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An Overview of Steganography And Application of Digital watermarking

Authors Sridhar Narla V.Vidya Sagar

Abstract:

Broadband communication networks and multimedia data available in a digital formatopened many challenges and opportunities for innovation. Versatile and simple-to-usesoftware and decreasing prices of digital devices have made it possible for consumersfrom all around the world to create and exchange multimedia data. A perfect reproductionin digital domain has promoted the protection of intellectual ownership and the prevention of unauthorized tampering of multimedia data to become an importanttechnological and research issue. In this paper we intend to introduce the concept of steganography. We also talk about the categories of steganography and the requirementsfor watermarking and a technique in digital watermarking using an algorithm.

INTRODUCTION:

New technologies and new applications bring new threats, andforce us to invent new protection mechanisms. . One of the newest hotspots in security application is information hiding. It is driven by two of the biggest policy issues of the information age- state surveillance(Steganography) and copyright protection (watermarking).

The word "

Steganography

" is of Greek origin and means

"covered, or hidden writing"

.Its ancient origins can be traced back to 440 BC. Examples of them Demeratus sent awarning about a forthcoming attack to Xerxes by writing it on a wooden panel andcovering it in wax, which was itself inscribed with a message. .Another ancient exampleis Histaeus who shaved the head of his most trusted slave and tattooed a message on hishead. After his hair had grown the message was hidden. The purpose was to instigate arevolt against the Persians‘Cryptography’, one of the oldest data protecting methodologies deals with theencryption of data along with the key and passing it over to the legitimate viewer Often,using encryption might identify the sender or receiver as somebody with something tohide.. The advantage of the new technique ‘Steganography’ is that it can be used tosecretly transmit messages without the fact of the transmission being discovered.Computer files (images, sounds recordings, even disks) contain unused or insignificantareas of data. Steganography takes advantage of these areas, replacing them with

information. Steganography provides for the embedding of information in a block of hostdata in conditions where perceptible modification of the host data is intolerable.

The following formula provides a very generic description of the pieces of theSteganographic process:Cover_medium + Hidden_data + Stego_key = Stego_medium

In this context, the

cover_medium

is the file in which we will hide the

hidden_data

,which may also be encrypted using the

stego_key

. The resultant file is the

stego_medium

(which will, of course. be the same type of file as the cover _medium). Thecover_medium (and, thus, the stego_medium) are typically image or audio files.

The Six Categories of Steganography

In all methods of steganography, something is done to conceal a message; naturally, theseactions or techniques can be separated and analyzed to learn what is happening during thewhole process. The six categories of steganography are:1.Substitution system techniques2.Transform domain techniques3.Spread spectrum techniques4.Statistical method techniques5.Distortion techniques6.Cover generation techniques

1.Substitution System

Substitution system steganography replaces redundant or unneeded bits of a cover withthe bits from the secret message. Several steganography tools that are available use theLeast-Significant Bit (LSB) method of encoding the secret message. LSB works like this:In a digital cover (picture, audio, or video file), there is a tremendous amount of wastedor redundant space; it is this space that the steganography program will take advantage of and use to hide another message, on the bit level, within the digital cover.For example, the following string of bytes represents part of a cover, a picture:

10000100 10000110 100001001 1000110101111001 01100101 01001010 00100110

of 00

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Hey, I am working on same paper, would you please share this doc with me, it wouldbe really helpful.

reply09 / 03 / 2009