Rakhine Thuta

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About Type Setting
Daw Khin Si
Proofer
Sara Htun
Book Layout
U Khin Moung
Cover Design
Myint Zaw
( all photos and references are copyrighted by

their respective owners.)
First Edition - March, 2002

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ukd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om arwmykdYoMuonf/ v,f&Siftm; apmifr&ef <uvmapaMumif;ukd zdwfac:&onf/ apmifr,
yg[kvnf;awmif;qkd&onf/ yGJrsm;onf &ckdifawmifolv,form; "avhxkH;pH ,aeYxd raysmufrysuf&Sdonfukd
awGU&ao;onf/
y*a&ewforD;ukd a&S;tcgu ylaZmfyo&m rnfokdYrnfykH&Gwfqkdqkawmif;&aMumif;ukd a&S;a[mif;aypmwpf
ck 0rf;ajrmufzG,f&m awGUcJh&ygonf/ qkawmif;zGJYqkdykHukd aA'ifusrf;wpfusrf;\ tqkH; awGU&Sd&jcif;jzpfonf/
usrf;ukd &rf;jynfhNrdKUe,fav;awmif uif;qdyfjyif&Gm bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif tjcm;aomaypm (68)apmifeSihf
twl pma&;olzwfIcGifh &cJhygonf/ y*a&zGJYrSm (9)aMumif;a&;ayrljzpfNyD; atmufygtwkdif; &Gwfqkd&ygonf/
]atmifaZ,EK? atmifaZ,EK? taMumif;jyK? ,ckaeYuyifp pyg;a&m'ef? 7-wefcsJ? aw0NrJ? tNrJa[m
yg? atmifcsmuyif? aexusifonf? aygrtarS? y*a&rif;orD;? 0D,kdifpD;? rPdarcvm? vlMoZmukd? rarvmau?
rMumvsifaqm r,apaom?]a&muf\bkd;awmfrSef b[dum;} awmifbufrSmvnf; bk&m;pG,fawmf? tmEkabmfu?
"mwfawmfusKd;jrwf? yduwfav;q,f? pawGoHawG;? wef;&GJrmefatmif? av;awmif ausmufacsmif;? [kef;waMumif;
uyif? aevusifonf? rkd;rtarS? wa&rif;orD;? psmef,mOfpD;? rPdarcvm? vlMoZmukd rarvSmau? rMumvsif
aqm? a&muf\avhm/]a&muf\bkd;awmfrSefb'um;} taemufrSmvnf;? plVwef;wif? a&vQifwpfaMumif;? pdwf
waumif;yif0g? armufolZmu? Zmumt0wf rif;ae&yfuyif? ykd;rtarS? y*a&rif;orDk;? psmef,mOfpD;? rPdar
cvm? vlYMoZmukd? rarvSmau? rMumvsifaqm? a&muf\avm/ ]a&muf\bkd;awmf rSefb'dum;} ajrmufbufrSm
vnf;? uif;bd&vm? bl;rSmausmufaqm? usacgjynfu0if? aexusio
f nf? yk;d rtarS? y*a& rif;orD;? psmef,mOfp;D
&cdik o
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23
&cdik ,
? rPdarcvm/ vlYMoZmukd rarvmau? rMumvsifaqm? a&muf\avm/ a&muf\]bkd;awmf rSefb'gu} ta&SU

rSmvnf;? kd;BuD;jkd;i,f? kd;okH;q,fu? kd;i,ft0wf? csif;e,f&yfuyif? ykd;rtarS? y*a&rif;orD;? psmef,mOfpD;?
rPdarcvm? vlYMoZm rarvSmau? rMumvsifaqm? a&muf\avm/ ]a&muf\bkd;awmfrSefb'dum;} tajccGif;cGif;?
ueef;rif;vnf; ygvsufavmh/ tacgif;ujzL? iawmifolvnf; ygvsufavmh/ tacgifuxGwf iawmufwufvnf;
ygvsuaf vmh? bufoa&muke;f ajr? xGm;xGm;Bu;D rQ? uykid u
f aH xmuf? azmufazmufusK;d rQ? ,if;ur<uif;? Muufrwif;
vnf;? c&if;rusef jynhfapaom0f/}
txufyg tzGJYEGJYt&qkdvQif y*a&ukd ylaZmfjcif;onf wpfe,fwpf&yfwnf;twGuf qkawmif;&jcif;r[kwf
aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ ppfwaumif;? yef;0gutp ,kd;',m;(xkdif;) tqkH;e,fwpfcGifvkH;&Sd pyg;qefa& wkd;wuf
ygapaMumif; qkawmif;qEjyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ta&;tom;ukd axmuf ajrmufOD;acwfv,fwGif &GwfqkdcJh
onfh qkawmif;pmwpfck[k qkd&tHhonf/
y*a&ESihf qufpyfaom qGrf;auR;ykH"avh? tac:ta0:? t,ltqpaom tavhtxrsm;vnf; usef&Sdao;
&m 0kdif;0ef; avhvmazmfxkwf&OD;rnfjzpfygonf/
&rm0wDynmpm&(&ckdifjynfe,f)
&cdik o
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&cdik o
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24
a&S;acwf &ckdiftu&mESifU ta&;tom;rsm;

&udKifa&S;OD;vlwkdYonf tdEd,ta&SUajrmufykdif; **Fgjrpf0Srf;a'o? rm*"wkdif;jynfrS 0ifa&mufvmcJholrsm;
jzpfMu\/ olwo
Ydk nf tm&D,v
H rl sK;d okrYd [kwf tjcm;aom vlrsK;d tkypf Ek iS afh oG;aeSmaom tm&D,v
H rl sK;d [l vlo
Y rkid ;f
okawoDwkdYonf twdtuswifrjyEkdifMuacs/ okdYaomf &udKif&mZ0ifukd ckESpfou&mZfeSihf rSwfwrf;wifvmcJhaom
a&S;acwfuyif tm&D,H,Ofaus;rIukd &udKif awGUvm&ayonf/
&udKif&mZ0if pEol&d,rif;onf c&pfESpf bDpD (580)/ (tdEd,) tOerif;\ NzdK<uif;ou&mZf/ (&uyl&)
&mvrm,krif;\ NzdK<uif;ou&mZf (97)wGif wwd,"n0wDNrdKUawmfukd wnfaxmifaMumif;awGU&\/ wpfzef
(wkdOfpjE)a'GifpjErif;onf c&pfESpf at'D(327)/ (tdEd,)ourif; NzdK<uif;ou&mZf(&uyl&) ol&d,pdMwrif;
NzKd <uif;ou&mZf (249)wGif a0omvDausmufavSum;NrKd Uukd wnfaxmifaMumif; awGU&jyef\/ pEo&l ,
d tEG,af wmf
rsm;ukd ]]ol&d,0Ho}} ol&d,rsKd;kd; a'GifpjEtEG,fawmfrsm;ukd ]]pjE0Ho}} pjErsKd;kd;[l awGU&onf/ 1
**Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'o ay:aygufvmcJah om tu&mukd tu&morkid ;f okawoDwu
Ydk jAm[(D Brahmi) tu&m[l
ac:qkdMuNyD;vQif ay:aygufcJhaom acwfumvukd c&pfray:rD (8)&mpkESihf (6)&mpktwGif;[l cefYrSef;Muygonf/
2/ OD;omjrwfuvnf; ]]tdEd,EkdifiHta&;tom;? tu&mrsm;ay:xGef;vmykHESihf tdEd,EkdifiHrSm jrefrmEkdifiHokdY
rnfuJhokdY tu&mrsm;a&mufvmykHrSwfwrf;}} a'gufwm'D&if;*smukd ukd;um; ,if;twkdif;yif cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/
EKjrpf0Srf;\taemufbufa'ojzpfaom bufwD,m(Bactria) e,fajr a&S;OD;pGm ay:aygufvmchJaom
tu&mukd tu&morkdif; okawoDwkdYu ]]ca&moq|d}} (Kharoshthi) [lac:qkdMu\/ ,if;tu&monf c&pf
ray:rD (4)&mpkEiS fh (3)&mpktwGi;f ay:aygufco
hJ nf/3 okaYd omf tu&monf **Fgjrpf0rS ;f a'otu&mrsm;eSiv
fh ;Hk 0
qufoG,frI r&SdcJhacs/
jA[Dtu&monf wpfpwpfpMoZmvTrf;rkd;vsuf us,fus,fjyefYjyefYtokH;rsm;aom tu&mjzpfvm\/ "rm
aomurif;BuD;vufxuf (bDpD 272 rS bDpD 232) tdEd,wpfjynfvkH;ESifESif MoZmysHUESHYcJhjcif;aMumihf jAm[Dtu&m
jzihf a&;xk;d xm;aom ta&;tom;rsm;u tdE,
d awmifyidk ;f eSifh oD[Vdk u
f Re;f rsm;yif awGUMu&ayonf/ 0d&yko
k Q'u
awGU&aom em*g*sLeDwGif'g ausmufpm (Nagajunikonda Inseription of Vtrapurshadatta) ukd jymu&dw(f Prakrit)bm
ompum;/ (c&pfESpf at'D 3 &mpk? 'kwd,xuf0ufykdif;)jAm[Dtu&mjzihf a&;xkd;xm;aMumif; a'gufwmqmum&f\
wifjycsufukd awGU&ygonf/4
1/
2/
3/
4/
Havell, E.B. The hist ory of Aryan Rule In India. p, 42.

