RKNP 4

2
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About Type Setting
Daw Khin Si
Proofer
Sara Htun
Book Layout
U Khin Moung
Cover Design
Myint Zaw
( all photos and references are copyrighted by

their respective owners.)
First Edition - September, 1997.

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11
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12
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rif;acgiu
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
13
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tiftm;wk;d yGm;ap&ef Akv
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xlaxmifaejcif;jzpfaMumif;? ajymjyavonf/
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
14
r[morwrif;tm; ewfa'0grsm; zefqif;ay;aom NrKd Uuo

hJ Ydk tpp t&m&m jynfph zHk UHGNzKd ;aom
NrKd UawmfjzpfaMumif;wku
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"durk m rSm acsmarmvSyaom rsuEf mS ? ,OfEak Mumh&iS ;f aom uk,
d cf EmESihf Munhef nf;rGev
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wpfyifwidk ef ef;oljzpfaMumif;jzifh ed*;Hk csKyaf jymjyavonf/
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okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif trSwf rxif 0ifa&mufaxmufvSrf; tuJcwfNyD;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh
trwfBu;D u &Sr;f bk&ifah pwreftm; okYd jyefMum;vku
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jzpfaMumif;/ rif;om;&TD Oumonf ode;f Zukrif;ukd qufcaH om om;awmfjzpfaMumif;/
,ck &efolrsKd;ig;yg;u aESmifh,SufzsufqD; ckdufukd t&yftaeroifhao; acw
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orD;awmf\ owif;ukMd um;od& Muifbufawmftjzpf ajrm ufpm;vkyd gaMumif;? tu,f
tcGirhf &ygu ESpjf ynhw
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&Sr;f bk&ifonf rif;Oumwk\
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a'gotrsuf acsmif;acsmif;xGuf qifacgi;f awmifoYdk ppfcs&D ef jyifqifavonf/ qifwyf?
jrif;wyf? ajconfwyf? av;wyf ponhw
f yfaygi;f rsm;pGmukd ]]txyftxyf MumES,x
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Mumcsyt
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Y si;f cefcY JG ppfoBl u;D ua&SUzsm;?
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
15
om;awmfped jf zLu tv,f? rdru

d aemufq;Hk rSae csv
D mMu\/
txyfxyfcsDwufvmaom &Srf;wyfwkdY\ toHukdMum;&aomtcg? ppfukdrvkd
vm;aom rif;Oum onf pk;d &draf MumifMh urI jzpfay:&jyef\/ ok&Yd mwGif ESv;Hk &nf? vuf;Hk &nf
pG,pf jHk ynh0f aom trwfBu;D vuf,mu ]]"rynwf? usr;f ESiu
hf yG f }} &efot
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onfEiS w
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rsm;jyKum &eforl sm;ukd NyKd uyJG supf ;D ap\/ rNyKd ruGJ wufvmolrsm;ukv
d nf; toifch s&yf
xm;aom rif;Oum\wyfrsm;u usm;&Jrsm;uJo
h Ydk wku
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dk Mf u\/ okjYd zifh aemufq;Hk
&Sr;f bk&if\wyfrsm;onf ok;H pkuJG aemufqw
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ppfonfrsm;onf ]]bk&ifo
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&Sr;f wyfom;rsm; Mum;avmufatmif a<u;aMumf atmf[pfvu
dk Mf u\/
rdurk m onf rdrad Mumifh crnf;awmfEiS hf jynfojl ynfom;rsm; 'kua wGUae&aMumif;ukd
odaomtcg crnf;awmfxH oGm;a&muf? okaYd vQmufxm;avonf/ ]]crnf;awmf
bk&m;? uk,
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avQmufxm;av\/
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jrwfE;dk awmfrv
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wko
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tpp vkad vao;r&Sad tmif pDraH qmif&u
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dk af emufyg ta>ct&Hrsm;?
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qifacgi;f awmifoYdk vmcJah vonf/ rdurk m vmaMumif; Mum;odNy;D aom trwfBu;D vusmf ESihf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
16
a&TOumwkdYvnf; xkdufxkdufwefwef BudKqkd&ef jyifqifxm;Mu\/ trwfBuD;u

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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
65
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
88
ouFe;f pD;yg&NdS y;D ,if;rSm (4-ay)ywfvnf&o

