK;jzpfonf/ vlxkqEESifh a&G;aumuf
wifajrmufaomtpdk;&udk de-jure tpdk;&[kac:onf/ (bmomjyefol)

9
*syefavwyfonf ppfawGNrdKUudk rwfv(23)&uf? 1942 ckwGif pwifAHk;BuJwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ NAdwdoQ
wdkUonf olwdkU\tkyfcsKyfa&;Hk;csKyfuudk rwfv(30)wGif tdEd,EdkifiHodkUa&TUajymif;cJhonf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;onf
ppfawGcdkif 1942 ck?{NyDv(23)&ufpwifcJhonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhtwl vlrsdK;a&;wifrmrSKonf aygufuGJ
awmhonf/ xkdrS vlxkMum; Oya'rJhtajctaea&muf&SdcJhonf/ (tkd0if? 1946-pmrsufESm-26)/
&ckdifjynftaemufzufa'o&Sd Ak'bmom&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; cHpm;&aomaoG;xGufoH,dkvlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;
rsm;udk NAdwdoQudkvdkeDorm;rsm;tay: tjypfyHkcs&rnf[k usaemf tav;teuf,HkMunfcHpm;rdygonf/ taMumif;
rSm NAdwdoQwdkU\tkyfcsKyfa&;onf r,le,fpyf&Sdppfwaumif;om;rsm;udk aAmfvifwD,mwyfzGJU(Volunteer Force)
ac: ADwyfzGJUtjzpfzGJUpnf;ay;NyD; vufeufrsm;ESifhwyfqifay;jcif;aMumifh[kqdk&rnf/ NAdwdoQwdkU ADwyfzGJU
ay;csd e f r S m 1942 ck ? *syef w yf z G J U rsm; td E d , Ed k i f i H & S d N Ad w d o Qpcef ; rsm;ud k Ncd r f ; ajcmuf o nf h t csd e f E S i f h
ra&S;raESmif;zGJUpnf;jcif;jzpfonf/ t"dutcef;u@rSm *syefppfwyfrsm;tm; ajymufusm;pepfjzifhckcHppfqif&efESifh
&ef o l \ vS K yf & S m ;rS K rsm;ud k pum;jyef r sm;tjzpf tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k p k a qmif ; ay;&ef w d k U yg0if o nf /
odkUaomfNAdwdoQwyfzGJU wGJzufqufoG,fa&; t&m&SdtjzpfvkyfudkifcJhbl;ol tefwdkeDtm0if(Anthony Irwin)\
a&;om;csufrsm; a'ocHAw
D yfrsm;ESihf &cdik jf ynfbuf&*dS syefwyf rsm;tMum; jzpfymG ;cJah omwdu
k yf iJG ,fuav;rsm;udk
NAdwdoQppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u r,HkMunfcJh[kqdkonf/
(tm0if 1946? pmrsufESm 7-8? 16)/
ADwyfom;rsm;onf *syefwyfrsm;udkwdkufcdkufrnfhtpm; &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;? apwDrsm;
ESihf vlaetdrrf sm;udk zsufq;D rD;IUd cJo
h nf/ a&S;OD;pGm 4if;ADwyfom;rsm;onf NAdwo
d QwdUk \ e,fpyfa'ow&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;&efxm;cJhaom ppfawGcdkifvufaxmufrif;BuD; OD;ausmfcdkiftm; owfjzwfcJhonf/ xdkUaemuf NrdKUrsm;ESifh
aus;&Gmrsm;rSvlrsm;udk axmifESifhcsDNyD;owfjzwfcJhonf/ 1943 ck? azaz:0g&Dv(4)&uf ta0;a&mufjrefrmEdkifiH
bk&ifcH\ twGif;0efrSwfwrf;wGif - ]]usaemfonf &aohawmifa'o&Sd &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;usa&mufcJhaom
&ufpufrSKESifh'kucHpm;csufrSKrsm;ESifhywfoufaom aMumufrufzG,f&maumif;vSonfh owif;rsm;taMumif;udk
Mum;od&onf/ r,ljrpf\taemufzufurf; &cdkifaus;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ppfwaumif;om; ADwyfom;wdkU\
rD;IdUzsufqD;rSKudkcHcJh&aMumif; --- &efolrSm xdkaus;&Gmrsm;qDodkUra&mufcJhaMumif;? xdkvlrsm;rSm usaemfwdkU
uif;vSnfhwyfzGJUrsm;\ vrf;c&D;&SdaecJhonfrSm uHMurmqdk;vSonf/ &mESifhcsDaomolrsm;onf awmifrsm;
ykef;atmif;aecJh&onf[kqdkonf/ usaemfwdk U tcsdefrDra&muf&SdEdkifbJ ru,fwifEkdifygu rdrdwdkU\bkd;ab;
vufxufuaexdkifvmcJhaom v,f,majrrsm;rS armif;xkwfcH&rnfholrsm;rSm &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;yifjzpfrnf/
xdktcsdeftcgwGif 4if;wkdU\touf&Sifa&;rSm arQmfvifhcsufrxm;EdkifbJjzpfawmhrnf/}} (NAdwdoQpmMunfhwdkuf?
vef'efNrdKU? tdEd,EkdifiHa&;rSwfwrf;? tm&f^8^9 *sDtuf(pf)4243 /)
*syefwdkUonf ppfawGNrdKUudkodrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifvnf;jzpfaom Adkvf&efatmifonf
ppfawGcdkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUudkzGJUpnf;cJhNyD; e,fpyfa'otMurf;zufrSKrsm;udk &yfwefU&efBudK;yrf;onf/ 4if;onf
a'ocHrw
G q
f vifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;? &cdik af cgif;aqmifrsm;ESiv
hf nf;aumif;aqG;aEG;cJo
h nf/ xdUk aemuf
4if;\vufaxmuf 2 a,mufjzpfol Adkvf&efEdkifESifhAdkvfrsdK;nGefUwdkUudk armifawmodkUapvTwfum tpGef;a&muf
rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;SdESdKif;apcJhonf/ 4if;wdkUonf rGwfqvifrsm;tm;e,fcsJUqefUusif;a&;
trsdK;om;vSKyf&mS ;rSKrsm; yg0if&efqaJG qmifcMhJ uonf/ 4if;wdUk ESpOf ;D pvH;k armifawmtowfccH &hJ NyD; Adv
k &f efatmif
udk bDtdkifat(BIA)XmecsKyf&Sd&m &efukefNrdKUodkUjyefvnfac:,ljcif;cHcJh&onf/ (&cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpD
1986 ? pmrsufESm 40-42)/
ppfwaumif;b*Fvv
D rl sdK;trsm;pktaejzifh 'gkvt
f pvrf(Dah-rul-Islam) trnf&adS om bmoma&;0g'
udkxlaxmif&ef trSeftvdk&SdcJhMuNyD; xkdrSwqifh taemufbufrGwfqvif&Jabmf nDtpfudkrsm;ESifh tenf;qHk;
nDnGwfaygif;pnf;rd&ef vdkvm;cJhMuonf/ 4if;tjyif &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk awmifbuf&SdAk'bmomtrsm; pkaexdkif&m
a'oqDodkU t"rajymif;a&TUaexdkifoGm;vdk&efudkvnf; &nf&G,fonf/