Sircar. D.C. Select Iascriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. I. p. 102.
Dringer. David The Alphadet.
Sircar. D.C. Select Iascriptions bearing on Indian History and Civilization, Vol. I. p. 219.
&cdik o
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25
&cdik ,
,if;awmifyidk ;f jAm[t
D u&m(Southern Brahmi Script) rS wpfpwpfpESifh u'r? yv0? pmvkus (Chalukya)om
vuFm,e tu&mrsm;onf at'D (5)&mpkESihf (6)&mpkcefYwGif tdEd,awmifykdif; jzpfay:vmonf[k OD;omjrwf\
tqkdukdawGU&ygonf/ wpfzef ]]rGeftu&monf yv0tu&mta&;tom;ESihf qufoG,f ysLtu&monf
o'rtu&mESihfqufoG,fonf[k ,lqzG,f&mtaMumif;wpf&yf jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifrnf}}[l qkdxm;ygao;onf/
awmifykdif;jAm[Dtu&monf rGefESifhysLwkdY\ a'orsm;okdYom a&mufvmonfr[kwf? ta&SUawmiftm&SwkdufokdYyif
ysHYESYHoGm;onf[k tu&morkdif;okawoDwkdYu vufcHxm;Muygonf/ xkdYaMumihf jAm[dtu&monf tdEd,jynf?
oD[kdVfuRef;rsm;omr[kwf/ jrefrmjynftygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&Swkduf ,ckwkdifacwftqufquf ykHo@mef
ajymif;vJvsuf tokH;jyKaeMuaom tu&mrsm;\rdcifjzpfayonf/
OD;omjrwf\ ]]tdEd,EkdifiHta&;tom;tu&mrsm; ay:xGef;vmykHESihf tdEd,EkdifiHrS jrefrmEkdifiHokdY rnfuJhokdY
tu&mrsm; a&mufvmykHrSwfwrf;}}5 atmufygtwkdif;awGU&ygonf/
c&pfEpS (f 4)&mpkwiG f [efvif;NrKd U awGU&aom ocsKi ;f ysLpmonf tdE,
d ajrmufyidk ;f rS &[efw\
l / oa&acw&m
NrdKUa[mif;(,ck arSmfZm) u'HAac: a&S;a[mif; awvk*l? uae!dtu&m(0g)ysLtu&mrsm;ukd ygVdbmompum;eSihf
a&;xkd;xm;onfha&Taycsyf (2)csyfukd awGU&\/ ]]a,"rm}}tpcsDaom "ruxmcsyfygaom a&Taycswyf(2)csyfukd
armifuHukef;wGif awGU&ojzihf armifuHa&Taycsyf 2 csyf[k ac:wGif\/ armifuHa&Taycsyf (2)csyfukd c&pfESpf
(1897)ckESpfwGif wl;azmf&&Sd\/ c&pfESpf (6)&mpk ESifh(7)&mpkMum;wGif a&;xkd;xm;onf[krSef; q&aom
a&Taycsyf(20)ukd oa&acw&mNrdKUa[mif;(arSmfZm)teD;&Sd cifA(cifb)ukef;wGif c&pfESpf(1926)ckESpfwGif
wl;azmf&&Sd\/ ,if;a&Taycsyf(20)wGif a&;xkd;xm;aomtu&mrsm;onf u'HA ac: a&S;a[mif;awvk*l uae!d
tu&m(0g)ysLtu&mrsm;jzpf bmompum;rSm ]]t0dZmyp,mocFg&m}} tpcsDygVdAk'bmmusrf;pmrsm;jzpfonf/
,if;aycsyfrsm;ukd cifAukef;rS wlazmf&&Sdojzifh cifAa&Taycsyf[k ac:wGif\/
[efvif;NrdKUtaMumif;ESihfywfouf orkdif;okawoD OD;b&Sifu ]]Adedk;NrdKUa[mif;eSihf orkdif;tjrif}}pmwrf;
]]a&S;a[mif;okawoeaumufEkwfcsuft& oa&acw&mu vmwkduf (tcsufonf &mZ0iforkdif;wGif
vm&SdonfESifhvnf; ukdufnDonf/) (at'D 500)avmufwGif Adedk;ysuf&onf[k qkdaomtcsufESihf txufwGif
,lqxm;onfh AdEk;d ysuNf y;D aemuf [efvif;okYd a&TUajymif;aexkid cf MhJ u[ef&o
dS nf[al omtcsuw
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6
&Ekdifaomtcsufjzpfonf/
txufygaumufEIwfcsufrsm;t&.....
(1) [efvif;NrdKUawGU&aom ocsKif;ysLpmonf tdEd,ajrmufykdif;rS &[efwlaMumif;/
(2) oa&acw&m(arSmfZm)armifuHa&Taycsyf(2)csyfESifh cifAa&Taycsyf(20)wkdY a&;xkd;xm;aom tu&mrsm;
onf tdEd,awmifykdif; u'HAtu&mjzpfaMumif; odMu&\/ okdYaomf [efvif;NrdKUokdY AdEkd;tysuf
(at'D500) aemufrS ysLwkdYoGm;a&mufMuonf[k qkdojzihf [efvif;awGU&aom ocsKif;ysLpmonf
(at'D 500)okdYr[kwf ,if;aemufykdif;wGif a&;xkd;cJhaompm jzpfEkdifzG,f&Sdygonf/
jrapwDysLausmufpmonf tvGefta&;yg t&ma&mufaomausmufpmjzpf\/ jrapwDysLausmufpmukd
rGef? jrefrm? ygVdeSihfwGJzuf av;bmom&Sdonfhteuf wpfbmomtjzpf xnhfoGif;xm;onfukdpOf;pm;qifjcif
ygvQif c&pfESpf (1112-ck)(jrefrmaumZmESpf 474 ckESpf)txd aejynfawmfwGif toddtrSwfjyKaom bmom
pum;jzpfonfukd rjiif;Ekdifacs/ wpfzef jrapwDysLausmufpmwGif c&pfESpf(12)&mpktxd tokH;jyKaomtdEd,
awmifykdif;tu&mrsm; rygonfrSm xif&Sm;yg\/7
xkdYaMumihf [efvif;NrdKU ysLtu&m(c&pfat'D 4 &mpk? okdYr[kwf 5 &mpk) ESifh yk*HNrdKU? jrapwDausmufpm
5/ 22-9-62 aeYpGJyg orkdif;okawoD OD;omjrwf\ vufa&;pmrl/
6/ wuokdvfynmya'ompmapmiftwGJ1? tykdif;3? 1966 ck? pufwifbmv? pm 194/
7/ OD;omjrwf? jrapwDysLausmufpm? pmrsufESm 4? 8? rwfv 1958 ck/
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tu&m(c&pf at'D 12 &mpk)wkdYonf tdEd,ajrmufykdif;rS qif;oufvmaom tu&mrsm;omjzpfMu awmifykdif;

u'HArS qif;oufvmaom tu&mrswm;r[kwfaMumif; od&ygonf/
okdYjzpfvQif tdEd,jynfajrmufykdif;rS rnfonfhvrf;jzihf 0ifa&mufvmonfukd avhvmzkdY vkdtyfygonf/
0ifa&mufvmEkdifaom vrf;rsm;rSm xkdtcsdeftcgu uryl&(tmoef)jynfukdjzwfausmf wpfvrf;? &uyl&
(&udKifjynf)ukdjzwfausmfwpfvrf;om a&S;acwf&mZ0ifrsm;wGif 'kwd,"n0wDNrdKUawmfukd wnfaxmiftkyfpkd;cJh
aom ur&mZm(uH&mZmBuD;)taMumif; ]]uH&mZmBuD;um; rdrdtvkH;t&if;ukd,l {&m0wDjrpfukdpkefcJhNyD;vQif
ovm0wD(csif;wGif;)jrpfudk qefcJh uav;awmifkdukd &mZN*dK[forkwf ajrmufvAkdvf0ifcHawmfrlonf/ xkdtcg
okemy&ef? ysL? urf;,H? oufwkdYu rif;vsmawmif;aomaMumihf om;awmfrk'kwduukd ysLwkdYt&yfrSm rif;jyKapNyD;
vQif uH&mZmBuD;onf *pye'Djrpfta&SUbuf? ausmufyef;awmif;NrdKUukd wnfaxmifpHaeawmfrlonf/ xkdurS
"n0wDNrdKUa[mif;ukd odrf;,l xD;eef;NrdKUjywyfjyKwnfaxmifpHaeawmfrlonf/8
a0omvDNrdKUawmf? 'kwd,rif;quf(c&pfESpf at'D 8 &mpk)jzpfaom oD&d"rm0dZ,(Sri Dharmmavijaya)rif;
onf cwd,rif;rsKd;rS qif;oufvmoljzpf\/ xkdrif;\ajr;awmf oD&d"rpjE(Sri Dhammacandra)onf oa&acw
&m ysLrif;\orD;awmfwpfyg;ukd rdzk&m;ajrmufcJh\9 [l ygarmua[mvfu qkdxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/
a0omvDNrdKUawmfaemufqkH;rif;jzpfaom plvr[m&mZm (plvpjErif;)onf &GufoabFmrsm;jzihf "raZ,st
rwfBu;D tm; a&SUaqmifapvsuf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfujdk zwf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;okYd qufwufum oa&acw&m?
yJcl;paomrif;rsm;\tylaZmfukdcHvsuf waumif;(oif;wGJ)jynfokdYwkdifatmif wkdif;cef;vSnhfawmfrlcJhonf/10
av;NrdKUacwfokdYa&mufaomtcgvnf; rif;xD;onf c&pfESpfat'D (1333)ckwGif ta&SUbufo&ufNrdKUxd
pkd;ykdifchJaMumif; ompGavvuFm ]]a&SUabmifjrefrm? pkd;onfrSmvnf;? rdpm*D&d? o&ufxdvQif? csrf;ajrhr@dKif?
&udKifomaomifhompGav? &udKifom;av ompGav}}[k awGU&ygonf/
onfwkdYukd axmufqjcif;tm;jzihf &udKifjynfonf ta&SUbuf &SdaeMuaom ysLvlrsKd;? oufvlrsKd;wkdYtm;
tkypf ;dk cJah Mumif; odomygonf/ ,if;aMumihv
f nf; &uKd i,
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&Syd gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tdE,
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**Fgjrpf0Srf;a'o ay:aygufcJhaom ajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&monf tdEd,jynfESifh e,fedrdwfcsif;qufpyfae
aom &udKifjynfokdY c&pfESpf(bDpD 6-&mpk) 'kwd,xuf0ufykdif; a&mufvmaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
xkdjA[Dtu&mESifha&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmukd "n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ae&mopfwpfykH? tkwfykHawmif?
awmifaygufBuD;rS wlazmfawGY&Sd&jcif;aMumifh ]]awmifaygufBuD;ausmufpm}}[lac:\/ ausmufpmrSm pmaMumif;
a& (5)aMumif;&Sd ajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&mjzifh a&;xkd;xm;aom ygVdbmomausmufpmjzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpm
ukd ,ckacwfokH; tu&mjzihf jyefa&;vQif atmufygtwkdif; awGU&ygonf/
1/ earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'/
2/ txacg b*0gbkuLoHCH ygom'H tmkaywGm yOygom 'o/
3/ wy&d0kawm "n0wD&|H tmumo ra*epm&duH p&rmaem "n0wD/
8/ OD;boef;? jrefrm&mZ0if? &efukefNrdKU/
xGef;xGef;ukrPD? trSwf 172? 32 vrf;? 1953? pmrsufESm 19/
9/ Hall, D. G. E Burma. Hutchinson's University, Library, London Second Edition 1956.
10/ OD;pErmvmvuFm&? awmifausmif;q&mawmf? ]&ckdif&mZ0ifopf} pwkwwGJ?
rEav;[Hom0wDyd#uwfpmykHESdyfwkduf? 1263-ck? wykdYwGJv? pmrsufESm 298/
&cdik o
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27
&cdik ,
4/
5/
r[me*& ypdr'dombma* *pmye'dom yk&wdrwda&ao/

vm*d&dyAw Ak'rSdMoa&m[dwGm ywd|mwd/
oabmt"dym,frSm- a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;onf jyom'fig;&mjzihf wynhfom;oHCmawmfig;&m NcH&Hvsuf
aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <uawmfrlvwf "n0wDNrdKUawmf\ taemufbuf &Sdaom *pye'Djrpf\ ta&SUbufurf;
\ aovm*D&dawmifxdyfokdYa&mufaomtcg oufqif;&yfwefYawmfrl\[l qkdvkdygonf/
ausmufpmukd okawoD OD;pHa&Tyo
k nf c&pfEpS f (1932)ckwiG f wl;azmf&&Scd o
hJ nf[k od&ygonf/ ausmuf
pmukd bDpD(6)&mpku a&;xkd;cJhonf[k cefYrSef;&\/ ,if;okdYjrwfpGmbk&m;<ua&mufawmfrl r[mjrwfrked kyfyGm;
awmfukd pEol&d,rif;vufxuf oGef;vkyfcJhaMumif; &mZ0ifvuFmusrf;ESihf &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif awGU&ao;ygonf/
&udKifjynfokdY bk&m;<ua&mufawmfrlaMumif; a&;xkd;xm;aomausmufpmonf ajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&m? ygVd
bmomjzihfa&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmjzpfonf/ ,if;ausmufpmukd bDpD (6 &mpk)wGifa&;xkd;cJhonf[k cefYrSef;&
&udKifjynf a&S;tusqkH;aomausmufpmjzpf\/
a0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ae&m\ ta&SUbuf? ajrmufOD;NrdKU\ taemufbuf yef;okH;acsmif; acsmif;zsm;&Sd
awmifukef; NydKysufaeaom apwDwpfqlrS &&Sdaom bk&m;kyfyGm;awmfwpfql (ausmufqif;wk)ukdawGU&onf/
,if;bk&m;kyfyGm;awmf\ wHupatmufajcvnf; ajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&mjzihfyif ]]opuy&dZmu0d,}} [l
ygVdbmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;onfukd awGU&\/ t"dym,frSm ]]opuy&AkdZfuJhokdY}} [ljzpfygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
0rf;Akdufylaom opuy&dAkdZftm; cRwfawmfrlaMumif; &nf&G,f xkdy&dAkdZfuJhokdYyif 0rf;Akdufylaeaom ykHo@mef
jzihf xkvkyfxm;jcif;aMumihf ,if;kyfyGm;awmfukd ]]bk&m;0rf;yl}} [l ac:prSwfjyKMuygonf/
,cktcg "n0wDacwfausmufpmESihf ta&;tom;ukd rQomawGU&ygao;onf/
a0omvDausmufavSum;acwf &udKifausmufpmESihf ta&;tom;rsm;

