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Talent Identification and Development in Professional Club Soccer 
http://www.osysa.com/talentidproffessional.htmFrom the State Office...
 
By Tobias Gopon 
 Maguire and Pearton define soccer as an achievement sport. This involves its production on a globalscale, its consumption by a global audience, and the utilization of talent identification anddevelopment. An increased need for early talent identification and development came with the passingof the "Bosman Ruling" by the European Court of Human Rights in 1995, which forbade professionalsoccer clubs from "withholding a player's registration at the completion of his contract" (A. M.Williams, "Talent Identification"). This led to a swarm of foreign players invading the majorprofessional soccer leagues, Spanish, Italian, English, and German, and produced an inflationary affecton player's salaries and transfer fees (A. M. Williams, "Talent Identification"). Therefore since 1995 itbecame necessary for clubs to find a cost efficient method of staffing their squads while "retaining theservices of their most talented players on a long-term basis and balancing flow of new players so thatstability in performance of the team was not adversely affected" (A. M. Williams, "TalentIdentification").The most obvious and economically beneficial solution to this problem as Reilly, Bangsbo, and Franksindicate was for the "club management to be on the look-out for emerging stars developing in under-age and youth ranks." Along with the aid of the "Charter for Quality" of the Union of EuropeanFootball Association (UEFA), which allows English clubs greater access to youth players and to placetop players in soccer talent facilities (A. M. Williams, "Perceptual Skill"), has led to the institution of soccer academies affiliated with the professional soccer clubs (Reilly, Bangsbo, and Franks) and linkedto the Football Association's Centre of Excellence program (Maguire and Pearton). "In France, it ismandatory for each of the Division One Professional Clubs to have their own soccer academy" (Stahl,Session with French National Team). However, before player's can be developed and groomed in thesesoccer academies they must first be identified, preferably at an early age.A. M. Williams and Reilly describe talent identification in soccer as a process of recognizing currentparticipants, who have the potential to become elite players. As Regnier states, "it entails predictingperformance by measuring physical, physiological, psychological, and sociological attributes as well astechnical abilities"(qtd. A. M. Williams and Reilly).Furthermore, the advantages of early talent identification cannot be overemphasized. The earliertalented players are recognized the more time they have to prepare in quality facilities, surrounded byfirst-class coaches. Not only does this increase their chances of becoming a successful soccer player inthe future and a great asset to their club, but, as Carlson points out, it also makes them more trainable inthe future (qtd. A. M. Williams and Reilly).However, there are some problems with the reliability and efficiency of the talent identificationtechniques used by the clubs. Reilly, Bangsbo, and Franks describe the identification of talented soccer
 
players as "not straightforward" due to the numerous variables that exist in the talent identification of prepubescent athletes in a team sport, such as soccer, versus those in an individual sport. Therefore, asone reviews the literature involved in talent identification of youth soccer players, one will not find aconcrete process used to select talented youth. Instead, one will find variant styles of identification thatutilize and emphasize a diverse combination of factors to test and analyze prospects. From thesehundreds of factors, there are eight that are consistently used by the coaches, scouts, sportspsychologists, and administrators: visual search strategies, decision making and anticipation,motivational orientation, shooting, dribbling, aerobic power, and anaerobic power. These eightcharacteristics can be grouped into three specific categories: physiological, psychological, and soccerspecific.Arguably the most important of these factors is soccer specific skill performance. According to RobStahl, Ohio South Director of Coaching and Soccer Education, both the French and the Dutch are mostinterested in sound technique and skill. The French system will not teach soccer team strategy andtechniques to the youth players until they have mastered their individual skills (Stahl, Session withFrench National Team).Reilly and Holmes have identified three components that are key to the assessment of skill play:shooting, ball control, and dribbling (qtd. Morris). Dribbling is the act of moving the ball using one'sfeet passed defenders and towards open space. Ball control is the act of controlling the ball'smovement, speed, and direction during dribbling, trapping and shooting, which is the act of striking theball towards the goal with one's foot. There are many methods of assessing ball control and dribbling,but one of the most popular is slalom dribbling. Morris describes slalom dribbling as dribbling a zigzagpath around cones with the ball from one point to an end line and then back. According to JeremySutton, a National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) specialist, the object of this drill isto complete the path quickly, as it is timed, and efficiently, since one is penalized for every cone that isknocked over. The evaluation for the shooting skill of a soccer player entails shooting a ball fromapproximately nine meters toward nine targets that are located in the goal (Morris). The player has nineballs to hit all nine targets and is awarded points for every target hit. The scores from these two testsare tallied together in order to give the coaches, scouts, and administrators an excellent profile for theindividual soccer-specific skills of each talent.The characteristics that are crucial to the assessment of individual technique are decision making,anticipation, and perceptual skill. In soccer, decision making is the process of thinking about a certainaction, such as dribbling, passing, or shooting, and then executing. A. M. Williams argues that at theyoung ages of seven to nine one can distinguish between high and low skilled soccer-specific decisionmakers. The test that analyzes the level of a player's soccer-decision making skill utilizes ten problems,which are commonly found in a soccer match. These problems are captured on photographic slides andprojected onto a monitor. In order to replicate a game situation where a player is under constant mentaland physical stress, the players are asked if they would either pass, run, shoot, or dribble while they arecycling on a cycle ergometer at seventy percent and one hundred percent of their maximal poweroutput (Mc Morris and Graydon). Anticipation involves having an instinct for where a teammate or
 