dS nf/
qvif'g\ ykaH tmufajcrsuEf mS jyifav;ck eH&u
H yfvP
dk rf ck rf sm; xGi;f vkyx
f m;Ny;D
,if;txJ Ak'q
if;wki,fav;qlu tjyiforYkd suEf mS rl yviif ,fwpfcpk aD y:wiG f xkid af e
Mu[efjzpfonf/
Ak'q
if;wki,frsm; xkid af eMu[efrmS wpfcEk iS w
hf pfcrk wlbJ ta&SUbufwiG f "r
pMumrkj' mESihf awmifbufwiG f blrzd rkj'mwkYd toD;oD;jzpfMuonf/
ouFe;f qD;\atmuftem;wGiu
f m; yef;rsm;ukd xkqpfxm;onf/ acgi;f avmif;
arSmufy\
Hk xdyjf yifonf ajymifacsmvsu&f adS eNy;D pwlygudk xkqpfcphJ Ofuyif xD;awmfudk
rxnfch [
hJ k ,lq&ayonf/
atmufajcukArsuEf mS jyifum; rsuEf mS ukd tjyifox
Ydk w
k Nf y;D ESmarmif;auG;Twf
xm;aom qifkyfrsm;ukd rsufESmjyifav;ckxkqpfxm;onf/ wpfzefrsufESmjyif\
axmifw
h pfcpk D vnf; jcaoF[
h k ,lq&aom wd&pmefrsm;u ab;apmif;xkid af e[efudk
awGU&&dS onf/ pwlyg"mwfy(Hk i)Iyg/
2-*/ ptif;&Gma[mif; bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rS pwlygrsm;/
qufvufNy;D ptif;&Gma[mif;&Gm\ ta&SUajrmuft&yf bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;wGif
awGU&&dS aom pwlyg(3)qluv
dk nf; qufvuf wifjyygrnf/
yxrpwlyg
pwlygrmS i&HUrif;"mwfawmf\ ajrmufbufwiG &f adS eaom pwlyguo
hJ yYdk if qvif'g
rsuEf mS jyifav;ckpvk;H vkP
d rf ck x
f iG ;f xkxm;Ny;D ,if;txJ ude;f 0yfpyH g,af eMuaom
Ak'q
if;wki,frsm; yg&o
dS nf/ toD;oD; Ak'q
if;wki,frsm;\ rkj' mrSmvnf; ,cifpwlyguo
hJ Ydk
yif &Sad yvdrrhf nf/
txl;ojzifh pwlygrmS xuf0ufjcrf;uGo
J mG ;onht
f jyif ouFe;f qD;rSp tay:
ykid ;f wpfcv
k ;Hk ysupf ;D aeonfudk awGU&&dS onf/
pwlyg\atmufajcukArsuEf mS jyifwYdk rl rSeaf bmiftuGurf sm;ukd xkqpfxm;
onf/ ,if;rSeaf bmiftuGu\
f atmuftem;wGirf l wpfrx
l ;l jcm;aom tkyif ,fuav;
rsm; yg&o
dS nf/ tkyif ,fuav;rSm vuftyk cf sD &Scd ;dk aeMu[efjzpfayonf/ tkyf
rsm;\ aemufjzefu
Y sux
f m;aom tawmifrsm;vnf; yg&o
dS nf/ tkyrf sm;ukd eD;eD;uyf
uyf avhvmMunho
f nft
h cg (vluEd & )D tkyrf sm; jzpfz,
G &f o
dS nf[k ,lq&onf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
89
rsuEf mS jyifwpfcpk \D tv,f (2)kyEf iS ahf xmifw

h pfcpk D (1)kypf pk ak ygi;f pwlygtem;
av;buf tky(f 12)kyyf g&o
dS nf/
'kwd, pwlyg
pwlyg\tjrifrh mS (2 ay 11 vufr)&So
d nf/ awGU&&dS aom pwlygrsm;teuf
ti,fq;Hk aom pwlygjzpfayonf/
pwlyg\ (Square Platform) tem;azmif;&pfrSm ay:vGifrIr&SdonfhtwGuf
ukArsuEf mS jyifEiS hf wpfqufwnf;&Sad eovkd jrif&onf/
qvif'g\tv,fwnfw
h nfw
h iG f ouFe;f qD;yg&NdS y;D ywfvnfrmS (1 ay 5 vufr)
&So
d nf/ tay:acgi;f avmif;arSmuf\ axmifph eG ;f wpfjcrf;rSm ysupf ;D vsu&f adS eonf/ pwl
ygrmS pif;vk;H acsmjzpfNy;D xD;awmfuv
dk nf;aumif;? atmufco
H ;D oefY zdeyfuv
dk nf;aumif;
rawGU&Sd&ay/
wwd, pwlyg
pwlygrmS tjrif(h 3 ay 8 vufr)&So
d nf/ atmufcu
H Ak tjrifo
h nf (1ay 4vufr)
&SNd y;D ,if;tay: (6 vufr)jrifah om tem;azmif;&pfyg&o
dS nf/
qvif'gykHukd tem;azmif;&pf rsufESmjyifwGif qifhxm;NyD; tv,fwnfhwnfh
(3 ay 11 vufr)ywfvnf&adS om ouFe;f qD;yg&o
dS nf/ ukArsuEf mS jyiftv,fwnfw
h nfh
wGif a'giv
f u
dk af bmifwpfck xGi;f xkxm;onf/ pwlyg\xdyyf idk ;f axmifph eG ;f wpfae&mESihf
ukAaxmifph eG ;f wpfae&mwkrYd mS ysupf ;D vsu&f o
dS nf/ txufyg pwlygrsm;uJo
h yYdk if xD;ESifh
atmufczH ed yfcu
Hk kd rawGU&&dS ay/ pwlyg"mwfyHk (Z)Iyg/
txufwiG f wifjycJo
h nfh pwlygrsm;\ tajctaeukd q&mBu;D OD;pHomatmifu
jynhpf o
Hk nf[q
k adk om rD;acsmif;0rS awGU&&dS onfph wlygEiS hf EIid ;f ,SOw
f u
dk q
f idk Mf unhv
f u
dk o
f nfh
tcg ptif;&Gma[mif;rS ,ckrsujf rifawGU&&dS aom pwlygrsm;rSm jynfph o
Hk nf[k rqkEd idk af o;ay/
tb,faMumifrh l ptif;&Gma[mif;rS pwlygrsm;rSm xD;awmfjynfrh pkjH cif;ESihf atmufczH ed yfwYdk
rawGU&&dS jzpfayonf/
onfrmS vnf; ptif;&Gma[mif;rS pwlygrsm;\ xD;awmfEiS ahf tmufcaH usmufjym;
zdeyfwrYdk mS ysupf ;D qk;H yg;cJ&h aomaMumifh jzpfz,
G &f o
dS nf/ ESpaf ygi;f (1400)ausmMf umjrifch o
hJ nf
ESit
hf nD jzpfysujf cif;oabmrS ,if;wkrYd mS vGwNf irfd ;f Ekid cf v
hJ rd rhf nfr[kwaf y/ wpfae&mrS
wpfae&m a&TUajymif;o,f,&l mwGif xD;awmfrmS ysupf ;D &vG,u
f o
l nf/ atmufczH ed yf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
90
ausmufjym;wkrYd mS tvGwjf zpfonft

