K-water

cljang@cjnu.ac.kr

jaekishin@kwater.or.kr

khkim@gntech.ac.kr

seunghwi@honam.ac.kr

, ,
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1. 1
1.1 1
1.2 1

2. 3
2.1 4
2.1.1 4
1) 5
2) 6
3) 7
4) 7
2.1.2 9
1) 9
2) 10
3) 11
4) 12
5) 15
2.1.3 16
1) 17
2) 19
3) 20
4) 22
2.1.4 23
1) 23
2) 26
3) 28
4) 31
5) 34

iii

2.2 35
2.2.1 35
1) 36
2) 37
3) 38
2.2.2 40
1) 40
2) 41
3) 45
4) 50
5) 52
2.2.3 58
1) 59
2) 70

3. 81
3.1 81
3.2 83
3.2.1 83
1) 83
2) 85
3) 88
4) 88
5) 88
3.2.2 ( ) 92
1) 93
2) 94
3) 94
4) 99
3.3 107
3.3.1 107
1) 108

iv

2) 108
3) 109
4) 117
5) 122
6) 122
7) 123
8) 124
3.3.2 124
1) 124
2) 124
3) 133

4. 135
4.1 135
1) 135
2) 135
3) 135
4) 135
5) () 136
6) 136
4.2 136
4.2.1 136
1) 136
2) 144
4.2.2 148

5. 150

152

2.1.1 8
2.1.2 , , , 27
2.1.3 35
2.2.1 38
2.2.2 44
2.2.3 67
2.2.4 70
2.2.5 74
2.2.6 , , , 76
2.2.7 77
2.2.8 80
3.2.1 84
3.2.2 84
3.2.3 89
3.2.4 90
3.2.5 91
3.2.6 92
3.2.7 (2006) 93
3.2.8 94
3.2.9 Trent Biotic Index Korea(TBIK) 95
3.2.10 Hellawell(1978) Biological Monitoring Working Party(BMWP) 95
3.2.11 (GPI ) 96
3.2.12 (Biological scores) 98
3.2.13 102
3.2.14 103
3.2.15
105
3.2.16 ,
107
3.3.1 Coordinates of surveying sites. 125
3.3.2 127
vi

3.3.3 128
3.3.4 129
3.3.5 Score level to assess the stream ecosystem by using ichthyofauna. 131
3.3.6 , , 134
3.3.7 134
4.2.1 141
4.2.2 145
4.2.3 147
4.2.4 147
4.2.5 148

vii

1.2.1 () 2
2.1.1 3
2.1.2 4
2.1.3 5
2.1.4 5
2.1.5 6
2.1.6 10
2.1.7 10
2.1.8 11
2.1.9 12
2.1.10 12
2.1.11 13
2.1.12 14
2.1.13 15
2.1.14 Braiding Index 15
2.1.15 16
2.1.16 17
2.1.17 17
2.1.18 18
2.1.19 1993 19
2.1.20 2007 19
2.1.21 21
2.1.22 22
2.1.23 23
2.1.24 23
2.1.25 () 24
2.1.26 24
2.1.27 () 25
2.1.28 26
2.1.29 () 26
2.1.30 () 27
2.1.31 28
2.1.32 28
2.1.33 30

viii

2.1.34 31
2.1.35 () 31
2.1.36 () 32
2.1.37 () 32
2.1.38 () 33
2.1.39 () 33
2.1.40 () (Denitrification) 34
2.2.1 35
2.2.2 36
2.2.3 37
2.2.4 40
2.2.5 41
2.2.6 41
2.2.7 42
2.2.8 43
2.2.9 43
2.2.10 (L/v) 45
2.2.11 (Hc/v) 45
2.2.12 Run-2 47
2.2.13 Run-3 48
2.2.14 Run-3 49
2.2.15 50
2.2.16 51
2.2.17 52
2.2.18 (Run-2) 53
2.2.19 (Run-2) 54
2.2.20 (Run-3) 55
2.2.21 56
2.2.22 57
2.2.23 58
2.2.24 59
2.2.25 59
2.2.26 60
2.2.27 , 61
2.2.28 61
2.2.29 61
2.2.30 63
2.2.31 66
2.2.32 (1998~2006) 66

ix

2.2.33 67
2.2.34 68
2.2.35 (1984) 68
2.2.36 (1997) 69
2.2.37 (1984~1997) 69
2.2.38 69
2.2.39 71
2.2.40 71
2.2.41 72
2.2.42 72
2.2.43 73
2.2.44 74
2.2.45 75
2.2.46 75
2.2.47 75
2.2.48 76
2.2.49 77
2.2.50 79
2.2.51 79
3.1.1 81
3.1.2 - 82
3.1.3 82
3.2.1 85
3.2.2 86
3.2.3 86
3.2.4 87
3.2.5 Sun ray plotting () 103
3.2.6 () 104
3.3.1 1 110
3.3.2 1 111
3.3.3 1 112
3.3.4 1 113
3.3.5 2 114
3.3.6 1 1 115
3.3.7 2 2 116
3.3.8 12 118
3.3.9 12 119
3.3.10 12 120
3.3.11 12 121
x

3.3.12 122
3.3.13 123
3.3.14 Satellite pictures for disturbed with dam and aggregate gathering sites and reference sites 125
3.3.15 Satellite pictures for disturbed with dam and aggregate gathering sites and reference sites 126
3.3.16 128
3.3.17 Comparison with scoring for disturbed sites to reference sites 130
3.3.18 Comparative scores for Andong stream disturbed sites to reference sites with periodical
changes at spring during three years 132
3.3.19 Comparative scores for Imha stream disturbed sites to reference sites with periodical
changes at spring during three years 132
3.3.20 Comparative scores for aggregate gathering disturbed sites to reference sites with
periodical changes at autumn during three years 133
4.2.1 ( ) 137
4.2.2 (1974 2002) 138
4.2.3 (1974 2002) 138
4.2.4 (1974 2002) 138
4.2.5 139
4.2.6 141
4.2.7 142
4.2.8 142
4.2.9 Shields 143
4.2.10 ( ) 143
4.2.11 144
4.2.12 (HOGs) 146
4.2.13 (HOGs) 146
4.2.14 Sacramento river Keswick Dam 149
4.2.15 Rhine River 149

xi

1.