10
urmppfBuD;twGif; jzpfysufcJhaomtjzpftysufrsm;u ppfwaumif;om;rsm;udk vlrsdK;aygif;pHkaexdkifaom
&cdkifvlrSKtzGJUrS cGJxGufoGm;&efqErSm tm;enf;aomtawG; tac:wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ tefwdkeDtm0if(Anthony
Irwin)u *syefwdkUodrf;ydkufxm;aom oHk;ESpfwmumvt"dukPf;jzpfaeaoma'oudk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rSK
r&S d a oma'o( No man's Land)[k a c:qd k c J h o nf / (tm0if 1946? pmrsuf E S m 27)/ tm0if u yif
vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;aMumifh &ckdifESifhppfwaumif;b*FvDwdkUtMum; uGJjym;oGm;cJhonfudk &Sif;vif;jycJhonfrSm]]usaemfwUkd odr;f ydu
k x
f m;aoma'orSm rlqvmrefa'ojzpfonf/ 4if;rS usaemfwUkd \owif;axmufveS ;f ay;cJo
h l
rsm;ESifholvQdKrsm;udk kyfodrf;cJhonf/ &ckdifjynfonf ppfBuD;rjzpfyGm;rDumvu rlqvrefrsm;ESifh arm(*f)
&cdik rf sm;aexdik cf ahJ omae&mjzpfco
hJ nf/ xdUk aemuf 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f xdv
k rl sdK;ESprf sdK;wdUk onf pwifwu
kd cf u
kd v
f mcJo
h nf/
ppfy\
JG &vm'faMumifh arm(*f)rsm;onf Edik if \
H awmifyikd ;f tjcrf;udo
k rd ;f ydu
k x
f m;NyD; rlqvmrefwUkd u ajrmufbuf
tjcrf;udkodrf;ydkufxm;cJhonf/ xdkumvrSm tawmftwefaoG;xGufoH,dkrSKjzpfcJhaom ta&;tcif; wpf&yfjzpfcJh
&onf/ usaemf\ vufatmuf&Sd bl;oD;awmifNrdKUteD;rS aoewfudkiform;uajymonfrSm 4if;onf arm(*f)
200(&cdkif)avmufudk owfjzwfcJhaMumif;ajymjyonf/ (tm0if 1946? pmrsufESm-21)/
ordkif;ynm&Sifuvdkif(A)a*sc&pfpwD(Clive J.Christie)\ pum;rsm;t&qdkvQif ]]NAdwdoQwdkUxdef;csKyfxm;aoma'o? txl;ojzifh armifawmNrdKUywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;owfjzwfrSKrsm;onf
*syefwyfrsm; ewfjrpfta&SUzufurf;ajcodkUa&muf&SdcJhcsdeftxd jzpfyGm;cJhonf/}} (c&pfpwD?1996? pmrsufESm
-160)
NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf 1944 ck?'DZifbmvwGif &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif; *syefwyfrsm;udk jyefvnfxdk;ppf
qifcJhonf/ attuf(zf)tdk(AFO) &cdkifwyfrsm;onf *syefwyfrsm;qkwfcGgoGm;cJhaomae&mrsm;wGif w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&; wm0ef,lcJhonf/ trSeftwdkif;ajym&vsif umvtwGif; *syefwyfrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;cJhaom
xif&Sm;vSonfh &cdkifajymufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;&SdcJhonf/ NAdwdoQwyf&if;(65)onf
&cdik jf ynf\NrdKUawmfppfawGNrdKUudk 1944 ck? 'DZifbmv(12)&ufaeUwGio
f rd ;f ydu
k cf o
hJ nf/ ppfawGuo
dk rd ;f ydu
k Nf yD;aemuf
NAdwo
d Qppfwyfonf ppfawGrS attuf(z)tkad jymufusm;acgif;aqmif OD;eDtm;zrf;qD;cJNh yD; 152 &mZ0wfrKS cif;rsm;udk
usL;vGefrSKjzifh 42 ESpfaxmif'Pftjypfay;cJhNyD; OD;t*Fgudkrl axmif'Pf(42)ESpfESifh BudK;'Pf(5)Budrfay;um
ao'Pfay;cJhonf/ xdkUaMumifh ajrmufjrm;pGmaomajymufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm; awmwGif;odkUxGufajy;cJhMuonf/
(jrefrmhtvif; aeYpOf? 1945 ck? pufwifbmv 25)/
tefwdkeDtm0ifurl ppfwaumif;om;rsm;\ADwyfudk atmufygtwdkif;csD;usL;cJhonf/
]]vlenf;pkrGwfqvifrsm;onf oHk;ESpfwdwdtqufrjywfwdkufcdkuf&mvnf;aumif;? &cdkifjynfudkodrf;ydkuf&m
vnf;aumif; uREkfyfwdkUudk tultnDay;cJhNyD; uREkfyfwkdUtpdk;&jyefvnfzGJUpnf;EdkifonfhtcsdefumvwGif arhaysmuf
oGm;Edkifp&m&Sdonf/ xdkolwdkUudkrarhoifhyg/ uJhodkUatmifyGJqifEkdif&efESifh tb,folwdkUtwGuf wdkufcdkufay;cJh
Muonfudkrarhoifhyg/ (tm0if 1946? pmrsufESm-86)/
'kwd,urmppfBuD;tNyD; tapmydkif;umvtwGif; r,le,fpyfa'owGif &cdkifwdkUESifhb*FvDwdkUonf
wpfOD;udkwpfOD; r,HkMunfbJ&SdcJhMuonf/ NAdwdoQavbmtpdk;&onf jrefrmjynfudkvGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef uwdjyKcJh
ojzifh tcsdKUaomrGwfqvifwdkUonf tem*wfumvwGif 'dXdtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufwGif ,kwfrmqdk;oGrf;aom&cddkif
rsm;ESifh v,fajra0iSaexdkif&efudk xdwfvefUvmcJhMuonf/ 1946 ckESpf? ygupwefEdkifiH u&mcsDNrdKU&Sd *smrD
tw,f ( v)tl v D r mtD t p v rf ( Jami-atul-Ulema-e Islam)tzG J U csKyf a cgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h aqG ; aEG ; &ef
ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ wpfzUJG udak pvTwcf o
hJ nf/ bl;oD;awmif? armifawmESihf &aohawmifNrdKUe,frsm;udk ygupwefEikd if H
twGif;odkUxnfhoGif;ay;&efudk aqG;aEG;&mwifjycJhonf/ okdUaomf NAdwdoQwdkUonfvspfvsLINyD; xdke,fpyfa'o
rsm;udk ygupwefEdkifiHtm;ay;&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf/ uJhodkU ratmifjrifaomBudK;yrf;rSKudk vufeufudkifykefuefrSK
wpf&yfEiS o
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rdrdudk,fudkrdrd ]]rl*sm[pf}}(Mujahid)rsm;[l trnfcHvmcJhMuonf/ xkdUaemuf tiftm; 2700 &Sdaomppfwyfudk
zGJUpnf;awmhonf/ (cifBuD;aysmf 1960;99 ae&Sif; aeYpOfowif;pm 1953? {NyDv-16 &uf)

