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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
22

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

23

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
24

&cdik o
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eufeJrIr[dyg/ olUuAsma& olUtoQif rif;carmif; &cdkifodkY jyefcsifatmif
qGJaqmifEdkifpGrf; [dcsif[dygzdkY/ jynfoludkawmh tusdK;ryEdkifyg/

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k yf ga&/
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ardkUawmif,mrm jra&mifydkif pdrf;vef;aom awmif,mpyg;cif;eefY ocGm;

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

25

pa& toD;zvHUkd udk pnfpnfum;um;jrif&a&cg pmqdk 0rf;omtm;& jzpf&yg

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vdkY pdcpGmjzpfawtwGuf jynfoludk tusdK;yEdkifyga&/ atomjcif;oHudk
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,mysdKardkUudk tm;wufpDygzdkU/
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vufvnf;aumif;aumif; 0ifyga&/ ,if;tvkyu
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axGawmifa'awmif? acsmifajrmifwvTm;
ydk;ypdkif;oH nHaomaom
awmoHvDoH rqlnH
ESif;oH ajzmufajzmuf? yaygufazgufodkY

&cdkifnGefYzl;
26

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

Mum;&a&/
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ydk;ypdkif;oH? nHaomaom
awmoHvDoH rqlnH? ESif;oHajzmufajzmuf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

27

yaygufazgufodkY Mum;&a&}
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jynfol Ukd um; b0&yfwnf&;D wdu
k yf rJG m tm;rmeftjynhef efY yg0ifwek ;f ygoD;/
ukvm;wefjrpfeefY? av;rdUjrpfUkd pGm wpfcgvnf; &Dp;D rwefYa&ydik af ,Smif
&cdkifjynfoldkU\ tm;rmefvnf; tNrJwufeDzdkU trSefjzpfyga&/ &cdkifjrDjyif
wnf[ed o
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vdrfhrnf/ oldkU\ v,f,mpyg;cif;wdvnf; pnfum;ygvdrfhrnf/
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olUpmqdkdkU\ uAsmaw;oHudkum; v,fcif;?,mcif;dkUrm emaomifhemom
Mum;eD&ygoD;a&/

atmifjr
(25-12-1967)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
28

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

&cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ wa&mwl&d,m
]r,m;auR;rIY? om;auR;rIUau? wckynm? udk,fpDygau
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kd &k iftm; ol\txde;f awmf ADwm*d;k ,wfpf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

29

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
30

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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31

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
32

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

33

toHjcm rom,maMumif;jzifh ajymjyonf/ if;q&mMuD;rsm; xkdwa&m

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az:jybl;onf/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
34

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
35

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
36

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

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ydk0if;? ojyDtdk;tjyif? e*g;kyf? udE&mkyf? e,m;kyf? [oFmkyf? jcL;yef;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
37

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]yif;uef}wdkYudk 2-vHavmufrSm 3-ckavmuf wyfqif&onf/ avSukd vllu

xrf;cs? xrf;wif&onf/ trsdK;orD;rsm; ausmfrwuf&ef pnf;urf;owfrw
S f
xm;onf/

avSavSmfom;rsm;
q,fhSpfa,mufpD;&onfh 6-vHavSrSmqdkvQif? aemufqHk;u wufrudk
wOD;? wufrudkifaSUu yJhaxmifESpfOD; aSUrSm OD;pD;OD;aygufac:onfh yef;qGJ
wpfO;D ? OD;pD;aemufu ]vdik q
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f ,fh
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f rm;-6-qdik ;f xdik &f onf/
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f m;wkYdrmS
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f ikd ;f ? &ifoikd ;f trsdK;rsdK;
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yef;0ifrSm wufukd oGufoGufjrefjref avSmfcwf&ygonf/ wenf;qkdvQif
ydifavmif;oGm;bdkY tiftm;rSm OD;pD;\vIyfSm;rItay: wnfygonf/ ydif
avmif;tSdef,l wmxGufonfhtcg rwdrf;rapmif;&ef ta&;MuD;ygonf/
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
38

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f m;BuD;pmay

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rysufruGuf nDnDnm? &Dyef;zGmatmif wufudkpGJvdkY
w[kefwnf;eefY xGufvDcg? ydifavmif;yJhrSm
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olYvufpGJawmf xdkwufrudk? jrm'ifxufu aemif;aemif;ukdif
r,drf;r,dkif vSDrapmif;atmif? jzajzmifhwwef; udkifvkdUvm
Zmolwcg ydif0HhbdkYvJh}
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rSm emrnfMuD;onfh q&matmifuavSOD;pD;? yJhukdifu emrnfausmf q&m
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ydifavmif;yGJudk &yfGmtcsif;csif; odkYr[kwf rdUe,fcdkiftvdkuf usif;y
avhSdMuonf/ &moDyGJtjzpfomru bk&m;yGJ? rif;yJGpdk;yGJrsm;ESihf wGJbuf
vnf; usif;yavhSdMuonf/ ydifyGJ0ifrnf[kqkdvQif vSDrydifcif &yfGmoQif?
acsmif;oQifrsm;udk avmif;OD;cdkufjyD; twD;trIwf tqdktuESihf yoaom
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
39

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tHI;ukd pufjzwfyef;qGJenf;jzihf qHk;jzwfavhSdMuonf/ pufjzwfenf;rSm?

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um;vSonf/ rdrdwdkY&yfGmrSm SdorQavSavmif;wkdYESihf acsmif;dk;wavQmufrSm
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
40

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
41

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
42

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

SdEdIif;oHk;oyfvsuf okawoewif tcdkiftrm vufcH&efyifjzpfavonf/

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f Mum
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yif Sdaeao;onf/
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

43

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(e&rdwfvS) taemufol&wefrSjyef xD;eef;jyef&jyD;aemuf ipifdkif;acsmif;
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44

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
45

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
47

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
48

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
49

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
50

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

51

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25-10-1967

&cdkifnGefYzl;
52

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
53

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
54

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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55

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
56

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
63

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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paom ,kwn
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wifjy&jcif;[k qdx
k m;onft
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k m;avonf/ orwrif;
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csHK;xm;cJhonf[l\/
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&mZ0ifa&;&m tkycf sKyfypkH eH pfwYkduo
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ausmufwdkifwdkY urnf;pmwifvQuf armfuGef;a&;rSwfxm;&rnfh pmvnf;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

67

onf/ xkad S;armfueG ;f rlukd &cdik rf if;qufjywfonftxd (a*gpm-1186)ckwikd f

jznfph u
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aemufq&mwdYku yjyifqufcu
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f rl sKd ;
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twdkif; wifjyygtHh/
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f suf
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&cdik rf if;wkYd \ wdik ;f jynfEiS w
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ckb0 ormcsif;rwlaomfvnf; aS;aMumif;&if;qHak vaomaMumihf Erm&D
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aomom;ukd &av\/
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pnf;pdrf&dyfjidrfcsrf;omudk pdk;prg,fawmfrl? xkdrif;onf (81)Spfq,fhwpf
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aMumihf odMum;rif;onf ewfpMumjzpfaom av;vufeufukd ay;tyfav\/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
68

