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vt{a / cfTd;+do eP a*{kmnÚs]f ;+qf; af^ alrG% .*f s]bf/ sfsL{
g]kfndf klxnf] kN^ ´fkf hLNnfsf] d]lr gu/kflnsf a*f g 10 df km]nf k/]sf]a*{ kmn' /]fusf] cfaZos k|f/Dles lgoq)f sfo{ /x]sf] l;ylt % .o; cal# kl%/F]usf] lgu/flg t Aofks ?kdf ul/Psf] l:ylt % .a*{ kmn' efO/; Pr 5 Pg 1 km]nf k/]sf] l:yltdf clfafo{ ?kn] k|t]s b]zn] ug{'kg]{ dfGotf cg'zf/ . klIfx?df nfUg] of] /f]u klIfhGo a:t'sfnflu dfq geOdfglzsfnflu klg #fts ;Flat x'g ;Sg] ;+Defgf ePsfn] ;/sf/L lgsfo ;fy} hg:t/,AoazfoL , gful/s ;dfh u}X ;/sf/L lgsfo ,tyf cfd ;+rf/ hut af^ klg;+a]bglzn ?kdf &'nf] ;Fa#flg ckgfpg' kg]{ cfaZostf ´fkf sfs*leTtf df /f]ukm]nf k/]sf] #f]if)fF kl% lgoq)f sfo{ yfNbf ;Dd >hgf ePsf] l:ylt tyf cGo&fpsf af/]df ;+k|]Ô)F ul/osf ;dfrf/ n] cfd hgdfg;df k'/ofPsf] k|efa n]b]vfo]sf] % . ´fkf sfs*leTtf df /f]u km]nf k/]sf] #f]if)fF kl% cGo &.pd. /f}uk}
mlnPsf] af/] cfd;rf/ dfWodx?lar ;'rgf k|afx ug{ ePsf]xtf/df o;n] cfd pkef]Stfdf k/]sf] dgf]a}!flgs qf;af^>[hgf x"g k"u]sf kl/:ytLn] AoazfoL lg/fz x"g k"u]sf %g.
a*{ kmn' zAbn] cfh ;dfhdf #]/} k|efa kfg]{ ;+s]t lb
P
sf] % . cfh o; zAbn]kfg]{ k|efasf] laa]rgf ug]{ xf] eg o;sf Ô]q hg:jF:y , Joazfo cflys ultlal#,clg /fhlglt Ô]q hf]lvd df knf{g h:tf %g . o; p;n] ;'rgf k|afx hlt hf]lvd k')f{t% cem ;+od cfkm}df slt dxTak')f{ xf]nf < a*{ kmn' nfO lsg b}la k|sf]ksf] >[+vnfdf /flvosf] xf]nf< lazf} ztflAbdf laZj #^gf kl/#^gfdf #]/} To;tf #^gf #^] h;af^ cgfxsdf &'nf] hgdfg;n] d[To'a/)F u/]sf]t Oltxf;sf sfn)*df /fHo , afb lahlo ePsf] t clen]v % . o;} sfn)*df 1918M1919,1957=1958,1968=1969 df hg;f#/gn] d[To'a/)F ug'{ k/]sf]sf/)F :kflg; kmn' , Plzog kmn',xé sé kmn',ePsf] clen]vtkm{ O+lut u/]sf]% .h'g sFnVF)*df 4 s/F]* 1 s/F]* clg 7 nFv dfgL;n] laZjAoFkL ?kdf HoFgu'dfpg' k/]sf] clen]Vf % . cEm 500,000,
 
70,000,
 
36,000 dfgL; tcd]/LsftL/ dfq HoFg u'dfPsF /x]%g . cfh laZjsf hg:jf:ysld{x?,kz':jf:ysld{x?sf] ^fpsf] b'v]sf] olt dfq n] xf] .;g 1997 tfsf a*{ kmn' sf] rrf{ kl% dfq laZj ;d'bfo sf] £ofgdf of] /f]usf] sf/stTj Pr 5 Pg 1 ePsf] b]lvG% . lautdf OGkm[PGhf P o:sf pk k|hflt Pr / Pg sf km/s km/s ?ksf sf/)F o:sf] s]Gb|laGb[ clg keflat ;d'bfosf] k[i&e'ld x]bf{lautdf o; laiff)F'sf] k|sf]k em)*} laZj dfxfdfl/ sf] ?klno]sf] l:yltdf 20;f}+ztflAbdf 3 a^f laZj dfxfdfl/ sf] qf;lb Aof]x]/]sf] laZj ;d'bfo pknA# k|lal#;'rgf ;+hfnsf] k|of]uaf^ csf]{ qf;lb ef]Ug gk/f]z eGg] sfdgf ub{% .