11
trSepf ifppf &cdik w
f Ukd onfvnf; olyek x
f &eftpDtpOf&o
dS nf/ &cdik w
f Ukd xif&mS ;Edik if aH &;t&wuf<uaom
OD;ynmoD[ESifh OD;pdEmbkef;awmfBuD;ESpfyg;u *syefwdkUudk &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;tm; odrf;ydkuf&m tultnD
ay;cJMh uNyD; ajymufusm; 400 rS 500 wkUd udk pkaqmif;vmcJo
h nf/ jrefrmvGwv
f yfa&;wyfrawmfEiS hf rywfoufaom
oD;jcm;&cdkiftiftm;pkwpf&yfudkwnfaxmif&ef *syeftpdk;&u 4if;\wifjycsufudkvuHcJhaMumif; aMunmonf/
aemufydkif;4if;\wyfudk &cdkifumuG,fa&;wyf(Arakan Defence Force)[l od&SdvmcJhNyD; 4if;\vufaxmuf
OD;MumvSatmifudk uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;cJhonf/
OD;ynmoD[ESifh OD;pdEmbkef;awmfBuD; 2 yg;onf attuf(z)tdk(AFO)zufqpfqefUusifa&;tzGJUBuD;\
&cdkifbufjcrf;tzGJUcGJjzpfvmcJhNyD; 1944 ckESpf?tv,fydkif;wGif *syefwdkUtm; wdkufcdkufvmcJhonf/ jrefrmbk&ifcH
\jynfolUa&;&mtkyfcsKyfa&;Xme 'kwd,TefMum;a&;0ef AdkvfrSL;csKyf&pfcsufa*:'ify&uf(p)aumh (Richard
Gordon Prescott)u atmufygtwdkif; bk&ifcHqDodkU tpD&ifcHpmudkay;ydkUcJhonf/
]]&cdkifbuf&Sd attuf(z)tdkacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfMuaom OD;ynmoD[ESifh AdkvfMumvSatmifwdkUtm;
vufeufwyfqifay;jcif;onf 4if;wdkUtm; pifNydKiftpdk;&wpf&yfjzpfay:ap&ef tm;ay;&ma&mufNyD; trSefpifppf
*syefrsm; &cdkifjynftm;0ifa&mufvmcJhpOfumvu vkyfenf;twdkif; xyfrHjyKvkyfcGifhay;&ma&mufayonf/ (NAdwdoQ
pmMunfhwdkuf? vef'ef? tdEd,Hk;rSwfwrf;? trf^2500)
xdktcsdefumvwGif attuf(z)tdkonf]]zufqpfqefYusifa&; jynfolvGwfajrmufa&;}} (AFPFL)
tzGJYBuD;tjzpfodkY trnfajymifvJypfcJhonf/ 4if;zqyvtzGJYBuD;wGifjrefrmvGwfvyfa&;\t<uif;rJhacgif;aqmif
ODatmifqef;u acgif;aqmifjzpfvmcJhonf/ zqyvonfjrefrmEdkifiHbk&ifcH\ tBuHjyKcsufudkvufcHum
tvkyftrSKaqmifaumifpD (Mum;jzwftpdk;&) tzGJYodkY0ifa&muf&ef oabmwlnDcJhonf/ ODynmoD[rSm &cdkifjynf
zqyvtzGJYBuD;\acgif;aqmiftjzpfusef&pfcJhNyD; OD;pdEmurlolykefx&ef tywfwukwfpdkif;jyif;vsuf&SdaecJhonf/
OD;pdEm\tkyfpkrSm ausmufjzLc&dkif ajryHkNrdKUe,frS aus;&Gmtawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh ppfawGc&dkifrifjym;NrdKUe,ftwGif;
a'ocHtpdk;&tzGJUtjzpfaqmif&GufvmcJhonf/ trSefpifppfOD;pdEmrSm jrefrmjynftvHeDygwD\ tpGef;a&muf
uGefjrLepform;rsm;\ zsm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifrSKudkcH&NyD; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udkvufeufudkif awmfvSef
a&;wpf&yfjzifh &,l&efenf;udk a&Gcs,fco
hJ nf/ (NAdwo
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kd ?f vef'ef tdE,
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atmifqef;twfwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqdkcJhaomtcg OD;pdEmonfvlod&SifMum;&SHKcscJhonf/ 1947 {NyDv
(1) &ufaeY&cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m nDvmcHwpf&yfudk ajryHkNrdKU jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ &cdkifjynf&SdygwDrsm;rS
vlaygif;wpfaomif;wufa&mufco
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tdEd,&Hk;rSwfwrf;rsm;? trf^4^yDtm&ftdk'A,ltdk 203^ 5262 )/
OD;pdEmonf uGejf rLepfrsm;ESit
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zqyvtMum;em;vnfrSKenf;yg;rSKudk tcGihfaumif;,ljcif;rQomjzpfonf/ pifppfjrefrmjynf\trsdK;om;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk\ av;pm;zG,f&macgif;aqmifjzpfaom OD;atmifqef;\ zqyvtwGif;
tawG;tac: ,lqcsuf vGefqGJyGJwpf&yfomjzpfonf/tjcm;wpfzufwGifvnf; 0wfvHkawmf&a&Sae OD;vSxGef;jzLESifh
tcsdKUaom &cdkifynmwwftcsdKUu &cdkifwdkYtwGuftm&uefepwef(Arakanistan)EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef tpnf;ta0;
wpf&yfuu
kd sif;yNyD; awmif;qdck sufwpf&yfukd awmif;qdck o
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jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ynmwwfajrmufMuaom rGwq
f vifrsm;onf jrefrmESi&hf cdik v
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ESifhrdrdwkdYESifYvlrsdK;a&;jcm;em;rSKtodtay:tajccHNyD; tpvrfudk4if;wdkY\bmomtjzpf owfrSwf&ef wnDwnGwf
wnf;tvHk;t&if;ESifhcH,lcJhMuonf/wcsdefwnf;vdkvkdyif &cdkifwdkYvnf;e,fpyfa'orS rGwfqvifvTrf;rdk; vmrSK
tay:4if;wdkYvlrsKd;vHkNcHKa&;ESifhtouf&Sif&yfwnfcsuftay:ydkydkpdk;&drfpdwfwdk;yGm;vmcJhMuonf/

12
4/

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1948 ck? Zefe0g&Dv(4)&uf jrefrmEdkifiHonfvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD; rsm;rMumrDumv r,le,fpyf\
aus;vufa'orsm;wGiv
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rGwq
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&Gmrsm;?tdrfrsm;udktaMumif;rJhrD;&SdKUjcif;? rk'def;usifhjcif;rsm;udkjyKvkyfvmcJhonf/ rdka&Sa,*g\ a&;om;csuft&
rl*sm[pfrsm;olykefxjcif;\ t"dutaMumif;&yfrsm;rSm *syeftkyfcsKyfpOfumv xGufajy;oGm;cJhMuaom rGwfqvif
rsm; rdrdae&ma'orsm;odkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg rdrdwdkY\aus;&Gmrsm; jyefvnfaexdkifcGifhr&&Sdjcif;aMumifh
[kqdkonf/ (a,*g? 1972? pmrsufESm 98)/
trSefrSm ppfrjzpfrDumvrsm;u bloD;awmifESifharmifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif &cdkifaus;&Gmaygif; 200
ausmfcefHU&SdcJhonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;csdefumv &cdkifrsm;udk aus;&Gm 60 wdkYHomaexdkifcGifhjyKcJhonf/ xdkaus;&Gm
60 teuf &cdkifaus;&Gm 44 &Gmrsm;udkvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD; 2-ESpftwGif; rl*sm[pfrsm;0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
axmifESifhcsDaom&ckdifvlrsdK;rsm;rSm xdkaus;&Gmrsm;rSxGufajy;cJh&NyD; NrdKUrsm;odkYcdkvSHKvmcJh&onf/ b*FvDppfwaumif;
om;rsm;u xdk&cdkif&Gmrsm;udk odrf;,lcJhMuonf/ (&cdkifjynfolYaumifpD 1986? pmrsufESm 58-60)
rl*sm[pfolykefxrSKrSm jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;aMujimtNyD; 2-ESpfcefYuapmNyD;pwifcJhonf/ 1946ckESpfrGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJY (MLO)udkzGJYpnf;cJhNyD; ppfwaumifc&dkifom; *szmuma0g (Jaffar Kawal)
u OD;aqmifcJhonf/ xdktzGJU\nDvmcHudk 1948 ck? arvtwGif; armifawmajrmufbuf *g&mjyif(Garabyin)
aus;&Gm jyKvkyu
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hJ nf/ teD;tem;&Sd
aus;&Gmrsm;rS ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;onf ppfBuD;twGif;upkaqmif;xm;cJhaom vufeufrsm;udk zmuDbZm;
(Fakir Bazaar)ESihf &SmbDbZm;(Shahbi Bazaar)aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd AvDrsm;qDoUkd ,laqmifvmcJMh uonf/ (jrefrmEdik if H
wyfrawmf armfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef? 'Dtm&f 491?(56)/)
*szgu0g(Jaffar Kawal) onf ppfaoemywdcsKyfjzpfvmNyD;? ,cif ppfawGcdkif&JwyfzGJUrS 'kwyfBuyf
tb'l[lpdef(Abdul Hussein)rSm 4if;\vufaxmufjzpfvmcJhonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkuf?
&efuek ?f 'Dtm&f 1016) rl*sm[pfygwDonf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if \
H tpd;k &xHoUdk armifawmNrdKU? vufaxmufcdik f
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csufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef? pD'D 1016^10^11)
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/

ewfjrpfta&SUzufurf;ajcrS ukvm;wefjrpftaemufzuf urf;ajca'oudk jrefrmEdkifiHrGwfqvifvlrsdK;rsm;

e,fajr[l todtrSwfjyKay;&rnf/
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rl*sm[pfygwDudk w&m;0ifygwDwpfcktjzpf tmrcHcsufay;&rnf/
tl&'lbmomudk &cdkifjynfwGif;aexdkifaom rGwfqvifrsm;\trsdK;om;bmomtjzpf todtrSwfjyK&rnfh
tjyif rGwfqvifa'o&Sdausmif;rsm; oif,lcGifhjyK&rnf/
ausmufawmfESifhajrmufOD;NrdKUe,frsm;rS xGufajy;vmcJhMuaom 'kuonfrsm;udk tpdk;&p&dwfjzifh jyefvnf
ae&mcsay;&rnf/
ta&;ay:vHkNcHKa&;tufOya't& xdef;odrf;xm;aomrGwfqvifrsm;udk >cif;csufr&Sd t<uif;rJhvTwfay;
&rnf/
rl*sm[pfygwDrS tzGJU0ifrsm;udk taxGaxGvGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&rnf/