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

xkrd if;vnf; &ubv

D ;l wdYk ukd cGi;f owfvsuf bDv;l wdYk aoqH;k ysufyef;
onfu
h mv bDv;l rSad omaMumihf wdik ;f om;jynfot
l aygif;wdYk onf {csrf;pGm
vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aeavMuukef\/
jynfot
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pm;avaomaMumihf ]tnmom;}[k ac:Muuke\
f / umvSnjf rifah omaMumifh
]tnmom;}trnfaysmuf ]ausmufawmfom;}[k bGJUrsm;om &vmonf/
ae&mt&yfudktpGJy tac:cH&avonf/ tcsKdUaomvlwdkYuvnf; ukvm;
wefjrpf vuf0v
J usmf acsmif;i,fwYdku0kd if vkyu
f ikd pf m;aomufavaomaMumihf
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f / ukvm;wef
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u ukvm;wefjrpf0 &*dik w
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k x
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om;}[k ac:wGiaf vonf/ umvSnv
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onfSdaomf rdrdwdkYae&mt&yfudktpGJy uRef;trnf? Gmtrnf? vltrnf
wGifavukef\/
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&yfudk tpdk;&awmfrlaom plv'gef(plvwef)rif;udk ppfxkd;rnf[k Adkvfajc
rsm;NcH&HvQuf csDxGufoGm;pOftcg trpjzpfaomrl;rwfwkdYu taMumif;t
usdK; avmu"rESpf&yfudk az:jyavQmufxm;MuvQif if;{u&mZfvnf; ppf
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odYk Adv
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\/ waumif;oif;wGJ rdU (3)oH;k ESpw
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aomaMumihf if;ae&mudk ,ckwdkif ]e*g;&mZf}[k wGifukef\/
plvwE&mrif; aovGefvQif trsdK;jcm;wpfOD;jzpfaom tjrwkonf
(7)ckEpS Ef pS w
f ikd af tmif qufcjH yD;rS? if;pnf;pdru
f kd yJjzLrif;qufc
H ajrmufO;D

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

69

rdUudk if;rif; aS;OD;pGm wnfpyav\/ xkyd jJ zLrif; xD;eef;udq

k ufco
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G af jy;jyD;
vQif rdUwnfaxmif aeMuukef\/
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f Ykdonf ajrmufO;D rdUudk
aTeef;aTtrd Ef iS w
fh uG odr;f ,ljyD;vQif pd;k pHawmfru
l ek \
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usix
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f ckd x
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om; em*ol&,
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ay;tyfavukef\/
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hJ Ykd wdikd ;f om;jynfow
l Ykd {csr;f av
atmif w&m;awmfESihfavsmfpGm wdkif;jynf ceYfcGJpD&ifawmfrl jynfMuD;\
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ewfmG pHjyD;vQif if;om; oD[ywd? if;om; &mZmMuD;? if;om; oum0ifMuD;?
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pd;k pHaepOf trwfjzpfaom pvifAv
kd yf ek pf m;jyD;aemuf? eef;arGcjH zpfaom rLoif
qufcpH ;dk pHjyef\/ xkrd if;onf awmifil rdUudk wnfaxmifjyD;rS ewfmG pHav\/
if;om; rif;&efref? if;om; yki*ef? if;om; i&udKuf? if;om;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
70

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

acgifi,f? if;om; urmavmifMuD;? if;om; urmavmifi,f? urmavmif

i,fudk trwfaZ,smb'& ykefpm;jyD;vQif urmavmifi,fom; vuf&udk
eef;wifav\/ xkdrif;vGefvQif if;om; vuf&i,f? i;fom; oeyifjzL?
if;om; e,fodrf;? if;om; aevkef(iESvHk)? if;om; tavmrjzL if;rif;
vufxuf (612)ajcmuf&mwpfq,fEh pS cf Ek pS w
f iG f rdUa[mif;rdUrS avmif;MuwfrdU
odkY ajymif;aTUjyD;vQif eef;pHawmfrl\/
xkdrif;MuD; pdk;pOftcg0,f jrefrmjynfup tHkaygif;rdk;aumif;rdk;enf;?
rd;k 0rf;? csi;f ? wvdik ;f rif;wkYd onf orD;&wempaom tcGet
f xkwf qufoiG ;f
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pnfobifMuD; ykefpm;jyD;vQif xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudkodrf;,l eef;wufav\/
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rif;xD;udk jynfMuD;pnf;pdrfukd ay;tyfjyD;vQif xD;eef;udk qufcH&av\/
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&mZoludk trwfpnfobifvkyfMuHjyD;rS? if;trwf xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk odrf;
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apmrGefukd eef;wifav\/ xdkrif;vufxuf (768)ckESpf&majcmufqJhSpfwGif
avmif;MuufrdU ysufav\/
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aMumifh trsdK;jrwf&avonf/
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tH/h apmrGerf S
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wGif cd0k ifaeaom apmrGerf if;udk plvwefrif;onf &JrufAv
kd af jc tajrmuft

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

71

rsm;wdYk EiS fh apvTwjf yD;vQi?f "n0wDjynfMuD; pnf;pdru

f t
kd yfEiS ;f &m if;apmrGef
rif;onf rdUoke;f jzpfaom avmif;MuufrdUrSxu
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f m ou&mZf(792)ckEpS &f m
ud;k q,fcEk pS cf w
k iG f ajrmufO;D aTrdUawmfukd aS;OD;pGm wnfaxmifp;kd pHyavonf/
xkrd if;apmrGev
f eG v
f Qif ab;avmif;awmf tquftEG,jf zpfaom nDrif;&mZm&D
(rif;c&D;)udk ]tmvDcif}[k trnfcHawmfrl rif;yavonf/
xdrk if;vufxuf jrefrmESihf "n0wDjynftMum;wGif zd;k acgifawmif;kd udk
e,fy,fowfrSwf cGJjcm;av\/ ou&mZf(806)Spf&majcmufckwGif tif;0
bk&if e&ywdrif;ud,
k af wmfwikd f rif;rdz&k m;paom aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfrsm;ESiw
fh uG
zd;k acgifawmif;kd ukd vma&mufjyD;vQif "n0wDrif;Zm&D rdz&k m;? armif;rrdH
jcH&Hvsuf rif;{u&mZfESpfyg;wdkYonf rd,zGJUMu\/
xkpd m&Drrif;vGev
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rl\/ xkt
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udk jynfolwdkYESihf trwfiukefykefpm; rif;yjyefonf/ trwfiukefudk t

&cdkifnGefYzl;
72

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

jcm;trwfwOD; ykefpm;jyD;vQif? ]"d&mZm}trnf[l rif;y\/ if;rif;udk

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jynfoljynfom;wdkU eef;rScsjyD;vQif trwfausmfoCFudk y&0trnfcH,l
xD;eef;pnf;pdrf cH,lav\/ xkdYaemuf teEAvrif;y\/ awmift&yf
ydef;eJacsmif;rSm ppfuJ&Jabmf? ,dk;acsmif;wGif udk,f&HMuD;0gox? uefacsmif;
wGif okawmfOD;? yg;awmfwGif ti&efaMumifbdkESihfwuG toD;oD;rif;y\/
ou&mZf(1064) waxmifajcmufqahJ v;ckEpS f awmifbufusde;f uRef;t
&yfrSm iuef;wkH;ndK avSum;avSvQifpD;vsuf tvkH;t&if;ESifh tuGJtjym;
BuD;pk;d aom rif;wkYd uo
dk rd ;f k;H rif;jyKou&mZfum; (1071)waxmifch Ek pS q
f hJ
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