h wGuf aysmufq;Hk ysupf ;D &efv,
G u
f l jzpfayonf/
a&S;,cifu pwlygrsm; atmufcaH usmufjym;zdeyf&cdS o
hJ nfqjdk cif;ESiyhf wfouf
oufaocHzed yfausmufjym;wpfcu
k u
dk m; ,aeYxw
d idk ;f ptif;&Gma[mif; &GmxJ awGUjrifEidk f
ygao;onf/
xkad Mumifh txufazmfjyyg ptif;&Gma[mif;rS ,ckawGU&&dS aom pwlygrsm; atmufcH
ausmufjym;zdeyfwu
Ydk m; ,cifu olaY e&mESio
hf l vku
d af vsmnDaxG wifw
h ,fpmG &Scd MhJ uay
vdrrhf nfudk wGucf suEf idk af yonf/
2-C/ ptif;&Gma[mif;rS tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;
ptif;&Gma[mif;wnfae&m obm0onf ta&SUbufwGif awmifESifhajrmuf
oG,w
f ef;aeaom awmifjrifBh u;D eSihf taemufbufwiG f awmifEiS ahf jrmufo,
G w
f ef;aeMu
onfh awmifwef;ESpcf t
k Mum;wGif wnf&adS om &Gmjzpfayonf/
,cktcg ,if;teD;rS acsmif;i,fonf wdrfaumvsuf &SdaeNyDjzpfonfhtwGuf
oGm;vm&m cufcaJ om ae&mwpfcjk zpfaeonf/ vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygi;f (1400)ausmu
f rl
acsmif;rSm us,jf yefeY ufidI ;f aom acsmif;wpfcv
k nf; jzpfz,
G &f m&So
d nf/
txl;ojzifh a'owpf0u
dk f awmifwef;ESpcf t
k Mum; ydwq
f jYdk zpfay:aeaom i&HU
rif;tif;ESihf olZmtif;wku
Yd dk ,ckwidk jf rifawGU&ayonf/ i&HUrif;tif;rSm tvsm;ay ESpaf xmif
ausmcf efEY iS hf teHay wpfaxmifih g;&mausmf us,0f ef;vdrrhf nf[k cefrY eS ;f &onf/ a'o
apwDa[mif;wkYd NyKd ysu&f mrS Ak'q
if;wki,frsm;ukd &&Scd MhJ uonf/ wpfcak om qif;wkysuf
OD;awmfrmS (a0omvDacwf)[efudk awGU&cdS &hJ onf/ 10-10-94 aeYu pma&;olavhvm
a&mufcphJ Ofu v,fxeG &f mrS &&Scd ahJ om aMu;jzifh jyKvyk x
f m;onft
h kyw
f pfyk u
f dk jrifawGUchJ
&onf/ tqkyd gtkyrf mS ewfyk w
f pfyk jf zpfaeayonf/ ewfyk \f tjrifrh mS (3'or 5)vufr
&SNd y;D xkid af eykjH zpfonf/ nm'k;l wpfzufudk axmifNy;D nmvufudk ,if;tay: arSmuf
csxm;onf/ tjcm;ajcwpfzufurdk l wifyviaf cG ykpH cH sxm;Ny;D b,fvufudk ,if;'l;ay:
&G&u
G av; wifxm;onf/ OD;awmf qHpu
k av;rsm;ozG,f tpkuav;rsm;ESihf OD;aoQmif
udk wefqmqifxm;onf/ em;rSt,yfonf yck;H ay:EiS hf xdpyfvsuw
f nf&o
dS nf/
wpfzef &Gm\ bke;f awmfBu;D ausmif;teD; uGi;f jyifrS vGecf ahJ omq,fEpS cf efu
Y ajrBu;D
xJrS vufwpfqyk t
f &G,f ,if;xufBu;D aom t&G,&f o
dS nfh cJv;Hk rsm;ukv
d nf; &&Scd MhJ u
onf/ ,if;cJv;Hk rsm;rSm tajrmufqeftjzpf tok;H jyKco
hJ nf[k ,lq&onf/
txl;ojzifh a'oajympum;t& 0ef;usif ausmif;awmf&m? eef;&muke;f ponfh
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
91
ae&mrsm;vnf; &Sad eao;onf/ ,if;wko