1.1

1.2

2006 9 2007 8

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2009 9 .

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(ECORIVER21)

2011 8

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1. (K-water)/()

2. ()/

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(K-water)/()
3. ()/
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4. ()/
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1.2.1 .

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3
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4

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1.2.1

02

2.

White,

(Picket

1985). , ,
,

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2.1.1).

, ,

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, .

(Picket and White, 1985).

(intensity), , ,

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(, 2002).

. , , , ,

2.1.1 (, 2005.7)

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( 2.1.2).

2.1.2

2.1

.
,

2.1.1

, ,

, ,

( 2.1.3).

(a)

02

(b)

2.1.3 (Brierley et al., 2005)

90%

, ,

99% (Williams and Wolman,

1984).

. ,

(Williams and Wolman, 1984; Xu, 1990, 1996).

(Brandt, 2000; Pitlick and

Wilcock, 2001).

,
(, hungry water) .

(Kondolf, 1997),
,

.

1)

2.1.4

2.1.4), (Komura

and Simons, 1967)( 2.1.1).

. ,

, , ,

(Kondolf, 1997; Erskine et al., 1999; Steiger

et al., 2001),

(single-thread meandering pattern) ,

( 2.1.5).

2.1.5 ( Shimizu, 2010)

2)

6

,
,

02

(Williams and Wolman,

1984).

,
.

3)

,

.
,
.
(flushing)
,
.

.

,
, (Kashef,
1981).

, ,
(van Streeter and Pitlick, 1998).

,
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.

4)

()

(Galay, 1983).

, .

, ,

, ,

(Kashef,

1981; Kondolf, 1997).

, ,

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(van Streeter and Pitlick, 1998).

, , (algae)

, .

()

. .

. ,

, ,

2.1.1

(head cutting)

,
,

(, hungry water)

(microphytes) (, substratum)

02

70%
.
.
(), (), (), () ()
. , , ,
( ) 15.0m, 310m,
501,000 19141915 ()
(, 2000).
. 18,000,
( 15.0m , 10m15m 2,000m 300)
1,215 . 15, 21, 1
, .
, , .
310(25.5%) , 131(10.8%), 127(10.5%),
98(8.1%), 72(5.9%) .
. 83%
, , , . 1,114(91.8%)
, 795(65.5%) .

2.1.2

1,00010 , 926 10 /
( 450106/, 300106/,

1)

176106/), 110.0106,

89.0GWh/ .

( 2.1.6), 1971 1977

3km 20m, 218m

. 612m, 83.0m ,

. 1,584k,

2.1.6

2003 9

2)
2.1.7 1977 1 2007 12
.

,
.
33/s , 33.23/s.

, . , 2002 9

2.1.7

10

3)

02

(2)

2.1.9 1983 1993

(1)

,
.
2.1.8
1983 2003
.
10km 1983 2003
,
30km
. 25km 35km

.
, 10km
, 10km
25km
. 46km
.

.
(3)

1983 1993

2.1.10 1983 1993

, 2003 . 35km

. 1983

45km 1983

2mm

, 1993 2003

, 35km 11mm

45km 60km

1993 1983

1983 1993

, 2mm

, 2003

(1993 12 )

2.1.8

11

2.1.9

2.1.10

4)
2.1.11 1971 2005
. 1971
,
.
, white river
( 2.1.11(a)). 1980
,

12

, white river .
1977

( 2.1.11(b)). 1991
,
( 2.1.11(c)). 2005
, ,
( 2.1.11(d)).

02

(a) 1971

(b) 1980

(c) 1991

(d) 2005

2.1.11 ( .)

13

2.1.12

1993

. 1980 1991 ,

2005 ( 2.1.13).

Braiding Index 2005

2.1.12 .

( 2.1.14). ,

1971 , 1980 1991

2005

, .

14

02

2.1.13

2.1.14 Braiding Index

5)
1971 1981
, 1991
( 2.1.15).

,

.

15

2.1.15 ( , 2008)

2.1.3

, ,
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(impact) ,

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(needs)

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1977 , 1993

, .

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(impact) ,

(1)

, (2)

. ,

, (3)

16

02

,
, .

1)
2.1.16 2.1.17 , ,
1993 15
. 2.1.16

,
, ()
.
.

, 2.1.17

2.1.16 (= )

2.1.17 (= )

.
.

17

. , 1,000

(2.1)

10%
87% ,
.

(2.2)

1.1, 7.7 7 .

, a, b
.
b, .
, a, b 3
. 3
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(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

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10% ,
. ()
.

2.1.18

,

.

(2.6)

. 2007

, 580

(2.7)

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,

2.1.18 . ,

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. 580

3.6.

2,857 .

18

02

5 ,

, 2.1.19 2.1.20

. ,

1993 2007
.

2.1.19 1993

2.1.20 2007

,
,
. ,
.

(2.8)

2)

2
2 .

(2.9)

19

(2.12b)

, (

(2.10)

) , , .

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.

(=
), g , n Manning

(2.13)

, von Karman (=0.4), u *

( =
) .
2
.

(=

(2.14)

) . Jacobian ,

, , ,

Kishi

(1973)

Ashida (1972)

(staggerd grid)

CIP(Cubic Interpolated Pseudoparticle)

(Periodic boundary conditions)

(2.11a)

.
,
(slip) .

3)

400
,

(2.11b)

(2.9) (2.10)

.
1mm .

D D .

.
(2.12a)

2.1.21 .
, .
,

20

02

, .

2.1.21

2.1.22

0
days

10
days

20
days

30
days

40
days

2.1.21

21

2.1.22

4)

,
.

. ,
580
.
2,857 .
.



.
.