73

pk;d awmfral om bk&ifrif;{u&mZfvufxufawmf odr;f pk;d jcif; ou&mZf(1186)

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
74

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

75

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pD&ifwwfaom twGi;f uk,
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
76

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

77

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
78

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
96

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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97

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
98

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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99

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hf nfEh pS rf pS tpk;d &u
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vkdufygonf/
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f m;
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zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ xkdausmif;rSm tpkd;&taxmuftyHhcH ausmif;r[kwfyg/ jrL
eDpyg,f rlvwef;ausmif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;rdef;uav;ausmif;wpfckrSm Oa&m
ywkdufom;rsm;\orD;wGuf(MRS. LACKER STEEN)tkyfcsKyfaom tpkd;&
taxmuftyHhcH omoemjyKrdef;uav;ausmif;jzpfonf/ (1885)ckESpfu ppf
awGjrLeDpDy,fausmif;wGif ausmif;ol(35)a,mufESifh omoemjyKrdef;uav;
ausmif;wGif (23)a,mufrQom&Sdonf[k ynma&;tpD&ifcHpmt& od&onf/
q&mtwwfoif aemfraH usmif;wGif (1881)ckEpS u
f ausmif;om; (10)a,mufrQ
om&Sdonf[k qkdxm;onf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mtwwfoif aemfrHausmif;rSm
tqdyk gESp0f ef;usiaf vmufwiG f zGiEhf idk af Mumif; cefYreS ;f &onf/ ,if;ausmif;ESihf
twl vufrIynmoifausmif;ukdyg wGJzufzGifhxm;onf/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
100

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay
trsKd;om;ausmif;

tqkdygausmif;rsm;ukd zGifhvSpfoifMum;ae&mrS (1920)ckaemufydkif;rSm

trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ukd wnfaqmufMuonf/ trsKd;om;txuf
wef;ausmif;rSm (1920)ck? &efuek w
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dk f ausmif;om;oydw\
f uGi;f quf
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&& r&Sdao;yg/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifMu&onf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd
vlBuD;rsm;jzpfaom OD;xGe;f ay:? OD;t'k;d ? OD;aZmfa*g OD;jrxGe;f OD;apmvSatmif
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wGif vSnv
hf nfaumufcMH uonf/ &&Sad omaiGudk OD;aZmfa*guOD;pD; aqmuf
vkyo
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ysufpD;cJh&onf/ ppfNyD;acwfaemufykdif;rSm jyefvnfzGifhEkdifjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
,ck trsKd;om;ausmif;ae&mrSm awmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;tjzpf wnf&Sd
aeonf/
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atmifjzpfonf/ aemuf &ckdifwkdif;zGg; rlqvifbmom0if rpwmaZmfe'if
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onf[k od&onf/ OD;armifjrOD;? OD;at;csrf;? OD;omEkdUatmif(uG,fvGef)?
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onf/ ausmif;&Sq
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qefYusifa&;tiftm;pkjzpfvmrnfh tjrKawrsm;udk ausmif;rS arG;xkwfay;
vkdufonfqkdu rSm;rnfrxifyg/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
101

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;

e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,f

a&;rsm;ukv
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H wkid ;f wnfaqmufvu
dk o
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f nf;rSm
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f iftm;
pkrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tzdESdyfcHrsm;ESifh rsKd;cspftiftm;pkrsm;vnf; zdESdyfrIrsm;
ukd wGe;f vSeMf uonf/ e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;ukd G&H mS rke;f wD;onf/ okYdEiS hf &ckid w
f idk ;f
wGif e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd rf sm;onf t&if;&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf tajccsro
d nfEiS hf wcsed f
wnf;rSm rif;om;a&Tbef;a';0ef;atmifausmf&TD? NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZH?
ponfh rsKd;cspftmZmenfrsm;onf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;ukd awmfvSefMuonf/
,if;yk*Kd vfwYdk rmS &ckid w
f idk ;f \ ayGaqmfO;D awmfveS af &;orm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
awmfveS af &;acgif;aqmif rif;om;BuD;a&Tbef;\tbrSm tif;0okYd okYHyef;tjzpf
ESifh ac:aqmifjcif;cH&oljzpfonf/ rif;om;BuD;rSmvnf; tif;0okdY ygcJh&ol
jzpfonf/ a';0efBuD;atmifausmfTDrSm Akdvfcsif;ysH\ a,mufzawmfoljzpf
onf/ NrdKUolBuD;atmifausmfZHrSm Akdvfcsif;ysH\ wlawmfolwOD;jzpfonf/
,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm wcsdefut*Fvdyfrsm;xHwGif tpkd;&trIxrf;cJhMuol
rsm;jzpfonf/
ppfawGNrdKU r,lvrf;rBuD;&Sd qdyfwkdufanmifyifpcef;ukd xkdyk*dKvfkdUu
awmfvSefa&;vQKdU0Sufpcef;tjzpf tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ ,if;pcef;rS e,fcsJUt*F
vdyfrsm;ukd (1827)ckp awmfvSefMuonf/ (1836)cktxd (9)ESpfcefYMum
aom awmfvSefa&;ukd qifETJcJhMuonf/ opmazgufwpfOD;\ vufcsuf
aMumifh awmfvSefa&;qkH;&SHK;cJhonf/ rsKd;cspftmZmenfrsm;\ awmfvSefa&;
vkyf&yfrsm;ukd ao;odrfrIjzpfap&eftwGuf e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwforl sm;? toa&r&So
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f rf;wif
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onf/ olUuRef rcHvkdMuyg/ opmazmufrsm;ukd urmtqufqufwkdif r
auscsrf;cJhyg/ onfkdUukd tmZmenfyk*dKvfrsm;\ vuf&mrsm;jzpfaom
]aoG;armfuGef;&wk}rsm;u oufaoxlcJhonf/
,if;aemuf &ckdifwkdif;rSm e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm; qufwkduf
ay:cJhonf/ (1870-71)ckrSm OD;armifOD;jzL? (1888)ckwGif OD;armifwifESifh
Akv
d if wmkUd ajrmufO;D NrdKUe,frS t*Fvyd rf sm;tm; awmfveS Mf uonf/ (1890)ck