]]NrdKUkd;? wHwkdif;? usKH;rsm;eSihf jynfhpkHaom wifhwifvSaom NrdKUawmfukdwnfaqmufav\}}[k tmeEpjE
ausmufpm? *gxmtykd'f(20) a&;xkd;xm;onfhtwkdif; a'GifpjE(wkdOfpjE)rif;onf c&pfESpf at'D(327)wGif
a0omvDausmufavSum;NrdKUukd wnfaqmufawmfrlcJh\/ xkdrif;onf "n0wDpEol&d,tEG,fawmf (25)quf
ajrmufjzpfaom ol&d,auwkrif;\om;awmfjzpf\/ ,if;okdYNrdKUwnfNyD;aemuf ,cktcg NrdKUv,f[kcefYrSef;&aom
ukef;ajrjrifhwpfckay: {&mrausmufqif;wk Ak'kyfyGm;awmf\ Mumy'krmausmufyvifawmfrSm tcsif;(15)awmif
cefY&Sdygonf/ kyfyGm;awmf\a&SU (,cktcg NrdKUa[mif;jywkdufi,f) &Sdaomajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&mrS toGifajymif;
vmaom tu&mygVdbmomjzihf a&;xk;d xm;aom ausmufpmukd atmufygtwkid ;f awGU&ygonf/(,ckacwftu&m
jzihf tpm;xkd; azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
a0omvDbk&m;BuD;ausmufpm
1/
2/
3/
4/
a,"rm a[wkybm0g
a[wkH awoHwxm*awmtm[
awoO a,meda&m"
{0H0g'dr[morP
oabmt"dym,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf jyKtyfaom taMumif;w&m;? (ork',opm)aMumihfjzpfay:aom
tusK;d w&m;('kuo
pm)ukd a[mawmfr\
l / xkt
d aMumif; tusK;d w&m;wk\
Yd csKyNf ird ;f &mw&m;(eda&m"opm)? csKyNf ird ;f
aMumif;w&m;(r*opm)ukv
d nf; a[mawmfr\
l / xkw
d &m;onfyifvQif r[morPjzpfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;\
0g\aywnf;[ljzpfygonf/
(ausmufpmonf? a0omvDacwfwGif ,ckawGU&Sd&orQteuf a&S;tusqkH;jzpfaom at'd (4)&mpk yxr
ykdif;ausmufpmjzpf\/)
tmeEpjEausmufpm? *gxmtykd'f(28)a&;xkd;xm;aom (a'GifpjErif;rS 9-qufajrmuf)eDwdpjErif;(at'D
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdik o
f w
k
28
477-532)vufxuf a&;xkd;cJhaom ausmufpmwpfcsyfukd a0omvDNrdKUawmfteD; OPSduawmifrS wl;azmf&&Sd

,cktcg NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUjywkdufi,f awGUjrif&\/ ,if;ausmufpmukd ajrmufykdif;jA[Dtu&mrS toGifajymif;
vmaom tu&m? ouw(Sankit)bmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;\/ (,ckacwftu&mjzihf tpm;xkd;um atmufazmfjy
xm;ygonf/)
a0omvD eDwdpjEausmufpm
1/
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a,"rma[wkjyb0ga[wkHaw*gwHxm *awm
tm[aw*gp a,meda&ma"m {0d0g'Dr[mj*rP
oD&deDwdpjEoQ0wMoDemoQa'0dom0Dwm
pjEoD&d,memrya&armygoduvQ
a',s"arm,arm oAowGmeH rEkuwr
oabmt"dym,frSm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf jyKtyfaom taMumif;w&m;(ork',opm)aMumifh jzpfay:aomt
usKd;w&m;('kuopm)ukd a[mawmfrl\/ xkdtaMumif; tusKd;w&m;wkdY\ csKyfNidrf;&mw&m;(eda&m"opm) csKyfNidrf;
aMumif;w&m;(r*opm)ukdvnf; a[mawmfrl\/ xkdw&m;onfyifvQif r[morPjzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;
\0g'aywnf;/ / apwDawmfonf usufoa&r*Fvmtaygif;ESihfjynhfpkHaom eDwdpjErif;\ om0dwmpjEBwd,m
rnfaom rdz&k m;Bu;D \tvSLawmfjzpf\/ xkrd zd &k m;Bu;D onf jrwfpmG bk&m; o'gMunfo
dk nfjzpf owGm\tjrwf
qkH;jzpfaom w&m;ukd &pdrfhaomiSm 'geukd jyKawmfrlownf;[l jzpfygonf/
eDwdpjErif;\rdzk&m; om0dwmpjEa'0Donf eDwdpjErif;eef;wuf wpfESpftMum at'D(478)wGif apwD
ukw
d nfvsuf ausmufpma&;xk;d cJo
h nfjzpf&m? ausmufpmonf at'D(5)&mpk 'kw,
d xuf0ufyidk ;f ausmufpmjzpf\/
tmeEpjEausmufpm? *gxmtykd'f (29) a&;xkd;xm;aom (eDwdpjErif;ukd qufcHaom) 0D&pjErif;(at'D
532-535)vufxuf a&;xkd;cJhaom ausmufpmwpfcsyfukd a0omvDNrdKUawmf teD;&Sd oif;usyf"mwfawmfawmif
ay:rS wl;azmf&&Sd ,cktcg NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUjywkdufi,f awGUjrif&\/ ausmufpmonfvnf; eDwdpjEausmufpm
uJhokdYyif jAm[DrStoGifajymif;vmaom tu&m? ouw(Sanskrit) bmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmjzpf\/
(,ckacwfokH;tu&mjzihf jyefa&;vQif atmufygtwkdif;awGU&ygonf/)
a0omvD 0d&pjEausmufpm
1/
2/
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4/
ous"rm tmEk&ma*edwHoGm awPwlwkZm

y&mxCwaemoQm&orsE[dwapwdom
N*d0D&pjEa'a0e r[dr@vr@eH
"rm"d*w&maZeAk'wLywwHapwD
oabmt"dym,frSm w&m;ojzihf xD;eef;ukdqufqHpkd;pHaom olwpfyg;tusKd;ukd o,fykd;&Gufaqmif&ef
&nfoefvsuf&Sdaom oD&d0D&pjErif;onf rdrdykdif OpmaMu;aiGrsm;jzihf opmw&m;ukd ,kHMunfjrwfekd;jcif;aMumifh
urm\tqifwefqmjzpfaomapwDawmf tqlaygif;wpf&mukd wnfaqmufawmfrlownf; [ljzpfygonf/
0D&pjErif;onf eef;wufaom at'D(532)ckrSmyif? apwDawmfaygif; tqlwpf&mukd oif;uspf"mwfawmf
awmif wnfxm;aMumif; a&;xkd;cJhaom ausmufpmjzpf at'D (6)&mpkyxrykdif;ausmufpm[k ac:qkd&ygonf/
a0omvDaMu;acgif;avmif; urnf;pm
11
acgif;avmif;ukd ]]a0omvDaMu;acgifavmif;}} [k ac:&jcif;rSm ausmufpmESihf &mZ0ifokawod OD;pHa&Tyk

12/
Johnston, E.H.-Some Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Arakan.
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
29
&cdik ,
onf a0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif; wpfae&mrS wl;azmfawGU&Sjd cif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ ,if;acgif;avmif;pm pmaMumif;

(2)aMumif;jzihf a&;xk;d xm;aom urn;f pmyg&So
d nfjzpf&m ygarmu *Repf wef(Prof.Johnston)ESifh a'gufwm qmum&f
(Dr. Sircar)wkdYu xkdacwftdEd,ta&SUajrmufykdif; ausmufpmrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOf acgif;avmif;\oufwrf;ukd cefYrSef;
Muygonf/
*Repf wefu]]atpD(7)&mpk yxrxuf0ufyidk ;f a&;xk;d cJo
h nf[q
k v
dk Qif uGmjcm;rIenf;vdrrhf nf}}[kq
dk a'guf
wmqmum&furl]]at'D (6)&mpk yxrxuf0ufykdif;jzpf&rnf}} [kqkdxm;ygonf/ ,if;tqkdESpf&yfteuf a'gufwm
qmum&f\tqkdu eDwdpjErif;vufxuf(at'D 477-532)u a&;xkd;cJhayvdrfhrnf [laom,kHMunfcsufESihf cefYrSef;
xm;aomtqkdjzpfygonf/ ygarmu*Refpwef\tqkdurl oD&d"r0dZ,(oD&dpjErif;) (at'D-622-658)vufxuf
eSihfom wkdufqkdifaeaomfvnf; rnfonfhtqkdurSefonf? okdYr[kwf ykdeD;pyfonf[l ajym&efrvG,fyg/
acgif;avmif;\t&G,ftpm;rSm? atmufykdif;tus,fqkH;tem;ywfvnf (18)vufr? tjrifh(9)vufr&Sd?
]]a,"rm}} tpcsDaompmaMumif; (2)aMumif;ukd awGU&\/ a0omvDNrdKUawmfwGif rnfonfhbk&m;? apwD? ykxkd;
rnfonfhtvSL&Sifu vSLcJhaMumif;rod&aomfvnf; urnf;pm tvSL&Sifonf]]opmw&m;ukdodjrifpdrfhaomiSm
rdbESpfyg;ukd &nfpl; vSL'gef;cJhaMumif;}}ukdum; od&ygonf/
a0omvDaMu;eDyk&ykduf trdefUjyefwrf;pm
aMu;eDyk&ykdufukd c&pfESpf (1935)cku ysufpD;,kd,Gif;aeaom a0omvDNrdKUkd;wHwkdif; twGif;buf&Sd
ovm0wD&mG i,f\taemufawmifbufoYdk (2)zmvkcH efaY 0;uGmaom uke;f jrihw
f pfcak y:rS wl;azmfawGU&Scd ahJ Mumif;od&
ygonf/ aMu;eDyk&ykduf\&ifbwf pmom;t&SnfrSm (12)vufrcefY&Sd ausmbuf pmom;t&SnfrSmvnf;
,if;avmufyif&Sdygonf/ pmaMumif;a&rSm &ifbwf(12)aMumif;? ausmbuf(6)aMumif;cGJESifh rif;rdefYjyefwrf;ukd
wm0efcH xkwfjyefol\trnfyg pmwef;wpfaMumif;ukd awGU&ygonf/
trdefYjyefwrf;\oabmrSm bk&ifrif;jrwfonf t&d,moHCmawmf t&Sifjrwfrsm;tm; ausmif;aqmuf
vSL'gef;NyD;vQif ausmif;twGuf tpOfojzihf jyKjyifxdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;ESihf ywfouf vkdtyforQaom
aMu;aiG? qefpyg; ponfrsm;ukd &&Sad tmifv,f,majrrsm;ukd (aus;uRe?f uR?J EGm;rsm;ESiw
fh uG) e,ferd w
d o
f wfrw
S
f
vSL'gef;xm;aMumif;? aemifvmrif;rsm;onfvnf; trdefYjyefwrf;ukd tav;tjrwfxm;um tvSL'geukd
qufvufjyKvkyfapvkdaMumif; rSmMum;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
,if;yk&ykdufpmrSm tvGefvSyaooyf a&;xkd;cJhaomacwfukd at'D(6)&mpk[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ ,if;yk&ykduf
jyefwrf;oabmrsKd;twkdif;yif (tmeEpjEausmufpm? *gxmtykd'f (46)vnf;) tmeEpjErif;onf tmeaEm
',trnf&Sdaom ausmufpmrsm;pGmukd wnfaqmufvSL'gef;cJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
oHwGJckdif ivkH;armfausmufpm12
a0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif;ae&mESifh ,if;teD;wpf0u
dk w
f iG f awGU&aomausmufpmrsm;tjyif oHwcJG kid f ivk;H armf
&Gm teD;&Sd awmifukef;*li,fwpfckrS za&,m( G.E. Fryer) onfc&pfESpf(1872)ck awGU&SdcJhaom ausmufpmwpfcsyf
vnf; &SdwkHao;\/ ausmufpmonf ,cktcg t*Fvefjynf atmufpzkdYjywkduf (The Royal Asiatic Society At The
Museum Of The Indian Institute, Oxford) &Sdae\/
ausmufpmonfvnf; ]]a,"rm}} tpcsaD om ausmufpmjzpfNy;D vQif tvSL&SiOf youmrsm; jzpfMuukeaf om
rd*gESihf omaumrJwkdYu rdbESpfyg;ukd &nfpl;ukokdvfjyKcJhaMumif; a&;xkd;xm;\/ a&;xkd;xm;aomtu&mrSm
a'0em*&Djzpf bmompum;rSm ouw(Sanskrit) bmompum;yifjzpfonf/ ta&;tom;ukd Munfhjcif;tm;jzihf
a0omvDacwf? c&pfESpf(8)&mpktwGif; jzpfNcdrfhrnf[k ygarmu*Refpwefu cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/
12/
Johnston, E.H.-Some Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Arakan.
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdik o
f w
k
30
a0omvDwpfacwfvkH;wGif tvGefxif&Sm;aom tmeEausmufpmukd tmeEpjErif;eef;pH (9)ESpfajrmufaom