13
rdrdwdkUudkrdrdwdkU &cdkifrGwfqvif[lvnf;aumif;? tl&'lbmomudk rdrdwdkU\bmompum; tjzpfvnf;
aumif; awmif;qdkcsufrSm tdEd,wdkufi,ftwGif; tdEd,ESifhygupwefEdkifiH[l vGwfvyfaomESpfjynfaxmif
ray:rDu awmif;qdck sufukd a&mifjyef[yfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;wdUk \ awmif;qdck sufrsm;udk rvdu
k af vsmonft
h cg
rl*sm[pfrsm;onf armifawmNrdKUe,fajrmufzuf&Sd &cdkifaus;&Gmtm;vHk;udk zsufqD;awmhonf/ 1948 ck?
Zlvdkifv(19)&ufaeYwGif iNzLacsmif;ESifhteD;&Sdaus;&Gmrsm;udkwdkufcdkufcJhNyD; tcsdKUaomaus;&Gmom;rsm;ESifh Ak'bmom
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk jyefay;qGJNyD; aiGawmif;cHrSKrsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef?
pD'D 1016^10^11)
1951 ck? ZGefv(15)&ufaeYwGif &cdkifjynfvHk;qdkif&m rGwfqvifrsm;nDvmcHudk armifawmNrdKUe,f
tv,foHausmfaus;&Gm jyKvkyfusif;ycJhNyD; ]]&cdkifjynfrGwfqvifrsm;\zGJUpnf;yHkt& awmif;qdkcsufpmwrf;}}
(The Charter of the Constitutional Demands of the Arakani Muslims)udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 4if;
pmwrf;t& ]]&cdik jf ynf&t
dS "duvlrsdK;rsm;jzpfMuaom armuf(*f)(&cdik v
f rl sdK;)ESihf rGwq
f vifrsm;tMum; tmPmcsdecf iG f
vQm nDrQa&;}} udkawmif;qdkcJhonf/ 4if;pmwrf;\awmif;qdkcsufrSm ]]&cdkifjynfajrmufzufydkif;a'otm; vGwfvyf
aom rGwfqvifjynfe,fwpfcktjzpf csrSwfay;&rnfhtjyif jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH\ tjcm;aomjynfe,f
rsm;jzpfonfh u&ifeDjynfe,f? &Srf;jynfe,f? csif;awmifwef;a'oESifh ucsifZkHrsm;uJhodkU jynfaxmifpktxJ
xnfhoGif;zGJUpnf; ay;&rnf/ 4if;tjyif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ A[dktkyfcsKyfrSKatmufwGif udk,fydkif&JwyfzGJUESifh
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJUrsm;udkyg xm;&Sday;&rnf/}} (wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkuf? &efukef? 'Dtm(&f) 1016^10^13)
pmwrf; jrifomaomtcsufrSm ]]&cdkifjynfrSrGwfqvif}}[laomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ ]]dk[if*sm}}[l
ryg&Sdacs/ ]]dk[if*sm}}[laoma0g[m&udk 1951 ckMo*kwfv(20)aeYxkwf *g'D,efowif;pm bl;oD;awmiftrwf
rpwmtb'l*gzm(Mr.Abdul Gaffer)a&;om;cJah om]]ql'w
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Edik if aH wmftay: opm&S&d efukd awmif;qdck o
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JG u
kd sif;ycJNh yD;aemuf bl;oD;awmifEiS hf
armifawmNrdKUe,f rJqEe,frsm;rS rGwfqviftrwf(4)OD;udk a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefumvtwGif;
rl*sm[pfolykefxrSKonf e,fpyfa'oudk (10)ESpfcefU'kutwda&mufapcJhonf/ vkyfBuHowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&ol
OD;atmifqef;tm; qufcHcJholOD;Eku &cdkifESifhrGefvlrsdK;rsm;tm; 1960 a&G;aumufyGJ?rJqG,fyGJ jynfe,fay;&ef
uwdjyKay;cJhonf/ OD;Ekonfa&G;aumufyGJ wzufowftEdkif&&SdNyD;aemuf 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaomtcg &cdkifESifh
rGefjynfe,frsm; zGJUpnf;ay;a&;tpDtpOfudk pwifaqmif&Gufawmhonf/ xdktcgbl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmNrdKUe,f
rsm;rS rGwfqviftrwfrsm;onf xdk&cdkifjynfe,fay;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk obm0ususuefYuGufcJhMuNyD; dk[if*sm
jynfe,f xlaxmifay;a&;udk awmif;qdkawmhonf/
EdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHkay:wGif &cdkiftrsm;pk\ pdk;rdk;rSKatmufwGif &ifqdkifvm&aomtajctaersdK; ppfwaumif;
b*FvDodkUr[kwf dk[if*smtrnfcHrsm;onf &cdkifjynfe,fxlaxmifa&;udk uefYuGufcJhonf/ bl;oD;awmif
rJqErS rpwm*gzgonf vlxkpnf;a0;yGJdk[if*smwdkUonf &cdkifwdkUxufedrfhusaomtajctaeatmufwGif
rnfonfhtcgrQ 'l;raxmuf[laomrdefUcGef;udk ajymMum;cJhonf/ (1960 'DZifbmv(20)&uf? *g'D,efowif;pm)
dk[if*sm[k trnfcHaeMuoltxJ &cdkifjynfe,ftpDtpOfrSm vHk;0]]ArmBuD;pdk;a&;0g'}}odkUr[kwf]]&cdkifBuD;
pd;k a&;0g'}} rQomjzpfonf[k awG;awmcsufrsm;ESihf jynfEh u
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tajctaexm;&Sd&eftpDtpOf[kxifjrif,lqcJhMuonf/