&cdkifnGefYzl;
102

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

rSm &aohawmif? ausmufawmf? ajrmufO;D NrdKUe,frsm;wGif OD;MumxGe;f ? OD;a&Tv?S

Akdvfvmb? Akdvfausmf0kdUu wzefawmfvSefMuonf/ olkdUukdvnf; vlqkd;
olckd;[l e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhMuonf/ okdYaomf ,if;
yk*dKvfkdUvkyf&yfrsm;u oufaoxlcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
OD;csi;f az:ESio
hf m;jzpfol OD;azmfatmifUdk vnf; (1891)ck? pufwifbmv
avmufrSp r,lurf;ajc? r*FvmBuD;awmif ajratmufpcef;uaeNyD; e,f
csJUorm;rsm;ukd awmfvSefMuonf/ OD;csif;azmfrSm ulawmifGm\okH;quf
ajrmufjzpfaom uRef;tkyfBuD;jzpfonf/ OD;az:atmifrSm ppfawGNrdKUokdY oGm;
a&mufynmoifap&m (7)ESpw
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hJ nfqo
dk nf/ i,fpOf
uyif pmayusrf;uefEiS hf &ckid &f mZ0iftapmifapmifudk avhvmbl;oljzpfojzifh
e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;ukd rkef;wD;oljzpfaeonf/
OD;csif;az:ESifhom;jzpfol OD;az:atmifkdU\ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;onf
t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; tBuD;tus,f wkefvSKyfaponf/ (1892)ck? azazmf0g&Dv
rSm rsKd;cspftmZmenfESpfOD;ukd zrf;qD;rdonf/ ppfawGtusOf;axmifrSm csKyf
aESmifxm;onf/ tcsKyfcHae&pOf ppfawGaxmif? axmifxrIjzpfyGm;onf/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd; axmifrSL;wpfOD; aoqkH;onf/ oufqkdif&mtmPmykdifrsm;u
ke;f &if;qefcwfrKS ukd aoewfypfNyD; ESrd ef if;&onf/ vltrsm;tjym; aoqk;H &
onf/ t*FvdyfaxmifrSL; aoqkH;&aomtrSKrSm OD;azmfatmifu olESifhom
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f nfqNdk yD; ay;aomtjypfucdk ,
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rsm;u ao'Pfay;vkdufonf/ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;acgif;aqmifrSm a&wdrf
epf&&Smjyefonf/
okdYaomf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;t&Sdefonf &ckdifwkdif;wGif NidrfcJhonf[l
um;r&SdcJhyg/ jrefrmwjynfvkH; e,fcsJUvufatmufusa&mufonfhtcg jynf
axmifpkwkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH;a&;ukd tav;ay;cJhaom q&mawmfOD;Owr
rSm ppfawGNrdKUwGif arG;zGm;cJhaomfvnf; ppfawGNrdKUrSm taeenf;cJhonf/ Ekdif
iHjcm; NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;okdY oGm;a&mufavhvmrSKrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ rsKd;cspf
pdwfjyif;jyatmif jrefrmwEkdifiHvkH;ukd tNrJvSKHaqmfaecJhonfrSm b0ewfxHysH
vGefawmfrlonftxd jzpfonf/
NrdKUBuD;jyBuD; urmtESUH a&mufb;l aomfvnf; rdr\
d Zmwd&yfajrtm; rarh
yg/ q&mawmftm; t*Fvyd w
f pfO;D u rnfonfah 'owGiaf e&onfrmS taysmf
qk;H enf;/ rnfonft
h [m&onf taumif;qk;H enf;[k ar;onf/ q&mawmf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

103

u rdrdonf ppfawGNrdKU lyGmacsmif;em;wef;rSm taysmfqkH;jzpfonf/ qmae

onfhtcg pm;&aomtpmonf taumif;qkH;[k ajzMum;cJhonf[k Mum;bl;
ygonf/ ppfawGNrdKU? &lyGmacsmif;em;udk aysmfp&mtaumif;qkH;[k qkdvkduf
jcif;onfrSm q&mawmfonfa'opGJjzifh ajzMum;vkdufjcif;r[kwfyg/
rdrdb0ESifharG;&yfajrukd rarhaMumif;az:xkwfjcif;om jzpfwef&monf/
OD;rJatmif? OD;pdefvSatmifkdUvnf; q&mawmfESifh wcsdefwnf;yif
e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfukdifMuavonf/ xkdyk*dKvfrsm;rSm
ppfawGNrdKUrSjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfrbufrmS om e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; t&Sed f
t[kefonf w[kefxkd;wufaeonf/ wkdYArmtpnf;tkH;onf e,fcsJUqefY
usifa&;rSm xdyyf idk ;f rSyg0ifcahJ omtoif;jzpfonf/ &ckid b
f ufrmS &ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H
qkdif&mtpnf;tkH;onf xif&Sm;onf/ ,if;tpnf;tkH;ray:rDu xif&Sm;
aomtoif;rsm;rSm &ckid w
f idk ;f toif;? vli,frsm;Ek;d Mum;a&;toif;? &ckid w
f idk ;f
vkH;qkdif&m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGJUcsKyfESifh wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;tkH;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
,if;tzGJUrsm; wnfae&monf ppfawGNrdKUrSmyifjzpfonf/
&ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m BuD;yGm;a&;tzGUJ csKyfudk (1930)ck Ek0d ifbmvavmuf
rSm zGUJ pnf;onf/ xkt
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kdYrSm em,ursm;jzpfMuonf/ a&SUaeOD;jrxGef;? OD;ausmfckdif? OD;xGef;pdef(eE
rmvm)? OD;bk;d ckid ?f OD;atmifomOD;tp&Sad om yk*Kd vfrsm;yg0ifonf/ wkid ;f &if;
om;tpnf;tkH;rSm OD;atmifxGef;OD;(uG,fvGef)? OD;pHaT('kdYvufkH;)? OD;bpH
("npH)paom yk*Kd vfrsm;yg0ifonf/ xkt
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ESifh trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;rSKukd t"dutav;xm;aom toif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
&nfG,fcsufrsm;wlaom toif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh wpfckwnf;
aomtoif; jzpfajrmufEkdifa&;twGuf ppfawGNrdKU&Sd wefckd;q&mawmfausmif;
wGif ESpfbufaom toif;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; SdESdKif;Muonf/ ,if;aemuf
(1937)ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif;rSm ]&ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;
tkH;}ukd wnDwnGwfwnf; wnfaxmifMuavonf/ ,if;wGif em,u
rsm;rSm q&mawmfOD;pEm(ysHvGef)? OD;ynmoD[kdUjzpfonf/ OD;omZHvS(uG,f
vGef)rSm OuX? OD;atmifxGef;OD;(uG,fvGef)rSm 'k-OuXrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkd
tpnf;tkH;rSm ppfBudKacwfESifh ppftwGif;tcgu &ckdifwkdif;wGif tiftm;
t&SdqkH;aom e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;toif;yifjzpfonf/
xkdtoif;BuD;\ t&Sdeft[kefaumif;wkeftcsdefrSm 'kwd,urmppfonf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
104