tcg a&;xkd;cJhaMumif;/ ,if;ausmufpm *gxmtykd'f (45)atmufykdif;pum;ajypmaMumif; awGU&onfjzpf&m?
,if;ausmufpmukd ygaru*Repf wefu at'D(709)/ a'gufwm qmum&fu at'D(729)[k cefrY eS ;f xm;Muaomfvnf;
ou&mZfukd taotcsm wGufppfaomtcg at'D(686)jzpfaMumif;ukdom awGU&ojzihf ivkH;armfausmufpmukd
tmeEpjEeef;pH ou&mZfESihf csdefukdufMunhfvQif c&pfESpf(7)&mpk 'kwd,xuf0ufykdif;omjzpfEkdifzG,ftaMumif;&Sd
ygonf/
jyqkdtyfNyD;aom ausmufpm? urnf;pm? yk&ykdufrsm;tjyif wpfpwpfpESihf wl;azmfawGU&Sd&aom a0omvD
acwfta&;tom;rsm;vnf; &SdMuwkHao;\/ awGU&Sd&orQESihf &udKiftu&m? pmayorkdif;ukd pOf;pm;&rnfqkdvQif
1/ "n0wDacwf? bDpD(6)&mpk 'kwd,xuf0ufykdif; awGU&aom jAm[Dtu&m? ygVdbmomjzihfa&;xkd;xm;
aomausmufpm/
2/ a0omvDacwf? at'D(4)&mpk yxrxuf0ufykdif; awGU&aom jAm[Dtu&mrS toGifajymif;vmaom
tu&m? ygVdbmomjzihfa&;xkd;xm;aomausmufpm/
3/ a0omvDacwf? at'D(7)&mpkrS a'0em*&Dtu&m/
ouw(Sanskrit) bmomjzihf a&;xkd;xm;aom ausmufpmurnf;pm? yk&ykdufrsm;ukd awGU&onfjzpf&m?
,if;acwf,if;tcg ,if;ou&mZf&mpkrsm;wGif &udKifjynfokH;tu&mESihf ta&;tom;rSm &udKiftu&monf
jAm[t
D u&mrS olaY cwfEiS o
fh l wpfqifw
h pfqifyh o
Hk @mefajymif;vJvmcJyh gonf/ ,if;okaYd jymif;a&TUvmyku
H dk Z,m;wGif
azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/
xkdausmufpm? urnf;pm? pmay? y&ykdufpmrsm;wGif ygVdbmom? ouwbmomrsm;jzifh a&;om;onfukd
awGU&aomfvnf; wkid ;f jynfo;Hk bmompum;rSm &uKd ib
f mompum;omjzpf ,if;pum;ukd a0omvDacwfuyifo;Hk
pGJajymqkdonf[k ,lqEkdifygonf/ taMumif;ESihfywfouf awGUvmMu&ygonf/ taxmuftxm;tenf;i,f
wifjy&rnfqkdvQif...
1/ a0omvD aMu;eDqDrD;cGuf13/ aMu;eDqDrD;cGuf a0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif; wpfae&mrS okawoD OD;pHa&Tyk
awGU&Scd &hJ onfjzpf&m ,if;qDr;D cGuaf tmufajc ]]t,memaumif;rIawmf}} [l &uKd it
f u&m? &uKd ib
f mom
pum; jzihf a&;xkd;xm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ qDrD;cGufvuf&mukd at'd(6)&mpk okdYr[kwf (7)&mpk[kcefYrSef;
&ygonf/
2/ ar"ynmarmfuGef;14/ armfuGef;onf a0omvDoD&d"r0dZ,(oD&dpjErif;)\ ynm&Sdtrwf ar"ynma&;
cJhonfjzpf&m? ,if;armfuGef;\ tqkH;owfukd okdYawGU&ygonf/
]](at'D 622-658)}}
]]...xku
d p&G,?f omoemh0efxrf;? &[ef;oHCm? pOfvmyGm;x? oD[Ve,f? 0g'wlb?d *kPo
f *d F rD mS ? ywmyOr?d
BuD;eDcsyfjym;? ig;axmiftm;jzihf? &GD;xm;aocsm? okH;ESpfMumvQif? atmifjrifNyD;pD;? oD&dpjEm;? kdYrif;zsm;um;?
kyfyGm;ykxkd;? apwDrsKd;eJY? aemufwkd; uefwl;? aumif;rIjzmjzm jynf&GmcGefbPf? ,ljyefwpf0uf? &efrsufuif;Nidrf;?
r,drf;r,kwf? BudK;ukwf'ge? oDvwpfjzm? bm0emwpf&yf? 0dyem? rsm;pGmtm;xkwf? avmukwf obif?
r*fyGJ,ifonf/ / zkdvf0ifedAmefa&mufaMumif;wnf;/}}
13/
U San Shwe Bu-Brass Figure LamP, Found At Vesali, Arakan. Burma Research Journal,
Vol. X, part II.
14/
a0omvD&mZ0ifayrlrS aumufEkwfcsuf/ NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUa&TMumodrfausmif;wkdufq&mawmf "rmp&d,

OD;0drv t&Sifjrwfu aus;Zl;jyKygonf/
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
31
&cdik ,
ok0Pa'0D\ oQef;vkduf&wk15/ &wkukd tdrfa&SUpHodCHpjErif;\ arsmufom;awmf ok0Pa'0Da&;pyfcJh

ygonf/ ]]odefuefrdefwGif}} tpcsDaom &wk(3)ykd'fjzpfonf/
4/ ok0Pa'0D\ u0d*Eusrf;?16/ usrf;rSm ouwbmomjzihf a&;xm;aom rm*"wkdif;jynf umvD'go
ynm&Sd\ oQ&aAm'qef;usrf;ukd &udKifbmomjzihf jyefqkdxm;aomusrf;jzpfygonf/
5/ a0omvDacwfrSmyif ygVdbmom? ouwbmomwkdYrS &udKifbmomokdYjyefqkdxm;aom usrf;aygif;rsmpGm
&SdcJh&m ,if;teuf pmeustrwfBuD;\ pmeuseDwdusrf;? Murm'kdufrif;BuD;0wK? rEk"rowfusrf;wkdYrSmvl
odrsm;aomusrf;rsm;jzpfMu\/ a*gwryl&mPfusrf;onf euwfaA'ifusrf;jzpf ,if;euwfaA'ifESihf ywf
oufaom usrf;rsm;? aq;usrf;? ocsFmusrf;rsm;onfvnf; &SdMuukefao;\/ wdrfjrKyfaeaom? wdrfjrKyfqJjzpf
aom a&S;ynm&Sd wkdY\ pmayusrf;*efrsm;ukd &SmazGavhvmazmfxkwf okawoejyKvkyfzkdY vkdtyfygonf/
6/ a0omvDacwf aemufqkH;jzpfaom plVpjE(0g)plVr[m&mZmvufxuf cwfESdyftokH;jyKcJhaom aiG'*Fg;rsm;
cwfESdyfxm;aom ]]plVr[m&mZm}} qkdaom pmwrf;rSm 0kdif;pufaom &u0Ptu&myifjzpfaMumif; awGU&
ygonf/
txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;ukdaxmufqjcif;tm;jzihf ausmufpm? urnf;pm? yk&ykdufrsm; ygVdbm
om? ouwbmompum;jzihf awGU&aomfvnf; jynfokH;pum;jzpfaom &udKifpum;? &udKifpmayrsm;rSm a0omvD
acwfuyif &SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/
3/
av;NrdKYacwf &udKiftu&mESifh ta&;tom;rsm;

a0omvDausmufavSum;acwf\ oufwrf;onf at'D(327)rS (818)xd (491)ESpfjzpf av;NrdKUacwf\
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&ckdifwGif aysmufuG,fvkeD;jzpfaeaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;teuf ewfyef;usm;wD;uGuf? wD;[ef u[efESihf

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(1)
1/
2/
3/
b'uyfurm ay:xGef;vSm? ig;Mumzl;ikH? vlYbkHqefpkefwufvSpf? Zmwdckduf? pifppfwnfa&Smif;wkdufwpf

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(odMum;rif;au? ewfrif;&mZm? 0wd Homav? ajcmuf&GmxufrSm ? pHpm;umav)
(2)
yef;usm;wD;oH
1/ txufodMum;? atmufe*g;? bk&m;jrwfpGm? pdaE,sm? xdyfrSmwifrkd;? &SdvQifckd;? kdusKd;0Eem? uefawmhygav;/
2/ ZrL'Dyg uRef;jrwfpm? apmihfum&Hywf? uRef;apmihfewf? rjywfpkd;cg? igkdY&Gmukd? <uygpDjcif;? atmifNrDeif;av;/
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"n0wD? armfuGef;csD? XmeDkdYEIdif;? igkdYwkdif;/
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(3)
yef;usm;wD;oH(qkawmif;cef;) (ajrmufO;D ewfz)YJG

