&cdkifjynfYudk;uG,f&mbmom&yfrsm;

Paper presented at the Arakanese History and Religion Seminar, London,

August 2009: by U Khin Maung Saw
1? ed'gef;
jrefrmEdkifiH. jynfe,f (7) ckteuf &cdkifjynfe,f odk@r[kwf Arakan onf (India) vufatmufcHwdkufe,fESifh e,fpyfcsif; xdpyf
v#uf &Sdaomjynfe,f jzpfygonf// yxrOD;qHk;aom Arakan bk&ifhrif;qufEdkifiHawmfuwnf;u &ckdifESifhvufatmufcH wdkufe,fwdk@onf
ul;vl;qufqHr_ tcsdK@&SdcJhonf? Ak'<bmomESifh Ak'<usef;uefrsm;Y toHk;jyKaom ygVdbmomonf ,ckjrefrmEdkifiH[kac:aoma'odk@ ArmvlrsdK;
rsm; ra&mufvmcifuwnf;u rGef/ &cdkifESifh ysLwdk@qDodk@ tapmqHk;a&muf vmcJhonf? ysL/ rGefESifhArm&cdkiftuQ&mrsm;onf tdENd,awmif
ydkif; a'o. tuQ&mrsm;tay:wGif tajcjyKI ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf// &dcdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf ordkif;tpOfvmt& a*g"rAk'< trsdK;tEG,f
jzpfaom p}uFoud (Sakya Sakis) trsdK;tEG,frS qif;oufvmonf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf// 15ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh rEkoaA'ynm&Sif
rsm;tqdkt& &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf wDAwfwdk ArmvlrsdK;tkyfpkrS qif;oufvmolrsm; jzpfonf[kqdkygonf?
&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;u ,Hk=unfonfrSm olwdk@. bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;onf bDvl;uJhodk@aom owW0grsm;udk (eD*&dkwdk - Negrito tribes [k
,lqcJh&onf) wdkufcdkufarmif;xkwfcJh&onf// 4if;aemufrSomv#if &cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@. yxrOD;qHk;aom bk&ifhEdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifcJh
=uonf// &cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@ armif;xkwfcJhaom vlom;rsm;. jyefvnfusL;ausmfjcif;udk rcH&avatmif &cdkifrsm;onf tvGefpnf;vHk;nDnGwf
vmcJh=u&onf// xdk@a=umifh &cdkifrsm;onf rdrdwdk@udk,frdrd &uQdw vlrsdK;rsm;[k ac:,lvmcJh=uonf// &uQdw[laom ygVda0g[m&onf
rdrdtrsdK;tEG,fudk umuG,fapmifha&Smufaomolrsm; [k t"dy`g,f&onf// odk@jzpfI &cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@.EdkifiHudk &uQdwrEWv[k4if;/ ,if;rS
wzef &uQdwrdKif [k4if; &uQrdKif [k4if; ac:a0:vmcJh=uonf// xdk@a=umifh Arakan [laomtrnfemronf &uQrdKif&cdkif tm&uQdKif rSqif;oufvmjcif; jzpfonf//
tjcm;,lqcsufoDtdk&Dwck&Sdygao;onf? Rakshasa qefp=ud (Sanskrit) a0g[m&onf4if;/ &uQqdk; (rakkhaso) ygVd
a0g[m&onf a&bDvl; [k4if; (odk@r[kwf) a&xJYaexdkifusufpm;aom bDvl;[k4if; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkEdkifygonf// xdk@a=umif; tm&fuef
[laom bmomaA'a0g[m&onf qefp=ud (odk@r[kwf) ygVda0g[m&jzpfaom A - Rakkha Desa (bDvl;wdk@&efrS uif;a0;aomEdkifiH)
aumufcsufcsEdkifygonf// xdk@a=umif; Arakan trnfemronf A-Rakkha Desa A-Rakkhan rSqif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf//
qmtmomaz,m (Sir Arthur Phayre) u4if;/ Col. Henry Yule and A. C. Burmells Hobson-Jpbson wdk@. A
Glossary of Colloquial Anglo Indian Words and Phrases, and of kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical
16
Geographical and Discursive (First Published in 1886) pmtkyfwdk@u T,lqcsufudkvnf;yJ axmufcHaeonf//

2// &cdkifjynf&Sdudk;uG,f&mbmom&yfrsm;
2 1// [dENLbmom
&cdkif.tapmydkif; bk&ifhEdkifiHrsm;onf [dENLEdkifiHrsm;jzpfcJhonfrSm oHo,yGm;zG,fr&Sdyg// [dENL&kyfyGg;awmfrsm;udk &cdkifha&S;
a[mif;jrdK@awmfrsm;Y awG@&Sd&ygonf// odk@aomfvnf; bk&ifESifh jynfolrsm;rSm Ak"b
N mom0ifrsm;jzpfvmaomtcg [dENL t,l0g'
onf tpm;xdk;cHcJh&zG,f &Sdygonf//

15
16

U Aung Tha Oo: A short history of Arakan (in Burmese), Mya Yadana Press, Rangoon, 1955, p. 8

Col. Henry Yule and A. C. Burmells Hobson-Jpbson A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo Indian Words and Phrases,
and of kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical Geographical and Discursive (First Published in 1886, the Edition I
use: Calculta, 1990). P. 34