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

jrefrmjynfwGif;okdY ul;pufvmonf/ e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfrS

atmifjrifpmG qkwcf gG &onf/ zufqpf*syefrsm; ,if;ae&mokYd tpm;xk;d 0ifvm
cJhavonf/ &ckdifwkdif;okdYvnf; zufqpf*syefrsm;csnf;eif;0ifa&mufvmawmh
onf/ &ckdifwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m tpnf;tkH;tzGJU0ifrsm;vnf; *syefrsm;ra&mufrD
tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd OD;pD;aqmifGufae&onf/ &yfGmNidrf0yfa&;ukd
BudK;pm;&onf/ OD;atmifxeG ;f OD;rSm txl;c&kid 0f ef&mxl;ukd xrf;aqmif&onf/
wkid ;f jynfwm0efxrf;aqmifae&if; e,fcsJUt*Fvyd af v,mOfrS ypfcsvku
d af om
AkH;'PfaMumifh (1943)ck? arv(3)&ufaeYrSm uG,fvGefoGm;&&Smavonf/
&ckid w
f idk ;f vk;H qkid &f m tpnf;tk;H \OuX OD;omZHvrS mS Armjynfvw
G v
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rSKpDppfa&;? aumfrw
D t
D pnf;ta0;okYdwuf&if; a&m*guk&ef &efuek o
f Ydk (1943)
ck? arvtwGif;rSm vkdufvmonf/ OD;omZHvSrSm &efukefjynfolYaq;kHBuD;
wGif ,if;vtwGif;rSm uG,fvGefjyefonf/ ,if;yk*dK vfESpfOD; qkH;&SHK;&jcif;rSm
&ckdifwkdif;twGuf BuD;rm;aomqkH;&SKH;rSKwpf&yfjzpfonf/
okYd aomf &ckid w
f idk ;f \ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESihf zufqpfawmfveS af &;onf
t&Sdefum; avsmhroGm;acs/ ,if;vkyfief;ukd usef&pfol vlBuD;vli,frsm;u
usa&muf&mwm0efukd od&SdpGmxrf;Muonf/ wbufrSvnf; ppfrD;[kef jyif;
oxuf jyif;vmonf/ ppfawGNrdKUay:okdYvnf; t*Fvdyfav,mOfrsm;onf
aeYpOfESifhtrQ AkH;rkd;Gmaeonf/ AkH;'PfaMumifh taotaysmuf ysufpD;qkH;&SKH;
rSKrSmvnf; wGufcsufr&Ekdifawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGNrdKUaevlxkrSm
tk;d tdrrf sm;ukpd eG YfypfNyD; awmvufaus;GmokYd ajymif;a&TUaexkid Mf u&onf/ ajymif;
a&TU&mt&yfonf &ckdifvli,frsm;\ zufqpfqefYusifa&;ESifh jynfolUvGwf
ajrmufa&;pcef;rsm;tjzpfokdY toGifajymif;oGm;Muonf/ zufqpf*syefrsm;
tm; vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ukd &ckid v
f il ,frsm;onf jynfr&Sad wmfveS af &;
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifhvufwGJum awmfvSefcJhMuonf/
,if;vli,frsm; tiftm;pkrsm;ukd q&mawmfOD;pdE(ysHvGef)? q&mawmf
OD;ynmoD[kUd u OD;aqmifonf/ OD;ndKxGe;f (,ck-MopavsMwoHtrwfBuD;)
AkdvfMumvSatmif? AkdvfpHomausmf? Akdvfarmifuav;? AkdvfomxGef;atmifp
onfUdk vnf; wwyfwtm; yg0ifMuonf/ ,if;yk*Kd vrf sm;\ zufqpfawmfveS f
a&;vkyif ef;onf jrefrmjynfrrSmxuf tcsed af pmpD;pGmuyif vkyu
f idk af eMuNyD;jzpf
onf/
zufqpf*syefrsm;\ &ufpufrSKrsm;onf &ckdifvli,frsm;\trsKd;om;

&cdkifnGefYzl;
105

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf pdwf"gwfukd wuf<uaponf? Ekd;Mum;aponf/

,if;aMumifhvnf; zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd awmfvSef&mrSm &ckdifvli,frsm;onf
ajymifajrmufaomtcef;u ygcJhMuonfr[kwfygavm/

r[mrdwfrsm;\ wefjyefxkd;ppf
wbufrmS vnf; e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd rf sm;onf (1943)ckavmufuyif zufqpf
*syefrsm;tm; r[mrdww
f yfrsm;toGiEf iS hf wefjyefx;dk ppfqifvmonf/ (1944)
ck? Ek0d ifbmv(8)&ufaeYwiG f a&wyfAv
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jrxGef;atmif
ukd;um;aompmtkyfrsm;
1/
2/

ARAKAN,PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE, BY JOHN OGILVYHAY 1892

BURMA GAZETTEER, AKYAB DISTRICT

&cdkifnGefYzl;
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3/

107

VOLUME A, BY MR. R.B. SMART CENSUS OF INDIA 1911 VOL. IX, BURMA
PART II TABLE, BY C. MORGAN WEEB, M.A. I.C.S

4/ SERIES UNION OF BURMA 1953. CENSUS OF POPUL ATION.

5/ vGwfvyfa&;acgif;aqmif em,uq&mawmf OD;pE\axkywdtusOf;/
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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109

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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111

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
112

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apmodef;wef
4-11-67

jrefrmEkdifiH okawoetoif;xkwf FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY PUBLICATIONS

NO.2 rS D.G.E HALL\ STUDIES IN DUETH RELATIONS WITH ARAKAN ukd rSDNirf;
a&;om;ygonf/

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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147

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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149

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
150

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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151

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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153

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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155

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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157

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
158

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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159

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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163

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
164

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

165

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
166

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av;NrdKUarmif

&cdkifnGefYzl;
167

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
168

&cdik o
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

169

aumif;aMumif;ukd ajymjyvko
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taygif;wkdY\ rDSckdtm;xm;&m toufocifyifjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif uav;u
]&D0g(a&aum)}[l ar;onfudk ]&Dqifabmif aomufv,
D if}h [k ajzjyefonf/
pdwfqkd;aeaomuav;i,frSm pdwfNidrfoufvmavonf/ xkdYaMumifh
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awmifp,
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aeaMumif;ukd &Snf&Snfa0;a0;ajymqkdae&efrSm pmqkdtbkdY rvkdawmhay/ qif
abmifBuD;rsm awmifpOfawmifkd;wavQmufrSm aeaMumif;ukd tvG,fwul
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
170

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

ukd awG;qqifjcifEidk o
f nf/ &ckid o
f nf wk;d wufaom vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfaMumif;ESihf
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roZif(armifawm)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
171

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

&ckdiftpdaE,s[dwod'd bk&m;ukd;qlylaZmfenf;
bk&m;ukd;qlt&yfTef
Aka'gp rZDaroaXm? om&dylawmp AuHaP/
ypdraep tmeaEm? Owa&parm*vmaeSm/
aum@manm ykAbm*oD? yg,app*0Hywd/
OygvDe&wdap0? t*dae,O a&waum/
&m[kavmap' {oaE? Z,wk opr*FvH/

1/ bk&m;ocif bdoduf
tX&o [wKaAa"m? a*gparmous 0#aem/
oAnK tAwdavmaum? oAavmum okcyawm/
0dZmp&P oraEm? aomwma&m*sH ''gwkar/

2/ t&Sifom&dykw&m bdoduf
om&dykawmr[myanm? yXarmt*om0aum/
"raoemrwdaoaXm? o'gaomwd H ua&mwkar/

3/ t&SiftmeEm bdoduf
tmeaEmAk'KyXaum? o*FDa[om"koraw/
A[kokawm "rma&m? o'gaomwH ua&mwkar/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
172

