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INTERNATIONAL ACADEMYOF EDUCATIONINTERNATIONAL BUREAUOF EDUCATION
Improvingstudentachievementinmathematics
 By Douglas A. Grouwsand Kristin J. Cebulla
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The International Academyof Education
The International Academy of Education (IAE) is a not-for-profitscientific association that promotes educational research,its dis-semination,and the implementation of its implications.Found-ed in 1986,the Academy is dedicated to strengthening the con-tributions of research,solving critical educational problemsthroughout the world,and providing better communicationamong policy makers,researchers and practitioners.The seatof the Academy is at the Royal Academy of Science,Literatureand Arts in Brussels,Belgium,and its co-ordinating centre is atCurtin University of Technology in Perth,Australia.The general aim of the IAE is to foster scholarly excellence inall fields of education.Towards this end,the Academy providestimely syntheses of research-based evidence of international im-portance.The Academy also provides critiques of research,itsevidentiary basis,and its application to policy.The current members of the Board of Directors of the Acad-emy are:•Erik De Corte,University of Leuven,Belgium
(President)
;•Herbert Walberg,University of Illinois at Chicago,United States of America
(Vice-President)
;•Barry Fraser,Curtin University ofTechnology,Australia
(Ex-ecutive Director)
;•Jacques Hallak,UNESCO,Paris,France;•Michael Kirst,Stanford University,United States of America;•Ulrich Teichler,University of Kassel,Germany;•Margaret Wang,Temple University,United States of America.
 
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Preface
This booklet has been adapted for inclusion in the EducationalPractices Series developed by the International Academy of Education (IAE) and distributed by the International Bureau of Education (IBE) and the Academy.As part of its mission,theAcademy provides timely syntheses of research on educational top-ics of international importance.This booklet is the fourth in theseries on educational practices that generally improve learning.
The material was originally prepared for the
 Handbook of research on improving student achievement,
edited by GordonCawelti and published in a second edition in 1999 by theEducational Research Service (ERS).The Handbook,which alsoincludes chapters on subjects such as generic practices and sci-ence,is available from ERS (2000 Clarendon Boulevard,Arlington,VA 22201-2908,United States of America;phone (1)800-791-9308;fax (1) 800-791-9309;and website:www.ers.org).ERS is a not-for-profit research foundation serving theresearch and information needs of educational leaders and thepublic.Established in 1973,ERS is sponsored by seven organiza-tions:the American Association of School Administrators;theAmerican Association of School Personnel Administrators;theAssociation of School Business Officials;the Council of Chief State School Officers;the National Association of ElementarySchool Principals;the National Association of Secondary SchoolPrincipals;and the National School Public Relations Association.As Vice-President of the Academy and editor of the presentseries,I thank ERS officials for allowing the IAE and the IBE tomake available the material adapted from the
 Handbook 
to edu-cators around the world.The first author of the present pamphlet,Douglas A.Grouws,is Professor of Mathematics Education at the Universityof Iowa.He was the editor of the
 Handbook of research onmathematics teaching and learning
(Macmillan,1992) and hasa large number of other publications on research in mathemat-ics education to his credit.He has made invited research pre-sentations in Australia,China,Hungary,Guam,India,Japan,Mexico,Thailand and the United Kingdom.He has directed sev-eral research projects for the National Science Foundation(NSF) and other agencies in the areas of mathematical problem-solving and classroom teaching practices.His current NSF work involves mathematics and technology.He received his Ph.D.from the University of Wisconsin.
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