Yd nf a0omvDacwfEiS hf uif;uGmEkid cf MhJ uvdrrhf nf
r[kwfaMumif;rSef;q&ayonf/
3-u/ tkd;ykHawmif&GmrS pwlygwpfql
tk;d ykaH wmif&mG onf zko
H macsmif;zsm;wGif wnf&adS om &Gmwpf&mG jzpfonf/ zko
H macsmif;
rSm rif;jym;NrKd U ta&SUajrmuft&yf (6)rkid af usmt
f uGm yef;ajrmif;Bu;D acsmif;rS tpjyK tauGU
taumufrsm;pGmjzifh oGm;vm&aomacsmif;jzpfonf/
tk;d ykaH wmif&mG rSm rif;jym;NrKd UEiS hf tajzmifw
h idk ;f vQif (12)rkid cf efo
Y ma0;uGmaomfvnf;
a&vrf;jzifh oGm;vm&onht
f wGuf rkid (f 20)cefY uGma0;aeayonf/
&Gm pwlygwpfqal wGU&cdS ahJ Mumif;ukd &ckid o
f rkid ;f 0goem&Sif rif;jym;NrKd U pku
d yf sK;d a&;
bPfrS vufaxmufrefae*sm udpk
H eG aYf jymjy pma&;olo&d cdS &hJ onf/
xkaYd Mumifh 29-7-95 aeYu zko
H macsmif; (ausmufarmf&mG ) Zmwd ukad rmifom'k;d \
c&D;vrf;Teyf aYdk qmifraI Mumifh rk;d &moDxrJ mS yif cufcufccJ J a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/
tk;d ykaH wmif&mG rSm pnfrsuEf mS uJo
h Ydk nDnmaomay (80)cefjY rifo
h nfh awmifuek ;f ay:
wGif wnf&adS om &Gmi,fwpf&mG jzpfayonf/ &GmwnfaeykrH mS vnf; obm0taetxm;
onf ptif;&Gma[mif;wnfaeykEH iS hf toGiw
f o
l nf/ &Gmonf ta&SUtaemufo,
G w
f ef;ae
aom awmifwef;ESpfcktMum;wGif wnf&SdaeNyD; &Gm\ajrmufbufus,fjyefYaom
(i&pfrtif;)wnf&Sdonf/
tk;d ykaH wmif&mG OD;ausmw
f if\ ykaYd qmifjyorIaMumifh pwlyguadk vhvmawGUjrifc&hJ onf/
pwlygwnf&o
dS nfah e&mrSm tk;d ykaH wmif&mG rS taemufawmifbufwiG w
f nf&NdS y;D ,if;okYd
(15)rdepfcefY oGm;vm&onf/ pwlygwnf&Sdonfh awmifuykef;ukd (ausmif;awmif)[k
ac:aMumif;od&onf/ ausmif;awmf a&S;u(bm;rJb
h m;u&m;)wkaYd exkid cf o
hJ nf[v
k nf;
wpfqifhMum;od&onf/
txl;ojzifh pwlygrmS uke;f awmfwiG f wnf&adS eaom apwDysurf S xGuv
f monf
[kqMdk uonf/ apwDxrJ mS vnf; ausmufpmwpfcu
k dk &&Scd o
hJ nf[o
k &d onf/ ,if;udpk ma&;
olzwf&I ef ajymjyonft
h cg ,cktcg ajrykNH rKd Ue,f yifuyfawmifarmfq&mawmf OD;0do'k
xH&Sdaeonf[kqkdonf/
ukef;awmfrS awGU&Sd&aom pwlygrSm xufjcrf;uGJaeonfhtjyif ouFef;pD;
atmufyidk ;f qvif'gudk rawGU&awmhay/ ouFe;f pD;rS ,if;tay:yidk ;f ukd awGU&&dS aomfvnf;
xufjcrf;uGaJ eNy/D xD;awmfrmS vnf; ysupf ;D aeNy/D
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
92
avhvmrIt& pwlyg\atmufajcukAtjrifo
h nf (14-ay 5 vufrcG)J &So
d nf/
,if;tay: (3 ay 5 vufr)jrifah om tem;azmif;&pfyg&o
dS nf/ usK;d yJyh supf ;D aeaom
ouFe;f qD;tay:yidk ;f ESihf xD;awmfwu
Ydk dk cefrY eS ;f wGuq
f vQif pwlygrmS (4)ayausmcf eft
Y jrifh
&Sv
d rd rhf nf[k cefrY eS ;f &onf/
pwlyg\rsuEf mS jyifonf ,cifwifjycJo
h nfh pwlygrsm;\rsuEf mS jyifrsm;avmuf
ajyjypfacsmarGUjcif;r&Sb
d J Murf;wrf;rIudk azmfjyvsu&f adS eayonf/
4-u/ ed*kH;
txufwiG w
f ifjycJo
h nfh taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajccH atmufygorkid ;f tcsuf
tvufrsm;ukd aumufcsucf sEidk af yonf/
used ;f uRe;f t&yf awGU&&dS aom ausmufpmonfvnf;aumif;? pwlygapwDi,f
onfvnf;aumif;? aiG'*Fg;onfvnf;aumif;? at'D(5)&mpkukd &nfTef;vsuf&Sday&m
xkt
d csed u
f mvonf a0omvDacwfwiG f usa&mufojzifh xkad 'owkYd a0omvDacwfuyif
bmomuk;d uG,rf I ul;oef;a&mif;0,frw
I Ydk &Scd MhJ uayvdrrhf nf/ ,if;ESiq
hf ufpyf used ;f uRe;f
wpfciG f vlaerIonf at'D (5)&mpkuyif xif&mS ;pGm&Sad eMurnf jzpfayonf/
wpfzef ptif;&Gma[mif;a'orS pwlygtrsm;tjym;ESihf ewfyk if ,f? Ak'q
if;wkrsm;
tjyif tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd awGU&cdS &hJ Ny;D jzpfay&m pwlygu;dk uG,rf o
I nf a0omvD
acwfom xGe;f um;cJo
h nft
h avsmuf bmoma&;ud;k uG,jf cif;ESit
hf wl vlaerIwo
Ydk nf
a'o&Scd MhJ uonf/ tjcm;aom a0omvDacwf\tjcif;t&mwko
Yd nfvnf; 0ef;usif
jzpfysucf ahJ yvdrrhf nf/
tvm;wl zko
H macsmif;zsm;&Sd tk;d ykaH wmif&mG teD;rS awGU&&dS aom pwlygonfvnf;
xked nf;wlpmG at'D(5)&mpkxufaemufrusru
D yif xkad 'o bmoma&;uk;d uG,rf EI iS hf
twl vlaerI&adS ecJah Mumif; jyoaeonf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
93
xkaYd Mumifh rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fwpf0u