22

2.1.23 2.1.24 .
80
.
,

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.

.

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02

2.1.23

2.1.24

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5 10

67%
.

, ,

2007 2008

580 2857

2.1.26)

, ,

( 2.1.25,

2.1.26).

1~2 1

2.1.4

1)

95

. 2008

93

( 2.1.25).

16%,

22%, 1~2 58%,

( 2.1.27)

23

2.1.25 ()

2.1.26

24

1A
3C

2A
4A

2B
5A

2F
9

2G

02

3B

2.1.27 ()

25

2)

. (Order)
2.1.28 .

(1)

2 2 6 14 24.
1, 23 .

(Trichoptera)

8,

(Ephemeroptera) 6, (Diptera) 6,
,
(Coleoptera) 2, (Plecoptera) 1

(Others) .
2 2 6
7 9
, 1, 8.

2, 2, 2,
1, 1 ( 2.1.28).

()

2.1.28

, 82, 35

(2)

(Chironomidae

sp.)

756.

733 97%

75.7%(572) ,

(Rhyacophila brevicephala)

602 80%

31 ( 2.1.29).

2.1.29 ()

26

02

(Chironomidae sp.1)

247

114

, 117(47%)

. (Annelida)

(Tubificidae sp.) 116

47% 116 .

( 2.1.30).

2.1.30 ()

0.47 . ,

(3)

0.80
(0.93) , 0.37

1.18 (1.02) .
, , 2.1.2 .

2.1.2 , , ,
Site

DI

H'

J'

0.80

1.18

0.37

0.93

1.02

0.47

(4)

(Elmidae)

24 756 ,

, ,

9 247

( 2.1.31, 2.1.32).

(Tubificidae) (Chironomidae)

(Coleoptera) .

. ,

27

2.1.31

2.1.32

3)

3 5 19

. ,
, , , 5
26.3%
28.6%( , 2005) .
1.58 0.54 3.12
(60.8%)
(8.4%) .
(1)

3
6
28

3 10 41
14(34.1%)
28.4% ( , 2005)
. 3 3
28(68.3%),
10(24.4%), 3(7.3%),
.
3
7.3%
1.82%.
2 3 14
1
.
, 2 14.3%
. 1.29

02

0.49 2.44

1 1 2 4

(68.1%) (8.8%)

. 1.24 0.89 1.04

1 1 2 7
1

(38.9%)
, (27.8%) .

2 3 4 10

1 14.3%

. 1.54 0.79

, , 3

1.58 (33.3%)

30.0% .

(31.1%) .

1.87 0.81 2.26

2 1 1 3
.

(31.5%)

(20.4%) .

1 33.3%

3 2 3 5

. 0.90 0.82 0.96

(62.5 %)

1 20.0%

(25.0%) .

. 0.79 0.49 1.26

3 2 2 4
,
. 0.55 0.40 0.97
(86.4%) .

(79.2%)
(8.3%) .
4 2 2 4
.

4 1 2 5

1 25.0%

. 1.09 0.78 1.04

. 1.03 0.64 0.93

(55.6%)

(67.6%)

(27.8%) .

(12.2%) .

5 1

5 1 1 3

. 0.35 0.32 0.50

1 ( 2.1.34).

(90.9%)

(7.3%) . 5

( 2.1.33).

3 4

12

3 5 19

. , ,

2 3 14

3 25.0%

3 4 12.

. 1.71 0.69 2.31

1.58 0.54

(47.9%)

3.12 1.29

(12.8%) .

0.49 2.44

29

1.71 0.69 2.31

(12.7% vs 21.1%)

(0.9% vs 0%)

(60.8%) (8.4%)

. (68.1%)

(25) (22

(8.8%)

(47.9%)

(20.9% vs 47.2%) (4.8% vs

(12.8%) .

0.6%)
.

(2)

(17) (22)

(4.0% vs 2.5%) (0% vs 3.3%)

2.1.2 .

(21)

(13)

12

2.1

10

1.8
1.5

1.2

0.9

2.1.33

30

08.8.30

09.3.8
09.3.8

08.4.26

07.11.3

07.4.15

08.4.26

07.11.3

07.4.15

09.3.8

08.8.30

08.4.26

09.3.8

08.8.30

08.4.26

07.11.3

07.4.15

09.3.8

08.8.30

08.4.26

07.11.3

0.3

07.11.3

0.6

07.4.15

2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0

0.9

07.4.15

1.2

09.3.8

0.0

08.8.30

08.4.26

07.11.3

09.3.8

08.8.30

08.8.30

08.4.26

07.11.3

07.4.15

09.3.8

08.8.30

08.4.26

07.11.3

0.0

07.4.15

0.3

07.4.15

0.6

02

2.1.34

4)

(1)
2.1.35

. 5

, , ,
.

2.1.35 ()

(2)

(DOC)

( 2.1.36).

31

2.1.36 ()

(3)

2.1.37 (5

2.1.37 ()

(4)

( 2.1.38).

32

02

2.1.38 ()

. 2.1.39

(5)

14

5
:

:
3

:

:

Chitinase activity (nmol. min-1. g-1 dry soil)

b-glucosidase activity (nmol. min-1. g-1 dry soil)

10

:

:

4
2
0

2008-9

2009-1

2009-5

2008-9

2009-1

2009-5

0.45

10

8
:
6

:
:

:

Sulphatase activity (nmol.min-1.g-1 dry soil)

12
Phosphatase activity (nmol. min-1. g-1 dry soil)

12

0.4
0.35
0.3
:
0.25
:

0.2

:

:

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

2008-9

2009-1

2009-5

2008-9

2009-1

2009-5

2.1.39 () -glucisodase(C), chitinase(N),

phosphatase(P), arylsulfatase(S)

33

(6) (Denitrification)

, DOC,

1 5 (

2.1.40).

2.1.40 () (Denitrification)

5)

2.1.3 .



.


.

,

.

34

.


.

.
DOC, ,

.
,

.


( 2.1.3).