o; /f]usf sf/)F hg:jf:y slt hf]lvd df <
/f]uaf^ ;+s|ldt eo]sf dflg;nfO pkrf/ ul/ lgsf] kfg{ clxn];Dd k|efasfl/dflgo]sf cf}iflw s'g} e'uf]ndf k|efasfl/ eP csf]{ e'uf]ndf k|efasfl/ x'g ;sg];+Defagf Go'g kfOPsf] % . cfh hg:jf:ysld{x?sf] ^fpsf] b'v]sf] olt dfq n]xf] . s'v'/fsf] a*{ kmn' dflg;dg nfu] Pleog OGkm[n'PGhf eGg] of] /f]u af^alrg] pkfo t op^} xf]nf h:tf] % Tof] eg]sf] k'a{ ;t{stf Aosltut ;t{stf clg;'rgf k|afxsf] klg . la! clg k|l!s b|'t cg'udg Pad oyf]lrt ;'rgf k|afx clg b|'t
1
 
sfaf{lx ubf{ ub}{ t cfh laZjsf 60 eGbf al( d'n'ssf s'v'/f ;+s|ldt eO nfvf}sf];Vofdf k+lÔhGo k|hflt dfg'{ l:ylt % . dfglao Ôlt tkm{ x]g]{ xf] eg] cfh;Ddsf] clen]v cg'zf/ 12 d'n'ssf 252 sf] xf/fxfl/ df dfga hflt n] d[to' a/)f u/]sf %g . Tof] klg al( ;+Vof olzof k|zfGt df g} b]lvG% .
cfh rrf{ Pr 5 Pg 1 sf] g} al( lsg <
20zf} ztflAbsf ltg laZj dfxfdfl/sf] k[)^e'ld nfO b[l)^kft ug]{ xf] eg]OGkm[n'PGhf P k|hflt sf] pk k|hflt
Pr 1 Pg 1, Pr 2 Pg 2, Pr 3 Pg 3,
sf]s|d; ;+nUg eo]sf] clen]v %. t/ Pr 5 Pg 1 pkk|hfltsf] of] efO/;sf] rrf{ klxnf]k^s ;g1997 df xªsªdf k|sfzdf cfo klg o;sf] laiaAoflk rrf{ eg] ;g 2003 b]lvdfq x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG% . o; pk|fGt sf clen]vx?sf] b[i^fGt x]g]{ xf] eg] ;g2003 df lrgdf 1hgf clg leotgfddf 3 hgfn] o; /f]uaf^ d[To'a/)f ug'{ k/]sf]tYo ;fa{hlgs eo kl% laZj;d'bfosf] lrGtf o; /f]u tkm{ hfg yfn] otf o; /f]uaf^kl%Nnf] k^s s]lx ;do cl# o;} hgal/ dlxgfd} lrgdf 1 hgf / OG*f]g]lzofdf 1hgfn] d[To'a/)f u/]sf] tYo ;fa{hlgs eo]sf] % .cfh laZjdf hg:jf:ysld{x?sf]^fpsf] b'v]sf] olt dfq n] xf] .cfh ;Ddsf clen]vsf laZn]ifg ul/g] xf] eg] xfdf| ;fd' op^f tYo b]vf kb{% Tof]eg]sf] d[To' ;+Vofsf,]cfwf/df OG*f]g]lzof ;a} eGbf cufl* b]lvG% hxf o; /f]uaf^ ;+s|ldt d@o] 125 hgfn] d[To'a/)f u/]sf]clen]v % . leotgfddflaut 5aif{df 52 hgfn] ;dflW lng k'u]sf %g .lrg / OlhK^n] cfkmgf] efudf 23,23hgf