2 2// Ak'<bmom
r[mrkedAk'<&kyfyGg;awmf&mZ0ift& Ak'<b&k m;&Sifvufxufuwnf;uyif &cdkifhbk&ifhEdkifiHonf Ak'<bmomjzpfaejyD; jzpfyg
< k&m;&Sifonf&cdkifodk@ a'\pm&D
onf// ta=umif;rSm bk&ifpENol&d, (Sandra Suriya) . zdwf=um;av#mufxm; csuft& Ak'b
=uGcsDawmfrlcJhygonf// OD;pHa&$b17
k . tqdkt& bk&ifpENol&d ,rif;onf A.D (146) wGif &cdkifhxD;eef;udk qufcHcJhonf? Ak'<bk&m;&Sif
y&dedAmefjyKjyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; (600)t=umY qufcHjcif;jzpfonf// ol.tqdkt& r[mrked&kyfyGg;awmfudk A.D (200) wGif oGef;
vkyfcJhonf//
rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl &cdkifwdk@onf A.D ESpf tpydkif;uwnf;uyif Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;jzpfvmonf[k ajymv#if rSm;rnf
r[kwfay// ,if;tcsdefrSpI &cdkifjynfonfAk'<bmom0ifEdkifiHtjzpf ,cktcsdeftxd &yfwnfv#uf&SdjyD; &cdkifwdk@onf Ak'<bmomudk
tvGef@tvGef ,Hk=unfouf0ifolrsm; jzpf=uygonf// ,cktcg &cdkifESifhArmwdk@. vlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;onf (1;10) [k ,lq&aomf
vnf; apwDykxdk;/ bkef;=uD;ausmif;/ &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhoDv&Sifwdk@. ta&twGuf tcsdK;tpm;onf (1;4) om&Sdonf[k
cef@rSef;onf// Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;u &cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@onf tvGefbmoma&; udkif;&d_if;a=umif;udk oufaojyv#uf&Sdonf//
&cdkifjynfonf bk&m;bkxdk;apwDaygrsm;aomEdkifiH [k trnfemrausmf=um;onf? oZifyef;cdkifwjrdKifjrdKif&cdkifrSm
bk&m;aygif;[laomtvGefvlodrsm;onfh &cdkifhpum;yHkwck&Sdygonf// 4if;.t"dy`g,frSm Ak'<&kyfyGg;awmfaygif; (6,352,755) &Sdonf[k
qdkvdkonf//
arm&pfaumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol.pmtkyf The Land of the Great Image pmrsufem (168) wGif
A.D (1630) wGif pdk;pHcJhaombk&if rif;[m&D (ac:) oD&dok"rR (Sri Sudhamma) vufxuf Ak"Nbmom tajctaetm;
a&;om;xm;onfrSm Ak'<bk&m;&Sifonf B.C (543)wGif y&dedAmefjyKonf// 4if;tcsdefrSpI ESpfaygif; (2173) ckESpf =umonftxd
Ak'<bmomudk wnfaxmifcJhaom bk&m;&Sif.&kyfyGg;awmfonf oD&d*kw (Srigutta) ukef;ay:wGif pHyg,fv#uf&Sdonf// T&kyfyGg;awmf
onf urBmay:wGif oufwef;t&ifhqHk;/ tjrifhjrwfqHk;ESifh ya[Vd tqefqHk;&kyfyGg;awmfwql jzpfygonf// aovm*D&d (Selagiri)
awmifukef;ay:&Sd aemufygwynhfom0u &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh pyfv#Of;aom "gwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk xmyemoGif;xm;a=umif;
awG@&Sd&ygonf? &cdkifjynfonf jrifhjrwfjyD; bkef;wHcdk;=uD;rm;aom EdkifiHwpfckjzpfygonf// Ak'<bmom. blrdeufoefajrjzpfonf//
4if;EdkifiHawmf. bk&ifjzpfcJhaom oD&dok"rRonf Ak'<bmom0if bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;teuf tvGefrSwfom;zG,faumif;aom bk&if
wpfyg; jzpfygonf// tvGef0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm ol.wm0ef0wW&m;yifjzpfcJhonf// ol.wm0efrSm &cdkifjynfudk &cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@.
EdkifiHtjzpf xdef;odrf;umuG,f&efomru Ak'<bk&m;&Sif. tppftrSef &kyfxkawmf&SdcJhaom urBm.wpfckwnf;aom ae&mtjzpfxdef;
odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efyifjzpfcJhayonf// T&kyfyGg;awmftppftrSefudkydkifqdkif&jcif;onf Ak'<.tjcm;aom "gwfawmfarGawmfrsm;udk
ydkifqdkif&jcif;xuf wHcdk;tmed\if =uD;rm;a=umif;udk jyoaeygonf//
2 2 1// rlqviftrnfrsm;ESifhAk'<bmomtrnfrsm;
&cdkifjynf.aemufqHk;bk&ifrif;qufjzpfaom ajrmufOD;acwf. bk&iftm;vHk;wdk@onf Ak"Nbmom0ifrsm; jzpfonf// tcsdK@
aom bk&ifrsm;onf rlqviftrnfrsm;udk cH,lcJh=uonf// ta=umif;rSm ajrmufOD;jrdK@udk wnfaxmifaom bk&ifrif;apmrGefonf
A.D (1430) wGif &cdkifxD;eef;udk jyefvnf&,laomtcg ulnDay;aom a*g&fqlvweftm; aus;Zl;w&m;udkjyovdkojzifh
TuJhodk@trnfcH,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf// bk&ifrif;apmrGefu qlvwefudk &cdkifhbk&ifrsm;onf rlqviftrnfrsm;udkvnf; cH,lrnf[k
*wday;cJhonf// odk@aomfvnf; y*wdrSmrl &cdkifhbk&ifrsm;onf ajrmufOD;ESifh &cdkifjynfteH@Y &Sdaeaom apwDykxdk;awmfrsm;udk
aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJh=uolrsm; jzpfaeayonf// 4if;bk&ifrsm;onf aiG'*Fg;rsm;udkvnf; oGef;vkyfcJh=uonf// '*Fg;.rsufESmpmwzufY
Arm&cdkifpmrsm;yg&SdjyD; tjcm;wzufwGif yg&Sef;pm (Persian) pmrsm;yg&Sdygonf// (Bengali pmvHk;0r[kwfyg)
bk&m;apwDykxdk;rsm;wnfaqmufcJhaom rlqviftrnfcH &cdkifbk&ifrsm;rSm Oyrmjy&v#if ajrmufOD;eef;awmfudk wnf
axmifcJhaom bk&ifrif;apmrGef (rlqviftrnf-qlavref&Sm;- Suleiman Shah) onf ajrmufOD;wGif apwD (7) qludk wnf
aqmufcJhygonf// 4if;wdk@teuf ajrmufOD;jrdK@&SDapwD wql.trnfrSm av;rsufESmbk&m;jzpfonf// bk&ifrif;apmrGeftm; qufcHol
nDawmfrif;c&D (rlqvif trnf- tvDcef-Ali Khan) nDawmfwnfaqmufaom bk&m;[k t"dy`g,f&aom nDawmfapwD udk
17

San Shwe Bu, J.B.R.S Vol 6, part 3. 1916

wnfaqmufcJhygonf// bk&ifrif;c&DudkqufcHaom om;awmf bapmjzLrif;( cgvD ref&Sm; - Kaliman Shah) vufxufwGif

r[mabm"d a&$*lawmfbk&m;tygt0if apwDav;qludk wnfaqmufcJhygonf// ol@tm;qufcHol om;awmf 'efO*~ (ac:) 'gvm,k
H l rif;&efatmif (e&l&mS ; - Narui
(rdk*l&Sm; - Moguh Shah) onf oHk;pdyfwqlbk&m;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf// ol@tm;qufco
Shah) onf xlyg&Hkbk&m;udk vSL'gef;cJhonf// bk&ifrif;bif (Zabmuf&Sm - Zabauk Shah) onf &Spfaomif;bk&m;tygt0if
apwD (7) qludk aqmufvkyf vSL'gef;cJhonf// rif;zavmif; (qDul'g&Sm; - Secudah Shah) onf wkuUHodrf tygt0if apwD (6)
qludk wnfaqmufcJhonf ol.om;awmf rif;&mZm=uD; (qmvrf&Sm; - Salem Shah) onf bk&m;ay: bk&m;/ ycefodrf
bk&m;wdk@udk ajrmufOD;wGif4if;/ a&$ausmif;jyif bkef;=uD;ausmif;udk oHwGJwGif4if; wnfaqmufcJhonf// rif;carmif; ([lqdef&Sm; Hussein Shah) onf &wemyHkbk&m;ESifh &wemjynfowfbk&m;rsm;udk4if;/ ol@.om;awmf oD&dok"rR (Ak'<bmomtm;
apmifha&Smufol[k t"dy`g,f&onf) ('kwd, qmvrf&Sm; - Salem Shah the Second) onf p=uFmrmefatmif bk&m;tm;
wnfaqmufcJhonf//
1784 ckESpfwGif Armtdrfa&Shrif;om;OD;aqmifaom &cdkifjynftm; usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufr_onf &cdkifwdk@.trsdK;om;oauFw
jzpfaom r[mrked&kyfygG;awmftm; rw&m;&,l&ef qifEGJjcif;jzpfonf// ,ae@tcgwGif T&kyfyGg;awmf=uD;tm; rEWav;wGifzl;arsmf
EdkifjyD; ArmvlrsdK;rsm;u bk&m;=uD;[kac:a0:=uonf// bk&m;=uD;. t"dy`g,frSm ygVda0g[m&jzpfaom r[mrked udk wdkuf&dkuf
bmomjyefqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf// jAdwdo# acwfwGif Tbk&m;=uD;tm; &cdkifhapwDawmfjrwfbk&m; - Arakan Pagoda) [k bmom
jyefqdkxm;onf//
2 3 c&mZf,mOfbmom
16 &mpk18 rSpjyD; ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ay:wl*Da=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;onf &cdkifhbk&ifrsm;vufatmufwGif wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJh=uonf// aemufydkif;wGif 'wfcsfvlrsdK; a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;vnf; yg0ifvmcJo
h nf// odk@jzpfI &cdkifjynfwGif c&mZf&Sef
bmomudk ,Hk=unf udk;uG,folrsm; &Sdudk&SdcJh&rnfjzpfygonf// odk@aomfvnf; 4if;wdk@trsm;pkrSmrl EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;omjzpfjyD;
&cdkifwcsdK@onfvnf; vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;rSwqifh ul;ajymif;oGm;olrsm;jzpfonf//
arm&pfaumvpfESifh pHa&$bk19 wdk@.tqdkt& 1610 ckESpfwGif &cdkifhbk&if &mZm=uD;onf ol@.om;awmfi,f rif;rmef=uD;
tm; ppfwaumif;jrdK@pm;tjzpfcef@tyfonf// Trif;om;i,fonf ol.tpfudk oHwGJjrdK@pm; rif;carmif;ESifh oabm xm;uGJvGJol
jzpfonf// rif;carmif;onf zcifbk&if.pum;tm; em;axmifvdkol r[kwfaoma=umifh tdrfa&Shrif;om; t&dkuft&mtm;
om;awmfi,fudkom ay;vdkayonf// odk@aomf rif;rmef=uD;onf qef0du|ef; (Sandwip Island) wGif tajcpdkufaom ay:wl*D
yifv,f "g;jracgif;aqmif *GifqJvfwDabgif; (Gonsalves Tibau) ESifh r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;onf// rif;rmef=uD;orD;awmfESifh wDabmif;
om;awmfwdk@ vuffqufjcif;udk oabmwljyD; orD;awmfonfvnf; uwfodkvpf bmomodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;&onf// rif;rmef=uD;Y
orD;awmfESpfa,mufESifh om;awmfwa,muf&Sdonf// 1610 ckESpfwGif om;awmfrSm touf (4) ESpfr#om&Sdao;onf//
zcifbk&if&mZm=uD;rS Towif;udk=um;odaomtcg ol.om;awmfi,fonf &cdkifhbk&ifha&wyftm; opPmazgufjyD; vk,l
oGm;aom "g;jyAdkvfESifh r[mrdwfjzpfaea=umif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufvm&onf// odk@jzpfI (1612) ckESpfwGif rif;&mZm=uD;onf
tdrfa&Shrif;om; rif;carmif;OD;aqmifaom ppfwyfudk apv$wfvdkufonf// rif;carmif;onf xdef;eef;qufcHa&;udk nDawmfrS
jcdrf;ajcmufvmaoma=umif; Twm0eftm; vdkvdkvm;vm;xrf;aqmifcJhonf// ppfyGJwGif rif;rmef=uD;onf aoewfxdrSefaoqHk;cJhjyD;
*GifqJvfwDabgif; (Gonsalves Tibau) onf vufeufcscJhonf// &cdkifhbk&ifonf *GifqJvfwDabgif; (Gonsalves Tibau) tm;
toufcsrf;omcGifhay;jyD;/ bk&if.ajr;rsm;jzpf=uaom rif;om;i,fESifh ol@nDrawmftm; u,fq,f&ef enf;vrf;tcsdK@ay;&ef
*GifqJvfwDabgif; (Gonsalves Tibau) udk eef;awmfodk@zdwf=um;cJhonf//
18