02

2.1.3

,
,

2.2

DOC, ,

2.2.1
,
.

( 2.2.1).

, , ,
.

2.2.1 (, 2006.11)

35

1)

, .
.
,

.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .

, (headcut) ,

.
,
, .

,
(pit)
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
(pit) ,
.

,

.
( 2.2.2).

, ,
.


. (, nickpoint)
,
,
.


.
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
.

.

2.2.2
(Kondolf, 1994)

36

02

(), .

. ,

( 2.2.3),

, ,

2.2.3 (, 2010. 12)

(hyporheic zone)

, .

, , ,

- .

, ,
.

,
.

.

2)
()
,
(Galay, 1983). ,
.

,

37

(; )

,
.

3)

.

.
,
,
.


.

.

(Kondolf, 1994).

,
(Erskine et al, 1999).
,
(, substratum) .
,
.
2.2.1
.

2.2.1

(head cutting)

38

, ,

02

(microphytes) (, substratum)

,
. , ,
, ,
. 1997 2006 .
, , , ,
. ()
. 1997 .
, , ,
, .
, .

39

2.2.2

, 4
. , , ,

, ,

1)

, ,
.
.
1:5 ,
, .
(recirculation zone)
.
.
(, mixing layer)
.
, .
.

.
2.2.4

, ,
.
,
.
. (settling
process) ()
.
,
. (),

.

,
, ,

.
2.2.5 .

(van Rijn, 1996).

2.2.4 (L.C. van Rijn, 1996)

40

02

2.2.5 (L.C. van Rijn, 1996)

2)
(pit) ,

. , ,
,
.

,
.

.
(vortex)
, (vortex)
( 2.2.6).

.

( 2.2.4, 2.2.6).

.


.
.
()
.

.

2.2.6 (, 2009)

41

2 ( 2.2.6,

2.2.7, 2.2.8)(, 2009).

(pit)

( 2.2.7, 2.2.8, 2.2.9).

( 2.2.7),

, .

. ,

, .

2.2.7 (, 2009)

42

02

2.2.8 (, 2009)

2.2.9 .
( , 2010)

43

, (pit) ,

, .

(pit) ,

(Lee , 1993).

, 2010).

,
,
.
,
.

.

(2.15)

(2.16)

, = , =
, = .

, .

Run-1 Run-2 ,

Run-2, Run-3 Run-4 ( 2.2.2).

2.2.2
Discharge

Dia. of bed
material
(mm)

Sediment
feeding rate
(kg/s)

Length(m)

Depth(m)

0.97

1.2

0.0168

1.0

0.1

0.0025

0.73

1.2

0.0062

1.0

0.1

3.3

0.0025

0.72

1.2

0.0051

2.0

0.1

3.9

0.0033

0.68

1.2

0.0205

2.0

0.1

( )

Depth
(cm)

Bed slope

Run-1

0.015

2.5

0.005

Run-2

0.015

3.4

Run-3

0.015

Run-4

0.015

CASE

Fr

2.2.10

Dredging Dimension

Run-1 Run-2 Run-3 Run-4

. 2.2.11

44

2.2.10
(L/y)

3)

02

2.2.11
(Hc/y)

(2.18)

.
(1)

2 ,

(2.19)

, (= ), ,

(, 2010).

(=
), g , n Manning

. Jacobian ,

(2.17)

.




,

(2.20a)

45

, ,

. ,
.

(2.20b)

, .

(2.18) (2.19)

( 2.2.12(a)). 120

D D .

0.4m

(2.21a)

(2.21b)

.
(
2.2.12(b)),
( 2.2.12(b)
(c)).

2
.

(2.22)

, , ,

,

. 3m

, .

2.2.13

Meyer-Peter and Muller(1948)

. 4m

(, 2010).

2m, 0.1m Run-3

(staggered grid)

. ,

Yabe et al.(1990)

Godunov CIP(Cubic

Run-2

Interpolated Pseudoparticle) ,

(, 2010)

( 2.2.13(a)). ,

(2)

2.2.12 Run-2

( 2.2.13(b)

(c)).

. ,

(headcut) .

46

02

2.2.12 Run-2
( , .)

47

2.2.13 Run-3
( , .)

2.2.14 Run-3
.

450 ,

1m

48

(a)

02

(b)

2.2.14 Run-3

2.2.15

Run-1 30

( 2.2.15(b)). Run-3

, 90

2.2.15(a)).

Run-2 240

(a) Run-1

(b) Run-2

49

(c) Run-3

2.2.15

4)

,
.
,
.
,
,
.

,
.
,
, ,

.

.

(pit)
,
. , ,
,
.
.

(mechanism) .
,
. ,
,

.
,
,

(planar

failure),

(rotational failure), (cantilever failure),

(piping failure) ( 2.2.16).

50

02

2.2.16 (a) (planar failure), (b) (rotational failure),

(c) (cantilever failure), (d) (Darby, 1998)

, 2.2.17 ,

, () .

() ,

1992).

(,

()

51

2.2.17 ( , 1996)

(Thorne, 1982).

(head cut) ,

, .

30 , 2/3

, ,

( 2.2.18(b) 2.2.19).

, .

2 ,

5)

(1) (Run-1)
1/150,
0.015/s .

0.4m,

0.047m .
5m 6m 1m, 0.4m,
0.07m (pit) (
2.2.18(a)).
52

,
.
,


.
60
. 2
, (

02

2.2.18(c) 2.2.19). ,

( 2.2.18(d)

2.2.19).

120 90

( 2.2.19).

. ,

, .

90

2.2.18(e)

2.2.19).

(a)

(b) T = 30 min.

(d) T = 90 min.

(c) T = 60 min.

(e) T = 120 min.

2.2.18 (Run-2)

53

2.2.19 (Run-2)

(2) (Run-2)

(head cut) ,

. 1/150,

0.015/s

0.4m

, .

, 0.047m .

4m 6m 1m,

, (tail cut)

0.4m, 0.07m (pit)

Run-2 ,

30 , Run-2

. ,

1/2 .