4/ t&Sifarm*vmef bdoduf
arm*vmaem r[mawa&m? 'kwda,mt*om0aum/
'drEmeHaomta*g? o'gaomwH ua&mwkar/

5/ t&Sifaum@n bdoduf
tnwaum@naxa&m? &wnKeHta*gt[k/
"rpum[dora,m? o'gaomwH ua&mwkar/

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

173

6/ t&Sif*0Hywd bdoduf
oAma0&m b,mbdawm? *0Hywsmo0ua,m/
r[modEdua&mavmau? o'gaomwd H ua&mwkar/

7/ t&SifOygvd bdoduf
0dea,t*eduaum OygvdowK0@dau/
0dea,yg&rdyawm? aomwsma&m*sH''gwkar/

8/ t&Sifa&0w bdoduf
t&n0goDeHaom ta*g? a&0awmcrd{neda,m/
0da0umbD&aum axa&m? o'gaomwd H u{&mwkar/

9/ t&Sif&m[kvm bdoduf
&m[kavm Aka'gykawmyd? odumumrerkwarm/
'g,a'goA0arok? r[moEd ua&mwkar/
wpfqlukd;acgufpD *gxmukdGwfbdwfodufajrSmuf/
ovTJpifwGif a&;vnf; Xmremav/

ab;'Pf&efum qkawmif;*gxm
aum@mnax&m Elbma0e yk&wdrm, 'dom,? tm*wmeH
ownm,meH toDwo
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b,meH roDwdow o[omeH ywwk0d'Haowk tw*Farwk/
arm*vmeax&m Elbma0e Ow&m, 'dom,bm*wmeH ow&k
b,meH todwdow o[omeH ywwk0d'Haowk tw*Farwk/
Oygvdax&m Elbma0e 'uP
d m, tEl'o
d m, tm*wmeH ow&k
b,meH toDwdow o[omeH ywwk0d'Haowk tw*Farwk/
a&0wax&m Elbma0e yk&wrd m, tEl'o
d m, tm*wmeH ow&k

&cdkifnGefYzl;
174

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

b,meH toDbdow o[omeHywwk 0d'Haowk tw*Farwk/

*0Hywdax&m Elbma0e ypdrm, tEl'dom, tm*weH
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d m, t*weH ow&k
b,meH toDwdow o[omeH ywwk 0d'Haowk tw*Farwk/
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Muonfjzpf kdaopGm ylaZmfoumjyKMuygukef/

ukd;uG,f&tHhaom tpDt&if
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csnfyifukd[l ylaZmfooloufaphwGif wpfyifom rD;pm,l/ ukd;ykdif;ykdif;
wpfyidk ;f rSm vufwpfopfomap? vufwpfopfomonft
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wkdif; jrifhonfcsnfukd rD;pmjyK za,mif;ukdwkdifjyKav/
bk&m;ocifrmS rD;wkid w
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[dapESi/hf oefYjyefYvo
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aomtcg a,mufsm;ukdom csufap/ rdef;rukd rcsufap&m/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

175

qGr;f csu&f rnft

h &yfukd nDnw
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t&if;ucRef qGrf;csufonfh t&yfav;axmifhwGif pkdufcsnfrQifukd ckESpf
yifjzpfap? uk;d yifaomfvnf;jzpfap ywf 0if;om;ygav/ 0if;av;axmifu
h dk
wHceG jf zLwpfwidk pf D qDr;D wpfcu
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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193

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
195

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
196

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Ten Scenes Plate of Arakan

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
198

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
217

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\ ajrmufOD;a&Teef;awmfbGJUwGif ]A[kda&Teef;? acgifpGef;ig;qifh? jcaoFYoifh

vsuf}[k pyfqkdxm;onf/ okdYESifh nDvmcHcef;rrSm eef;awmfyxrxyfwGif
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nDvmcHokdYwufa&mufolrsm;
nDvmcHobifokdY okcrdef? 0efBuD;? rSL;awmf? rwfawmf? aoemywd?
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0efBuD;(10)OD; (0J,m 5-OD;pD)wkYd\ bGUJ xl;*kPx
f ;l rsm;/ if;wkYd\ aemufwef;
wGif (7)OD;pD? wpfwef;pD (7)wef;? &mxl;BuD;i,ftvkduf ae&m,l&onf/
vuf0b
J uftwef;wGif vuf0eJ 0pwmvDo(49)OD;wkYd \ bGUJ xl;*kPx
f ;l rsm;?
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f efaqmif
r*Zif;trSwf-12-(1971-72)wGif tjynfhtpkHwifjyxm;ygonf/
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nDvmcHusif;ycsdef
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
218

&cdik o
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yPm&aeayonf/ pnfawmfe&DrSL;u tcsufay;NyD;rS nDvmcHobif
tcrf;tem;ukd pwifusif;yMuonf/

nDvmcHusif;yykH
nDvmcHobifokdY wufa&mufaom0efBuD;(10)OD;rSm txufvTwfawmf
jzpfNyD; if;wkdY\aemuf0J,m(49)OD;pDukd atmufvTwfawmf[k owfrSwfMu
onf/ atmufvw
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d rf;aqmif&aomwm0efrsm;
rS atmifjrifrKS tajctaewkYdudk wifjyMu&onf/ rdrad e&mrS tlvrf;aMumif;t
wkdif; ][kdufwkdif}qDokdYoGm;a&mufNyD; aqG;aEG;wifjyMu&onf/ atmufvTwf
awmfrS wifoGif;vTmrsm;ukd txufvTwfawmfrS 0efBuD;(10)OD;ESifh bk&ifrif;
jrwfwYkd wkid yf ifE;DS aeSmMu&onf/ xkw
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onf/
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rnfonfhtcgrQ r,lqtyfyg/ aysmhuGuf? [muGufrsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdrnfjzpf
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
219

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&mZ0ifopf? pmrsufESm(155)wGif jynf&Sifrif;BudKufawmfrl NrdKUawmfwGif
vnf; ukd,f&Hawmfol&Jig;aomif;wkdYukd vufeuftpkHESifh pnf;Muyftapmifh
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f nf wkid ;f jynf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
220

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

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&cdkifnGefYzl;
221

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
vuform;oD;G AsKdi;f axmif

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vuf0b
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wnfaqmufjcif;? cHwyf? NrdKUkd;wl;ajrmif;wnfaqmufjcif;? bk&m;ykxkd;apwD
awmfrsm;ukd wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfMu&onf/ ,ckacwf tif*sifeD
,mcsKyf(0g) aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;ESifhwlonf/ vuf,mbuf(49)OD;wGif
wwd,wef;(7)OD;teuf eHygwf(1)ae&mwGif ]vuform;olBuD;}[k yg&So
d nf/
if;ukad xmuf&KS jcif;jzifh vuform;oG;D AsKid ;f axmif\ 'kw,
d tqifh bGUJ xl;yif
jzpfz,
G &f rdS nf[k xifjrifryd gonf/ xkyd *k Kd vfrsm;\wm0efrmS Adou
k mtwwf
ESiq
hf idk &f mrsm;ukd aqmifu
G Mf u&onf/ Adou
k musr;f rsm;ukd jyKpo
k rl sm;rSmvnf;
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pnfobiftrwf
if;bGUJ awmf&yk*Kd vo
f nf eef;wGi;f nDvmcHobif vuf,m(49)OD;teuf
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avmouGyfOD;pD;
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trSm;trSefukd tqkH;tjzwfay;Ekdifonfh w&m;pD&ifa&; em,utzGJU0ifjzpf
onf/ ,ckacwf w&m;a&;OD;pD;Xme&Sd tBuD;tuJESifhwlonf/

uawmf
if;bGYJ awmf&yk*Kd vfonf eef;wGi;f nDvmcHobif vuf0(J 49)OD;teuf
yOrwef; eHygwf(6)ae&mwGif xkid &f oljzpfonf/ xkyd *k Kd vo
f nf omoemawmf
b@m?jynfolUtusKd;awmfaqmif? b@mponfh b@mawmfaiGrsm;ukd t
oGif;txkwf wm0ef,l&aomyk*dKvfjzpfonf/ ,ckacwf aiGwkduft&m&Sd?