14
1962 ckESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;onf ppfwyfESifhtmPmodrf;,lcJhaomtcg dk[if*smvSKyf&Sm;rSKtm;vHk;
eD;yg;onf ajratmufvSKyf&Sm;rSKtoGifodkUul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf/ 1964 ck? ae0if;tpdk;&\ jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwD\ yxrvrf;pOfrSm EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk; jynfolydkifodrf;,la&;yifjzpfonf/ 4if;\tpdk;&tpDtpOfrSm
ukvm;rsm;ESifhwkwfvlrsdK;rsm;ydkif vkyfief;BuD;rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifjynfolUaumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;vufatmufodkUajymif;a&TU
&efyifjzpfonf/ EdkifiHtwGif; NrdKUBuD;rsm;&Sd?tdEd,ESifhygupwef pD;yGm;a&;orm;trsm;tjym; jrefrmEdkifiHrS
xGufcGgoGm;cJhMuonf/ 2 ESpftwGif; pD;yGm;a&;udk jynfolydkifodrf;,l&efqHk;jzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf tdEd,vlrsdK;
wpfoed ;f ESihf ygupwefEikd if o
H m; wpfaomif;ESpaf xmifwUkd jrefrmEdik if rH S rdrw
d Ukd \Edik if rH sm;qDoUkd jyefomG ;cJMh uonf/
('GefeDqif 1970? pmrsufESm 199-200)
odkUaomf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;rjzpfyGm;rDumvuyif trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifXmerS trsdK;om;rSwfyHkwifu'fjym;
udkifaqmifxm;cJhaom &cdkifjynfajrmufbuf ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDv,form;rsm;onf xdkudppdk;&drfylyef
jcif;r&SdbJ? 1982 ckESpfucsrSwfcJhaom jrefrmEkdifiHom;Oya'udk 1986 ckESpf? pwiftaumiftxnfaz:vmcsdef
usa&mufrSomvQif pdk;&drfylyefvmcJhMuonf/
1973 ckESpfwGif ae0if;\awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'wpf&yftwGuf jynfolUqE
cH,o
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f vif
jynfe,f odkUr[kwf tenf;qHk; wdkif;wwdkif;tjzpf oD;jcm;zefwD;ay;&efwifoGif;cJhonf/ (ausmfZHom? 1995pmrsufESm.6)
4if;wdkU\wifjyawmif;qdkcsufudkwzef jrefrmtpdk;&uy,fcscJhonf/ 1974 ck? zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
twGuf a&G;aumufyGJudkusif;yaomtcg r,le,fpyfrSb*FvDrGwfqvifrsm;udk jynfolUvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;
tjzpf a&G;cs,f&eftcGifhta&;tm; jiif;y,fjcif;cH&jyefonf/ vlrsdK;a&;ESifhbmoma&;tay:uefUuGufonfhtaejzifh
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uaomfvnf; aemufyikd ;f b*Fvm;a'h(csf)Edik if x
H o
J Ukd xGuaf jy;cdv
k KHS cJ&h onf/
b*Fvm;a'(csf)vGwfvyfa&;ppfyGJtNyD; r,le,fpyf&Sd b*FvDrGwfqvifvli,frsm;xHodkU vufeufrsm;pdrfh0ifvm
cJhonf/ 1972 ck? Zlvdkif(15)&ufaeYwGif r,le,fpyf&Sd dk[if*smygwDrsm;nDvmcHwpf&yfudk jyKvkyfusif;ycJhNyD;
]]dk[if*smtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;}}twGuf awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ (jr0if;? 1992? pmrsufESm-3)
1976 ckESpf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mrD'D,mrsm;u &cdkifjynfe,frSdk[if*smrsm;\ jyiff;xef;aomwdkufyGJrsm;
taMumif;ESifh b*Fvm;a'h(csf)odkUxGufajy;MuyHktaMumif;owif;rsm;udk az:jycJhMuonf/ dk[if*sm aoG;pnf;
nDnw
G af &;tzGUJ (RSO)\owif;ay;ydUk csufrmS - ]]jrefrmEdik if rH S d[
k if*smrsm;\BudK;yrf;rSKrSm b*Fvm;a'h(csf)Edik if &H dS
&bwfwm(Rabeta)XmecsKyftjyif ygupwefEdkifiHodkUa&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf/ &cdkifa'otwGif;&Sd wm;qD;ydwfyifrSK?
w&m;Oya'rJhaqmif&GufrSK? tMurf;zufrSKtjyif vlowfrSKwdkUrSm &cdkifa'o ordk;usr[kwf[kqdkonf/}}
(rlwm[m 1976? pmrsufESm - 11)
vlrSKa&;rnDrQrSKESifh xyfrHNyD;dk[if*smtrnfcHolrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;t& touf&Sif&yfwnfaerSKtay:
pdk;&drfaomua&mufvmMuonf/ ae0if; ppftpdk;&\v,fajrjyKjyifa&;tpDtpOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH&SdtcsdKUaom
vlrsdK;tzGJUtpnf;\ tawmftwef&Sdaom o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;udkodrf;,lcJhaMumif; az:jyMuonf/ 1963
v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;ESihf v,form;rsm;\tcGit
hf a&;udk umuG,af y;aomOya't& NrdKUe,fajr,maumfrwD
rsm;onf oD;pm;csxm;olrsm;tm; Edik if aH wmf\csrSwx
f m;aomOya'rsm;udk vdu
k ef mjcif;r&Su
d xdv
k ,f,majrrsm;udk
odrf;,lEdkifaomtrdefUtmPmudk ay;tyfxm;onf/(A[dkajr,maumfrwD 1965-pmrsufESm-55)
xdkOya'onf v,f,majrwpfcktm; ydkif&SifrJhrw&m;odrf;,lrSKtay: wpdwfwa'otusHK;0ifaom
tufOya'jzpfonf/ b*FvDdk[if*smv,form;tcsdKUrSm 4if;Oya't& v,f,majrrsm;vufvGwfqHk;SHK;&NyD;
4if;wdkU\ydkifqdkifrSKrsm;onf omreftawG;tac:t& jrefrmwdkU\tkyfcsKyfrSKudk qefUusif&ma&mufcJhonf/