dk o
f nf a&S;a0omvDacwfu rif;aejynfNrKd Uawmf
wpfckr[kwfaomfjim;vnf; awGY&Sd&aom a0omvDacwf taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd
axmufv
I Qif ta&SUbufwiG v
f nf;aumif;? taemufbufwiG v
f nf;aumif;? awmifbuf
wGiv
f nf;aumif; tESUH tjym;txift&Sm;awGU&cdS &hJ onfjzpf a0omvDacwf at'D(5)&mpk
uyifvQif rif;jym;NrKd U bmomuk;d uG,rf ?I ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr?I vlaerIw&Ydk adS ecJNh yjD zpfaMumif;
ukd rSw,
f El idk Mf urnf jzpfayownf;/
rif;jym;rif;odef;ZH
10-8-95
usrf;ukd;
1/ U San Tha Aung: Buddhist Art Of Ancient Arakan.
2/ Oung Hla Thein. A Visit to Miniature Stupas of Sa-ong
(Rakhine State Magazine, 84)
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
94
aESmif;acwfpmqkd&Sif OD;umpH\
usdef;awmfoQifbk&m;
oHxD;awmfwif vuFmwpfyk'f
,ckazmfjyvwUH aom used ;f awmfoQib
f &k m; oHx;D awmfwif vuFma&;zGUJ co
hJ rl mS
rif;jym;NrKd Ue,fudk wGrd qkw&f mG Zmwdjzpfol OD;umpH(0umpH)yif jzpfayonf/
pmqko
d nf aeSmif;acwfpm&if;0if pmqk&d iS w
f pfO;D jzpfayonf/ pmqko
d nf vuFm?
&wk? omjcif;wku
Yd dk a&;pyfou
D ;Hk &m xifay:co
hJ w
l pfO;D vnf;jzpfayonf/ pmqkad &;om;cJh
onfh pmaypm&if; raemfomjcif;? iSuo
f rufwufvuFmESifh used ;f awmf&iS f oHx;D awmfwif
orkid ;f vuFmwkrYd mS xif&mS ;Muonf/
iSuo
f rufwufvuFmuku
d m; q&mOD;atmifrif;u 1980 jynfEh pS f Zefe0g&v
D xkwf
trSw(f 10) &ckid jf ynfe,fpmapmifwiG f a&;om;wifjycJNh y;D jzpfayonf/
1984-ckEpS af vmufu pma&;olEiS hf pma&;q&m orkid ;f okawoD rif;jym; rif;odP;f
xGP;f wko
Yd nf a&Tused ;f awmifb&k m;orkid ;f ukd jyKpck phJ Ofu pmayrsm;ukd pkaqmif;avhvmcJh
onft
h cg rif;jym;NrKd U aps;a[mif;ykid ;f &yfuu
G af e Xmaea[mif; vuFmrS used ;f awmfoQif
bk&m; oHx;D awmfvuFmjzpfaeNy;D OD;umpH\vuf&mjzpfaMumif; od&&dS onf/
OD;apmomu ,cifayrla[mif;rS wpfqifhul;,lxm;aom pmjzpfaeayonf/
,if;ukd pmapmif\ (pma[mif;aya[mif;u@)rS wpfqif&h [ef;oQiv
f l jynfot
l rsm;
zwfaI vhvmjcif;tvkiYd mS okYd azmfjytyfayonf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
95
a&Tusdef;awmf&Sifbk&m; a&TcsoHxD;awmfwifvuFm (1270)

]]earmw-b*0awm? t&[awm? ormorK'
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oknav;ck? t&if;jyK? pwk'g&m? ,lZemonf? urmb'? ay:OD;pum;?
xufzsm;jA[m? oufusvmS ? r[myx0D? ajrqDoum? t&omaMumif?h a&mif0guif;jywf?
psmefvufvGwfrS? t&yfwyg;? oGm;vm;tHhiSm? ra&mufvm? vGefpGmaMumufjim;?
uk;d a,mufom;wk?Yd vkv
d m;rjywf? awmifw
h vwfaomf? xGe;f ay:vm&? ol&,
d ESihf pEmabmr?
Ak'* k ?k bm&Pkaom&m? oDwmav;pif;? jrpfrif;ig;jzm? yOmork'? owyraw? vnfonf
a&mifpdk ? jrifrh &dk af evponf euw?f av;&yfuRe;f Bu;D ? &Hq;D wifw
h ,f? uRe;f i,fEpS af xmif?
jrm;ajrmifpMu0Vm? Murmtavsmuf? ayguo
f nfo
h ajy? aumif;onf edrw
d ?f wdwEf iS hf
aumuf,?l ZrLaomif;uGu?f tv,fcsuw
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(&ckid o
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&ckid jf ynf\orkid ;f aMumif;a& aumif;aumif;&Snv
f sm;yga&/ &ckid o
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yga&/ a'ykid &f n
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k dk wnf
aqmufxal xmifvmuwfpmG at'D 1784 txdygAsm,f/
&ckid o
f rkid ;f rSww
f rf;wdt
f & xl;jcm;xif&mS ;a& rif;wcsKUdUdk taMumif;ukd a'aqmif;yg;
eefY wifjyzkYd &nf&,
G yf ga&/
a'rif;wda& pdw"f mwfprG ;f &nf jrifrh m;xufjrufpmG eefY &ckid jf ynfBu;D ukd Bu;D us,f
xif&Sm;atmif zefqif;tkyfpkd;cuwfaw rif;jrwfwdjzpfyga&/ a'rif;jrwfwdudk
olUdk \0if;vuf awmufya&vky&f yfwt
d wGuf xm0&atmufro
d wd&eDuwf&ygvrd ahf r/
1/ rm&,krif;(bDpD 3000)
oufvrl sK;d acgi;f aqmif\orD; ErmkeefY uydv0wftZKe&aohUdk \om;awmfjzpf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
110
yga&/ rm&,krif;a& yxr"n0wDudk wnfaqmufcoljzpfyga&/ ousUdk \ acgi;f aqmif