1/ &Spf&yfewfwGif? ajrmufOD;oQif? wkdif;cGifvSnhfywf? <uygvwfav;/
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(4)
1/
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5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10/
11/
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15/
16/
17/
18/
19/
20/
21/
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(6)
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3/ r,l&armif ajymifauajymif0if;? wefaqmif;&armif ajymifauajymif0if;/
4/ r,l&armif ajymifau ajymif0if;/
5/ usdef;&armif? Muyfpifawmif? awmifu &rf;NAJ? waygif;wnf;av;/
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(tykd'f 11)
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acsmarmqif;a&mif nDaemifom;]b}okH;a,muf&vsuf ...
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(tykd'f 23)
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(tykd'f 25)
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(tykd'f 33)
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pEol&d,rif;\tEG,fawmf(21)qufwGif ol&d,a&Ekrif;jzpf\/ omoemESpf(1184)ck? ou&mZf(1332)
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ESihf rif;qufaygif;(19)qufomawGU& t"drmofusrf; ayrlt& (21)qufrawGU&ay/
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jzpfaMumif; awGU&jyefygonf/ tdEd,jynf tOerif;onf twdwfou&mZf (8645)ukd NzdKaomtcg &ckdifjynf
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]ynmar"marmfuGef;} aumufEkwfcsufum; awGUMu&ygonf/
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qufajrmufaom ol&d,pdMwrif;onf ]"-e-O}udef;ukdNzdKNyD;aemuf xkdrif;NzdK<uif;ou&mZf (37)wGif ewf&Gm
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wwd,"n0wDacwf\aemufqkH;rif;jzpfaom ol&d,auwkrif;xd rif;(9)qufeef;pHESpfaygif;rSm (211)ESpfjzpf
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a0omvD ausmufavSum;acwf
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],ckqef;vsuf&Sdaom uvd,k*ftp rif;rlaom "r&mZm rif;ou&mZf(1812)? eErif;ou&mZf(500)?
a*gwrif;ou&mZf(400)? r,l&rif; ou&mZf(360)? a,rygvrif; ou&mZf(107)? if;rif;ig;yg; ou&mZf
(3179)ESpfjzpf\/ if;ou&mZfonf ourif;NzdKaom ou&mZfjzpf\[l ol&d,od'Eusrf; qkdavonf/
[k &ckid &f mZ0opfusr;f pmrsuEf mS (275)eSifh (277) &rf;NANJ rKd U? awmifausmif;q&mawmfu wifjyxm;ygonf/
ol&d,pdMwrif; ]"-e-O}udef;}(609)? okdYr[kwf ourif;]e0-c-quddef;}(a*gwr y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlaom
uvd,k*fESpfqef; ESpfaygif;(2570) rS wufyGm;vmaom)(609)ukd toD;oD;NzdKNydKaemuf ou&mZfaumZm wufyGm;
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a0omvDNrdKUawmfukd wnfaxmifaom ou&mZf (249+340=589)onf oD&dpjEm;rif; ewf&Gmvm;aom aumZm
ou&mZfyifwnf;/ xkdrif;onf ]O-w-rudef;}t& ou&mZf(560)ukd NzdKcJhNyD;vQif (29)ESpfqufvufeef;pHao;onf
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(29)ESpfyifjzpfygonf/
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(609+560)=1169 eSpf,kwfavsmhvmygonf/
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av;aomif;&[ef;? uRwfwrf;0ifMu? xkdup? omoemh0efxrf;? &[ef;oHCm? pOfvmyGm;x? oD[VESifh? 0g'wlbd?
*kPfod*F DrSm? avm[myOrd? BuD;eDcsyfjym;? ig;axmiftm;jzihf? &GD;xm;aocsm? okH;ESpfMum\/
txufyg yanmar"marmfuGef;\ oabmt"dym,f/ /('kwd,"n0wDacwf) &mvrm,krif;onf ]]rdb-pH-Zd}}udef;t& twdwfou&mZf (8645)ukd NzdKcJh\/ (tdEd,jynf? tOerif;NzdKaom ]]yO-pwk-q-yoQL;}}udef;
eSiw
fh \
l /) xkNd zKd <uif;ou&mZf(103)okaYd &mufaomtcg a*gwrbk&m; yGiahf wmfr\
l / (45)ESpw
f idk w
f idk f ewfvw
l t
Ydk m;
tuRwfw&m; a[mMum;awmfrl ou&mZf(148)ck? uqkefvjynfh t*FgaeYwGif y&dedAmefysHvGefawmfrlygonf/
&mvrm,krif;rS ig;qufajrmufjzpfaom (wwd,"n0wD? NrdKUeef;wnf) pEol&d,rif;onf (ewf&GmrpHrD
wpfeSpfu) ou&mZf(148)ukd ]Zd-0-u udef;}t& NzdKvsuf xkdrif;ewf&GmpHaomESpfrSm aumZmou&mZfudk 1 u
tpjyKcJh\/
pEol&drif;tEG,fawmf(16)qufajrmuf ol&d,pdMwrif; vufxufokdYa&mufaomtcg ]]"-e-O udef;}}t&
ou&mZf(609)ckukd NzdKvkdufjyef\/ (omoemou&mZfxuf aumZmou&mZfonf (609)ESpf ,kwfavsmhvm\)
pEo&l ,
d rif;\tEG,af wmf (32)qufajrmufjzpfaom (a0omvDausmufavSum;NrKd U) oD&pD jEm ;rif;vufxuf
]]O-w-rudef;}}t& ou&mZf(560)ukd NzdKjyefygonf/ (xkdYaMumihf aumZmonf omoemou&mZfxuf(609+
560)=1169 ESpf,kwfavsmhcJhayonf/) ]]"-e-O udef;}} (609/ ]]O-wdrudef;}} (560)? ,if;ESpf&yfaygif;ukd ]]"mwk-#D-um udef;}} [k wGif\/ udef;onf ESpfta&twGuftm;jzihf (1169)aywnf;/
]]"m-wk-#D-um udef;}}ESihfywfouf ynmar"m armfuGef;yif...
]]wpfrsK;d uvd? tod{u? vk;H 0cRw,
f iG ;f ? w&m;uif;\? ,i;fuvdouf? xkEd pS x
f ufrmS ? odum odu? *Pef;csum?
&moufumv? [m,erS?D omuDous? a*gwr[k? avmuvl&Y mG ? jzpfyiG v
fh mS ? a'0grEk? uRwrf aI [mMum;? av;q,fh
ig;0g? a&mufonfcgum;? Moqm*g&? omcykPrD? Nidrf;vDdedAmef? xm;jyefomoem? aumZmNzdKI? "mwk#Dum?
a&mufcgaygif;Mu? e0Bwd? o-w-*d[k...}}
[lawGU&\/ ,if;udef;rsm;t& *Pef;csvQif
bk&m;yGifhawmfrlaomodumodu uvd,k*fESpf
2525
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
93
&cdik ,
bk&m;w&m;a[mawmfrlaomESpf
45
bk&m;y&dedAmefpHvGefaomESpf
2570
"mwk#Dumudef;
1169
ESpf&yfaygif;onhf ]e0-Bwd-ow-*d
3739
wwdwfuvd,k*fjzpf\/
,if; ,cka&muf&Sdaom aumZmou&mZfukdaygif; 1332
,ck uvd,k*fjzpf\/
5071
,if; bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKaom uvd,k*fukdEIwf
2570
,cka&mufaeaom omoemESpf
2501
wpfenf;tm;jzihf tdEd,jynf tZmwowfrif; NzdK<uif;ou&mZf(609)]e0-c-qudef;}okdYa&mufaomtcg ourif;onf
twduvd,k*fESpf (3179)ukd ]e0-o-w-{u-Bwdudef;}t& NzdKcJhonfjzpf&m ,if; ]e0-o-w-{u-Bwdudef;}t&
NzdKcJhonfjzpf&m ,if; ]e0-c-qudef;}edAmefpHawmfrlaom uvd,k*fESpfaywnf;[k tajz&ygonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / ynmar"m armfuGef; a*gwrbk&m; yGifhawmfrlaom uvd,k*fESpfukd ]odumodu} 2525 [k
jyqkdxm;NyD;vQif (45)ESpfaom umvywfvkH; ewfvlwkdYtm; tuRwfw&m;a[mMum;vsuf y&dedAmefjyKawmfrlaom
ESpfukd (2525+ 45)=2570 [k qkdygonf/ jrefrmtvkdtm;jzihf bk&m;zGm;awmfrlaom ESpfukd (2477+80)=2557
[k qkdxm;ygonf/ xkdYaMumihf bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKaomESpf tqkdESpf&yfrSm wpf&yfESihfwpf&yf (13)ESpfuGmjcm;aeonf
ukd awGU&ygonf/
oD&dpjEm;rif;vufxuf q|ro*Fg,emwifjcif;
td E d , jynf rZ s d r a'o (1)tZmwowf r if ; vuf x uf w pf B ud r f ? (2)umvaomurif ; vuf x uf
wpfBudrf?(3)tmaomurif;vufxuf wpfBudrf? (4)a&S;acwf wrm&myged[kwGifaom oD[kdVfuRef; 0#*grPdrif;
vufxufwpfBurd f pkpak ygif;(4)Burd w
f ifcMhJ uayonf/ pwkwt
Burd o
f aYdk &mufNy;D rS yd#uwfo;Hk yku
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wifcJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ &ckdifjynfonf c&pfESpfat'D 'kwd,&mpkwGif oD[kdVfuRef;ESihftquftoG,fjyKvmcJh
aMumif; emyg*sLeDuGef'gausmufpmukd taxmuftxm;jyK od&\/
wwd,"n0wDacwfvGefajrmuf a0omvD(ausmufavSum;)acwfokdYa&mufaomtcg tmeEpjErif;vuf
xufwGif oD[kdVfoHCmawmfrsm;? &ckdifoHCmawmfrsm; a0omvDNrdKUawmf tnDtnGwfpnf;a0;MuNyD;vQif oD[kdVf
yd#uwfo;Hk yk(H pwkwo
*Fg,emrl)twkid ;f o*Fg,emwifawmfrcl MhJ u\/ ,if;okw
Yd ifjcif;ukd oD[Vdk rf q
S uf yOro*Fg
,em[lyif qkd&ayrnf/ tmeEpjEausmufpm...
bk&m;a[m yd#uwfokH;ykH usrf;tpkHukdvnf; bk&ifrif;jrwf\ trdefYjzihf tpkHpkHa&;ul;tyfNyD/ a&T? aiGjzihf
jyKvkyf &wemausmufrsufjzihf pDjc,ftyfaom Mumyef;rsm;jzihfvnf; ylaZmftyfNyD/ t&yfav;rsufESmrS <ua&muf
vmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; aMu;oydwfESifh ykd;ouFef;tpkHpkHukdvnf; ay;vSLawmfrl\ oDvarCjynf
(oD[kdVf)uRef; usif;yaom oHCmtpnf;ta0;okdY w&m;yvifqifr,OfomeSihf awmufyaom ykd;ouFef;rsm;ukd
ay;ykdYvSL'gef;awmfrl\}[l awGU&\/
tmeEpjEm;rif;vGef a0omvDNrdKUawmfyif oD&dpjEm;rif;vufxufokdYa&mufaomtcg xkdrif;onf ]Ow-rudef;}jzifh ou&mZf (560)ukdNzdKvkduf\/ ,if;ESpfuyiftpjyK rnfokdY o*Fg,emwifawmfrlcJhaMumif;?
ynmar"m armfuGef; azmfjyxm;onfjzpf&m xkdo*Fg,emwifjcif;onf q|ro*Fg,emwifjcif;yifjzpfayonf/
q|ro*F g ,emwif j cif ; taMumif ; eS i h f y wf o uf ynmar"marmf u G e f ; \ oabmt"d y m ,f r S m
o*Fg,emwiftahH om ajrrsuEf mS wpfzuf ausmif;ig;apmifpD aqmufvyk &f m av;rsuEf mS ausmif;aqmifaygif;
(20)jzpf\/ ,if; "l&ESpfjzmwGif vdrmawmfrlMuaom oD[kdVfoHCmawmfwpfaxmif? &ckdifjynfrrS oHCmawmf
wpfaxmif? aygif;eSpfaxmifaom oHCmawmfwkdYukd pl|a&0wtrnf&Sdaom em,ut&Sifoljrwfu OD;pD;vsuf
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdik o
f w
k
94
o*Fg,emwifawmfrcl yhJ gonf/ oHCmawmft&Sio

f jl rwfrsm; oDwif;ok;H awmfral om ausmif;aqmif (20)\ tv,f
w&m;obifqif,ifusif;y&m jzpfaom ausmif;BuD;Adrmef&Sd\/ ,if;Adrmef o*Fg,emwifaomtcg(1) 0denf;ig;usrf;ukd aMu;0gcsyfa& 250
(2) okwfokH;usrf;ukd
/
910
(3) tbd"rmckepfusrf;ukd /
840
aygif;
2000 (1)ESpfMum\/
t|uxm (1)
0denf;
aMu;eDcsyfa&
750
(2)
okwf
/
1500
(3)
tbd"rm
/
690
(4)
0dok'd
/
60
aygif;
3000 (2)ESpfMum\/
pkpkaygif; aMu;csyfa& 5000 yd#uwfokH;ykHESifh t|uxmrsm;ukd aemift&SnfwnfxGef;atmif
o*Fg,emwifcJhMu&m okH;ESpfMum\[l jzpfygonf/
a*gwrbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKaomeSpfESihf c&pfESpf

okawoDwkdYonf a*gwrbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKaomESpfukd c&pfESpfESihf wGufppf azmfjyMu&m wpfOD;eSihfwpfOD;
tajzrwlMuyg/ rnfuo
hJ w
Ydk u
G pf pfMuonf[k wGupf pfyHk wGupf pfenf;ukv
d nf; aumif;pGmrod&yg/ od&oavmufrmS
(1) 'kdif0efb[m'ltvf? 'D? qGmrduefEkydav; (Diwan Bahadur L. D. Swani Kannu Pillai)?a*gwrbk&m;vufxuf
ta&;BuD;aom tjzpfawmfrsmukd wifxm;aomrSwfwrf;rS wGufppf bk&m;y&dedAmefjyK aomESpfukd c&pf
ray:rD c&pfESpf bD? pD?(478)? {NyDvqef;(1)&uf? t*FgaeY[k qkdxm;ygonf/ (ESpf? v? &uf? aeY twdtus
wifjyxm;\/ okawoDwkdY pOf;pm;wkdufygonf/)
(2) 0gokbEKtwKywdukd a&;om;aom y&rmx(Paramartha Auther of the life of Vasubandhu)
u a*gwrbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKaomESpfudk c&pfESpf bD? pD (487)[k qkdxm;ygonf/
(3) qm&wdpjEm'ghpf(Sarat Chandra Das) u "rmaomurif;ukd a*gwrbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;
(250)Mumaomtcg rif;jzpfvmonf[k qkdNyD;vQif wkwfjynfwHwkdif;BuD;ukd wnfaqmufaom &Sd0ef;wd(SheHwang - Ti) ESihfxD;NydKifeef;NydKifjzpfaMumif;? xkdwkwfbk&ifonf bD? pD (246) eef;wuf bD? pD? (221)
bk&ifBuD;jzpf vmNyD;vQif bD?pD(210) ewf&Gmvm;aMumif; a&;xm;ygonf/ wkwfbk&if\eef;wufou&mZf
ukd,l ajym&rnf qkdvQif (246+250)=bD? pD (496)onf bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKaom ou&mZfjzpf&rnf[k
wifjyxm;ygonf/
(4) ygarmu&mref(Professor Rahman)a&;aom tif'kdygupwef &mZ0if(History of Indo Pakistan) a*gwrbk&m;
ukd c&pfESpf bD? pD(566) zGm;jrif bD? pD(486) y&dedAmefjyK\[k qkdxm;ygonf/
(5) wkwfjynfuefwkef(Canton) NrdKU bk&m;y&dedAmefpHvGefaom eSpfrS wpfESpfaphwkdif; tpufi,f wpfpufpD
csrSwfvmcJh&mrS c&pfESpfat? 'D (489)okdYa&mufaomtcg xkdtpufi,ftrSwftom; (The Dotted Record)
onf (975)puf&NdS yq
D \
dk / xkaYd Mumihf (975-489)=486 onf bk&m;y&deAd m efjyKaom bD? pD? c&pfEpS jf zpf&rnf[k
qkdygonf/ (Ta Ka Ku Su, J.R. A.S 1905, P.51)
(6) AGD? at? qrdof( V.A Smith)u Adrdom&rif;ESihf tZmwowfrif;wkdYvufxuf a*gwrbk&m;yGifhawmfrltZm
wowfrif;vufxuf y&deAd m efpv
H eG w
f mfrjl cif;aMumihf Adro
d m&rif; tEG,af wmfrsm;ukd rSww
f rf;wifaomtcg
cg&a0v(Khapavala Inseription) ausmufpmukd taxmutxm;jyKjcif;tm;jzihf a*gwrbk&m; y&dedAmefpHvGef
awmfrlaom ou&mZfukd bD? pD? (543)[k rSwf,loifhaMumif; a&S;acwf tdEd,&mZ0if (The Early History of
India) wifjyxm;\/ ,if;ou&mZfukd oD[kdVfuRef;uvnf; todtrSwfjyK\[k qkdygonf/
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
95
&cdik ,
(7) xkdokawoDrsm;vufvSrf;rD&m tcsuftvufrsm;eSifh SdEIdif;wifjyMuouJhokdY tuRefYtaeESihfvnf; wifjyty