&cdkifnGefYzl;
222

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

b@ma&; t&m&Syd ifjzpfonf/ ajrmufO;D NrdKUawmifbuf (12)rkid t

f uGm carmif;
wufaus;GmteD;wGif uawmo
f rd b
f &k m;&So
d nf/ aiGwu
dk t
f &m&S\
d aumif;rSK
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armZvdwf
if;bGUJ awmf&yk*Kd vfonf eef;wGi;f nDvmcHobif 0Jbuf(49)OD;teuf
pwkwwef;eHygwf(1)ae&mwGif xkdif&oljzpfonf/ xkdyk*dKvfonf rD;wm;?
rD;um? rD;owf? rD;avmifrSKrsm;ukd wm0ef,laqmifGuf&oljzpfonf/ ,ck
acwf rD;owfOD;pD;XmewGif&Sdaom tBuD;tuJESifhwlonf/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f
taemufbuf (7)rkid cf efYtuGmwGif oif;yef;ukid ;f aus;GmteD; armZvdwb
f k
&m; (,ck armvdwu
f ek ;f bk&m;)&So
d nf/ rD;owft&m&Sd aumif;rSKawmfjzpfonf/
eef;wGi;f nDvmcHobifrS &ckid b
f UJG xl;*kPx
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rQ wifjyygonf/ ,ckacwf tac:ta0:&mxl;rsm;ESifh,SOfwGJum uGif;uGif;
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f u
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tawGUtm;enf;csuf? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;omjzpfygaMumif; kd;om;yGifhvif;pGm
0efcHygonf/ aemufusef&Sdaeao;onfh bGJUxl;*kPfxl;rsm;ukd aemiftvsOf;
oifhu qufvuf&SmazGwifjyygrnf[k qEjyKvsuf/

armifa'0(ajrmufOD;)
usrf;uk;d pm&if;
1/ a&TbkHed'gef;usrf;(ayrl)
2/ &ckdifAdokumusrf;
3/ "n0wDta&;awmfykH
4/ "n0wD&mZ0ifopf
5/ &ckdifZmwd0HoarmfuGef;pm

rif;Amacwfynm&Sdoeykduftrwf
(OD;OD;omxGef;\pmpkrSwfwrf;)
OD;OD;omxGef;(ppfawGa'oaumvdyf
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&ckid q
f &mawmf
yJcl;rif;ausmif;q&mawmf
toQifpudE(&ckdifwefaqmifr*Zif;-13)
(1973-74)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
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6/ ajrmufOD;eef;wGif;nDvmcH
7/ ausmufpmuajymaom&ckdif
bGJUxl;? *kPfxl;rsm;
8/ oQifjr0gtwKywd

223
toQifpudE(&ckdifwefaqmifr*Zif;-12)
(1971-72)
wufxGef;eD (ajrmufOD;? ppfawG
a'oaumvdyf ESpfvnfr*Zif;
(1981-82)
OD;ausmfausmfvS pDpOf
&ckid ,
f Ofaus;rSK(ajrmufO;D )rS
xkwfa0onf(1354)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
224

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

ajrmufOD;acwf prcPfpmxkd;
Ak' qif;wkawmfrsm;
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f rkid ;f tqkt
d & ajrmufO;D acwfwiG f Ak'o
moema&mif0gonf aevkd
vvkd xGef;ajymifcJhygonf/ bk&m;? apwD? ykxkd;aygif;(6352755)[k &Sdjcif;
uyifvQif oufaoxlaeygonf/ ,if;bk&m;ta&twGufukd eHoifhocsFm
enf;t& ]oZifyef;ckdifwNrdKifNrdKif &ckdifbk&m;aygif;}[k pum;kd;pum;xm
jzifh qkdkd;jyKcJhMuygonf/ rQavmufaom bk&m;? apwD? ykxkd;rsm;ukd
bk&ifucsnf; wnfxm;cJhjcif;r[kwfay/ rdzk&m;? rSL;rwf? Akdvfyg? &[ef;?
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jyKvkyfcJh&m tvSLU'g,um\ tvSLrSwfwrf;tjzpf ausmufpm? aypm?
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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263

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wwd,ajrmufOD;acwfv,f 18-&mpkcefYrSm wGd&onfh &cdkiftu&m}rsm;rSm
atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;ygonf/

&cdkiftu&myHkpH (3)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
294

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

o&uyfyHk? t&pftyifhponfeefY a0g[m&oHk;tu&mrsm;

,if;aemuf ]c&pfou&mZf 15-&mpkeefY 18-&mpktwGi;f &cdik pf myDtu

&mrsm;rS aumif;Edk;&m&m &GD;,lNyD;au &cdkifynmoQif? vlynm[d yk*dKvft
aygif;dkYeefY ndEdIif;cNyD;aemuf tBuHaumif;awmif;cH&,lum} atmufygtu
&mdkYudk aemufqHk;wifjyxm;ygonf/

o&uyfyHk? t&pftyifhponfeefY a0g[m&oHk;tu&mrsm;

&cdkifnGefYzl;
295

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&cdkiftu&myHkpH (4)

&cdkifnGefYzl;
296

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

txufaz:jyyg tu&myHkpHwdeefY oifykef;MuD;dkUudk (1957-58) rS

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&uKd ipf myDu@wdrm xnfo
h iG ;f az:jyxm;ygonf/ ,if;ydik af z:jypGmrm tu&m
taMumif;eefYywfoufvYkd rlvqif;vm&ma'oukd ,Si;f rjycyg/ ,if;vdt
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onf/
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f u&mqif;vmaom rlva'orm tdE,
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ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu (&mpkESpfvGefudk qdkvdkonf) ]{& arum}ac:aom
tu&may:aygufvmonf/ ,if;aemufyikd ;f wGif wqifw
h qihf ul;ajymif;vm
um ]ckoQmwD}tu&m ay:aygufvmonf/ ,if;rSwqifh jA[D? ,if;rSw
qifh ]ukoQHtu&m}? ,if;rSwqifh ]*kwt
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&cdkif&mZ0ifokawoDwpfOD;jzpfaom q&mMuD;OD;atmifomOD;uvnf;
&cdkifvlrsdK;qif;oufvmyHk t>rufavmufeefY &cdkiftu&may:aygufvmyHkt
usOf;udk atmufygoabmtwdkif; rdefYqdkzl;ygonf/
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