(tail cut) .

54

02

, ( 2.2.20).

Run-2

(alternate bar)

, .

( 2.2.20).

. 90

2.2.20). 120

( 2.2.20).

60

. Run-2 2

( 2.2.20). ,

2.2.20 (Run-3)

55

2.2.21(b) Run-2

(3)

2.2.21

. 30

. 2.2.21(a)

, Run-1 30

(tail cut) .

(tail cut)

. Run-1

(a) Run-1

(b) Run-2

2.2.21

56

02

(4)

2.2.22

. 2.2.22(a) Run-1

. 2.2.22(b) Run-2

, 46m

, 60

, .

(a) Run-1

(b) Run-2

2.2.22

(5)

2.2.23(a) 3.4m

2.2.23 Run-3

57

4.8m ,

( 2.2.23 (b)).

(a) 3.4m

(b) 4.8m

2.2.23

2.2.3

2007

58

02

999.5k( (23,326.3k)

1)

4.3%)( 2.2.24).

(1)

,

( 223.0km )
1,
69.0km(39km, 29km),

2007
22km (No. 44)
23.7km (No. 47) 1.68km
189,000
( 2.2.25).

2.2.24

2.2.25

59

237.5m, 0.0014

, (1980

. 27.3km

1999)

3.3km , , ,

2.2.27

2.2.24 .

27.3km

3.3km

.
2.2.28 1987 2006

. 20
, 19871996

(2)

2.2.26

19972006 10

, 1985 1,636mm

. 19871996

. 1982, 1988, 19941996

19972006

1,000mm

. ,

. 3.4

1,069mm (1,100

mm1,400mm) .

39,797/day, ,

20

0.46 /s ,

, ,

2,000

(mm)

1,600
1,200

800
400
0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

2.2.26

60

02

2.2.27 ,

2.2.28 (19871996, 19972006)

(3)

(
, 1984; , 1997)
. 2.2.29
28km
, ,
.
15km ,
.
15km 25km
10km

2.2.29 (19841995)

61

2.2.30(c)

, ,

2.2.30(e) 1996 .

1992 ,

1992 .
,

2.2.30 1976 2004

2.2.30(f) 2004 .

2.2.30(a) (b) 1976 1982

1996 ,

2.2.30(c) 1988 .

2.2.30(a) (b)

. 2.2.31

2.2.30(d) 1992 .

62

02

(a) 1976

(b) 1982

2.2.30 (19762004) ()

63

(c) 1988

(d) 1992

2.2.30 (19762004) ()

64

02

(e) 1996

(f) 2004

2.2.30 (19762004)

65

2.2.31 (2007.5)

154,990 ,

, , ,

(Kondolf, 1994).

, .

. 1998 2006

2.2.32 .

2003 2004 .

2.2.32 (1998-2006)(, 2006)

66

02

1997

(, 1997)

HEC-RAS

Kuroki Kish(1984)

2.2.3 .
2.2.3 Kuroki Kishi(1984)

.
2.2.33

, ,

, .

. (

150 1/3

) ,

2.2.33

2.2.3

(km)

(m)

(m)

(mm)

0.0

323.4

6.10

0.002130

12.53

0.16

4.0

286.7

2.22

0.002440

6.42

0.37

16

8.0

248.2

2.36

0.001890

2.79

0.57

24

12.2

318.0

2.26

0.002489

1.24

1.72

32

16.2

326.7

1.69

0.001967

1.11

1.88

40

20.2

211.0

2.10

0.001669

1.43

1.49

48

24.2

237.5

1.75

0.001422

0.91

1.59

56

28.3

240.6

1.41

0.000430

1.16

0.51

64

31.8

283.0

1.39

0.000615

1.01

0.87

72

35.0

189.9

1.64

0.000552

0.55

1.34

80

38.2

205.3

1.54

0.000015

0.79

0.07

67

2.2.34 ( , 2004.2)

2.2.34

, scour hole ,

, , , ,

2.2.37

1984 1997 .

, 1984 1997

.
1984 1997 (

2.2.37),

2.2.35 2.2.36

.
100
90

0km
4km
12km
20km
28km
38km

80

(%)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

(mm)
2.2.35 (1984)

68

10

100

02

100
90
80

(%)

70
60

0km
4km
12km
20km
28km
38km

50
40
30
20
10
0
0.01

0.1

10

100

(mm)
2.2.36 (1997)

2.2.37 (19841997)

2.2.38

69

2.2.38 ,
.
,
,
.

2)
(1)

( 2.2.4) ,
.

2.2.4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. ,
2.
3
4.
5. 100%
6.

1. ,
2.
3.
4.
5. 100%
6.

(2)

( 2.2.40).

64,

59

( 2.2.39(a)).

( 2.2.39(b)).

14%,

14,

22%, 1,2

19 , 1

58%, 63%

2 ( 2.2.41).

2 .

, ,

,

70

80

02

50

(h a )

40

60

40

30

20

20

10

()

(a)

()

(b)

2.2.39

(a)

(b)

2.2.40
) 1A

1B

2A 2B

2C

2D

2E

2F

3A

3B

3C

3D

4A

5A

5B

5C 6

71

20

25

20

(/m2)

15

15

10

10

5
0

2.2.41

54

38 ( 2.2.42).

17%,

10 .

24 %, 1, 2

59%, 55%

. 2007

2008

. 2008

( 2.2.43).

60

100%

(%)

80%

40

20

60%
40%
20%

0
()

()

0%
2007

2008

()

2007

2008

()

2.2.42

72

) 1A
2L

2A 2B

2I

2J

2K

2M

3C

4A

3B

02

2.2.43

73

(3)

2.2.44).

2.2.5).

KUa.

(a)

(b)

2.2.44
2.2.5

1.95

Uracanthella rufa
()

Chironomidae sp.1
( 1)

()

2.55

Tanypodinae sp.
()

Glossosoma KUa
( KUa)

4 4 10 26 46

2 2 5 5 5

. 1

15, 12

, ,

58.7% ( 2.2.45, 2.2.46).