The Arakanese term for soap is Thabon which is the corruption of Portuguese or French Savon, The
Burmese used to have more contacts with Dutch ships. Burmese term for soap is Saapya. Most probably a
corruption of one of the Low German Dialects (Plattdeutsch) bcause some Germans from Northern Germany
used to work as sailors on Dutch ships then. In High German (Hochdeutsch) Soap is Seife (Pronounced Sei Fa).
In one of the Low German Dialects (Plattdeutsch) it is Safra. Most probably Burmese adapted that word Safra,
then varied to Sapra and then corrupted to Saapya.
19
M.S . Collis in collaboration with U San Shwe Bu, Dom Martin 1806 1643, The first Burman to visit Europe

TtawmtwGif; rif;carmif;onf ppfwaumif;a'otm; tcktcHr&SdyJ 0ifa&mufEdkifcJhonf// nDawmf. tokbtcef;

tem;tm; wufa&mufjyD;csif; ol.wlESifhwlrawmfwdk@tm; csufcsif;ac:,lonf? wlESifhwlrawmfwdk@ csufcsif;a&mufrvmaomtcg
rif;carmif;onf wDabmif;tay:Y oHo,&SdvmcJhonf// rsm;r=umrSDY wlESifhwlrawmfwdk@onf r*dktifyg,m (Moghul Empire)
odk@ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;a=umif; odvm&onf// rif;carmif;onf ppfatmifjyD;aemuf ajrmufOD;jrdK@ odk@jyefvmcJhonf//
,if;ESpfaemufydkif;wGif olonfzcif. t&dkuft&mtm; qufcHcJhonf//
rif;rmef=uD;. om;orD;ESpfOD;wdk@tm; uwfodkvpfbkef;awmf=uD;rsm;u a&epfjyD; bmomul;ajymif;ay;vdkufonf//
rif;rmef=uD;. om;awmfonf aemufydkif;wGif uwfodkvpfbmom0if 'Gefrmwif (Dom Martin) tjzpf trnfwGifvmjyD;
Oa&myodk@ a&muf&SdoGm;aom yxrOD;qHk;aom &cdkifvlrsdK;jzpfonf//
2 3 1 zavmif; [laomtrnfemr
zavmif;onf &cdkifpum;jzifh ay:wl*Dwdk@tm;ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf// Ttrnfonf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;udkac:aom yg&Sef
pum; (Farangi or Firingi) rS toHzvS,f,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf// Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;udkac:aom T zavmif; trnfonf
tm&SwdkufwGif oufwef;tawmf=umjrifhjyDjzpfonf// ,ckt csdeftxd xdkif;EdkifiHwGif taemufwdkif;om; vljzLrsm;tm; zavmif;
[k ac:a0:aeqJjzpfonf// ArmvlrsdK; rsm;u ay:wl*DvlrsdK;rsm;udk A&if*sD[k ac:=uonf// (Farangi or Firingi) rS toH,lxm;jcif;
jzpfonf// odk@aomfvnf; A&if*sD. acwfay:t"dy`g,frSm &dkrefuwfodkvpf bmom0ifrsm;tm; ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf//
&cdkifbk&ifrif;zavmif;. trnf&if;rSm cspfaemifjzpfonf// t"dyg`,frSm taxG;qHk;/ tcspfqHk;om;jzpfonf// olonf
bk&ifrif;bm=uD;. taxG;qHk;om;jzpfjyD;/ &cdkifhbk&ifhwyfrsm;u ay:wl*Da&wyftm;zsufqD;jyD; ay:wl*Dwdk@. wyfpcef; 'D,if*g
(Dianga) tm; odrf;ydkufaomae@wGif zGg;jrifonf// xdk@a=umifh zcifbk&ifu om;awmftm; ay:wl*Dwdk@tm; tkyfcsKyfaombk&if
[k t"dyg`,f&aom rif;zavmif;[k trnfay;cJhonf//
Tae&mY pmwrf;jyKpkolonf arm&pfaumvpftm;udk;um;vdkonf// ay:wl*Dwdk@. arwWm&yfcHcsuf - u|Ekfyfwdk@ ay:wl*D
vlrsKd;rsm;onf t&Sifbk&ifrif;jrwftm; tmrcHavsmufxm;vkdonfrSm 'D,if*g&Sd ay:wl*DvlrsKd;wdk@onf b*Fvm;&Sd rGef*dkwdk@tm;
armif;xkwfcJhaom &cdkifbk&if.&efol yJcl;bk&iftm; wkdufckdufcJhaom t&Sifbk&ifrif;jrwf/ zcifbk&if/ tzdk;bk&ifwdk@. =uD;us,f
jrifhjrwfr_udk xrf;aqmifcJhaom a&S;uay:wl*Dppfonfrsm;vdk t&Sifbk&ifrif;jrwf. opPm&Sdaom tr_awmfxrf;rsm;jzpf=uygonf?
t&Sifbk&ifrif;jrwf a&S@arSmufodk@ tcpm;awmf0ifcGifhtm; bk&m;ocifrS ay;oem;cJhv#if u$sekfyfwdk@. wm0ef0wW&m;rSm t&Sifbk&if
rif;jrwfxH qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef uGsekyfwkd@EkdifiH. qENtm; wifjyav#mufxm;&efjzpfygonf? 20 yxrOD;qHk;aom
c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;tm; (1630) ckESpfrSomv#if wnfaqmufcJhonf? ta=umif;rSm uwfodkvpf=o*wfpfwif; omoemjyK*dk%f;
. bkef;awmf=uD;jzpfaom qmbmwifrefe&pf (Father Sebastien Manrique of Catholic Missionary of Augustinian
Order) &cdkifjynfodk@ *dktmjrdK@ (Goa) rS (1630) ckESpfwGifa&muf&SdcJh+yD; &ckdifbk&ifxH bk&m;ausmif;wausmif; wnfaqmufcGifhudk
arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? &ckdifbk&if oD&dok"rRonf eef;awmfteD;wGif bk&m;ausmif;wnfaqmufcGifhomru vdktyfaomaiGa=u;rsm;
udkvnf; acs;iSm;jcif;jzifh apwemxuf oefr_udkjyocJhonf? bk&m;ausmif;zGifhyGJ tcrf;tem;rsm;wGifvnf; &wemrsm;jzifh pDjc,f
xm;aom a&$yef;tdk;rsm;ukdvnf; iSm;&rf;cJhonf? bkef;awmf=uD; refe&pfonf a,&SLc&pfawmf. tqHk;trrsm;udk vdkufemjyD;
bk&m;wpfckwnf;udk udk;uG,f=uaomfvnf; c&pf,mefbk&ifrsm;u ay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfaom Ak'<bmom0if bk&ifoD&dok"rR.
apwem &ufa&mulnDr_udk ol.rSwfwrf;wGif csD;usL;axmyemjyKcJhonf? 21
bkef;awmf=uD;refe&pf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSm &ckdifjynfonf tdENd, txl;ojzifh b*Fvm;e,fESifh e,fedrdwfxdpyfv#uf
&dSaomfvnf; &ckdifESifh tdENd, (b*FvD) vlrsKd;wdk@onf vlrsdK;/ tqif;oef/ bmom/ pum;/ p&dwfvuQ%m/ pdwfaepdwfxm;/
20