rm&,ka& ukvm;wefjrpf0rS ;f rSm rl&if;eDxidk o
f l qHyifaumufaumuf tom;rJr?J tyifww
dk dk
eefY ausmufacwfaeSmif;vlom;wdudk atmifEidk cf yga&/ ,if;rl&if; eDxidk o
f l Udk udk &ckid o
f rkid ;f
wdrmS bDv;l wdvYdk azmfjyyga&/
&Sda[mif;&ckdifjynf\ yxrqkH;aom rif;tjzpf rm&,kukd owfrSwfuwfyga&/
rm&,krif; wnfaxmifca& yxr"n0wDNrKd Ue&D mukd t*k&ckid jf ynf ajrmufbuf yvuf0
tem;u ausmufyef;awmif; eDvmyef;awmif;rSm wGEd idk yf ga&/
2/ pEol&d,rif; (bDpD 582-554)
r[mrkeb
d &k m;tem;u &Sad [mif;NrKd Uawmf wwd, "n0wDudk wnfaxmifca&rif;
jzpfyga&/ a*gwrAk' uk,
d af wmfwidk f &ckid jf ynfudk <ucsv
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d rif;vufxufrmS
yg/ bk&m;oQif oDwif;ok;H eDa& umvtwGi;f rSm kyyf mG ;awmf r[mrkeu
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Yd nf; azmfjyyga&/ ol&,
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rif;\ om;awmfyg/ bk&ifpEo&l ,
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<u,f0csr;f omyga&/ ,if;twGuef efY tmeEpjEa usmufpmrSm a'rif;vufxuf a0omvD
ukd (ewfjynf\vSywifw
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h ,faom
NrdKUawmf)vkdY urnf;xkd;cpGm jzpfyga&/
4/ tmeEpjErif; (at'D 720)
ajrmufO;D NrKd U? oQpaf omif;ykx;dk awmfrmS ausmufpmwkid Bf u;D wpfcu
k dk a'edxufwidk f
wGdjrifEkdifuwfyga&/ ,iff;ausmufpmukd ooFukdufbmomeefY &GD;xkd;xm;pGmyg/
,if;ausmufpmukd &G;D xk;d coltjzpf tmeEpjEr if; xif&mS ;&jcif;jzpfyga&/
ausmufpmrSm azmfjyxm;csuft& tmeEpjErif;a& tdrfeD;csif;ekdifiHwdjzpfaw
b*Fvm;? oD&v
d uFm? tdE,
d kUd txd tmPmpufus,jf yefcY aMumif; od&&dS yga&/ Ak'b
mom
ukd txl;ouf0if,MHk unfojl zpfawtwGuf ukov
dk af umif;rIrsm;pGmjyKvyk cf yga&/ &ckid jf ynf
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
111
a& ax&0g'Ak'b
momxGe;f um;a& wkid ;f jynfwpfcjk zpfaMumif; rSww
f rf;wifxm;cjcif;a&
a'tmeEpjEa usmufpm\ wefz;dk rjzwfEidk af om aus;Zl;jyKcsuw
f pf&yfjzpfyga&/
5/ aumvd,rif;(at'D 1118)
yk&ed rf if;quf? q|rajrmufrif;jzpfyga&/ tdE,
d ? yk*eH efY ,k;d ',m;(xkid ;f ) kUd txd
a'rif ; \emrnf x if & S m ;ausmf a pmyga&/ avmif ; Muuf a wmif a rmf a wmif b ,H u
ausmufaqmifrmS &G;D xk;d ca& atrif;\ ausmufpmukd atedxufwidk w
f jdG rifzwfEI idk yf goad &/
6/ 'o&mZmrif; (at'D 1123)
aumvd,rif;\ om;awmfjzpfyga&/ 'kw,
d yk&ed rf if;qufudk wnfaxmifov
l nf;
jzpfyga&/ taemf&xmeefY tavmif;pnfol Udk usL;ausmrf aI Mumifh ,k,
d iG ;f ysupf ;D eDa& r[m
rked yk yf mG ;awmfudk pEo&l ,
d rif;vufxufawmfutwkid ;f jyKjyifrrG ;f rHca&rif;tjzpf orkid ;f
rSm xif&mS ;yga&/
7/ tavmrmjzLrif;(at'D 1250)
avmif;Muufrif;quf\ yxrqk;H rif;jzpfyga&/ OmPfynmjynhpf <Hk u,f0a& rif;wpf
yg;yg/ eef;usm;bke;f Bu;D ausmif;&Sd Ak' yk yf mG ;awmfwpfq\l aemufuek ;f awmfxufrmS atrif;
a& oD[Vdk (f oD&v
d uFm)ukd bk&m;zl;<ucspD aD &vkYd urn;f rSww
f rf;[dyga&/
8/ &ckdifrif;xD; (at'D 1283)
&ckid o
f rkid ;f rSm eef;ouft&Snq
f ;Hk rif;yg/ w&m;rQwrI? OmPfynmxufjrufr?I tajrmf
tjrifBu;D rIUdk twGux
f if&mS ;yga&/ oufawmfcek pfEpS rf mS eef;pHNy;D au oufawmf 113ESpf
rSm ewf&mG pHyga&/ ysLwpfoed ;f rif;vkv
Yd nf; ausmMf um;yga&/ b*Fvm;uyif {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f
taemufbuftxd MoZmjyefEY UHS cyga&/ emrnfausmf ]]avmuom&ysKUd }}ukd &G;D zGUJ pyfqcdk pGm
a'rif;vufxufawmfrmS jzpfyga&/
9/ rif;apmrGef (at'D 1430)
avmif;Muufacwf aemufq;Hk rif;jzpfyga&/ jrefrmkUd 0ifa&mufwu
dk cf u
dk af wtwGuf
b*Fvm;ukd wdr;f a,Smifc&yga&/ rif;apmrGerf [dpOfumvrSm &ckid jf ynfa& t0bk&ifeefY
rGeb
f &k if &mZm"d&mZfUdkMum;rSm ppfwvif;jzpfcyga&/ a*gpv
l wef\ tultnDeefY rif;apmrGef
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
112
a& avmif;Muufx;D eef;ukd jyef&yga&/ aemufyikd ;f (1433-ckEpS )f rSm NrKfd Uawmfudk avmif;Muuf
ueDyem ykrd v
dk NHk cKH pw
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wnfaxmifcpGm atrif;apmrGeyf g/
10/ rif;c&D(ac:)e&EktvDcif (at'D 1433)
rif;apmrGe\
f nDawmfyg/ aemifawmf(rif;apmrGe)f b*Fvm;rSm a&mufepD Of &efol rGe?f
jrefrmwdudk 24-ESpw
f idk w
f idk f ajymufusm;ppfqifEw
JT u