297

wGief aD om vlrsdK;dUk udk tde'f t

kd &d,H (INDO ARYAN) [k ac:aMumif;/
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a0omvDacwf 'kwd,ykdif; c&pf(8)&mpkodkY a&mufaomtcg &cdkif
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wifjyrdefYqdkygonf/
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f u&mtaMumif; tusO;f jzpfygonf/ atwifjycsuf
wd\aemufwiG f cdik v
f akH om taxmuftxm; trsm;MuD;[dygonf/ (1957)
rS (1960)xd (3)ESpt
f wGi;f &cdik w
fh efaqmif &uKd ifpmyDu@twGuf ud;k um;
pGmwdukd atmufrm az:jyvdkufygonf/

&cdkifpmyDu@twGufudk;um;aom
ausmufpm? urnf;pmeefY yDpmrsm;
1/ oQpfaomif;bk&m;[d a0omvDausmufpm taemufrsufESmrSm 7 &mpk
2/ ajrmuf 6 &mpkcefY
3/ awmif / cefY
4/ txuf 7 &mpcefYk
5/ a0omvDacgif;avmif;ausmufpm
7 &mpk
6/ awZ&mr[d a0omvDausmufpm /

&cdkifnGefYzl;
298

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

7/ a0omvD OPSduawmifausmufpmrsm; 6 &mpk

8/ oHwGJivGefarmfausmufpm 2 csyf
7 &mpk
9/ r[maAm"d[d&cdkifausmufpma[mif;
12 &mpk
10/ a0omvD aTom;'*Fg;rsm;
7? 8 &mpk
11/ a0omvD(tm,emaumifZvwf)qDrD;cGufpm/ 7-8-&mpk
12/ avmif;MuufacwftavmrmjzL bk&m;prcHurnf;pm &cdkif 612-618
13/ ajrmufOD;acwf aTaiG'*Fg;rsm;
11 rS 18 &mpk
14/ yef;armfawmifMuD;ausmufpm/
15/ ae&&mrdUawmfa[mif;ausmufpm/
16/ oHwGJZmwDjyifausmufpma[mif;/
17/ r[mxD;bk&m;eefY rD;ausmif;kyfausmufpm/
18/ awmifukwfrdU odrfawmfbk&m;ausmufpm/
19/ rmefatmifaA'ifq&mMuD; OD;xGD;atmifxHrS &aomyDpmrl/
20/ rdUa[mif;rd q&mOD;OD;omxGef; xHrS&aom &u0Ptu&maw;azguf
yDpm 3 wGJeefY Sda[mif;yk&ydkufpmrsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? '*Fg;pmrsm;/
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26/ av;axmife,f[d ausmufpmrsm;/
27/ avmif;xD;ewfuGef;avmif;Muufacwfxdk;ausmufpm/
28/ ukvm;umbk&m; ausmufpm/
29/ yef;uHk;odrfbk&m; ausmufpm/
30/ yk&drfjyiftqHk; awmifbk&m;ausmufpm/
31/ avmif;Muufawmifarmfausmufpm/
32/ eef;usMuD;bk&m;ausmufpm/
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k rf &S [daom
ajrmufrsm;vSaom ausmufpmrsm;eefYurnf;pmrsm;/
txufaz:jyyg &cdkiftu&m? &cdkifoifykef;MuD;eefY tu&mqif;ouf
jzpfay:vmyHk ordkif;tusOf;dkUum; &cdkifpmyDwDxGifypk&D;wGif tjcDcHausmuf

&cdkifnGefYzl;
299

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

jrpfyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;ausmufjrpfukd &cdik t

f ESYH rm atedwikd f wnf[ed o
D ;D
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jrpfxufwiG f ud,
k f Ukd oabmusaom pmyDtaqmufttHo
k pfukd wnfaqmuf
&ygrnf/ taqmufttHkwckaqmufzdkY ypnf;ud&d,mwd vdktyfawydkif? &
cdkifpmyDopf wDxGifypk&D;twGufvnf; wdrfryfeDaom &cdkifpmyDrsm;udk Sm
,laz:xkwfzdkY &cdkifjynfe,fa'ot&yf&yfu &cdkifpum; toHk;tEIef;tm;vHk;
udk rSwfwrf;wifxdef;odrf;zdkY vdktyfygonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSm pmyDw&yfwGif
r[drjzpfvdktyfaom tbd"mefusrf;? owfyHkusrf;? o'gusrf; ponfdkUudk
ypkzkdYtwGufvnf; tm;xkwf&ygrnf/
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Muwfrnfqkdaomfum; rjzpfEdkifp&m taMumif;r[day/

armifAodef;
13-12-1967

tTef;rSwfcsufrsm;
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f u&mESi&fh cdik o
f ifyek ;f MuD;}
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2/ &cdik w
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4/ &cdik w
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5/ &cdik w
fh efaqmifr*Zed ;f twGJ 1? trSwf 7? &uKd ipf myDu@pmrsuEf mS 7Munh/f
6/ OD;omxGe;f ]&uKd ifa0omvDrdUa[mif;rS *kyw
pm} &cdik w
hf efaqmifr*Zed ;f
twGJ 1? trSwf 8 pmrsufESm 5? 7 Munhf/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
300

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

7/ OD;omxGef; ]tuRefodorQ &u0Ptu&m} &cdkifhwefaqmifr*Zdef;

twGJ 1? trSwf 7 pmrsufESm 39? 42 Munhf/
8/ U AUNG THA U ARAKANESE SCRIPT-ITS ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION,
THE WORKING PEOPLES' DAILY SUPPLEMENT ON THE UNION DAY
1965.

xdYkjyif &efuek 0f Zd m ESifh odyw

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kd f *s'q
f ifcef;rwGif (22-1-1966)ed
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&cdkifpmaytu&m? *DwESihfaw;oH}udkvnf; Munfhyg/
9/ &cdkifhwefaqmif r*Zdef; twGJ 1? trSwf 7? &udKifpmyDu@? pm
rsufESm 10 Munhf/

&cdkifnGefYzl;
301

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

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ausmufwkH;ausmufeH&Hrsm; xlxyfaygrsm; rwfapmufvSaomawmif
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[loaGUukv
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BuD;onf ndKUndKUrSKdif;rSKdif;ESifh yuwdydef;ydwfvsuf&Sd\/
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
302

&cdik o
f m;BuD;pmay

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Ekid if jH cm;ukeo
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BuD;?0g;BuD;wkYd jzifh aqmufvyk x
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d rl sm;ESihf rif;nDrif;

&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

303

om;rsm;\aetdrfrsm;ukdrl opfom;rsm;jzifhaqmufvkyfxm; yef;ykvuf&m

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\/ &Snfvsm;ajzmifhpif; jymm'fbkHzsm;qDokdY axmifwufaeaom a&T
eef;wkid Bf uD;rsm;rSmvnf; tHrh cef;p&myif/ a&Teef;awmf\ wku
d cf ef;trsm;tjym;
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tzk;d wefausmufrsuf&wemrsm;ukx
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oG,w
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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&cdkifnGefYzl;
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