Maurice Collis, The Land of the Great Image, p.153

21

Maurice Collis, The land of the Great Image, p. 153. U Aung Tha Oo, A short History of Arakan ( in
Burmese), Mya Yadana Press, Rangoon, 1955, p. 99

xHk;wrf;pOfvmESifh ,Ofaus;rSKxGef;um;yHkwdk@rSm vHk;0rwl nDa=umif;vnf; a&;om;xm;ygonf? rGwfqvifbmom0if jzpfvmaom

&ckdifwpfOD;wpfa,mufrSsvnf; rawG@cJha=umif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygao;onf?
Tae&mY uGsefawmfonf bkef;awmf=uD;rmefe&pf.pum;rsm;tm; azmfjyvdkygonf? &ckdif+rdK@awmf. EdkifiHjcm;om; rygyJ
pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&rSm trsm;oabmxm;t& wpfodef;ajcmufaomif;cef@&dSygonf? ajrmufOD;qdyfurf;ESifh ta&mif;t0,fvkyf=uaom
b*Fvm;/ rmqlvDygwef (Masulipatan) / weoFm&dD / rkwWr / tmacs (Acha) ESifh *smumw&m ( Jacatra ) qdyfurf;rsm;wkd@rS
oabFmrsm; qdyfuyfxm;aoma=umifh EkdifiHjcm;om; oabFmom;rsm;vnf; tajrmuftrsm;&dSygonf? xkd@tjyif EdkifiHjcm;om;
ukefonfrsm;/ vpmjzifh wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom ay:wl*D/ rGef/ Arm/ rGef*dkpaom EkdifiHjcm;om; a=u;pm;ppfonfrsm;vnf; &dSyg
onf? xkd@tjyif c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm;jzpfaom *syef/ b*FvDESifh tjcm;EkdifiHom;rsm;vnf;&dSygonf? 22
2 . 4 ? tDpvmrfbmom
2 . 4 . 1 //
2 . 4 . 1 . 1//

&ckdifjynftwGif; rlqvifrsm; vma&muftajcpdkufaexdkifr_

udkvdkeDacwf rwkdifrDtajctae

&ckdifjynfonf b*Fvm;ESifh e,fpyfxdpyfv#uf&dSaoma=umifh ajrmufOD;rif;qufrwnfaxmifrDuyif rlqvifrsm;

&dScJhrnfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg? odk@aomfvnf; ta&twGufrSm tvGefenf;yg;+yD; rlqvifrsm;rSm &ckdifrsm;r[kwfyJ EdkifiHjcm;om;
rsm;om jzpfonf?23
wcsdK@aom rlqvifrsm;u ajym=um;=uonfrSm &cdkifjynf&Sdrlqvifwdk@onf at'D (9)&mpkuwnf;u aexdkifcJh=uonf[k
qdkon//f rlqvifrsm; b*Fvm;Ytajcpdkufaexdkifr_onf tvGefaemufusjyD;rS jzpfvmaoma=umifh T,lqcsufonf
tajctjrpfr&Sdaom rSm;,Gif;onfh,lqcsufwckjzpfonf// ppfwaumif;a'orSmqdkv#if at'D (14) &mpkrSom rlqvifrsm;
tajcpdkufaexdkifr_udk awG@&Sd&onf// urBmwGif rlqvifvlOD;a&trsm;qHk;/ ta&S@awmiftm&S. t=uD;qHk; EdkifiHjzpfaom tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiHawmifrS at'D (9) &mpkwGif [dENL-Ak'<bmom tifyg,mjzpfaom oD&d0dZ, (Sri Vijaya) bk&ifrif;qufrsm;
vufatmufwGif &Sdaeonf//
b*Fvm;e,fonf TbmompepfqDodk@ (tDqvrf bmomudkqdkvdkonf) TbmompepfqDodk at'D (1203) wGif
ajymif;vSJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf// odk@aomfvnf; b*Fvm;e,f.ta&Shzsm;tpGefxdom oufa&mufr_&Sdonf// tdENdK-w&kwfa'ozufqDodk@
vHk;0oufa&mufr_r&SdcJhyg/ &cdkifY tDqvrf. =oZmvGrf;rdk;r_onf olwdk@a&muf&Sdvmonfh at'D (1203) rS (1430) cktxd rajymjy
avmufay24 [k arm&pfaumvpfu &Sif;vif;pGma&;om;xm;ygonf//
2 . 4 . 1 . 2// urefrlqvifrsm;
&cdkifbk&ifrif;apmrGefonf a*g&fqlvwef.tultnDjzifh &cdkifhxD;eef;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkufjyD;aemufrSomv#if
trSefwu,f rlqviftajcpdkufaexdkifr_ pwifvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf// bk&ifrif;apmrGeftm; Armwdk@. usL;ausmfr_rS uGmuG,fay;&ef
rlqvifbmom0ifppfonfrsm; ajrmufOD;jrdK@Y&SdcJhonf? aemufESpfaygif; (200) cef@=umaomtcg r*dkrif;om; &Sm;&SL*sm (Mogul
Prince Shah Shuja) . aemufygawmfrsm;onf Tppfonfrsm;rS qif;oufvmolrsm;ESifh aygif;pnf;oGm;cJhonf? Ta=u;pm;
ppfonfrsm;rSm tmz*efvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh r*dkvlrsdK;rsm;jzpf=uonf// 4if;wdk@tm; uref vlrsdK;rsm; [k ac:a0:=ujyD; yg&Sefbmomjzifh
av;onfawmfrsm;[k t"dy`g,f&onf// 4if;wdk@.tquftEG,frsm;onf &cdkifjynfwGif aexdkifv#uf&SdqJjzpfjyD; ppfawGESifh&rf;jAJwdk@
22

Myo Min , Old Burma, P. 38

23

See and compare with Maurice Collis in collaboration with San Shwe Bu, Arakans Place in the Civilization
of the Bay in Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol. , P. 493.
24
M. Collis, Arakans Place in the Civilization of the Bay, XXIII, p. 493.

wGif trsm;tjym;awG@&Sd&onf// &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmomESifh &kyfqif;omefwdk@Yom uGJjym;r_&SdjyD; urefwdk@onf &cdkifpum;/

pmay/ Ak'<bmom,mOfaus;r_rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmem;vnf=uygonf// urefwdk@onf rlqviftrnfudkcH,ljcif;enf;jyD;
&cdkiftrnfrsm;udkomxm;=uonf//
2 . 4 . 1 . 3// ajr;'lrlqvifrsm;
oHwGJc&dkifaexdkif=uaom tjcm;aomrlqvifrsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? 4if;wdk@tm; ajr;'lrlqvifrsm;[kac:jyD; bk&m;
u|ef rsm;. tquftEG,frsm;jzpfonf? bk&ifrif;bif (ac:) rif;bm=uD;onf ppfwaumif; a'oudk at'D (1533) ckESpfwGif
jyefvnfodrf;ydkufaomtcg b*FvDrsm;tm; ppfoHk@yef;rsm;tjzpf ac:aqmifvmcJhjyD; oHwGJa'o&Sd tefawmf/ eefawmf/ qHawmf
bk&m;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfapcJhonf// 4if;wdk@onf tvkyf=urf;orm;rsm;jzpf=ujyD; vGwfvyfr_uif;rJhaom vlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfaom
a=umifh bk&m;u|ef rsm;[kac:onf// oHwGJjrdK@pm;u ol@zcifbk&iftm; awmfvSefykefuefaomtcg Tb*FvD bk&m;u|efrsm;u
axmufcHcJh=uonf? eef;wGif;ykefuefr_ratmifjrifaomtcg Tbk&m;u|efrsm;ESifh olwdk@.rdom;pk0if (4000) cef@wdk@onf tif;0odk@
xGufajy;cdkvHkcJh=uonf// Armbk&ifu 4if;wdk@tm; vufcHcJhjyD; eef;wGif;trdef@jyefwrf;xkwjf yefum bk&m;u|ef b0rS vGwfjidrf;
csrf;omcGifh ay;cJhonf// 4if;wdk@tm; ajr;'ljrdK@i,fuav;wGif aexdkifapcJhojzifh ajr;'l rlqvifrsm;[k ac:a0:jcif;jzpfonf// 4if;wd@k .
rsdK;quftoD;oD;wdk@onf Armbk&ifrsm;vufatmufY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uonf// bdk;awmfarmif0dkif;ppfwyfrS &cdkifjynfudk at'D
(1784) ckESpfwGif 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufaomtcg ajr;'lrlqviftquf tEG,frsm;onf Armppfonfawmfrsm;ESifh oHwGJa'o.
ppfajrjyifwGif wdkufcdkufcJhonf? &cdkifjynfudkodrf;ydkufjyD;aomtcg 4if;wdk@tm; oHwGJa'ow0dkufY aexdkifcGifhay;cJhonf? 4if;wdk@onf
txufArmjynfY ESpfaygif; (150) cef@ aexdkifvmcJhojzifh Armhvlr_todkif;t0dkif;ESifh wom;wnf; jzpfaecJhjyDjzpfaoma=umifh
oHwGJa'wGif aexdkif=uaomfvnf; &cdkifpum;tpm; Armpum;udkom ajymqdk=uonf// 4if;wdk@onf &cdkifESifhArmvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh
tom;ta&mifESifh trnftcsdK@om uGJjym;r_&SdjyD; Armpum;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ xHk;xrf;pOfvmrsm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnf=uygonf//
4if;olwdk@onf rlqviftrnfudk tvGeftoHk;enf;jyD; Xmeqdkif&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif &cdkif/ Armtrnfrsm;udkom w&m;0if toHk;rsm;
=uonf//
25