dk yf 0JG ifecD ol jzpfyga&/
plvwefwyfrsm;\ wyfr; tlvcD efvufwiG ;f u aemifawmfudk u,fwifcpGmvnf;
atrif;c&D;yifjzpfyga&/ atrif;\ eef;pHoufu 26-ESpyf g/
11/ bapmjzLrif; (at'D 1450)
rif;c&D\om;awmfyg/ rlqvifwdvTrf;rkd;xm;a& b*Fvm;u ppfwaumif;ukd
atmifEidk cf oljzpfyga&/ bapmjzLrif;a& av;onfawmfBu;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpfyga&/ tm;cGeAf v
oefprG ;f oljzpfvYdk ppfyw
JG rd mS Bu;D 0gav;wpfvufudk ukid pf aJG vh[yd ga&/ av;twwfrmS
ajymifajrmufawtwGuf umvDrm&Sm;qkad &bGUJtrnfuv
dk nf; ykid q
f idk yf ga&/ (umvDrm)qkpd mG
b*FvDpum;eefY(av;)ukdac:pGmyg/
rif;apmrGev
f ufxufu b*Fvm;vufoYdk qk;H I;H ca&e,fy,fwu
d dk atrif;vuf
xufrmS jyef&,lEidk cf yga&/ emrnfausmpf mqku
d 0dBu;D wpfqjl zpfaw z'lrif;kad & atrif;
vufxufu trwfynm[dBd u;D jzpfyga&/ bapmjzLrif;\vufxufawmf taMumif;ukd
pmqkd z'l;rif;kdu pyfqkd&GD;om;rSwfwrf;jyKcyga&/ pmqkdBuD;\vuf&muawmhcg
]]&ckid rf if;orD; {csi;f }}jzpfyga&/
a'{csi;f a& &ckid pf myDrmS *E0ifajrmufvuf&mrGew
f pfcyk gAsm,f/
12/ ppfwaumif;rif;bif(ac:) bk&ifrif;AmBuD; (at'D 1531)
ajrmufO;D rif;quf 12-qufajrmufrif;yg/ tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if H Udk \ usL;ausmrf &I efudk
umuG,zf t
Ydk wGuf bk&ifrif;AmBu;D a& ajrmufO;D aejynfawmfudk wHwidk ;f txyfxyf um&H
cyga&/ ppfwaumif;okdY ppfcsDyemb*Fvm; t&SdzufwpfcGifvkH;ukd atmifjrifNyD;au
*g,m(tdE,
d )txd NcpD MumjzefcY yga&/
Ak'b
mom0ifrif;wpfyg;jzpfawtwGuf tdE,
d u Ak'" mwfraDG wmfwu
d dk &ckid jf ynfoYdk
yifah qmif,v
l mNy;D au Bu;D us,x
f if&mS ;aom oQpaf omif;ykx;dk awmfBu;D ukd wnfxm;;uk;d
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
113
uG,af wmfryl ga&/ atykx;dk awmfBu;D a& &Sad cwf"n0wDeefY a0omvDUdk u pwlygwu
d dk
ykw
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l yl em twdtuswnfaqmufxm;pGmjzpfyga&/ b*Fvm;ukd atmifjrifrI txdrf ;f trSwf
tjzpf wnfxm;pGmjzpfv]Ydk ]&efatmifaZ,s}}vkv
Yd nf; bGUJ rnfawmf[yd ga&/
atrif;vufxufrmS taemufEidk if w
H ed efY yxrqk;H ukepf nfu;l oef;qufo,
G rf I
jyKvyk cf yga&/ ay:w*l v
D rl sK;d wduv
dk nf; Munf;wyf? &DwyfUdk rmS cefx
Y m;tok;H cscyga&/
bk&ifrif;AmBuD;rSm (ZmabmufoQm;)qkda& *kPfxl;aqmifbGJU emrawmf[dauvnf;
&ckid jf ynf a& r*kt
d ifyg,m\ vufatmufct
H cGeq
f ufwidk ;f jynfwpfcrk [kwcf yg/
Munf;wyfeefY &DwyfUdk udk wnfaqmufNy;D au &ckid jf ynfudk yifv,fjyifwpf;dk rSm
pGr;f &nftxufjruf t0if;vufq;Hk ? wkid ;f jynfwpfcjk zpfvmatmif bk&ifrif;AmBu;D jyKpw
k nf
axmifawmfrlyga&/
13/ rif;zavmif; (at'D 1571 )(qDukEm;oQm;)
rif;Ambk&if\ txD;G qk;H om;awmfjzpfyga&/
ajrmufO;D acwfrmS wefc;dk txufjrufq;Hk rif; wpfyg;vnf; jzpfyga&/
taemufb*Fvm;u r*kw
d u
d dk wku
d x
f w
k Nf y;D au ppfwaumif;eefY 'umukd rdr\
d
bke;f tmPmpufatmufoYkd jyefvnford ;f oGi;f cyga&/ atrif;vufxufawmfa& tvGef
tD;csr;f om,mzGUH NzKd ;<u,f0yga&/ bk&ifrif;zavmif;a& wpfwidk ;f jynfv;Hk u apwDb&k m;
ykx;dk wdudk rGr;f rHjyifqifwnfaqmufawmfrcl yga&/
14/ rif;&mZmBuD; (at'D 1593)
rif;&mZmBu;D \ ykid ef ufe,fajra& [l;*vdjrpf0uyif oHviG jf rpf0txd us,0f ef;yg
a&/ &ckid jf ynf\ wefc;dk t[det
f 0g tjrifrh m;qk;H a&muf[cd pGm a'rif;vufxufrmS yg/ yJc;l ukd
pnf;k;H atmifjrifNy;D au e,fpyfudk jzwfausmv
f Ydk jrefrmjynfudk wku
d cf u
dk v
f muwfaw
usL;ausmo
f l ,k;d ',m;wdudk atmifatmifjrifjrif wku
d x
f w
k yf pfEidk cf yga&/ ppfwaumif;
NrKd Upm; om;awmf rif;rmefBu;D eefY qif'u
d Re;f (Sundwip Island)u ay:w*l v
D rl sK;d qDbwf
&Sef*GifZmvyf(Sebastian Gonsales) kdU yl;aygif;ykefukefrIukdvnf; ESdrfeif;Ekdifcyga&/
aemufwpfcg *kt
d mNrKd Upm; ay:w*l v
D rl sK;d 'Giaf [ke;f 'DtmZmAD'dk (Don Hierome do Azvedo)u
aejynfawmfudk wku
d cf u
dk u
f sL;ausmv
f mrIuv
kd nf; ESrd ef if;atmifjrifawmfryl ga&/
a'ta&;tcif;rSm ay:w*l w
D yfr; 'Gi?f z&ifpw
d ?f 'D? eDaeYpf usq;Hk yga&? OD;&mZfawmif
tem;u wku
d yf u
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I rkid ;f rSm tBu;D us,q
f ;Hk jzpfyga&/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
114
rif;&mZmBu;D vufxufrmS Ekid if jH cm;a&;ay:vpD D Adou