aom tcsufwpf&yf&Sdygfonf/ vufcHoifhonf[k rwkdufwGef;vkdaomfvnf; ,if;tcsufrSm rif;zavmif;onf
eef;pHESpfaygif;(20)okdYa&mufaomtcg aumZmou&mZf (953)? omoemou&mZf (2122)ckESpfwGif OD;&mZf
"mwfawmfapwD XmyemoGi;f yGaJ wmfudk pDrcH if;usi;f onf[k &ckid &f mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjyxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
okdYaumZmou&mZf(953)wGif omoemou&mZf(2122)ESpf&SdNyD[k od&ygonf/ (omoem 2122?
aumZm 953)1169 uGmjcm;ygonf/ ,if;(1169)onf ("eOudef; 609+Owrudef;560)="mwk#Dumudef;
(1169) yifjzpfygonf/ omoemou&mZfxuf aumZmou&mZf xkrd Q,w
k af vsmyh gonf/ c&pfEpS Ef iS yfh g,SOjf y&vQif
aumZmou&mZf
omoemou&mZf
c&pfESpf
rif;zavmif;eef;wuf
933
2102
1571
20
20
20
XmyemoGif;
953
2122
1591
379
379
379
,cka&muf&Sdaom
1332
2501
1970
okdY okdYtm;jzihf okawoDwkdY\ t,ltqrsm;ukd MunhfvkdufvQif a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&dedAmefpHvGef
awmfrlaomc&pfESpfukd bD? pD? 478? 487? 496? 486? 543 [k ig;rsKd;xGufqkdMuonfukd awGU&ygonf/ rnfonhf
c&pfESpfudkom [kwf\ rSef\[l tolqkdEkdifygtHhenf;/ okawoDwpfOD;\ tcsdefMumjrihfpGm avhvmwGufppfNyD;rS
wifjyxm;aom c&pfESpfukd omrmeftm;jzihf ypfy,f&ef rvG,fvSyg/ wifjyxm;aom c&pfESpfrsm; eSpfzuftpGef;\
jcm;em;jcifrSm (65)ESpfrQom uGmjcm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ ,kwdrJhwifjyMujcif;um; r[kwfyg/ *&dwf&mZ0if?
tdEd,&mZ0if? wkwf&mZ0ifrsm;ESihf eD;&mpyf&m wifjyjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
rSwfcsuf/ rif;zavmif;onf aumZm (933)? omoemawmf (2002)wGif eef;wuf ESpfaygif;(20)Mumaom
tcg OD;&pfawmfapwD XmyemoGif;obifukd pD&ifcif;usif;aMumif;ukd &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;u qkdxm; jrefrmEkdifiH
ESpfig;q,fajrmuf okawoe*sme,f trSwf(2) c&pfESpf(1571)wGif eef;wufonf[k qkdygonf/ rif;zavmif;
XmyemoGif;aomESpfrS ,ckxd(379)ESpfvGefvwfayNyD/ ,ck(omoem 2501? c&pf1970)=531 onf a*gwrbk&m;
y&dedAmefjyKaom bDpD531 jzpf\[k tajzxGufvmygonf/ okawoDwkdY qifjcifzG,fomjzpf vufcHoifhonf[k
rwkdufwGef;vkdyg? vufvSrf;rD&mESifh wifjyjcif;omjzpfygonf/
&ckdif&mZ0if acwftqufqufESifhywfoufaom ou&mZfrsm;

1/
2/
yxr "n0wDacwf/
rm&,krif;eSifhtEG,fawmf (54)quf?
rsKd;jcm; (3)qufaygif;(57)qufwkdY\
eef;pHESpfaygif;
ur&mZm ausmufyef;awmif;
pkd;pHMum;umv
1818
24
1824
'kwd,"n0wDacwf/
ur&mZmrS &mvrm,krif;eef;pH
(22)ESpfxd tEG,fawmfrif;(24)quf
wkdY\eef;pHESpfaygif;
830
acwfESpfacwf\ eef;oufaygif;
2672
(tdEd,jynf tOerif;\ ]yO-pwk-q-yoQL;}udef;? &ckdifjynf &mvrm,krif;\ ]rd-b-pH-Zd} udef;t&
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
&cdik o
f w
k
96
NzdKaom ou&mZf 8645 onf wpfcsdefwnf;xyfwlxyfrQjzpfMu\/)

3/ wwd,"n0wDacwf/
&mvrm,krif; NzdKif<uif;ou&mZf 97 wGif
pEol&d,rif;eef;wuf eef;pH51 ESpf? ou&mZf 148 wGif a*gwr
bk&m; y&dedAmefjyK\/
148
rm&,krif; eef;wufonfrSm bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKonfxd ESpf
2820
bk&m;y&dedAmefjyKaomESpfonf c&pfawmf ray:rD bDpD (531) jzpfaomaMumihf rm&,k yxr"n0wDukd
wnfaxmifaom ESpfonf (2820+ 531)=3351 c&pfawmfray:rDjzpfayonf/
a*gwrbk&if y&dedAmefjyKaomESpfwGif tdEd,jynf tZmwowfrif; ]yoQL;-pwk-ly} udef;? &ckdifjynf
pEol&d,rif; ]ZD-0-u}udef;t& (148)ukd wpfcsdefwnf; xyfwlxyfrQ NzdKcJhMu\/
pEol&d,rif;rStEG,fawmf (16)qufajrmufjzpfaom ol&d,pdMwrif;vufxufwGif]"-e-O}udef;t& ou
&mZf(609)ukd NzdKcJh\/ ,if;ESpfonf ourif; tdEd,jynf NzdK&mwGif ygaom ]e-0-c-q} udef;ESifhwpfcsdefwnf;
xyfwlxyfrQaywnf;/
pEol&d,rif;\ tEG,fawmf(25)qufaemufqkH;ol&d,auwkrif; ewf&GmpHaomESpfonf ol&d,pdMwrif;\
]"-e-O}udef;(609)ukd NzdKNyD;aemuf wufyGm;vmaom aumZmou&mZf(548)ckjzpf\/ ,if;ESpfrSm wwd,"n0wD
acwf ukefqkH;ygonf/ aumZm(248)? omoem(248+609=857)/ c&pfat'D (857-531=326)/
4/
a0omvD(ausmufavSum;) acwf/
ol&d,auwk\om;awmf r[mwkdOf;pjEm;(a'GifpjEm;) rif;onf uHokH;qifhNrdKU wpfESpfMumaomaMumihf
a0omvDNrdKUukd aumZm(249)ck? omoem(858)ck? c&pfat'D (327)wGif rGrf;rHwnfaxmifcJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
oD&dpjEm;rif;vufxufokdY a&mufaomtcg ]O-w-r}udef;t& ou&mZf (560)ukd NzdKcJhygonf/ ,if;NzdKaomESpf
rSm omoemeSpf(609+560=1169)/ c&pfESpf(1169-531)=at'D (638)&SdcJhayNyD/ oD&dpjEm;rif;onf ou&mZf
NzdK (29)ESpfMumrS ewf&GmpHjcif;aMumihf ,if;ESpfonf aumZm (29)? omoem(1198)? c&pfat'D(667)jzpfonf/
r[mwkdif;pjEm;rif;rS oD&dpjEm;rif; ewf&GmpHonfxd eef;pHESpfaygif;(340)/ ,if;rSo*FpjEm;? plVpjEm;ESihf
rsKd;jcm;rif;wkdY tkyfpkd;aom ESpfaygif;(151)? pkpkaygif;(491)onf a0omvD(ausmufavSum;) acwf\ oufwrf;
jzpfygonf/ acwfukefaomESpfonf aumZm(180)? omoem(1349)? c&pfat'D(818)jzpf\/ (taemufEkdif
iHom; okawoDtcsKdUu a0omvDacwfukd c&pfESpf at'D (957)[k jyqkdMu\/ ,if;jyqkdcsufonf &ckdif&mZ0ifESihf
rnDaMumif; awGU&ygonf/)
5/ tOee'Dav;NrdKUacwf/
(u) pr0uf-yOmNrdKU?
acwoifrif;rS rif;ywdxd (15)quf?
eef;pHESpfaygif;
285
xkdYaMumifh prm0uf yOmNrdKUoufonf
aumZm(180+285)=465 ck?
omoem(1349+285)=1634 ck?
c&pf(818+285)=1103 ck ukefqkH;cJhygonf/
(c)
yOry&defNrdKU/
vusfmrif;eefrS aumvd,xd (6)quf
eef;pHESpfaygif;(eef;oufwkdMu\)/
20
xkdYaMumifh yxryk&defNrdKUoufonf
aumZm (465+20)=485 ck
omoem(1634+20)=1654 ck
&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
97
&cdik ,
(*)
'kwd,y&defNrdKU?
'o&mZmrS eSvkH;rif;xd (22)quf?
eef;pHESpfaygif;
127
xkdYaMumihf 'kwd,y&defNrdKUoufonf
aumZm(485+127)=612 ck
omoem(1645+127)=1781 ck
(C) avmif;MuufNrdKU?
tavmrmjzLrif;rS rif;apmrGefxd (18)quf
eef;pHESpfaygif;
180
xkdYaMumihf avmif;MuufNrdKUoufonf
aumZm(612+180)=1961 ck
c&pf(1250+180)= 1430 ck ukefqkH;cJhygonf/
rSwfcsuf/ /av;NrdKUacwfwpfacwfvkH;\ oufwrf;onf (285+20+127+180)=612 ESpfjzpf\/
6/ ajrmufOD;acwf(yxr)
rif;apmrGefeSihftEG,fawmf(12)quf?
rif;acgif&mZmxd eef;pHESpfaygif;
101
xkdYaMumihf rif;acgif&mZm ewf&GmpHaomeSpfonf
aumZm (792+101)=893 ck
omoem(1961+101)2062 ck
c&pf(1430+101)=1531 ckjzpfonf/
ajrmufOD;acwf('kwd,)
rif;ygBuD;eSihftEG,fawmf (9)quf?
rif;paexd? eef;pHESpfaygif;
107
xkdYaMumifrif;pae(oD&dok"r&mZm\
om;awmf) ewf&GmpHaomESpfonf
aumZm(893+107)=1000
omoem(2062 + 107)=2169
c&pf(1531+107)= 1638 jzpfygonf/
ajrmufOD;acwf (wwd,)
e&ywdBuD;(ukov)rS (28)quf
aemufqkH;orw&mZmxd eef;pHESpfaygif;(146)
xkdYaMumifh bkd;awmfbk&m; &ckdifjynfukd
odrf; orw&mZmeef;usaomESpfonf
aumZm(1000+146)=1146
omoem(2169+146)=2315
c&pf(1638+146)=1784 jzpfygonf/
ajrmufOD;acwf wpfacwfvkH;oufwrf;onf
(101+107+146)=354 ESpfjzpf\/ xkdtcsdefrS ,cka&muf&Sdaom ou&mZfxdqkdvQif 186 ESpfMum
vwfayNyD/
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98
aumZm(1146+186)=1970 jzpfaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
ou&mZfNzdKudef;rsm;
1/
]yO-pwk-q-yoQL;udef;} tdEd, tOerif;NzdK/ ]rd-b-pH-Zdudef;}