tmz*efav;onfrsm;. tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom uref wdk@onf &cdkifwGif at'D (1430) rS pwifaexdkifvmcJh=ujyD;/

&Sm&SL;*sm. aemufygrsm; at'D (1660) wGif 4if;wdk@ESifhyl;aygif;vdkufaomtcg ta&twGufrSm rsm;jym;vmcJhonf// b*FvDbk&m;
u|efrsm;. tquftEG,frsm;jzpf=uaom ajr;'lrl qvifwdk@onf at'D (1533) uwnf;u &cdkifwGifpwifaexdkifvmcJh=uojzifh
4if;wdk@tm;vHk;udk &cdkifjynf. Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rlqvifrsm; [k ac:qdkEdkifzG,f&Sdygonf// &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &cdkifjynf. Xmae
wdkif;&if;om;rlqvifrsm; onf Ak"Nbmom0if &cdkif/ Armrsm;ESifh aexdkifcJh/ aexdkifqJjzpfonf// (1938) wGif &efukefrS pwifum
EdkifiHtESH@tjym;jzpfyGg;cJhaom rlqvifESifhAk"Nbmomt"du &kef;wdk@onf oHwGJa'oY jzpfygG;r_wckr#r&SdcJhay// 26
2 . 4 . 1 .4//

udkvdkeDacwftajctae

2 . 4 . 1 .4. 1// tapmydkif;b*FvDrlqviftajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;;

Armjynfudk t*Fvdyfwdk@uodrf;,ljyD; jAdwdo#tdEN,tifyg,mxJodk oGwfoGif;vdkufaomtcgrSomv#if b*FvDtajrmuf
trsm; txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;a'oom;wdk@onf &cdkifjynfodk@0ifa&mufvmjyD; txl;ojzifh &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;wGif tajcpdkuf
aexdkif=uonf? (1824)wGif pwifjzpfyGg;jyD; (1826) wGifjyD;qHk;aom yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJwGif Armjynf. tpdwftydkif;tcsdK@
onf jAdwdo#tdENd,tifyg,m. ydkifeufjzpfvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh tdENd,wdkufe,frS vlwdk@onf jrefrmjynfodk@twm;tqD;r&Sd
vGwfvyfpGm 0ifa&mufvmEdkifcJhonf/ tcsdK@vlrsm;udk jAdwdo#wdk@u &nf&G,fcsufrsdK; pHkjzifh ac:aqmifvmcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; (19)
&mpk tv,fydkif;rwdkifrSD 0ifa&mufvmaom tdENd,vlOD;a&onf (1852)ck aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;Y 0ifa&mufvmaom vlOD;a&ESifh
Ed_if;,SOfygu rsm;jym;r_r&Sdyg// 'kwd,t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJ (1852) ESifh wwd,ppfyGJ (1886) wGif jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;udk odrf;ydkufjyD;aom
tcgrSomv#if tdENd,vlOD; a&0ifa&muf vmr_ ordkif;pmrsufESmopfwck pwifcJhonf? (1869) ckESpfwGif jAdwdo#wdk@u ArmjynfwGif
25
26

U Aung Thein (Publisher), Biography of Rector U Kyaw Yin (in Burmese), Pyi Daw Tha Press, Rangoon,
1967, p. 178.

pl;tufwl;ajrmif; zGifhvSpfr_onf pD;yGg;a&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;ordkif;. tvSnfhtajymif;wckjzpfay:cJhonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&onf ArmjynfrS

qefpyg;rsm;udk wifydk@a&mif;csvdkaoma=umifh &cdkif/ weoFm&DESifh atmufjrefrmjynfwdk@wGif qefpyg;rsm;udk wdk;csJ@pdkufysdK;cJhonf?
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJ@azgufvkyfcJhonf? xdktcg v,form;/ tvkyf=urf;orm;rsm; vdktyfaoma=umifh axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmaom tdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;udk wifoGif;cJhonf//
0ifa&mufvmaom tdENd,a&$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;tm; (5) rsdK;cGJjcm;Edkifonf? (1) tjrJwrf;0ifa&muftajcpdkuf
aexdkifolrsm;/ (2) ESpf&Snftajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;/ (4if;wdk@onf ,if;tcsdefu ta&S@ awmiftm&S.tcsrf;omqHk;EdkifiHjzpfaom
ArmjynfwGif "eOpPm&SmzG,fjyD; tdENd,odk@jyefoGm;vdkolrsm;jzpfonf/) (3) &moDtvdkuf tcsdefwdkwcktwGif;Yom vma&muf
vkyfudkifolrsm;/ (4) tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh ukefonfyGJpm;rsm;/ (4if;wdk@onf tvkyfvkyfaiGpkjyD; om;orD;rsm;tm; vlcsrf;omrsm;
tjzpfjrefrmjynfY tjrJwrf;aexdkifvdkolrsm;) ESifh (5) jAdwdo#rsm;u &nf&nfcsufrsm;pGmjzifh ac:aqmifvmaomolrsm;
[lIjzpfygonf//
Tta=umif;rsm;t=umif; jrefrmjynfYaexdkifaom emrnfausmfa&S;a[mif;okawoeynm&Sif ygarmuQ az:&Sefrm
(Prof. E. Forschhammer) a[mudef;xkwfcJhonfrSm Armjynf/ txl;ojzifh&cdkifjynfonf ta&Shzsm;a'o. ygvufpwdkif;
(the Palestine of the Far Eas)27 a'ojzpfvmvdrfhrnf[l ownf;//
2 . 4 . 1 . 4. 2 // udkvdkeDacwf b*FvDtajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;
&cdkifjynfonf ajrqD=oZmtvGefaumif;rGefjyD; rdk;rsm;aoma'ojzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh jAdwdo#wdk@u qefpyg;pdkufcif;rsm;
wdk;csJ@cJhonf? &cdkifjynfonf vlOD;a&enf;yg;jyD; b*Fvm;e,fESifh txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;ESifh e,ferdwfqufpyfv#uf &Sdaoma=umifh
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom ppfwaumif;b*FvDrsm;udk ulvD/ v,f,mvkyfom;ESifh atmufajcodrf; tvkyf=urf;orm;rsm;tjzpf +Adwdo#
wdk@u ac:aqmifvmcJhonf?
wcsdK@aomppfwaumif;b*FvDrsm;udk bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawmt=um; &xm;vrf;rsm;azgufvkyf&ef ac:aqmifcJh=u
onf// &xm;vrf;aqmufvkyfa&;onf (1916-18) wGif jyD;pD;r_r&SdcJhay? odk@aomfvnf; ppfwaumif;b*FvDwdk@rSm b*Fvm;e,fodk@
jyefoGm;jcif;r&Sd=uawmhay// Tb*FvDtajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;udk &cdkif/ Armpum;jzifh ac:awmukvm;rsm;[kac:=uonf// wcsdK@
aom tajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;onf Armpum;ESifh&cdkifpum;rsm;udk oif=um;=uaoma=umifh Zmwdom;&cdkifrsm;ESifh ydkIeD;pyfr_&Sdvm
um o[ZmwjzpfvmcJhonf? Tppfwaumif;b*Fvo
D m;rsm;onf &cdkifwdk@ESifh &kyfqif;omef/ tom;ta&mif/ bmomESifh
xHk;xrf;pOfvm,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif vHk;0uGJjym;jcm;em;=ujyD; pmaya&;om;&mwGifrl Armpmudkom toHk;jyK=uonf// olwdk@tcsif;csif;
ajymqdkqufqH&mwGifrl olwdk@.bdk;bGm;bDbifpum;jzpfaom b*FvD (odk@r[kwf) tl&'lpum;udkom toHk;jyK=uonf// olwdk@udk
olwdk@ rnfonfhtcgrS &dk[if*sm [k rac:a0:=ubJ tm&uefrlqvifrsm;[kom ac:a0:=uonf// olwdk@onf &cdkifhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;
ESifh o[Zmw&SdvmjyDjzpfaoma=umifh &cdkifArmwdk@u olwdk@udk ac:awmukvm;[krac:qdk=uawmhyJ rlqviffrsm;[kom ac:qdk=u
onf? urefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ajr;'lvlrsdK;rsm;onf &cdkifwdk@ESifh wom;wnf;jzpf oGm;jyD[kqdkEdkifonf? uref (odk@r[kwf) ajr;'ltrnfudk
=um;v#if &cdkifwdk@u rlqvif[k tvdktav#mufod&dSjyD;om;jzpfonf//
odk@aomf ta=umif;rvSpGmyJ aemufydkif;wGif tajcpdkuf0ifa&mufaexdkifvm=uolrsm;onf &cdkifwdk@ESifh o[Zmwjzpf
atmif =udK;pm;jcif;r&Sd=uonfhtwGuf &cdkifh/ Armvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS aEG;axG;pGm =udKqdkr_udkr&&Sd=uay? 4if;tjyif tm&uef.
Xmaewdkif;&if;om; rlqvifrsm; [kqdkEdkifaom urefESifhajr;'l tkyfpkrsm;ESifhvnf; 4if;wdk@onf aygif;pyfEdkifr_r&Sd=uay? t*Fvdyf
udkvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufydkif;wGif &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;Y vlrsdK;a&;t"du&kef;rsm; jzpfyGg;&jcif;onf
txufygtyga=umif; rsm;a=umifhjzpf&onf//