15
tqufqufaomjrefrmppftpdk;&rsm;onf ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiHom;tjzpf
owfrSwf&efudk tjywfjiif;cJhMuNyD; dk[if*smrsm;[ktrnfcHolrsm;udkvnf; jiif;y,fcJhMuonf/ ppftpdk;&rsm;onf
1982 ckESpf? jrefrmEkdifiHom;Oya'udk acgif;rmpGmpGJudkifxm;MuNyD; 1824 ck? yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJrwdkifrD
jrefrmjynftwGif;aexdkifMuaom vlrsdK;pkrsm;udkom jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;[k todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ tufOya'
t& &mpkESpfESifhcsDtNrJaexdkifvmcJhMuaom rGwfqvifrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;[kowfrSwfonf/1983 ckESpf?
oef;acgifpm&if;t& &cdik jf ynftwGi;f aexdik Mf uaomrGwq
f vif 24.3 &mcdik Ef KS ef;udk b*Fvm;a'h(csf)Edik if o
H m;tjzpf
owfrSwfcJhonf/ 4if;tcsufESifhuGJvGJcsufrSm &cdkifjynftwGif;aexdkifMuaom Ak'bmom 67.8 &mcdkifESKef;rSm
&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfMuonf [kqdkonf/ (vl0ifrSKBuD;Muyfa&;ESifh jynfolUtiftm;OD;pD;Xme 1987? pmrsufESm
1-14)
1988 ckESpf? ratmifjrifaom'Drdkua&pDvlxktHk<urSKwGif ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDrsm;onf wzefwuf<u
vmcJMh uNyD; d[
k if*smtvHujdk yefvnfviT x
hf v
l mcJMh uonf/ wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif ppftpd;k &onf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;udk
rSwfyHkwif&efcGifhjyKvmcJhaomtcsdef0,f dk[if*smtrnfcHrsm;onf 4if;wdkU\ygwDrsm;udk ]]dk[if*sm}}trnfjzifh
rSwfyHkwif&efcGifhawmif;qdkvmjyefonf/ 4if;wdkU\awmif;qdkcsufudky,fzsufcH&NyD;aemuf 4if;wdkUonf enf;vrf;
aMumif;ajymif;um ygwDopfwpf&yfuzkd UJG pnf;jyefonf/ 4if;ygwDrmS vlUtcGit
hf a&;ESihf trsdK;om;'Dru
kd &ufwpfygwD
(NDPHR) jzpfonf/ xdktrnfjzifh 1990 ckESpf? a&G;aumufyGJodkU0ifcJhNyD;aemuf trwfae&m 4 ae&mudk
tEdkif&&SdcJhonf/ tjcm;wpfzuf &cdkiftrsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf(ALD)uvnf; trwfae&m(11)ae&m
udt
k Edik &f &Scd o
hJ nf/ odUk aomf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio
f nf xdyk gwDEpS &f yfpvH;k tm; 1991 ckEpS u
f zsuford ;f cJNh yD;aemuf
tzGJU0iftcsdKU awmcdkcJhNyD; EdkifiHjcm;odkUxGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJhMuonf/
rsm;rMumrDu dk[if*smtkyfpktcsdKU\t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; tjcm;aom
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;uJhodkU wef;wltodtrSwfcH&a&;yifjzpfonf/ odkUaomf tcsdKUaomtpGef;a&mufolrsm;onf
rGwfqvifoD;jcm;jynfe,fxlaxmif&&Sda&;udk csrSwfxm;qJjzpfonf/ atmufygwdkUrSm jrefrmb*Fvm;a'h(csf)
e,fjcm;wavQmufvSKyf&Sm;aeaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfMuonf/(jr0if;?1992-pmrsufESm.3)
1/
tm&ftuf(cf)tdk (RSO)
2/
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3/
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5/
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5/ ed * H k ;
jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf xdkorwEdkifiH\taemufzuftpGefzsm;wGif vlOD;a&tm;jzifh 90
&mcdkifESKef;eD;yg;&SdNyD; xif&Sm;aomudk,fydkif,Ofaus;rSKESifh tpvrfbmom,HkMunfol vlenf;pkonf bmoma&;
t,lpGJ&Sdaom vlenf;pkvlrsdK;wpfckudk wnfaxmiffcJhMuonf/ rsdK;qufrjywf 4if;wdkU\vlrsdK;pkESifh bmoma&;rSm
vuf a wG U tm;jzif h rsd K ;quf r jywf c G J j cm;Ed k i f a vmuf a tmif x if & S m ;rS K r&S d a cs/ rl v tpu 4if ; wd k U onf
]]ygupwefatmifjrifygap}} (Pakistan Jindavad) a<u;aMumfoHjzifh ta&SUygupwefESifh yl;aygif;&ef
ay:vpDudkcsrSwfcJhonf/ ygupweftpdk;&\axmufcHrSKudkr&aomtcg 4if;ay:vpDarS;rSdefoGm;onf/ 4if;tpm;
aemufyikd ;f wGif ud,
k yf ikd t
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16
aomay:vpDEiS jhf cm;em;cJo
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buf&Sd ppfwaumif;om;rsm;udk 4if;wdkU\ EdkifiHom;rsm;r[kwf[k tqufjzwfcJhonf/
xdkUaMumifhppfwaumif;om;b*FvDwdkYonf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd dk[if*smrsm;[laom okyfoPmefudk pGJpGJNrJNrJ
udkifpGJvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;u ]]ppfwaumif;om;b*FvDvlrsdK;}}rsm;[kac:qdkjcif;onf
rw&m;aomtoH;k tESKef;wpf&yf[
l rausreyfajymqdv
k mcJMh uonf/ odUk aomf ynmrwwfajrmufaom aus;vuf
a'o&Sdv,form;trsm;tjym;u rdrdudk,fudkrdrd b*FvDrGwfqvifrsm;[lcH,ljcif;udk ydkrdkESpfoufrSK &SdMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf 4if;wdkUonf pkaygif;EdkifiHa&;ouf0ifrSKudk ESpfaygif;(50)ausmfumv
wkdif pGJudkifxm;aomfvnf; 4if;wdkY\EdkifiHa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rSKtcGifhta&;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl todtrSwfjyKjcif;?
tmrcHjcif;udk r&&Sdao;ay/ tjcm;wpfbufvnf; 4if;wdkUtm;(dk[if*smwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;[k) todtrSwfjyK&ef
tcGifhta&;rsm;awmif;qdkrSKonf vlrsm;pkjzpfaom&cdkifwdkUtm; rdrdZmwdwdkif;jynf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&
jynfe,fxal xmifa&;ESihf touf&iS &f yfwnfa&;pdwu
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k Mum;
yl;wGJaexdkifa&;udptwGuf rBuHqEkdifMujcif;rSm xdkvlrsdK;pk ESpfpktMum; EdkifiHa&;t&r,HkMunfrSK? aMumuf&GHUrSK
rsm;jzpfay:vQuf&jdS cif;ESihf ppftpd;k &\ay:vpDaMumifjh zpfayonf/ &cdik jf ynftwGi;f aexdik Mf uaom tjcm;rGwq
f vif
rsm;onf dk[if*smudp&yftay: tav;rxm;aomtajctaeESifhvnf;oufqdkifaeonf/ odkUjzihf dk[if*sm
rsm;ta&;onf rdrdwdkUvlrsdK;pktodkif;t0dkif;rsm;xHrS axmufcHrSKtenf;tyg;om&&SdMuNyD; a&S;acwfumvuyif
jrefrmEdkifiHESifh ordkif;t&qufoG,frSK&SdcJhonfqdkaom 4if;wdkU\awmif;qdkcsufrSmvnf; axmufcHrSKr&&Sdao;ay/

rSwfcsuf/

/ txufpmwrf;onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;ordkif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmat;csrf;\ ]]The Development of the Muslim Enclave of So-called ]]Rohingyas}} in the Arakan, (Rakhine)
State of Burmar (Myanmar)}}udk jrefrmjyefxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trSm;t,Gif;rsm;&Sdygu
jrefrmjyefolESifhomoufqdkifygonf/
jrefrmjyefol

17
aemuf q uf w G J Z ,m;(1)
NAd w d o Qjref r moef ; acgif p m&if ; (1872 ck )
ppf a wG N rd K U/
vlrsdK;tkyfpk

usm;

pkpkaygif;

[dEL
rdk[mrwf'if
Ak'bmom
c&pf,ef
tjcm;
tm;vH k ; pk p k a ygif ;

1884
3516
5892
216
387
11895

28
1,502
5,627
109
70
7335

1911
5018
11519
325
457
19230

(tcGefaiGpnf;Buyfa&;Xme? v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;ESifhukeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; ? 1875,42)

18
aemufqufwGJZ,m;(2)
1881 ck E S p f ? arG ; zG m ;&ma'otvd k u f &cd k i f w d k i f ; twG i f ; ysH U ES H U aexd k i f v Quf & S d a om
vl O D ; a&pm&if ;
pOf

arG;zGm;&mae&m

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

ppfawGcdkif
ykodrf
[Hom0wD
[oFw
ausmufjzL
Nrdwf
armfvNrdKifNrdKU
&cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;
jynf
&efukefNrdKU
oHwGJ
a&Tusif
xm;0,f
om,m0wD
o&ufNrdKU
oHk;cG
awmifil
tmoH
b*Fvm;
bHkab
A[dk(Central)
'dkif;O(Diu)
*dktm
r'&yf(pf)
eDayg
taemufajrmufa'orsm;
O'g(Oudh)
yef*syf
t(zf)*efepfpwef
tma&As

usm;
144746
721
178
230
79487
3
24
7138
805
112
27410
1
17
4
704
6
9
8
49374
5
2
27
5
1823
49
246
2
63
4
3

pkpkaygif;

132131
518
157
232
79180
2
23
6853
628
75
27363
4
1
9
599
5
3
19435
3
1
31
10
14
6
-

276877
1239
335
471
158667
5
47
13991
1433
187
54773
5
18
13
1303
11
12
8
68809
8
3
27
5
1854
59
260
2
69
4
3

( 1881 NAdwdoQjrefrm oef;acgifpm&if; aemuffqufwGJ LXXVIII )