&ckdif &mvrm,krif;NzdK/
8645
2/ ]yoQL;-pwk-lyudef;} tdEd, tZmwowfrif;NzdK/
]ZD-0-u udef;} &ckdif pEol&d,rif;NzdK/
3/ ]e0-c-qude;f} tdEd, ourif;NzdK&m yg0if/
]"-e-Oudef;} &ckdifol&d,pdMwrif;NzdK/
609
4/ ]O-w-rudef;} a0omvD oD&dpjEm;rif;NzdK/
]c-q-yOmudef;} yk*Hykyg;apm&[ef;rif;NzdK/
560
rSwfcsuf/ /tdEd,ESihf&ckdif (609)ukd NzdKcsdefwGif oD&dacw&mwGif okrkE&Drif;onf ]a'g-a'g&oudef;}
t& (622)ukd NzdKcJhygonf/
omoemawmf ou&mZfESihfywfouf okawoDwkdY\ t,ltqrsm;ukd vkdtyfoavmuf wifjyNyD;
ygNyD/ ,if;t,ltqrsm;ukd jyefvnfokH;oyfMunfhvQif ta&;BuD;aom uGJjym;csufESpf&yfawGU&ygonf/
(1) a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlaomESpfwGif bkd;awmftOerif;NzdK<uif;ou&mZf (148)ukd
tdEd,jynf tZmwowfrif;NzdKcJh ,if;ESifxyfwljzpfaom &mvrm,krif;NzdK<uif; ou&mZf(148)ukd
pEol&d,rif;onf ZD0uudef;t&NzdKcJhonf/ ,if;rSwufyGm;vmaom ou&mZfukd pEmol&d,tEG,fawmf
(16)qufajrmufjzpfaom ol&d,pdMwrif;onf "eOudef;t& (609)ukdNzdK a0omvDacwfokdYa&mufaom
tcg oD&dpjEm;rif;onf Owrudef;t& (560)ukd NzdKcJhonf[laomtqkdESihfa*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKaom ou&mZf(148)ukd tdEd,jynf NzdKcJhaomfvnf; &ckdifjynf
rNzdKbJ pEol&d,tEG,awmf(21)qufajrmufjzpfaom ol&d,ma&Ekrif;vufxuf tmvrdu udef;t&
(1330)ukd wpfBudrfwnf;NzdKcJhonf[laom tqkduGJvGJcsufukd awGU&ygonf/
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ukdufnDonfukd awGU&jcif;aMumifh ,if;tqkdukdyif t"duxm; azmfjycJh&ygonf/ jrefrm&mZ0ifESifhrukdufnDaom
tcsufwpf&yfvnf; &Sdygao;onf/ ,if;tcsufrSm oD&dacw&m? okrkE&Drif;NzdKaom a'ga'g&oudef;ESihf ol&d,
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rsm;eSihf rukdufnDMuyg/ c&pfESpf bDpD (531)ESxihfom ukdufnDaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
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100
a'ocGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;
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taemufba*Fgonf [dELpwefa'ojzpfaeonf/ ta&SUba*Fgonf ygupwefa'o? ta&SUygupwefe,fy,fjzpf
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&Sdavonf/ b*Fg(12)NrdKUukd rif;&mZmBuD; pmwrf; jyqkdxm;\/ &ckdifr*Zif;trSwf(14)vnf; wifjyxm;NyD;
jzpf\/ r*kdrif;? plvwefrif;wkdYuvnf; e,fvkusL;vGef buvm(wdvuFm)'umpaom ta&SUb*Fvm;e,fy,fyg
olwkdY ykdifeuftjzpf if;wkdY\ b*Fg(12)NrdKUtrnfwGif xnfhfoGif;xm;ay\/
(c) azmfjyyg a'oukd a&S;usaom &ckdif"n0wDacwf? &ckdifol&d,rif;qufuyif a'orS wkdif;&if;om;
tkyfcsKyfolrsm;xHrS tcGef b@mrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? vufaqmify@mum&rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; qufcH&&SdaeayNyD
vnf;jzpfonf/
"n0wDacwf ol&d,purif;(bDpD-316-272)onf (u)azmfjyyg taomu(Asoka)rif;ESihf xD;NydKifeef;NydKif
rif;jzpfcJhonf/ xkdol&d,rif;quf (25)quftqkH; ol&d,auwk(at'D 273-327)vufxufwGif taemufjynf
(ta&SUb*Fvm;e,f) &ckdifykdifjzpfaom aomifwD;uRef; (Sandwip) tygt0ifa'owkdY &ckdifrif;\vufatmufcH
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&ckdifNrdKUpm;? e,fpm;? aus;pm;rsm;ay;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ xkdtcgwGif aomifwD;uRef;rSm trwfBuD; Owr

oD&Dausmf\ pm;aus;ae&myif jzpfavonf/
&ckdifa0omvDacwf pE&m;rif;quf ckepfqufajrmuf oD&dpjErif;(c&pf 595-667)vufxufwGifvnf;
xkdrif;\om;amf od*F DpjErif;rSm aemuf&yfykdifocif(taemufbk&ifcH)tjzpfjzihf armufolZmNrdKU(,cktaemuf
b*Fvm;e,f) okHESpfcefYwkdif tkyfcsKyfaecJh&onf/ aemufqkH;ajrmufOD;acwfxd vufeufEkdifiH &ckdiftifyg,mtjzpf
qufcHvmcJhavonf/
&ckdifykdif b*Fvm;(b*Fg 12 e,f) e,fukdum; taemufjynf[lvnf;aumif;? taemuf &ckdifjynf[l
vnf;aumif;? taemufyprd a'o[lvnf;aumif;? taemufjynfciG ?f taemufwpf;dk [lvnf;aumif;? &ckid b
f *Fg
(12)NrdKU? (12)e,f[lvnf;aumif;? (12)ykn [lvnf;aumif;? ykn(12)e,f[l vnf;aumif;? &ckdif&mZ0ifpm
ay? vuFmwkdY rSwfwrf;wiftokH;tpGJjyKxm;cJhMuavonf/ taemuf&ckdifjynfe,f tykdif;tjcm;ukdum; azmfjycJh
NyD;jzpfonf/
b*Fvm;e,f wkdif;&if;om;rsm;
xkdacwfOD; tm&d,mefrsm; 0ifa&mufvmpOf umvc&pfrwkdifrD ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmif\ rSmbufykdif;vmufrS
p c&pfay:NyD; at'D (7-8)&mpkwdkifatmifxd tykdif;tjcm; ESpfy&dap'umvwGif xkdta&SUtaemuf ba*Fga'o
onf trsm;tm;jzifh wkdif;&if;tdEd,efvlrsKd;EG,fpk ewfukd;uG,fMuaom a'0ylZm[dELbmom0ifrsm;ESihf Ak'bmom
ukd;uG,fMuaom Ak'ylZm [dELpaom Ak'bmom0ifrsm;wkdYom aexkdifjyKrl&Sdoltjzpf trsm;tm;jzihf wnf&SdcJhMuay
rnfomjzpfownf;/
xkdwkdif;&if;om; t&d,efpaom tdEd,rsKd;EG,fpkwkdYonf wkdif;&if;tdEd,ya'o&mZf r[m&mZm? a'oE&
&mZmrsm;\ wku
d f u
dk t
f yk cf sKyjf cif;ukv
d nf;aumif; rcHMu&aomtcg vGwv
f yfaomtcsKyt
f jcmrJt
h jzpf aecJ&h rnf
yifjzpf\/ ,if;okdYaecJh&onhfumvvnf; trsm;tjym; &SdcJhrnfomjzpf\/
if;jyif vlrsK;d tvku
d v
f nf; owAd swpd rG ;f &nf&o
dS l a'oE&&mZmwk\
Yd vufatmufwiG v
f nf;aumif;? v,fyidk f
ajrykdifjyKpkaumif;vufatmufwGifvnf;aumif; tkyfcsKyfa&;vnf; cHcJhMu&onf/ if;ya'o&mZfqufcHvsuf
xkad 'o pm;aus;jyK tkycf sKycf MhJ uayao;onf/ if;wku
Yd dk &ckid &f mZ0ifuvnf;aumif;? &ckid rf if;wku
Yd vnf;aumif;?
jynfaxmifi,fcsif;rif;[l tokH;tEIef;jyKcJhavonf/
ba*Fga'oukd &ckdifrif;ESihf tykdif;tjcm;e,fy,fa'o ruefYowfrowfrSwfpOfurl tkyfcsKyfoltcsif;csif;
e,fy,fcsx
YJ iG f vk,uftykid cf rH ?I usL;ausm0f ifa&mufaqmifEiS ;f rI? wku
d cf u
dk yf ek u
f efrrI sm; &Scd MhJ uayonf/ e,fy,fa'
o ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfNyD;aomtcgwGifum; if;wkdYrSm rw&m;tjyKtrlwkdY oufa&muf rif;wkdY\ usifhkd;xkH;enf;
"rowftwkdif; vkdufemjcif;jzihf a&SmMuOfvmcJh&onf/ okdYaomf tmPmvkrIwkdYaMumifh ckcHwkdufckdufjcif;rsm;jzihf
e,fy,fusL;ausmfaom jzpf&yfwkdYukd a&SmifMuOfEkdif&ef cJ,Of;ayonf/
&ckdifrif;wkdYonf taemuf&ckdife,fy,f\ e,fedrdwftykdif;tjcm;owfrSwfcsufukd rw&m;azmufzsufrIr&SdcJh
oavmuf jzpfavonf/ xkdYaMumihf e,fvGefrw&m;usL;ausmfrIrjyK&ef ynm&SdtrwfBuD;wkdYu xkH;ed*kH;om"u
oufaojy tNrJwrf;apmihfa&Smufxdef;odrf;cJhonfukd awGU&onf/
xkdtaemufb*Fvm;wkdY yxefrif;qufEG,f(plvwefrif;rsm;) r*kdrif;rsm;wkdYESihfvnf; qufoG,fcJhonfrsm;
jyKcJhayonf/ if;wkdYtm; &ckdifrif;onf ajrmufOD;aejynfawmf? aAmif;'GwfoabFmqdyfurf;wpfavQmuf oHkH;rsm;?
ukefwkdufrsm; csxm;apcJhonf/ ,ckxd xkdoHkH;ysufrsm;? oHwef&m(oHw&m) ae&mrsm; txift&Sm; usefaeao;
onf/
&ckdifykdif taemufe,fy,fa'oonf xkdokdY aus;pm;jyK tkyfcsKyfaeMuaom r[m&mZm? ya'o&mZm?
jynfaxmif\rif;rsm;? v,fajr&Sif tBuD;tuJrsm;ukdvnf; vkH;0kyfodrf;jcif;rjyKcJhay/ vufatmufcHjyKvsuf
jynfaxmifi,fcsif; rif;tjzpfom todtrSwfjyKcJh tokH;cscJhavonf/
jynfaxmifi,f\ taemufbufwGif yqmrif;aejynfjzpfaMumif;ukdvnf; ]]jynfaxmifaemufrSm yqm
&cdik o
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103
&cdik ,
xkdrif;}}[kqkdcJhonf/
taemufyqmrif; tygt0if jynfaxmifcsif; rif;wkdYxH &ckdife&ywdrif;onf aus;apwrefjzihf okdYa&;ykdYcJh
avonf/
]]'DyuRef;okdY? vkH;ukdpkd;&ef? cGJcsdefwef a0,efocif? olZmvifukd? armif&Sifajymav? rSmvTGwfae\/ aemufqD
yqm? rif;wkdYrSmum;? zl;vmrnfukd? omMunfqkd? armifkdaus;a&T? vsifvwfapwnf;}}
toQifBuD;
ukd;um;csufrsm;
(1) "n0wD ta&;awmfykH
(u0dom&)
(2) rif;&mZmBuD;pmwrf;
(ayrl)
(3) "n0wD&mZm0ifopf
(OD;y@dw)
(4) &ckdif&mZ0ifopf
(OD;pErmvm)
(5) ZrL'DytdEd,e,fykHusrf;
(OD;pErmvm)
(6) tdEd,aMu;rkHusrf;
(OD;udwd)
(7) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;
(a'gufwmausmfouf)
(8) wd[moQfy&dp,
(b*Fvm;bmom)
(9) osavcg (b*Fvm;bmom)
(wwd,bm*)
(10) tma':&aoQmf
(b*Fvm;bmom)
(11) Early History of India (V,C Smith).
(12) The Land of Great image (Morie collie).
(13) History of indo-pakistan (prof M Arshad and and prof A. Rahmand)
(14) A History of Chiltagong vol. 1
&cdik o
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ajrmufOD;acwf av;cif;obif
ajrmufOD;acwf &ckdifbk&ifrsm; vufxufu(12)&moD yGJvrf;obifrsm; usif;ycJhMuayonf/ wefcl;vwGif
a&obifyGJ? avSNydKifyGJ(t&yfom;yGJ)? uqkefv anmifa&oGef;yGJ? e,kefv udE&Drkyf uyGJ? 0gqkdv yOif;cHyGJ?
0gacgifv pma&;wHyGJ? awmfovif;v avSNydKifyGJ(rif;yGJ)? 0guRwfv oufBuD;0gBuD;? rdbbkd;bGm;? q&morm;wkdYtm;
uefawmhyGJ? qDrD;jrif;rkd&fyGJ? wefaqmifrkef;v uxdefyGJ? ewfawmfv r[mydEJkyftm;qGJyGJ? jymokdYv jrif;cifobif
yGJ? wykdYwGJv&m*kcsufyGJ? MumoGwftkd;yGJ? &xm;yGJ? waygif;voJapwDyGJawmfrsm;ukd usif;ycJhMu\/ yGJawmfrsm;ukd
taysmo
f ufoufjyKvyk u
f si;f ycJjh cif;r[kwaf y/ bmoma&;? vlraI &;? Ekid if aH &;? tm;upm; ponfrsm;xGe;f um;pnfyif
a&;wkdYtwGuf &ckdifbk&ifrsm;\ BuD;rm;aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzihf usif;ycJhMujcif;jzpf\/ ,if;(12)v&moDyGJawmf
rsm;onf bmoma&;ukd tajccHaom yGJawmfrsm;&SdMuovkd tm;upm;ESihf ZmwdaoG;? Zmwdrmefukd jyocGihf&Muaom
pGrf;&nfowdqkdif&m yGJawmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuayonf/
(u) r[mynmausmf ajymcJhaom pGrf;&nfowdqkdif&m yGJawmfeSpfck
]]...rSwfom;NrJoGif;? awmfovif;0,f? aerif;0ifu? rlveuwf? kH;rSwfa'0? ewfrdef;rwkdY? arG;ys&rm?
oef;acgifcgukd? jyKymy&ykduf? a&EIdufobif? avSyGJqif? ...}} [k r[mynmausmf\ (12)&moDyGJ awmfovif;v
wGif &ckdifbk&ifrsm; avSyGJobifukd usif;yNyD; a&wyfrawmf vlpGrf;aumif;ukd a&G;cs,fcsD;ajrmufaMumif; od&onf/
wpfzef jymokdYvzGJYwGif ]]pOfa&S;ajymqkd? vjymokdY0,f? cGmkdEG,fyef;? ruef;kyfvS? rum&wd? zkoQoef;acgif;?
aea&mifaysmufNyD? b&PD[k ? em&DwGufzGJY? okH;q,fhajcmufn? Z&a'G;aeY? b0g;aeaysmufjyef? ykpGefwm&? a&mifjr
vQHvif;? aevQHuif;u? jrif;cif;obif? pD&ifcefYNrJ}} tpcsD jymokdYvwGif a&S;acwfu vlpGrf;aumif;a&G;yGJukd
usif;yaMumif; bk&ifuvn;f ol&Jaumif;wkdY\ tpGrf;tprsm;ukd yGJawmfrS waphwapmif; tuJcwfEkdifaMumif;
od&onf/
okjYd zpf r[mynmausmf trwfBu;D u pGr;f &nfowq
d idk &f m yGaJ wmf(2)&yfjzpfaom avSyo
JG bifEiS hf jrifcif;o
bifwkdY rsKd;cspftmZmenfwdkYrSm pGrf;&nfowdukd jyocGifh&&Sdjcif;? bk&ifu ppfonfawmfwkdY\ ol&owdeSihf pGrf;&nf
wkdYukd ppfaq;Ekdifjcif;? csD;jrifholaumif;jyKxkdufolukd a&G;aumufcsD;ajrmufEkdifjcif; ponfwkdYukd vuFmjzihf ajymjy
rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf/
(c) av;cif;jyif\ wnfae&mESifUtaetxm;
av;cif;jyifqkdonfrSm ajrmufOD;acwfu qifonfawmf? jrif;onfawmf? av;onfawmf? ajconfawmf?
a&wyfrawmfom;wkdY\ ppfa&;avhusifh&m jyo&muGif;jyif(okdYr[kwf) a&S;acwfu vlpGrf;aumif;a&G;cs,f&m uGif;
jyif? wpfenf;tm;jzihf ol&Jaumif;wkdY\ pGrf;&nfowdqkdif&m yGJawmfBuD; usif;yonfh tm;upm;uGif;BuD;wpfck
jzpfayonf/ yGJawmfukd ESpfpOfjymokdv tcgor, usif;yavh&Sd\/ xkdav;cif;jyifrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU&wemhrm&f
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105
&cdik ,
atmifbk&m;\ ta&SUbuf wnf&Sdonf/ ,if;av;cif;jyif\ ta&SUbufwGif NrdKUawmfwHwkdif;? iref;'kHusLH? uopf

