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Wet Process Vs. Dry Process

Types of Preparation: Dry processes brushing, cropping, singeing, cutting, setting, stabilization Wet processes washing, desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerization

Only Few processes are dry process and maximum are the wet process in textile processing.

Wet processes : This process is applied on textile in form of

liquid with involves some for chemical action on the textile. So, some water (actually it should be good quality water ) is necessary for this wet processing of textile materials.

Water and Its Quality

Consumption Rate of water In textile industries :

Source: American Dyestuff Reporters

Water and Its Quality

Water and Its Quality

Water and Its Quality

Source of water/type of water:

Rain water Surface water Subsoil water Deep well water

1. Rain water:
Rain, collected immediately after precitation, is the purest of all natural waters. It may contain traces of gases dissolved out of the atmosphere and possibly an almost infinitely small amount of finely divided solid matter derived from the air. It also contain dissolved or suspended impurities such as shoot traces of Sulphar di oxide or Sulphuric Acid ,CO2, NH3, NO2 and other by products of industrialization. Suspended impurities present in it can be filtered by using sand bed. Suitable for boiling, washing and dyeing processes.
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Water and Its Quality 2. Surface water:

Surface water consists of rain water which has collected from streams, rivers or lakes. This type of water contains organic and inorganic matters which are dissolved in it & also contain suspended impurities. Then the Nitrifying bacteria will in time convert the organic substances into nitrates which are not objectionable in dyeing and finishing. Surface waters may receive considerable additions of dissolved mineral salts from shallow springs which feed the streams. Not suitable for dyeing & finishing.

Water and Its Quality 3. Subsoil water:

This type of water is collected from shallow springs and wells which are about 50 ft.(15m) or so deep. It is usually free from suspended impurities because it has been filtered by its passage through the soil. It will, however, contain dissolve organic matter. Subsoil water is often rich in dissolved carbon dioxide, a gas abundantly present in the skin of the soil. Subsoil waters are very variable with regard to the impurities which they contain.

Water and Its Quality 4. Deep well water:

This type of water is obtained 500m below the surface. It is free from organic matters. The soluble impurities in water may be composed of a variety of substances. Soluble organic compounds, ammonium salts, nitrates and nitrites of animal or vegetable origin may be found. If they are present in considerable quantities, the sewage contamination is undesirable for many textile purposes. The presence of salts of calcium or magnesium in solution can be most undesirable in many finishing process.

Water and Its Quality

Hardness of water:
hard water.

The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e bi-carbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salt is called Hard water does not easily form foam with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts. CaSO4+2RCOONa(RCOO)2Ca +Na2SO4 MgSO4+2RCOONa(RCOO)2Mg +Na2SO4

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Water Hardness

Classification of hardness:

Temporary hardness. Permanent hardness. 1. Temporary hardness: Temporary hardness is due to the presence of bi-carbonates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness is called temporary hardness. Because it can be removed by easy means like boiling. When temporary hard water is boiled, the carbonates decomposes with liberation of Carbon-dioxide and precipitation of the insoluble Carbonates which are reformed. 2. Permanent hardness: It is due to the presence of Chlorides or Sulphates of Calcium and Magnesium. This type of hardness is called permanent hardness. These salts do not decompose on boiling. So permanent hardness can not be removed.

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Water Hardness
Methods of expressing hardness of water: The hardness of water is expressed by the amount of Calcium present in water. Hardness is expressed bya. PPM(Parts per million) b. In degrees(grains/gallon) PPM: The number of grains of calcium carbonates which is present in one million grains of water is called PPM. 1 grains of Calcium Carbonate present in 1 million grains water. In Degrees: The number of grains of Calcium carbonates which is present in 70,000 grains of water. The relation is i.e. PPM=Degrees/0.07

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Potential problem caused by hard water in textile wet processing:

Process Desizing
Scouring

Problem Deactives enzymes and insolubize size mtls such as Starch, PVA etc. Combine with Soap, Precipitate metal organic acids. Produce yellowing or off white shades, reduce cleaning efficiency and reduce water absorption.
Decompose bleach bath. H2O2H2O + [O] From insoluble metal acids, reduce absorbency and lusture. Combine with dyes, changing their shades, insolubilize dyes, cause tippy dyeing and reduce dye diffusion. Break emulsion, changes thickness, efficiency and viscosity and those problems associated for dyeing. Interfere with catalysts, cause resins and other additives to become non reactive break emulsion and deactives soap.

Bleaching Mercerizing Dyeing

Printing

Finishing

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Water Hardness

Water softening: To remove the impurities of hard water by some desirable process is called water softening.
Water softening plant/ methods of water softening: Soda lime process. Base exchange process (Permutit) Demineralization Soda alum Aeration Chelating on sequestration.

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Water Softening

Soda lime process:

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Water Softening

Base exchange process (Permutit):

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Water Softening

Demineralization:

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Water Softening

Soda alum:

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Water Softening

Aeration:

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Water Softening

Chelating on sequestration:

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