19
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JG kd vSKH Uaqmfpnf;H;k cJMh uaomfvnf;
xdka<u;aMumfoHonf emrnfysufESifhtqHk;owfoGm;cJhNyD;jzpfojzifh enf;AsL[mopfudkudkifwG,fvm
Muonf/ ydrk ekd ufidI ;f aomAsL[mopfuckd scif;vmMuygonf/ rlqvifenf;AsL[mopfukd udik w
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wpfOD;rS ppfawGrSplvwefrmrGufjzpfygonf/ armfv0D*dkPf;csKyfrsm;ESifh plvwefrmrGwfwdkUonf
ppfawGryS nmwwftcsdKUudpk nf;H;k NyD; ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f tm&yfEikd if w
H pfcjk zpfaom vppfAsm;odUk apvTwf
cJh&ygonf/ vpfAsm;ESifhydkrdkeD;pyfrSK&Sdaom xdkif;EkdifiHrlqviftzGJUcsKyfudkcsOf;uyfNyD; axmufcHrSK&,l
cJhMuygonf/ xdkpOfu xkdif;EkdifiHrlqviftzGJUcsKyfOuXrSm jrefrmEkdifiHom;ppfppf ucsifvlrsdK;
]]tmvD}}qdkoljzpfygonf/
xkdpOfu u'ufzDonf rlqvifrsm;\acgif;aqmif? tm&yfrsm;\acgif;aqmifjzpfvdkonfh
qEjyif;jyaeonft
h csdejf zpfyf gonf/ &cdik rf rS q
l vifrsm;\wifjycsufrsm;udk vpfAsm;rStv,ftvwf&?dS
oabmxm;&Sdolrsm;u pDppfcJhMuygonf/ &cdkifjynf&Sdrlqvifukvm;rsm;onf &ckdifjynftwGif;
ukvm;jynf xlaxmifvdkonfhoabmudk odjrifcJhMuygonf/ xkdUaMumifh &ckdifjynf&Sd ppftpdk;&
qefUusifaom vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh nDnGwfa&;wnfaqmufNyD; wef;wltcGifhta&;&&Sd
Edkifa&;twGuf wkdufyGJ0if&efwdkufwGef;cJhaMumif;od&ygonf/ vdktyfonfhtcsdefwGif vdktyfovdk
ulnDygrnf[kvnf; jyefMum;cJhaMumif;odcJh&ygonf/
4if;wdUk \r[mAsL[mopfonf bmoma&;ppfyw
JG pf&yftjzpfraMujimaomfvnf; ,cifuxuf
ydkrdkeufdIif;vmonfudkawGU&ygonf/ olwdkU\bmoma&;&nfrSef;csufonf uRefawmfwdkUtzdkU ydkrdk
tE&m,fBuD;rm;vmygonf/ ypfrSwfonf r,lurf;oG,f(armifawm-bl;oD;awmifESifh&aohawmif
NrdKUe,fwpdyw
f ydik ;f yg0ifygonf/) a'owpfcv
k ;kH jzpfygonf/ a'oonf ARAKAN (tm&uH)ac:
&ckdifjynfESifh ygupwefMum;&Sda'ojzpf&m a'oESpfcktrnfrsm;yg&Sdapaom ARKISTAND
(tmupwef)tjzpf olwdkUtrnforkwfcJhMuygonf/ tmupwefonf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHvnf;r[kwf
qdk&S,fvpfEkdifiHvnf;r[kwfaom bmoma&;qdkif&mEdkifiHwpfcktjzpf az:xkwfvdkcJhMuygonf/

2
rdrw
d Ukd \tzGUJ tpnf;udv
k nf; ]]tmupwefO;D aqmifrKS tzGUJ }}tjzpf zGUJ pnf;cJMh uygonf/ r,luRef;oG,rf S
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;udkarmif;xkwfNyD;aomtcg rlqvifppfppfrsm;om&Sdaom rlqvifomoemhe,fajr
(MUSLIM HOLLY LAND)wpfckwnfaqmufvdkUonfh pdwfukl;,OfqEwpfckjzpfygonf/ olwdkU
wnfaqmufrnfhEkdifiHonf armv0D (odkUr[kwf) armfvmemwpfODd;OD;uacgif;aqmiftkyfcsKyfNyD;
xkdyk*dKvf\atmufwGif umuG,fa&;ESifhywfouf qmeD(ppfOD;pD;csKyf)wpfOD;u wm0ef,laqmif&Guf
&efjzpfonf/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk kyfvHk;az:aqmif&GufEkdif&ef tmupwefOD;aqmiftzGJUonf
vufeufudkifrlqvifukvm;rsm;udk pnf;Hk;cJhMuygonf/
rlqvifukvm;tzJGUrsm;jzpfaom t'laZmfvDtzGJU? bDataZmfaz:tzGJUESifh Zgaz:(tBuD;)
wdkUtm; yl;aygif;apcJhygonf/ olwdkU\tzGJUtpnf;trnfudkvnf; arS;rSdefaeNyDjzpfaom ]]dk[if*sm}}
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k if*smtrsdK;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;ygwD}}[l zGUJ pnf;vdu
k Mf uygonf/
dk[if*smygwDonf &cdkifygwDrsm;jzpfaom &cdkiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwDd(&rv)? &cdkifjynf
uGejf rLepfygwD(&uy)wdUk udk nDnw
G af &;urf;vSr;f cJMh uygonf/ Auy udrk l ArmjynfEiS o
hf ufqikd o
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qdkum nDnGwfa&;urf;vSrf;rSKr&SdcJhyg/ &cdkifjynfESifhoufqdkifonfqdkaomygwDrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;&mwGif
&rvrS wpfygwDjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf wifjyaqG;aEG;cJah omfvnf; &uyonf wyfaygif;pkjzpfajrmuf
a&;twGuf wifjycJhygonf/ odkU&mwGif dk[if*smygwDrSwifjyawmif;qdkcsufjzpfaom (1) d[
k if*smrsm;onf &cdik jf ynfe,fwidk ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; todtrSwjf yK&ef?f
(2) bl;oD;awmif^armifawme,fajronf dk[if*sma'ojzpfaMumif; todtrSwfjyK&ef?
(3) &ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufonfhtcgwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif &ckdif 60%? ukvm; 40%?
yg0ifap&rnf[l awmif;qdkcJhMuygonf/
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;onf pifppfrxl;qef;yg/ awmif;qkdcsufrsm;\ a&aomufjrpfonf
1951 ckESpf? tv,foHausmfqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;omjzpfygonf/ tv,foHausmfqHk;jzwfcsufwGkiftBurf;tm;jzifh (1) wyfrawmfzGJUpnf;a&;wGif wyfrawmftwGif;4if;? (2) ppfawGqdyfurf;
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh wjcm;tkyfcsKyfrSK;rsm;wGifvlrsdK;ESpf&yf(&ckdifESifhukvm;) tnDtrQyg0if&rnf/
pifppftm;jzifh ppfawGtygt0if &ckdifajrmufydkif; umuG,fa&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wGif 50^50 jzpf&rnf
[kawmif;qdkcJhygonf/ Zmaz:wdkU kd[if*smrsm;url 60^40 awmif;qdkjcif;rSm awmfao;onf[k
qdk&ygrnf/
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk &rvrsm;taejzifh rnfodkUrQrSwfcsufray;EkdifcJhaomfvnf; &uy
wdkUurl xdkawmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avmavmq,foabmwlnDrSKray;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf;
ndESdKif;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; xdkumvtwGif nDnGwfa&;udktajccHaom ]]yl;wGJppfaumfrwD}}wpf&yfudk
zGUJ pnf;oifah Mumif; wifjycJMh uonf/ ,m,Dtm;jzifh ]yl;wGpJ pfaumfrwD}wpf&yfuzkd UJG pnf;&ef tcuftcJ
ESifhBuHK&jyefonf/ ukvm;rsm;u rdrdwdkU\tajccHrludk yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;ESifhqkyfudkifEkdifMuaomfvnf;
&cdkifrsm;u qkyfudkifrxm;EkdifcJhMuyg/ wpfzufwGif tiftm;BuD;aomukvm;tzGJUESifh wpfzufwGif
tifESifhtm;ESifhrMumcPwdkufppf0ifEkdifaom AuywdkU\&efESpfzufMum;wGif &ckdifygwDtpkESpfpk
nyyf w
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\tvdkusoabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkuf&ygonf/ xdkoabmwlcsufajrmufjrm;pGmxJrS t"du
tcsufrsm;wGif (1) dk[if*smygwDonf dk[if*sm(ukvm;rsm;)\ wpfckwnf;aomygwDjzpfonf/