ajrmif;usKH;? awmifbufwGif tkdif0efusKH;? rD;orusKH;? bkef;BuD;'kHusKH;? ajrmufbufwGif tjrihfawmifcHwyf? &JvScHwyf?
&JvSusKH;? rif;orD;usKH;? uRJwif;xdrfusKH;ESihf taemufbufwGif ZkEwfawmifcHwyfwkdYu 0ef&HumqD;vsuf &Sdonf/
awmifbuf&Sd tkdif0ef;usKHaygifukd rif;ae&yftjzpf ausmufrsm;jzihf tqifhqifhyGJMunhfpifrsm; pDrHzefwD;xm;
avonf/ ,if;av;cif;jyif\ta&SUbufwGif ol&Jaumif;rsm; em;aepOf aomufokH;&ef ol&Jaumif;aomufa&
wGif;ukdvnf; ,aeYwkdifawGUjrifEkdifygao;onf/
(8) jymokdv av;cif;jyif0,f
&ckdifbk&ifrsm;onf ]]...Zmenf&JpGrf;? rlawmfxrf;onf? BudK;yrf;tm;xk? ol&Jpkum;? NrJrIaqmufwnf?
jynfah csrnf\}}[laom &ckid &f mZf0ifvuFmukd ESv;Hk rl ppfonfo&l aJ umif;wkrYd mS jynf\ajcESiw
fh o
l jzihf xl;cReo
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ukd,f&HBuD;? "m;ykdifBuD;? rkZkEm;BuD; ponfwkdYrSm bk&ifukd,fwkdifcsD;jrifhcJhaom bGJYxl;*kPfxl;rsm;yif r[kwfygavm?
uJhokdY xifay:aom vlpGrf;aumif;rsm;ukd bk&ifhorD;awmfrsm; ukd,fwkdif &mxl;tqifhtwef;tvkduf aAmif;awmf
rsm;? pvG,fawmfrsm;? vufaumufrsm;? vufpGyfrsm;? vuf&pfrsm;? eabrsm;? Mu,fyGihf? ukd,fvTm;? &ifpnf;y0g
rsm;ukd xkdufwefovkd ukd,fwkdifcsD;ajrmufqif,ifay;avh&SdcJhonf/
a&S;u av;cif;jyifBuD;\ ae&mtESHU0,f &ckdifatmifvHawmfBuD;rsm;rSm wvGefYvGefYuGefYjrL;vsuf &Sdayvdrfh
rnf/ ppfc&mtrsKd;rsKd;wkdYeSifh atmifpnf? atmifarmif;? wkdufpnf? wkdufarmif;? 'krmpnfBuD; wnHnHjzihf ppfjyifqif
oH &ckdiftrsKd;om; ppfaw;oHwkdYrSm &ckkdiftmZmenf ol&Jaumif;wkdYtm; &Jpdwf&Jrmef? ZmwdaoG;? ZmwdrmefwkdYukd
vIHYaqmfEId;qGay;ayvdrfhrnf/
ppfonfawmf ol&Jaumif; armifr,fwkdYrSmvnf; NydKifyGJr0ifcif rdrdwkdY\ qifawmf? jrif;awmfrsm;ESihfwuG
qkawmfyefb&k m;? Akv
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Yd dk wpfywfpD vSnu
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hf m
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okH;vDokH;cg OD;cs0wfjyKjcif;? usrf;opmusdefqkdjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMu&onfrSm tpOftvmwpf&yfyif jzpf\/ ,if;NyD;rS
om qifonfawmfvnf; qifonfawmftavsmuf? jrif;onfawmfvnf; jrifonfawmftavsmuf? av;onfawmf
vnf; av;onfawmftavsmuf rdrw
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Yd dk toD;oD; xkwaf zmfjyoMu&ayonf/
av;cif;jyifwGif ,if;ppfonf ol&Jrsm;omr[kwf rif;nDrif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0iftpGrf;jyoEkdifygonf/ bapmjzL
(at'D 1459-1482)vufxuf z'lrif;kd\ {jcif;wGif ]]ausmfav;uref? usifvnf[efvnf;? ypfrSefav&m?
wpfxGmoHxk? ESpfpkzkdY0uf? 0ifxGuftrQ? cefYwkdif;us\? &Sifhbaysmfyg;? upm;cvkd? cspfpdwfwkdYjzihf? rif;ukd,fvkyfrsm;?
em;wGi;f Mum;0,f? jrm;om;qH[?d rxdap&uf? rxGuaf pbJ? 0wfaomES,o
f }Ydk }[l a&;zGx
YJ m;onfudk awGU&ayonf/
bapmjzLrif;\ av;jrm;twwf xl;uJuRrf;usifykH? wpfxGmcefY&Sd oHxkukdyif av;jzihfESpfjcrf;cGJEkdifykH? ,if;oHxkukd
taygufazmufxGif;EkdifpGrf;&SdykH? ukd,fvkyfarmif;rwkdY\ em;aygufwGif;okdY tom;ukd qHwpfjcnfrQ rxdap&bJ
em;axmifyef;bdouJo
h Ydk axmuf
I ,if;acwfu rif;nDrif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0gtpGr;f jyEkid af Mumif; od&&dS ayonf/
(C) qifonfawmf? jrif;onfawmfrsm;\tpGrf;
qifcif;obifrS xl;cRefajymifajrmufolrsm;ukd bk&ifu bGJYxl;? *kPfxl;rsm;ay;avh&SdcJhonf/ atmif;r0efBuD;
(qif0efBuD;)? trwfawmf qifuJBuD;? qifxdef;? aygufxdef; ponfwkdYrSm qifESifhywfouf xl;cRefaom yk*dKvfrsm;
yif jzpfMuonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f ,aeYwkdif abmif;'Gwfaus;&Gm\ ajrmufbufwGif qif0efawmifESihf av;NrdKU
jrpfurf;wGif qifuJqkdaom aus;&GmwkdYrSm txif&Sm;&Sdaeao;onf/
qifcif;obifokdY r0ifrD qifrsm;tm; avhusifhoifMum;ay;ykHrsm;ESihf ywfouf wifjy&vQif a&S;OD;pGm
zrf;qD;&rdaom qifkdif;rsm;ukd atmifr(qifr,Ofom) rsm;jzihf ,Ofyg;vmatmif oGefoif&onf/ wpfzef
wkdufckdufa&;wkdY toHAvHrsm;ukd raMumufr&GHU&atmif wkdufpnfwkdufarmif? cGufcGif;? ywfom paom wl&d,m
&cdik o
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&cdik o
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106
rsm; wD;cwfay;jcif;? rD;aygufaoewfrsm;? tajrmuf(tqefrygaomtajrmuf)rsm;jzihf ypfazmuf prf;oyfavhusihf

&NyD; aemufwpfqifhwuf qiftcsif;csif; wpfaumifESifhwpfaumifrrSwfrdap&ef [oFmjy'g;rsm; okwfvdrf;
wkdufckdufaponf/ ukd,fcHynm wwfuRrf;ap&ef avhusihfoifMum;&m a&S;OD;pGm opfom;jzihf jyKvkyfxm;aom
"m;? vSHrsm;jzifh ypfaygufprf;oyfMu&onf/ ,if;NyD;rS "m;? vSH tppfrsm;jzihf wpfqifhwuf avhusihfay;ygonf/
okdYoifMum;ay&mXmersm;rSm ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f qiftkd;acsaus;&Gm taemufbufajrmufOD;NrdKU ta&SUbuf
avomawmifcHwyfrS ajrmufokdY ykPm;ajrmif;xd? awmifbufwGif armif;qGJ"mwfawmfxd awmifMum;csKdifh0Srf;wkdY
wGif qiftkd;i,frsm;jyKvkyf avhusifhoifMum;ay;onf[k od&onf/
&Spfaomif;ykxkd;awmfBuD;\ taemufbuf 'kwd,xyf eH&HwGif qifrsm;ukd ppfxkd;&m tokH;jyK&eftwGuf
avhusifhay;ae[ef/ 'kdif;? vTm;umrsm;ukdifNyD; qifrsm;ESihf wkdufckdufae[efwkdYukd kyf<ursm; xkqpfxm;onfukd
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5/ OD;atmifomOD; xkwfa0aom pmqkdawmf z'lrif;kd\ bapmjzLrif;orD;{jcif;(1970 Ekd0ifbmv)
6/ &ckdifjynf jynfolYaumifpDrS xkwfa0aom ajrmufOD;vrf;Tef(1988 ck? azazmf0g&D)
7/ ukdynm(tr&yl&) a&;? ]]umrEudedwd(okdYr[kwf) t0acwfu ppfusrf;wpfapmif}} ppfjyefr*Zif;
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Rakhine Thuta

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Rakhine Thuta

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&cdik o

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First Edition - March, 2002

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a&S;acwf &ckdiftu&mESifU ta&;tom;rsm;

Havell, E.B. The hist ory of Aryan Rule In India. p, 42.

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Johnston, E.H.-Some Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Arakan.

onf a0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif; wpfae&mrS wl;azmfawGU&Sjd cif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ ,if;acgif;avmif;pm pmaMumif;

Johnston, E.H.-Some Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Arakan.

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