, , 1. 4

74

02

2.2.45

2.2.46

97.1%

172,

1895 .

880(46.4%), 520(27.4%)

(chironomidae sp.1) (Tubificidae sp.)

( 2.2.47, 2.2.48).

126 41

2.2.47

75

2.2.48

0.44 0.72

0.97

. 0.70,

2.76

0.32 .

( 2.2.6).

2.2.6 , , ,
Site

DI

H'

J'

0.97

0.70

0.44

0.32

2.76

0.72

(4)

2 3 4

84 ( 2.2.7). (

80%) (14%)

. 2 5 10 45

. (64%),

(9%).

( 2.2.49).

(Chironomidae sp.1) (Tubificidae sp.)

76

02

2.0

12
10

1.5

8
6
4

1.0
0.5

2
0

0.0

()

()

2.2.49

2.2.7

Order Cypriniformes

()

Family Cyprinidae

Carassius auratus

Gobiobotia naktongensis *

Zacco platypus

Family Cobitidae

67

29

Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Misgurnus mizolepis

Cobitis sinensis

Order Perciformes

Family Odontobutidae

Odontobutis platycephala *

Odontobutis interrupta *

Family Gobiidae

1
4

Rhinogobius brunneus ***

***

Tridentiger brevispinis ***

***

12

Family Belontiidae

Macropodus chinensis

1
84

45

) *, **, ***

3 4 16.

77

, , , , ,

3 7

7 43.8%

20 1.43 0.48

28,6%

3.17 ( 2.2.50).

1 .

. 0.95 0.34

2( 10.0%)

2.59 (80.7%)

. , ,

, 4 20.0%

(4.5%)

2.2.51).
1 1 2 6

. (66.8%)
(8.4%) ( 2.2.51).

1 2 4 8

1 16.7%

. 0.48 0.27

. 0.91 0.44 1.61

1.22 (90.0%)

(77.9%)

(3.3%) .

(7.8%) .

2 3 4 8

2 2 4 11

, , 3

, 2 18.2%

37.5% . 1.28

. 1.10 0.46

0.61 1.74

1.98 (73.1%)

(64.3%) (10.7%)

(8.3%) .

3 3 5 11

3 2 3 4

. 1

1(9.1%) . 1

9.1% .

, 2 50.0%

1.56 0.65 2.24

. 0.36 0.26

(50.0%) (24.4%)

0.82 (92.1%)

4 3 4 10

4 2 2 5

1(10.0%) .

1 20.0%

1 10.0% .

. 1.04 0.64 0.99

1.60 0.69 2.22

(62.5%)

(53.5%)

(25.0%) .

(13.8%) .

5 2 3 7

5 2 2 4

1 14.3%

. 0.66 0.47 0.91

. 0.41 0.29

(81.5%)

0.75 (90.8%)

(11.1%) .

78

0.0

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0 8 .4 .2 6

0 7 .1 1 .2

0 7 .4 .8

0 9 .3 .7

0 9 .3 .7

0 9 .3 .7

0 8 .8 .2 9

0 8 .8 .2 9

0 8 .4 .2 6

0.3

0 7 .1 1 .2

0.6

0 7 .4 .8

0.9

0 9 .3 .7

09.3.7

0.0
0 8 .8 .2 9

0.3

0 8 .8 .2 9

08.8.29

0.6

0 8 .4 .2 6

0.9

0 8 .4 .2 6

1.2

0 7 .1 1 .2

1.5

0 7 .1 1 .2

0 7 .4 .8

1.8

10

08.4.26

0 7 .4 .8

0 9 .3 .7

0 8 .8 .2 9

0 8 .4 .2 6

0 7 .1 1 .2

0 7 .4 .8

0 9 .3 .7

0 8 .8 .2 9

0 8 .4 .2 6

0 7 .1 1 .2

0 7 .4 .8

12

07.11.2

07.4.8

09.3.7

09.3.7

08.8.29

08.4.26

07.11.2

07.4.8

09.3.7

08.8.29

08.8.29

08.4.26

07.11.2

07.4.8

08.4.26

07.11.2

07.4.8

02

2.2.50

2.2.51

79

(5)

2.2.8

2.2.8

80

03

3.

3.1

. ,

, , , .
, ,

(the

present-day

, , ,

( ) .

potential natural state of water)

1)

. ,

, 2) , 3)

. ,

3.1.1

, ,
.

3.1.1 (, 2004)

()

81

(reach scale) ,

, ,

. 3.1.2 3.1.3 -

, , 3

-- 1

, ,

-, -- -

3 . ,

3.1.2 - (, 1991)

3.1.3 (, 1992)

82

3.2

03

, , ,
,

3.2.1
1)
River Habitat Survey
Manual


,

(SEPA, 2003).
LAWA
, , , ,
() 6 25
, 7
(LAWA, 2000).
RAS , //
, , //
, , , ,
, ,
10 48 ,
, , ,
, , ,
, 8 4
(Parsons et al., 2002).

,

.
, ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, .

(Stream Corridor Restoration) (FISRWG, 1998).

,

(
) .

( )
, , (),
,
,
(
, 2001).


, ,
6 24
(, 1997).
GIS 5 16

(, 1996),

(,

1999). EU WFG

(, 2006). ,

(
, 2005),


(, 2008). 3.2.1
,
3.2.2
, .

83

3.2.1

(River Habitat Survey)

(SEPA, 2003)

, 1m , 50m
500m
SERCON(System for Evaluating River for Conservation)

(Laenderarbeitsgemeinschaft
Wasser)
(LAWA, 2000)

125,000 1km , 1km

100m 6

, , ,

(River Assessment System)

(Parsons etc. 2002)

, (10 , 5 4)
(reference condition)

, ,
(Stream Corridor Restoration) , ,
(USDC, 1998)
, ,

, ,
()

(
, , ,
, 2001)

3.2.2

(River Habitat Survey)

, , ,
1m (), ,
50m 50m , , ,

, , , ,
, , ,

(Laenderarbeitsgemein
- schaft Wasser)

(River Assessment
System)

(Stream Corridor
Restoration)

()

84

, , , , ,
, , , , Box
, , ,
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
, , // ,
// ,


, , ,

1 , /, , , / ,
, , ,
, , ,

03

,
, , , , , , ,
, - , / ,

,
, , , , , ,
, ,
, /


, ,

(, )

2)



, 3.2.1 .