3
(2)

xkdUaMumifh ukvm;trsm;pk&Sdaom armifawm?bl;oD;awmiftaemufzufawmif&if;

ydik ;f onf4if;? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? anmifacsmif;ESiahf nmifacsmif;txufyikd ;f onf4if;?
dk[if*sm(ukvm;rsm;)\e,fajrjzpfonf[l4if;/
(3) ]]yl;wGJppfaumfrwD}}\ tBuD;tuJonf ppftiftm;rsm;jym;aom dk[if*smygwDrS
jzpf&rnf ponfhtcsufrsm;ESifh tpdk;&qefUusifa&;tjrifoabmxm;rsm;pGmudk zGJUEGJU
a&;om;xm;aompmwrf;udk tzGJU(3)zGJU oabmwlnDcsuftjyif vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufMuygonf/
oabmwlnDcsuft& &cdkifrsm;onf anmifacsmif;atmuf&cdkif&Gmuav;rsm;uGufuGufwGif
b,fvSnfhnmvSnfh xGufcsD0ifcsDvSKyf&Sm;&ygawmhonf/
ukvm;wkdUonf &cdkifygwDrsm;ESifhoabmwlnDcsufudk trsdK;rsdK;vdk&mbmomjyefNyDd; (PROTOCOL) wpfcktjzpfzefwD;um vpfAsm;odkU jyefoGm;Mujyefonf/ tultnDawmif;cHcJhMuygonf/
vpfrsm;wdUk uvnf; yk*K v
d t
f &aumufc&H &Sad omo'gaMu;rsm;udk pGeUf BuJvu
kd yf gonf/ 4if;wdUk jyefvnf
a&muf&Sdvmonfhtcg vpfAsm;rSpGefUBuJvdkufaomo'gaMu;rsm;udk ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd tmupwef
acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdef;odrf;vdkufMuygonf/ xdkUaemuf wuodkvfausmif;xGufwpfOD;jzpfaom
vSjrifhqdkoludk Zgaz:\twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf apvTwfcJhygonf/
plvwef;rmrGwfonf tmupwefwnfaqmufa&;ESifhywfouf ta&SUygupweftmPmydkif
rsm;xHtultnDawmif;cJygonf/ xdkpOfu ta&SUygupwefwGifb*FvDrsm;cGJxGufa&;wdkufyGJ0ifae
cdkufjzpfygonf/ plvwefrmrGwfuta&SUygupweftpdk;&udkaxmufcHNyD; cGJxGufa&;orm;b*FvD
rsm;udk uefUuGufSHKUcscJhonf/ ta&SUygupwefwGif ppfa&;? EdkifiHa&;SKyfaxG;aecdkufjzpfojzifh
oGm;vmqufoG,fa&;cufcJaomaMumifh xkdpmonfvSjrifhxHodkU jyefvnfqdkufa&mufvmcJhygonf/
vSjrifhonft,lonf;rlqvifwpfOD;r[kwfyg/ aysmfaysmfaewwfolwpfOD;jzpfNyD; &ckdifrsm;ESifh
taygif;oifholwpfOD;jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh tmupwefr[mAsL[mtjrpfudk vSefjycJhygonf/
dk[if*smtrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwDtrnfcH,lxm;aomfvnf; ]tmupweff}r[mAsL[mudk
vHk;0pGefUvTwfrSKr&SdbJ vHk;0qkyfudkifxm;cJhMuonf/ r,luRef;qG,fwpfckvHk;rS Ak'bmom0ifrsm;udk
armif;xkwfNyD; rlqvifoefUoefU*kPfodum&SdaomEkdifiHwpf&yfudk xl;axmifvdkMuonf/ wpfenf;
tm;jzifhc&pf,mefwdkU\ AmwDuefa'oudk wkNydKifvdkMuonfh rlqvifa'otjzpf zefwD;vdkMuonf/
xdkUaMumifh omoemEdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;tajccHt& bmoma&;acgif;aqmifutkyfcsKyfNyD;
umuG,fa&;twGuf qmeD(ppfODd;pD;csKyf)wpfOD;u wm0ef,l&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh vufeuf
ud k i f r sm;ud k O D ; pD ; aeaomZmazgonf qmeD b G J U ud k c H , l N yD ; ol \ *k P f y k ' f u d k ZmazgqmeD [ l
owfrSwfcJhygonf/
pifppfrlqvifwdkU\ r[mAsL[monf &ckdifwdkUtm;armif;xkwfNyD; &cdkifwdkU\bdk;bGm;ydkif
e,fajrrsm;udk odrf;ydkufvdkUonfh r[mAsL[mwpf&yfjzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkay/
1985 ckESpf? ygupwefvGwfvyfa&;aeUwGif taemufygupwefEdkifiH &m0gvfyef'DNrdKUteD;&Sd
bm;rm;udkvdkeD(BURMA COLONY)aus;&GmwGif &cdkifjynfe,frS wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;oGm;Muonfh
rlqvifrsm;onf tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk usif;ycJhMuygonf/ (bm;rm;udkvdkeDdqdkonfrSm taemuf
ygupwef &m0gvfyef'DNrdKUteD; jrefrmjynfajy;rlqvifrsm;tm; wnfaqmufay;xm;onfh
aus;&Gmjzpfonf/)

4
rlqvifvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;\ tpnf;ta0;wGif dk[if*smvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJUcsKyf
(RLO)\ OuX tmruf&Sm;\ rdefUcGef;udk AD'D,dkwdwfacGjzifh jzefUa0cJhygonf/ xdkrdefUcGef;wGif
tmrwf&Sm;u ]]cifAsm;wdkU[m r,luRef;awGay:rSm&SdaewJh rlqvifbmom0ifr[kwfwJholawGudk
'Da'ouxGuo
f mG ;atmif enf;rsdK;pHak wGuo
kd ;kH &r,f/ 'Dae&mawGukd uRefawmfwUkd u tpm;0ifEidk af tmif
vkyf&r,f/ 'Da'oawGudk trmcHjzpfatmifvkyf&r,f/ aemufwpfcg cifAsm;wdkUudk &cdkif-ArmawGu
ESdyfpuf&ifxGufrajy;MuygeJU/ ]]tvm[kt&Sifjrwf&JUwefcdk;awmfeJUrowfEdkifyg}} [l jzpfygonf/
tmrwf&Sm;\t"dyg,frSm &Sif;vSygonf/ r,luRef;qG,f&Sd Ak'bmom0ifrsm;udk armifxkwfNyD;
rlqvifEkdifiHwpf&yfwnfaqmuf&efjzpfygonf/
rlqvifvKS yf&mS ;rSKjzpfaom - tv,foaH usmfnv
D mcH? rl*sm[pfvKS yf&mS ;rSK? d[
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ESifh rlqvifrsm;vSKyf&Sm;rSKwavQmufvHk; olwdkU\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;wGif (1) rlqvif(dk[if*sm)rsm;onf &cdkifjynf\ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wpf&yfjzpfonf/
(2) bl;oD;awmif^armifawme,fajronf rlqvifwdkU\e,fajrjzpfonf/
(3) tem*gwf &cdkifjynfwnfaqmufonfhtcg &ckdif-ukvm; tmPmcGJa0&mwGif
40^60 odkUr[kwf 50^50 &,l&ef [ljzpfygonf/
rlqvifwUkd onf olwUkd \awmif;qdck sufjzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK;wpf&yfjzpfonfqykd gvsif
bl;oD;awmif^armifawmonf 4if;wdkUtrsm;pkaexdkifaom trsdK;om;e,fajr(NATIONAL AREA)
jzpfvmygawmhonf/ odkUqdkvQif bmomrul;olrsm;\ cGJxGufa&;wdkufyGJonf rvGJraoGjzpfvm
ygawmhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\bl;oD;awmif^armifawme,fajronf (r,luRef;qG,f)
'kwd,uyf&SrD;,m; odkUr[kwf ygvufpwkdif;uJhodkUaom e,fajrwpf&yftjzpf rD;[kef;[kef;awmuf
vmbG,f&m&Sdygonf/
rlqvifukvm;wdkU\ r[mAsL[monf - omrefvlUtcGifhta&;(HUMAN RIGHT)
awmif;qdkrSKr[kwf uRefawmfwdkU\c&D;oGm;zdkife,fajrudk vk,ufwdkufcdkuf,lvdkaom rlqvifwdkU\
bmoma&;e,fcsJUppfyGJrSvGJ tjcm;t"dyg,fr&Sdyg/ &cdkifrlqvifbJajymajym dk[if*smbJqdkqdk?
enf;AsL[mt&omjzpfNyD; r[mAsL[monf e,fajrcGx
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