27

Forchhammer, Emil. 1892. Papers on Subjects Relating to the Archaeology of Burma: A Report on the
History of Arakan. Rangoon: Government Press.

3 jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufydkif;tjctae
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rlqvifEdkifiHtjzpfwnfaxmifvdkonf? *sLeD,mwl; tdkvrdkif (Juniyatu Olamai) bmoma&;tzGJ@0iftcsdK@onf u&mcsD
(Karachi) jrdK@odk@oGm;a&muf=ujyD; bl;oD;awmif/ armifawm/ &aohawmifoHk;jrdK@e,ftm; ta&ShygupPwef EdkifiHodk@ oGwfoGif;a&;
udk oGm;a&mufaqG;aEG;cJhonf 28 tm&uef &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf TpDrHcsuftm; onf;nOf;rcHEdkifyg/ &cdkifESifh b*FvDtajcpdkuf
aexdkifolrsm;. aoG;acsmif;pD;aom t"du&kef;rsm;jzpfyGg;cJh&onf/ wcsdK@tajcpdkufaexdkif olb*FvDrsm;onf ta&ShygupP wefodk@
jyefoGm;cJh=ujyD; tcsdK@rSm vufeufudkifjyD; rl*sm[pf olykefrsm;tjzpf OD;Ektpdk;&tm; wdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ usefolrsm;rSm rdrd.
aus;&Gmrsm;Yusef&pfcJh=uonf/ &cdkifESifh&efukefwdk@rS ynmwwfb*FvDtcsdK@. tultnDjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwf
jyK&ef awmif;qdkcJh=uonf//
3 2 ? rl*sm[pfolykefrsm;
rl*sm[pfolykefrsm;.acgif;aqmifrSm ynmrwwfaom wHigonf rD,mcgqdrf; (Mir Cassim) jzpfonf/ ordkif;tpOf
tqufquf bk&m;ykxdk; apwDawmfrsm;ESifhjynfheufaeaom Ak'<bmom &cdkifjynfudk rlqvif EdkifiHtjzpf ajymif;vJvdkaom
ynmrwwfolcgqdrf;uJhaom vlwOD;.pdwful;,mOfqeftdyfruf wckomjzpfonf// odk@jzpfI (1950) vGef ESpfumvrsm;wGif
Tolykefrsm;tm; tjrpfjywfESdrfESif;vkdufonf// wcsdK@rSm vufeufcstvif;0if=ujyD; usefwcsdK@rSm ta&S@ygupPwef (,ckb*Fvm;
a'hcsfEdkifiH) odk@xGufajy;oGm;=uonf// olykefacgif;aqmifumqdrf;onf ta&ShygudpPwefodk@ xGufajy;oGm;jyD; trnfrodaoewf
orm;wOD;u (1966) ckESpfwGif aumhbmZm (Coxs Bazaar) jrdK@Yvkyf =uHowfjzwfvdkufonf// ukvm; [laom
a0g[m&onf [dENL/ tl&'l/ b*FvDbmompum;t& tom;rJ[k t"dy`g,f&ojzifh vufeufcsrl*sm[pfrsm;ESifh b*FvD
rlqvifrsm;onf ac:awmukvm; (odk@r[kwf) ukvm;[k tac:rcHvdk=uay? Arm/ &cdkifwdk@uac:aom ukvm; [laomtrnf
onf ygVd (odk@r[kwf) qefp=uda0g[m& ukvylx&m ( Kula Puttra) rSm jrifhjrwfaomvlrsdK;.om;[k t"dyg`,f&onf?
ta=umif;rSm Ak'<bk&m;&Sifudk,fwdkifrSm tdENd,vlrsdK;r[kwfayvm;/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;u tdENd,vlrsdK;wdk@udk ukvm;[k4if;/ xdkif;vlrsdK;
wdk@u u,fvf (Kal) [k4if; ac:a0: =uonf? odk@qdkv#if ukvm;[laoma0g[m&rSm edrfhusaom t"dy`g,froufa&mufyJ
jrifhjrwfaom a0g[m&wckjzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf//
rnfodk@yifqdkapumrl b*FvDrlqvifwdk@onf ukvm;[ktac:rcHvdk=uyg/ xdk@a=umifh &dk[if*sm [laom trnfudk
zefwD;,l=u&ayawmhonf/ 1950 vGefESpfrsm;wGif rGefESifh&cdkifwdk@. jynfe,fawmif;qdkr_onf t&SdeftjrifhqHk;tajctaeodk@
a&mufvmcJhonf? rdrdudk,fudk &dk[if*sm [kac:aom b*FvDrsm;onf &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhwef;wl jynfe,fawmif; qdkvmcJhonf?
4if;wdk@. awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk &cdkifjynf. Xmaewdkif;&if;om;r[kwf [laom ta=umif;jycsufjzihf Armtpdk;&rS y,fcsvdkufaomtcg
trfatwm[m ( M. A. Tahir, &cdkiftrnfbomjzifhvlodrsm;onf)/ armifoef;vGifESifh &efukefwuUodkvfrS b*FvD ausmif;om;
tcsdK@wdk@uJhodk@aom ynmwwfb*FvDrsm;onf pdwful;,mOfqefvGef;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk pwifwDxGifvm=ujyD; olwdk@.
bkd;bGm; bD;bifrsm;onf a&S;acwftqufqufuwnf;u &cdkifjynfwGif aexdkif=ua=umif;/ 4if;wdk@onfvnf; &cdkifjynf. Xmae
wdkif;&if;om;rlqvifrsm;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm; jyvm=uonf//
3 3 ? &dk[if*sm a0g[m& tqifhqifhqif;oufvmyHk
3 3 1 // &dk[if*sm trnf. jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom bmomaA'
b*FvDrlqvifwdk@onf &cdkifjynfwGif a&S;ya0o%Duyifaexdkifvma=umif;udk oufaojyaom vkyf=uHZmwfvrf; t
ajrmuftrsm;&Sdonf? TZmwfvrf;tm;vHk;wdk@onftajctjrpfr&Sdyg? odk@aomfvnf; jzpfEdkifzG,f&Sdaom &dk[if*sm a0g[m&
tqifhqifhqif;oufvmykHrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf//
28

Khin Gyi Pyaw, Who are the Mujahids in Arakan, in: Rakhine Tazaung Magazine, 1959- 60, p. 99.