k mBu;D uawmhcg trwfynm[d
r[mynmausmjf zpfyga&/ bk&ifrif;&mZmBu;D ukd r[mynmausmu
f odraf rGUeuf,idI ;f a&
OmPfynmtajrmftjrifeefY pnf;k;H odr;f oGi;f yem bk&ifudk Ekid if OH ;D aoQmiftjzpfxm;vkYd wpdwf
wykid ;f vTwaf wmftyk cf sKyaf &;pepf (Semiparlimentary)ukd csrw
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yga&/
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wkid w
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f ,ft&G,rf mS tedpa &mufyga&/
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aemifawmfb&k ifrmefBu;D \ axmifxm;ykeu
f efru
I dk rif;om;b0uyif rif;carmif;
ESrd Ef iS ;f czl;yga&/ ,if;cgu r*kv
fd ufatmufcH taemufb*Fvm;ukv
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rsm;pGm 0ifwu
dk zf ;l cyga&/ Munf;wyft&mrSm tiftm;omvGeaf & r*kd Udk a& rif;carmif;\
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H @mefEiS hf eD;pyfpmG awGU&onf/ acwf taemuftEd ,
d
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d m zwfEI idk \f / yxrpmaMumif; \tqk;H wGif
pmu&m&d (Cakarari) wwd,pmaMumif;wGif pmwk'omar (Caturddasame)
pwkwp maMumif;wGif od C
H 0dMuro&l (Simghavikramasura)ESihf q|r pmaMumif;tqk;H
wG i f &cf a omum (Raksoka) [l zwf E k d i f \ / ow r pmaMumif ; tqk H ; wG i f
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123
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D w
dk cgxyf
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D t
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f aHk p\/ pmaMumif;a&
(1-10)wGif Buw
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f pfcjk zpf[ef&\dS / aemufpmaMumif;wGif ]pwk&'f goar Aa'Buu
d m&mZKm'wEH iS f
pmaMumif;a& (1-12)wGif ]]N*. D od C
H 0dMuro&l pjE} }ukd wpfBurd af zmfjyjyef\/ pmaMumif;
a& (1-13)\ tv,fwiG ]f ]auom&D}} (Kersari)jzpfEidk Nf y;D ? pmaMumif;a& (1-16)wGif
(od C
H ol&pjEa '0r[mZk;)ukd wpfBurd af zmfjy[ef&o
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d ausmufpmu yxrausmufpmxuf tenf;i,fydk
jynhpf \
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rlrSefr[kwfaom *Pef;qkdif&m pum;pkawGU&Sd&jcif;rSm ol\a&SUrStquftEG,f
(N*. D od C
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................ blrd ....... od,
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
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,Ofaus;aom NrKd UjyokaYd &mufapjcif;ESit
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tdE,
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126
jrefrm&mZ0ifEiS hf &ckid &f mZ0ifEpS cf pk vk;H wGif &ckid jf ynfoYdk tEk'k m bk&ifusL;ausmrf u
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d yf idk t
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J jJ zpfae\/ at'D
1013-23 ckEpS w
f iG f ukv
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f &uf0ifa&mufraI Mumifh ta&SUb*Fvm;pjEr if;
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pDrt
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d &k ifrmS eef;qufwiG f eef;vsmtjzpf w&m;0if&cGi&hf dS
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yOmNrKd UawmfopfwiG f tkypf ;dk cJah Mumif; ,lq&ayonf/
ausmufpmonf a0omvDNrKd Uawmfa[mif;u tultnDawmif;cHo?H tdE,
d qef
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atmifo&l ausmf (&uKd if)
(Pamela Gutman; Ancient Arakan, volume 1, Text pp-68-74)
jyefygonf/
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
ukd bmom
127
pma[mif; yDa[mif; u@
&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
128
ausmufkd;&mZ0if
earmw b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'
ausmufiEGm;'kid ;f yk?H a&SmufyyHk ifuyf? eHwpyfrmS ? rjywfoal ygi;f aevwUH? csi;f ESiu
hf &if?
rsm;zsiw
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csi;f ? aumif;wvif;vnf;? cwfvsiaf jymifajymif? k;d a&TawmifrmS ? rD;vQix
f cdk gavmifvwUH ?
pdaEyk yf mG ;? jrwfu,
dk pf m;vnf; ? bk&m;ok;H qljzpfvwUH ? xko
d nfuus;D ? ausmufvrd Bhf u;D ?
c&D;jyefqkyf? b&*kwftrSef? oabFmysHESifh? trSefcsufcsif;? ckESpfrif;vnf;? tjyif;xkdcg?
wifvwHU? ukvm;ukd&Sm? ausmufawmf&GmrSm? xkdcgwkyfawGUvwHU? bl;oD;awmifrSm?
rif;acgiu
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&Sv
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taemufuRev
f smjzpfvwUH ? om;ukt
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&ckdifom;BuD;pmay
129
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onf ay:vwUH / eef;rxkcd g ysuv
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132
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133
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134
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2

About Type Setting

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First Edition - September, 1997.

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