, ,


5 .

3.2.1

3.2.4

DB

, , ,

DB

. 3.2.3

85

3.2.2

. 3.2.4

. (

), , (,

, , /

) 3.2.5 10

, , , ,

, , ,

3.2.2

3.2.3

, 3.2.5 10

4 .

3.2.3

86

3.2.3~ 3.2.5

10
3.2.4 .

(1~5)

(6~10)

(11~15)

(16~20)

1.

10

2.

10

3. /

11

4.

11

5.

10

6.

10

7.

(1~2)

(3~5)

(6~8)

(9~10)

10

10

8.
9.
10.

03

20
15

115 (58 %) / 200

(, L=4.5km, )

7 4

()
10
8
6
4
2
0

()

()

()

()
()

3 4(, )

3.2.4

87

3)
, ,

3.2.3 ,

.

4)

()

,
.

,
, , , ,
, , ,
.

3.2.4

. 3.2.5

3.2.4 .

10
.

5)
, ,

. ,

, .

88

03

3.2.3

0000-0000

(km)

0.0

0000

0000

0000

0000

(000.0, 000),

(km, %)

(km, %)

,
,

(km)

(k)

0000

1/000

0000

1/000

(m)

0000

0000

(/sec)

(km, %)

000

000

000

(m)

(m)

89

3.2.4

(km)

()

()

(/s)

(/s)

(/s)

(/s)

(/s)

(/km/yr)

(/s)

(/km/yr)

0000 00 00

0000 0000(0)

00km 00km

(m)

000000

(m)

000000

1/0000)

1/0000

0000. 00. 0000. 00

(km)

00 00
(km)

()

(km)

(km)
(km)

(km)

(km)

(km)

0.00.0

000

(m)

(m)

(m)

(m)

90

03

3.2.5

1.
(/)

20

20

3. /

20

6 .

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

19

18

17

16

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

4 3
.(-

)
15

14

13

12

11

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

4 2
.(- - 1 /
.( - )
)
10

. 3050%
. .
.
10

,
. 50%
.
.
5

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

. , .
. . 20 4080% , 80% ,
.
.
.
.

, ,
+

, , ,

0.5m

0.51.0m

1.0m

7. ()

17

75% 2575%
. 25% .
.
.
.
.
20

18

,
,
5% .
530% .
.
.

5.

19

4 /
.(-, -
, -, -)
20

4.

,
,
2040%.
20% .

4070%.

, , 0 , , 25 , , 50 , , 75%
25% . 50% .
75% .
.
.

2.

,
,
,
70% .

8.

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

.
71 .
715 .

.
20

19

18

17

16

. ,
.
. 5%
.

15

14

13

12

11

.

. 530%
.

10

.

.
1525 .
10

.
3060 %
.
.

. .
25
.
5

.
.
. 60100%
.

(101)

10

(101)

10

9.

(100)
(100)
10.

90%

,

. ,
.

7090%
.


.

5070%
.

.
, .

50%
.
.
5cm
.

10

10

18m . 1218m. 612m. 6m .

.
.
.
.

(100)

10

(100)

10

()

(200160)

(160120)

(12080)

(80)

91

3.2.2 ( )

, ,

, , , ,

( 3.2.6).

(, 2011).
3.2.6

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

92

, ,
, ,
,

, , (DI) =

,
McNaughton (1967)
, ,
,
,
,

(H') = ,

, ,
,
,
,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

, ,
,
,
,
,

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

, ,
, ,
,
,

1.
2.
3.
4.

, ,
,
,
, ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

, ,
, ,

Shannon (1949)

(J') =

Pielou (1975)

(R1) =

Margalef (1958)

N1 1
N2 2
N
S

03

1)




.

,


. (2006)

( 3.2.7).
-
.
-
.
- ,
,

.

.
-
.
- 1,2 1,2
.
-

.
,
, , , .
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , .
-
,
.
-
,
( 3.2.8).
16.

3.2.7 (2006)()

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

, , , , , ,
, , ,

, , , , , ,
,

100 x /

>160

80 160

<80

>16

8 16

<8

>3

1 2

>2

<10%

10% 20%

>20%

93

3.2.7 (2006)

6. 1,2

7.

100 x 1, 2 /

100 x / ( - )

8.

100 x /

3.2.8

> 10

7 9

46

< 3

2)




.

,

.
,
(vegetative integrity)
(Gernes, 2000, Mack, 2009).

(
, 2002) ' '(
, 2000)
.

94

<40%

40% 50%

>50%

20%

20 ~ 60%

60%

>90%

80% 90%

<80%

.
,

.
, ,
( , 2003).

3)
(1)

Kolkwitz Marsson
(Saprobic system)
BEOL, Saprobic index, Saprobic valency,
Indicative weight, Trent biotic index, Score system,
Biotic index (
, 2006).
Trent Biotic Index (TBI)
Woodiwiss
(1964) Trent Biotic Index (TBI) (
3.2.9) . TBI
(order)
biotic index 1 10

.