3 3 2? &cdkifpum; &Gma[mif;om; rS qif;oufvmyHk

'kwd,urBmppfjyD;qHk;I t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&; jrefrmjynfYpwifaomtcg b*Fvm;odk@jyefoGm;aom b*FvDvlrsdK;wdk@onf
&cdkifjynfodk@jyefvmcJh=uonf? 4if;wdk@ESifhtwl vlopfrsm;tajrmuftjrm;ygvmcJhonf/ b*FvDrsm;0ifa&mufvmr_ vlvd_if;vHk;rSm
tvGef=uD;rm;ojzifh &cdkifjynfajrmufydkif;wGifaexdkif=uaom &cdkifwdk@onf &Gmrsm;udkpGef@cGgI awmifydkif;odk@ ajymif;a&$hvmcJh=u&onf/
Taus;&Gmrsm;tm; vloluif; rJhaom &Gma[mif;rsm; [k ac:a0:=uonf/ T&Gma[mif;rsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;udk &cdkifpum;jzifh
&Gma[mif;om; [k ac:=uonf/ b*FvDtajcpdkufaexdkifolrsm;onf &cdkifhtoHjzpfaom &Gma[mif;om; udk yDopGm toH
rxGufEdkifojzifh olwdk@. b*FvDavoHa&maESmum &m[if; (odk@r [kwf) &dk[efZm [ktoD;oD; toHxGufac:a0:
vm=uonf? aemufydkif;wGif &dk[ef*sm xdkrSwzef &dk[if*sm [kajymif;vJoGm;onf//
3 3 3 b*Fvm;a'hcsf&ckdifom; (odk@r[kwf) taemufom;wdk@. ,lqcsufrsm;
4if;wdk@.tqdkt& b*FvDppfwaumif;om;wdk@.toHk;tEH_;jzpfaom &dk[if*sm qdkaompum;vHk;onf twGif;ydkif;
a'oae &cdkifAk'<bmom0ifrsm;udk &nfnGef;onf? Ttaemufydkif;ae &ckdifom;wdk@u Ak'<bm om&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk b*FvDrsm;u
ac:qdkaomtrnf[k &Sif;vif;pGmxkwfaz:ajym=um;=uygonf// Ttrnf. rlvpwif&mae&monf b*FvDpum;jzpfonfhtwGuf
wcsdK@aom rlqvifcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;u &cdkifZmwdtjzpf axmufjyvdkojzifh Ttrnfukd 4if;wdk@tm; &nfnGef;onf[k
oHk;pGJ=uonf//
3 3 4 &cdkifhordkif;xJY &dk[if*sm [laoma0g[m&
3 3 5 jrefrmEdkifiHY rlqviftusdK;twGuf jAdwdo#wdk@. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
usaemfonf (1953) ckESpfrwdkifrSD EdkifiHjcm;om;ynm&Sifrsm; a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyf/ aqmif;yg;/ pG,fpHk usrf;rsm; tp&Sd
onfwdk@udk &SmzG,fzwf&_avhvmygonf? odk@aomf &dk[if*sm [laomtaxmuftxm; vHk;0rawG@&Sd&yg? jAwdo#udkvdkeDt&m&Sd
wOD;wa,mufr# &dk[if*sm [laomtrnfemrudk jrefrmEdkifiHY4if;/ tdENd,vufatmufcHwdkufe,fY4if; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhjcif;
r&Sdyg/ &dk;om;pGmajym&v#if usaemfonf &dk[if*sm [laomtrnfudk (1950) vGefumvrsm;txd r=um;zl;rdao;ay?
1 jrefrmjynfY &dk[if*sm trnfjzifh vlrsdK;pkwpkonf rnfonfhtcgrS r&SdcJhonfhtcsufrSm tvGef xif&Sm;aeayonf?
(1921) ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,la&; r[mrif;=uD; G.G. Grantham, (I.C.S) aumuf,lcJhaom
tdENd,oefacgifpm&if;wGif;4if;/ R.B. Smart (1924) wGif ppfwef;aumufcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHjyefwrf; (ppfawGc&dkif) 4if;/
&dk[if*sm [laomtrnfonf ryg&SdcJhay/
2 Hobson- Jobsoical,. A Glossary of Collozuial Anglo Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms,
Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive published by British Colonial Officer of British East
India Company, Col. Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell (First Published 1886). TpmtkyfwGif &dk[if*sm trnf
ryg&Sdyg? Tpmtkyfudk tdENd,EdkifiH umvuwfwm;jrdK@tajcpdkuf The Bengal Chamber Edition rS xkwfa0onfh pmtkyf

jzpfonfhtwGuf usefcJhaom ESpf (300)twGif; tdENd,.ordkif;a=umif;udk avhvmvdkolrsm;/ 4if;ordkif;. ta&S@zufESifhtaemufzuf

a'owdk@Y tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk avhvmvdkolrsm;twGuf tvGefta&;=uD;aom tbd"mefjzpfonfESifhtnD TpG,fpHkusef;udk
pHcsdefrSDpmaywcktjzpf vufcH&ayrnf?
3 emrnf=uD;pma&;q&mESifh ynm&Sifarm&pfaumvpf. &cdkifjynfESifhywfoufor# a&;om;cJh aompmtkyfrsm;wGif &dk[if*sm
[laoma0g[m&udk wcgzl;r#az:jycJhjcif;rawG@&Sd&yg//

4 jrefrmESifhtdENd,wdk@ESifhywfoufI jAdwdo#udkvdkeDt&m&Sdrsm; a&;om;zl;or#pmtkyfpmwrf; rsm;wGifvnf; &dk[if*sm

[laoma0g[m&udk az:jyjcif;r&Sdyg/ odk@aomf &cdkifjynfwGif tajcpdkufaexdkifaom b*FvDvlrsdK;rsm;/ urefrlqvifrsm;/

ajr;'lrlqvifrsm;/ txufArmjynf&Sd &rnf;oif;ESifha&$bdkc&dkif&Sd rlqvifrsm;udk &nfnGef;aom Zerabadi trnfudkom

