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=
3
2
1
0
3 2
1 ) (
o
o
o
o
v or
p ) ( ) (
T
v =
) 3 2 (
1 1
2
3 2 1
o o o
u + + =
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
a
v
a x
v
x
v
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
8
Shape functions construction
1
1
1
(1) ( 1)
d
(2)
d
v v
v
x
u
=
=
=
To obtain constant coefficients four conditions
2
2
1
(3) (1)
d
(4)
d
v v
v
x
u
=
=
=
At x= a or = 1
At x= a or = 1
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
9
Shape functions construction
(
(
(
(
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
2
2
1
1
0
1 1 1 1
0
1 1 1 1
o
o
o
o
u
u
a a a
a a a
v
v
or A d
e e
=
(
(
(
(
a a
a a
a a
a a
e
1 1
0 0
3 3
2 2
4
1
1
A
or
e e
d A
1
=
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
10
Shape functions construction
Therefore,
e
v d N ) ( =
where
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4 3 2 1
1
N N N N
e
= =
PA N
) 1 ( ) (
) 3 2 ( ) (
) 1 ( ) (
) 3 2 ( ) (
3 2
4 4
3
4
1
3
3 2
4 2
3
4
1
1
+ + =
+ =
+ =
+ =
a
a
N
N
N
N in which
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
11
Strain matrix
yLv
x
v
y
x
u
xx
=
c
= =
2
2
c c
c
c
Therefore,
N N N N B
' '
=
c
c
=
c
c
= =
2 2
2
2 2
2
a
y
a
y
x
y yL
| |
4 3 2 1
N N N N
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
=
' '
N
where
) 3 1 (
2
,
2
3
) 3 1 (
2
,
2
3
4 3
2 1
+ =
' '
=
' '
+ =
' '
=
' '
a
N N
a
N N
(Second derivative of
shape functions)
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
12
Element matrices
d d ] [ ] [
1
d ) ( ) ( d d
1
1
3 2
2
2
2
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
N N N N
N N B c B k
' ' ' '
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
= =
} }
} } }
T z T
z
T
a
a
A
T
V
e
a
EI
a
a
EI
x
x x
A y E V
x
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
a
EI
z
e
d
4 1 3 4 2 4 1 4
4 1 3 3 2 3 1 3
4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2
4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
1
1
3
(
(
(
(
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
=
}
k
(
(
(
(
=
2
2 2
3
4 .
3 3
2 3 4
3 3 3 3
2
a sy
a
a a a
a a
a
EI
z
e
k
Evaluate
integrals
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
13
Element matrices
x
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
N N N N N N N N
Aa
a A x A V
T T
a
a
A
T
V
e
d
d d d d
4 4 3 4 2 4 1 4
4 3 3 3 2 3 1 3
4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2
4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
1
1
1
1
(
(
(
(
=
= = =
}
} } } }
N N N N N N m
(
(
(
(
=
2
2 2
8 .
22 78
6 13 8
13 27 22 78
105
a sy
a
a a a
a a
Aa
e
m
Evaluate
integrals
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
14
Element matrices
+
+
+
+
=
+
(
(
(
(
= + =
} } }
1 3
2
1 3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
2
2
d d d
s
a f
s y
s
a f
s y
s
s
s
s
y f
S
s
T
V
b
T
e
m
f a f
m
f a f
m
f
m
f
N
N
N
N
a f S f V f
y
y
f
N N f
e e e e e
f d m d k = +
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
15
Remarks
Theoretically, coordinate transformation can also be used
to transform the beam element matrices from the local
coordinate system to the global coordinate system.
The transformation is necessary only if there is more than
one beam element in the beam structure, and of which
there are at least two beam elements of different
orientations.
A beam structure with at least two beam elements of
different orientations is termed a frame or framework.
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
16
EXAMPLE
Consider the cantilever beam as shown in the figure. The beam is fixed
at one end and it has a uniform cross-sectional area as shown. The beam
undergoes static deflection by a downward load of P=1000N applied at
the free end. The dimensions and properties of the beam are shown in
the figure.
P=1000 N
0.5 m
0.06 m
0.1 m
E=69 GPa v=0.33
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
17
EXAMPLE
Step 1: Element matrices
( )( )
3
3 6 4
1 1
0.1 0.06 1.8 10 m
12 12
z
I bh
= = =
( )( )
9 6
3
6 -2
3 0.75 3 0.75
69 10 1.8 10
0.75 0.25 0.75 0.125
3 0.75 3 0.75 2 0.25
0.75 0.125 0.75 0.25
3 0.75 3 0.75
0.75 0.25 0.75 0.125
3, 974 10 Nm
3 0.75 3 0.75
0.75 0.125 0.75 0.25
e
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
K k
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
18
EXAMPLE
Step 1 (Contd):
1 1
1 1 6
2 2
2 2
? 3 0.75 3 0.75 unknown reaction shear force
? 0.75 0.25 0.75 0.125 unknow
3, 974 10
3 0.75 3 0.75
0 0.75 0.125 0.75 0.25
v Q
M
v Q P
M
u
u
= (
(
=
(
=
` `
( =
(
=
) )
D
K F
n reaction moment
Step 2: Boundary conditions
1 1
0 v u = =
1 1
1 1 6
2 2
2 2
0 3 0.75 3 0.75
0 0.75 0.25 0.75 0.125
3.974 10
3 0.75 3 0.75
0 0.75 0.125 0.75 0.25
v Q
M
v Q P
M
u
u
= (
(
=
(
=
` `
( =
(
=
) )
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
19
EXAMPLE
Step 2 (Contd):
6 -2
3 0.75
3.974 10 Nm
0.75 0.25
(
=
(
K
Therefore, Kd=F where
d
T
= [ v
2
u
2
] ,
1000
0
=
`
)
F
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
20
EXAMPLE
Step 3: Solving FE equation
Two simultaneous equations
v
2
= -3.355 x 10
-4
m
u
2
= -1.007 x 10
-3
rad
6
1 2 2
6 4 3
3.974 10 ( 3 0.75 )
3.974 10 [ 3 ( 3.355 10 ) 0.75 ( 1.007 10 )]
998.47N
Q v u
= +
= +
=
6
1 2 2
6 4 3
3.974 10 ( 0.75 0.125 )
3.974 10 [ 0.75 ( 3.355 10 ) 0.125 ( 1.007 10 )]
499.73Nm
M v u
= +
= +
=
Substitute
back into
first two
equations of
Kd=F
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
21
Remarks
FE solution is the same as analytical solution
Analytical solution to beam is third order
polynomial (same as shape functions used)
Reproduction property
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
22
CASE STUDY
Resonant frequencies of micro resonant transducer
Membrane
Bridge
- - - - - - - - - -
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
23
CASE STUDY
Number of 2-
node beam
elements
Natural Frequency (Hz)
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
10
4.4058 x 10
5
1.2148 x 10
6
2.3832 x 10
6
20
4.4057 x 10
5
1.2145 x 10
6
2.3809 x 10
6
40
4.4056 x 10
5
1.2144 x 10
6
2.3808 x 10
6
60
4.4056 x 10
5
1.2144 x 10
6
2.3808 x 10
6
Analytical
Calculations
4.4051 x 10
5
1.2143 x 10
6
2.3805 x 10
6
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
24
CASE STUDY
Mode 1 (0.44 MHz)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
x (um)
D
y
(
u
m
)
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
25
CASE STUDY
Mode 2 (1.21MHz)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
x (um)
D
y
(
u
m
)
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
26
CASE STUDY
Mode 3 (2.38 MHz)
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
x (um)
D
y
(
u
m
)