yfOn}G*df 17 sdaf]l*ofdf 7 ch/a}hfgdf 5 ^ls{df 4 lo/fs nfcf];df 2,2 jyf kfls;tfgdf / gfloh]l/ofdf 1,1 hgf tyf g]b/n})*df 2003 df 1 kz'lrlsT;fsld{n] d[To'a/)f u/]s]clen]v % .21zf} ztflAbsf] ;'/'aflt aif{df rrf{df cfo]sf] of]/f]u cfhsf] l:ylt;Ddsf] Pp^f ;'vb kÔ o;nfO dfGg ;lsG% ls klÔdf nfu]kl%dflgzdf ;g]{ of] /]fu dflgzaf^ dflgzdf xfn;Dd b]vf k/]sf] k'li^ eo]sf] %}g .o;f] eGb}df ('Ss eOxfNg] l:ylt t kf] s] /xnf .o;} k[i&e'ldnfO ulDe/ ?kdF lnOlaZj Zff:y ;+u&g, laZj kz' Zff:y ;+u&g, o' og cf] , laZj vf$o tyf s[lif ;+u&gh:tf cGt/fli^|o lgsfox? ;+eflat dfglao Ôlt sd u/fpg sf nflu cfkmgf !fg /cg'ea ;Eeflat hf]lvddf kg{ ;sg] /fi^|x?df ;f^g / ;xof]u ug{ xft]dfnf] ug{;+nUg %g .;g 2006 sf] k'af{w b]lv o'/f]k]ln d'n'sdf ;d]t h/f] uf*g k'u]sf] a*{ kmn'sf]of] efo/; lo^fln u|L; hd{lg cil^|of :nf]lelgof, :nf]eflsof,x+u]l/ / km|fG;sf k+lÔhGo kbf{ydf km]nf kbf{ ul/o]sf[ lg/f]wTds k|of;sf sf/g st} dflg;df ;g{ /f]lso]sf] xf] ls h:tf] ;+s]t ub{% .xfd|f cfkmgf] l%d]sdf laut s]lx aif{ b]lv ;fOt h'/fo]/ b]vd kb}{ cfo]sf[ o;efo/;sf] ;+s|d)f cs;dft df#sf] klxnf] ;ftf df#] ;+s|fGtLs} ;fOt h'/fo]/ d]lrlsgf/ df lgDtf] af*g cfO k'Ubf xflddf s]lx ;+qf; t eof] xf]nf . o; k|;+udf xfn;Dd ul/P]sf k|of;sf s]lx ;sf/fTds ;+s]t t b]lvG% t/ ul/ xfNg kg]{ sfd t ch al(%g .klÔ tyf klÔhlgt ;fdflu|x? sf ;dks{df lg/Gt/ /xg' kg]{ dflgz of] /f]uaf^ al(;+s|ldt x'g] hf]lvd % . o; p;n] s'v'.f kfns lszfgn] al( h}las ;'/Ôfsf pkfockgfpg' plrt / o; af/] a]nfdf ;'rgf k|afx, klÔsf] z+sf:kb d[To' eo]df b'|tlgbfg s'g} &fpdf o; /f]usf] ;+s|d)Fsf] k'li^ eo]sf] a]nf /f]u lgogqg s]f b'|tpkfo ug{ ;lsg] clg To; a]nf ;+rf/ hut gful/s ;dfh, pkef]Stf, gful/s k|zF;g,/fhg}lts bnn] lgaf{x ug'{ kg]{ e'ldsf af/] ;t{stf ;fy ;'rgf k|afx u/]a*{kmnÚs]f ;+qf; af^ alrG% . elgG% a*{kmn af^ ;t{s t x'g'; t/ cflTt tgxfNg'; .
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