awG@&Sd&ygonf//
5 1965 ckEpS fwiG f J. F. Cady a&;om;aom The History of Modern Burma pmtkyf wGifvnf; &dk[if*sm odk@r[kwf
&cdkifrlqvif [laom toHk;tE_H;udk rawG@&Sd&ay//
6 jAdwdo#ta&ShtdENd,ukr`%DwGif tvkyfvkyfaeaom paumhvlrsdK;q&m0efvnf;jzpf/ Armbk&ifh EdkifiH.jrdK@awmfjzpfaom tif;0
odk@jAdwdo#oHtzGJ@ESifhvdkufygcJholvnf;jzpfol Francis Buchanan29 wOD;wnf;omv#if &dk[if*sm trnfESifhteD;pyfqHk;jzpfaom
(Rooingas and Rossawns) trnfrsm;udkomv#if ppfwaumif;ESifhwDyD& (Tiperah) a'o. bmompum;wcktjzpf az:jycJh
onfudk awG@&onf? odk@aomfvnf; Tbmompum;ajymolrsm;onf [dENLESifhrlqvifrsm;omjzpfjyD; 4if;wdk@. bmompum;rSm
b*FvDjzpfa=umif; 4if;rSaz:jycJhygonf? rnfodk@yifqdkap TvlrsdK;rsm;udk Zmwd&cdkifom; rsm;u ukvm;[k4if;/ vlpdrf;[k4if;/
EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;[k4if;ac:a0:=uonf[k Francis Buchanan rS &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;a&;om;cJhonf//
4if;a&;om;r_tm; atmufyguJhodk@ usaemfudk;um;vdkygonf [dENLbmompum;rSqif;oufvmaom jrefrmbk&ifhEdkifiHwGiftoHk;jyKaeaom bmompum;oHk;rsdK;udk az:jyvdkayonf//
yxrpum;rSm &cdkifjynfY vma&muftajcpdkufaexdkif=uaom olwdk@udk,folwdk@ Rooinga [kac:=uaom rdk[mar'ifvlrsdK;
rsm;u toHk;jyKaompum;jzpfonf? 'kwd,pum;rSm &cdkifjynf&Sd [dENLrsm;u ajymaompum;jzpfonf? u|Ekyfonf Tpum;udk
bk&if.t=uD;qHk;om;awmf &cdkifjynftm;atmifjrifjyD;aemuf tjyefwGif tr&yl&odk@ac:aqmifvmcJhaom jAmrD Brahmen
vlrsdK;ESifh 4if;wdk@. taygif;ygrsm;xHrS&&SdcJhonf? olwdk@udkolwdk@ Rossawn [kac:a0:=ujyD; olwdk@.pum;onf &cdkifjynf.
trsm;oHk;bmompum;jzpfa=umif; b,fta=umif;a=umihfrod usaemftm;pnf;&Hk; ajymqdk=uonf? Zmwd&cdkifrsm;u TvlrsdK;
ESpfrsdK;udk Kulaw Yakain odk@r[kwf &cdkifjynf. {nfhonfrsm; [kac:a0:=uonf? wwd,pum;rSm Armrsm;u Aykobat
[kac:aom tr&yl&Y u|efrsm;jzpfaom [dENLpwefeDjzpfayonf? 4if;wdk@rSwOD;onf olwdk@rSm Banga vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/
,cifu udk,fydkifbk&ifESifhaexdkifcJha=umif;/ olwdk@.bcifvufxufY Munnypura bk&ifonf olwdk@.bk&ifhEdkifiHtm; odrf;ydkuf
vdkufjyD; vltrsm;tjym;tm;ac:aqmifvmcJha=umif; u|Ekyftm;ajymjyonf// &cdkifjynftm; Armrsm;u aemufqHk;usefcJhaom (15)
ESpfu odrf;ydkufvdkufjyD;aemuf tif;0odk@zrf;qD;ac:cJhaom olrsm;teuf 4if;olrSm wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf// Banga
[laoma'oonf Munnypura . taemufawmifzuf (7) &ufc&D;uGma0;aom t&yfY&Sdonf[k 4if;rSajymonf// xdk@a=umif;
4if;t&yfonf b*Fvm;. e,fpyfa'ojzpf&rnfjzpfjyD; usaemfwdk@.ajryHkwGif Cashar [kac:aom EdkifiHjzpfzG,f&Sdayonf//
TtxufygtjrifESifhywfoufI usaemf.tjrifudk atmufygtwdkif;az:jyvdkonf tavmif;bk&m;jrefrmEdkifiHtifyg,mudk jyefvnfwnfaxmifaomtcg olESifhol@tm;qufcHolbk&ifrsm;onf &cdkif/ rGef/
redyl&/ tmoH/ ,dk;',m;tp&Sdaom tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;udk usL;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhonf?
"n0wDta&;awmfyHkESifh r[mynmawmfav#mufxHkuJhodk@aom &cdkifh&mZ0ifrsm;wGif a&;om;xm;onfrSm &cdkifhbk&if
vufatmufcH Roang Muslim Land [kac:aom rlqvifEdkifiHwck&Sdonf[k qdkygonf//
Roang/Roong [kac:aom b*Fvm;e,fwckudk r%dyl&uodrf;ydkufvdkufjyD; b*FvDu|efrsm;udk ac:aqmifvmcJhonfrSm

tvGefjzpfEdkifonf[k usaemfxifygonf/ r%dyl&onf Armtifyg,m. vufatmufcHjzpfvmaomtcg Tu|efrsm;udk tif;0bk&if

xHodk@vufaqmifymtjzpfqufojcif;/ Armrsm;rS u|eftjzpf ac:aqmifvmcJh=uonf// odk@aomf Buchanan az:jyaom
Aykobat a0g[m&ESifheD;pyfaom Armpum;vHk;wvHk;udkr# usaemf&mS zG,fawG@&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg/ Armpum;wGif vltrsm;twGuf
vkyfay;&aomol (odk@r[kwf) tapcHudk Khaing-bat cdkif;zuf[kac:aompum;omv#if usaemfawG@&Sd&ayonf//
29

Buchanan, Francis. 1992. Francis Buchanan in Southeast Bengal (1798): His Journey to Chittagong, the Chittagong
Hill Tracts, Noakhali and Comilla. Dhaka: Dhaa University Press.

10

rnfodk@yifqdkap Buchanan az:jyaom Rooingas trnfESifh ,ae@oHk;EH_;aeaom Rohingya trnfwdk@onf

qufEG,fywfoufr_ ,cifvnf;r&SdcJhovdk ,ckvnf;r&Sday? tu,fI &SdcJhrnfqdkygu &cdkifESifhb*Fvm;e,fudktkyfcsKyfcJhaom jAdwdo#
rsm;u rSwfwrf;wifcJhrnfomjzpfonf// jAdwdo#rSwfwrf;rsm;u tdENd,EdkifiH. b*Fvm;a'owGifaexdkifaom b*FvD[dENLESifh
b*FvDrlqvifrsm;udkom &Sif;vif;pGm rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf// xdk@a=umifh (1947) ckESpfwGif tdENd,ESifhygupPwef[lI EdkifiHESpfck
ay:aygufvmaomtcg [dENLtrsm;pkaexdkifaom taemufb*Fvm;a'oonf tdENd,bufodk@ygoGm;jyD; rlqviftrsm;pk aexdkif
aom ta&Shb*Fvm;a'oonf ygupPwefbufodk@ygoGm;onf//
&cdkifjynfwGif vma&mufaexdkifaom b*FvDrsm;udk rdk[mr,f'ifvlrsdK;/ [dENLvlrsdK;[k jAdwdo#wdk@u rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf//
ed*Hk;csKyf
&cdkifjynfESifh&cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@.ta=umif;udk odvdkaomvlrsm;twGuf Tpmwrf;tm; apwemrSefjzifh wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf?
usaemfaxmufjyvdkonfrSm jrefrmEdkifiH&dSrlqvifvlrsdK;tm;vHk;udk &dk[if*sm [k rac:=uyg &cdkifjynf&Sdrlqvifrsm;tm;vHk;udk
vnf; rac:=uyg//
Tpmwrf;udkwifjy&mwGif &dk[if*sm wdk@tm;wdkufcdkufaom oabmrsdK;roufa&mufatmif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; pmwrf;[k
rjrif&apatmif/ usaemftvGef*&kpdkufjyD; a&;om;jyKpkcJhygonf// Tpmwrf;onf &ufpuf =urf;=uKwfaom jrefrmppftpdk;&tm;
axmufcHay;aeaom pmwrf;tjzpfvJrG Sm;pGm jrifoGm;rSmudk usaemftpdk;&drfqHk;jzpfygonf//
&dk[if*sm [kac:aomvlrsm;udkvnf; 4if;wdk@. enf;AsL[mrsm;tm; jyKjyifajymif;vJ=u&ef &dk;om;pGm t=uHay;vdkonf?
&cdkifjynf. vlrsm;pkjzpfaom &cdkifrsm;ESifhcspf=unf&if;ESD;pGmaexdkif=u&ef/ tjcm;wdkif; &if;om;rsm;ESifhvnf; rdwfaqGzGJ@=u&ef Arm
pum; txl;ojzifh&cdkifpum;udk 4if;wdk@taejzifhoif=um;&ef vdktyfaeayonf/ r[kwfrSefaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;zefwDjyD; &cdkifjynf.
Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm; jzpfa=umif; vkyf=uHvDv,fajymqdkaejcif;/ tpOftvmt& Ak"Nbmom&cdkifjynftm; rlqvifEdkifiHtjzpf
ajymif;vJ&ef=udK;pm;aejcif;wdk@tm; &yfwef@jyD; jrefrmEdkifiH. tjrJwrf;aexdkifcGifh&olrsm;tjzpf/ 4if;rSwzef Edik if Hom;rsm;tjzpfom
tqifhqifh &dk;om;pGmawmif;qdkoifhayonf// Todk@qdkv#if Zmwd&cdkifvlrsdK;wdk@ taejzifh uef@uGufp&mta=umif;r&Sdyg//
aemufqHk;taejzifh &dk[if*sm wdk@onf rnfonfhvlrsdK;rsm;yifjzpfygap 4if;rsm;tay: usL;vGefaeaom ppftpdk;&.
ESdyfpufr_trsdK;rsdK;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azgufr_trsdK;rsdK;udk jyif;xefpGm qef@usif&_wfcs&ayrnf//

11