opponent will play the ball, or where the opponent or teammate will run. "The ability to read the gameand to anticipate an opponent's intentions is an important characteristic of talented performers"(Morris). The test used to measure a player's level of anticipation is very similar to the decision makingtest. Again, a film-based approach is utilized, where the participant is required to respond verballywhen presented with life-sized clips. After viewing the film of one offender versus one defender, threeoffenders versus three defenders, and eleven offenders versus eleven defenders, the participant is askedif he would anticipate the opponent to dribble or pass, and in what direction (Williams, A. M).Furthermore, throughout the decision-making and anticipation tests, a player's eye movement data iscarefully recorded and analyzed in order to evaluate their process and skill level. The player's eyemovements are vital to the recognition, analysis, and interpretation of visual information, such asdefender positioning or potential areas of free space (A. M. Williams). They are key to good decisionmaking and anticipation, and are defined as perceptual skill (A. M. Williams). A coach assesses aplayer's accuracy and quickness in decision-making, anticipation, and perceptual skills since thepossessor of the ball is under constant pressure to perform accurately and deal with the rapidlychanging game situations.The second factor of talent identification is psychological profiling, which is utilized in the talentidentification process to recognize and analyze the personality characteristics that facilitate learning,training, and competition (A. M. Williams and Reilly). Although, in some countries, such as France,the sports psychologists never directly work with the players, they are invaluable as they administerand analyze various psychological tests, essential to the assessment of player's psychologicalcharacteristics (Stahl, Sessions with French National Team). The most significant of thesepsychological characteristics in the game of soccer is motivational orientation. Motivational orientationcan be either characterized by task-orientation, which is preferred, or ego-orientation (Morris). Beswick describes task-oriented players as desiring to participate in soccer for the love of the game and in orderto learn and improve their skill, and ego-oriented players as participating in soccer in order to raisetheir self-esteem or social status. "Coaches look for players who have proven self-control strategieswith arousal, stress, attention control, self-confidence, and all those confrontations and distractions thatinterfere with performance" (Stahl, Talent Identification). Sports Psychologists administer the Task andEgo Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) in order to measure the motivational orientation of aplayer (Duda). The TEOSQ contains a seven-item task orientation subscale, which assesses the extentto which an individual defines success in terms of learning, and a six- item ego orientation subscale,which assesses the extent to which success is viewed in terms of outperforming others (Ebbeck andBecker). Coaches and administrators prefer players that are task-oriented because this means that theyplayers will be persistent in the face of failure, possess a strong work ethic, play at an optimalperformance, be more coachable, and be more successful in the developmental stages (Duda).The final factor of talent identification is physiological evaluation. According to Stahl, the emphasisplaced on a talented youth's physiological characteristics varies among countries. For instance, theFrench and Dutch believe that at a young age physiological traits should not be emphasized, whereasthe Americans believe this is crucial. Although the emphasis placed on physiological characteristicsvary among, countries there are two physiological characteristics that are heavily emphasized in everytalent identification system, and according to Sutton, they are the difference between the English
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