03

3.2.9 Trent Biotic Index Korea (TBIK)

Organisms in order of tendency to disappear as degree of pollution
increases

Total number of groups present

0-10

11-20

2
1

21-30 31-40
Biotic index

41+

10

8
7

8
7

9
8

10
8

1
2

4
3

5
4

6
5

6
5

6
6

2
1

3
2

3
2

Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP)

BMWP 80

BMWP (Biological

(family)

Monitoring Working Party) 1978 Hellawell

1, 10 tolerance

( 3.2.10).

score . BMWP

(family level)

, (family)

3.2.10 Hellawell(1978) Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP)

Score

Groups of organisms

10

Siphlonuridae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeridae, Ephemerellidae, Potamanthidae, Taeniopterygidae,

Leuctridae, Capniidae, Perlodidae, Perlidae, Chloroperlidae, Aphelocheiridae, Phryganeidae, Molannidae, Beraeidae,
Odontoceridae, Leptoderidae, Goeridae, Lepidostomatidae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae

Astacidae, Lestidae, Agriidae, Gomphidae, Cordulegasteridae, Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Libellulidae, Psychomyiidae

(Ecnomidae), Phylopotamidae

Caenidae, Nemouridae, Rhyacophilidae (Glossosomatidae), Polycentropodidae, Limnephilidae

Neritidae, Viviparidae, Ancylidae (Acroloxidae), Hydroptilidae, Unionidae, Corophiidae, Gammaridae (Crangonyctidae),

Platycnemididae, Coenagriidae

Mesovelidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Pleidae, Corixidae, Dytiscidae (Noteridae),
Hygrobiidae, Haliplidae, Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae (Hydraenidae), Clambidae, Scirtidae, Dryopidae, Elmidae,
Hydropsychidae, Tipulidae, Simuliidae, Planariidae (Dogesiidae), Dendrocoelidae

Baetidae, Sialidae, Pisicolidae

Valvatidae, Hydrobiidae (Bithyniidae), Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Sphaeriidae, Glossiphoniidae, Hirudinidae,

Erpobdellidae, Asellidae

Chironomidae

Oligochaeta

95

(2)

1960~70

. 1980

1980

GIS (,

1996),

() .

GIS

( , 2003). (1997)

(ESB, Ecological Score of Benthic

, 1999

macroinvertebrate community) , Saprobic

index, Korean saprobic index, Group pollution index,

, (2006)

Higher taxa biotic index, Total biotic score, Dominant

species index ,

Trent biotic index, Biotic

, .

score, Monitoring working party score

(1992a)

3.2.11 (GPI )()

(mm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

96

()
(m/s)

,
,

, ,
, , ,
()
,
()

, ,
()
,

(4)

(3)

3
1

2
2
2
1
2
2

(m)

(2)
(1)
1
2
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
3

(0)
3

3
3
1
1
3
3
1
3
2
3
2
2

03

3.2.11 (GPI )

(4)

(3)

(2)

(1)

(0)

20

()

21

22

23

24

25

()

26

()

27

28

29

2
1

2
3

2
3

(A)

(B)

(A+B)

GPI

(Group Pollution IndexGPI)

. DSI A 4

1, 2

. 1

, 1992a, 1992b).

, 2

(,,,,)

1/2 .

DSI B

(A) (B)

,
. (a4+b3+c2+
d1)/(a+b+c+d+e)
( 3.2.11).

Biological Monitoring Working Party Korea

(BMWPK)

BMWPK
BMWP

(Dominant Species IndexDSI)

( 3.2.12).

Chironomidae()

(Dominant Species IndexDSI)

(, 2005a, b).

4, 3,

. BMWP .

2, 1

97

3.2.12 (Biological scores)

Score

Groups of organisms

10

(Gammaridae), (Scopuridae), (Taeniopterygidae), (Capniidae),

(Leuctridae), (Peltoperlidae), (Perlodidae), (Chloroperlidae),
(Perlidae), (Philopotamidae), (Rhyacophilidae), (Glossosomatidae),
(Limnephilidae), (Lepidostomatidae), (Blepharoceridae)

(Isonychiidae), (Siphlonuridae), (Ameletidae), (Leptophlebiidae),

(Pteronarcyidae), (Molannidae), (Stenopsychidae), (Odontoceridae),
(Brachycentridae), (Ecnomidae), (Elmidae), (Psephenidae),
(Sialidae)

(Heptageniidae), (Ephemeridae), (Ephemerellidae), (Baetidae),

(Hydropsychidae), (Psychomyiidae), (Phryganeidae), (Phryganopsychidae),
(Sericostomatidae), (Leptoceridae), (Calamoceratidae), (Corydalidae),
(Gomphidae)

(Potamanthidae), (Neoephemeridae), (Polymitarcyidae), (Hydroptilidae),

(Simuliidae), (Ceratopogonidae)

(Dytiscidae), (Haliplidae), (Noteridae), (Gryinidae), (Hydrophilidae),

(Helodidae), (Heteroceridae), (Chrysomelidae), (Aeshnidae), (Libellulidae),
(Coenagrionoidae), (Platycnemididae), (Lestidae), (Calopterygidae),
(Cordulegastridae), (Corduliidae)

(Caenidae), (Gerridae), (Corixidae), (Belostomatidae), (Nepidae),

(Pleidae), (Notonectidae), (Ochteridae), (Naucoridae),
(Mesoveliidae), (Aphelocheiridae)

(Syrphidae), (Hirudinidae)

(Chironomidae)

(Oligochaeta)

(Korean Saprobic Index, KSI)

. ,

100 .

98

(Korean saprobic index)

(number assigned to the taxon)
(number of taxa)
i (saprobic value of the ith taxon)
i (abundance index of the ith taxon)
i (weighting factor of the ith taxon)

(3.1)

03

Class

Condition

KSI

Color in maps

BOD5 range

High

0.8

Blue

0-1

Good

1.7

Green

1-4

Fair

2.5

Yellow

3-7

Poor

3.4

Orange

6-10

Bad

> 3.4

Red

>8

(3)

Trent Biotic Index Korea(TBIK) . TBI

(bio-monitoring) .

TBI

TBIK . TBIK 3.2.9

, TBI .

Gammarus

(Plecoptera larvae)

. (Plecoptera larvae)

, (Ephemeroptera larvae) ,

(Ephemeroptera larvae)

Biotic index .

(Ephemeroptera larvae)

, 25 Biotic index

6 .

4)
(1)

(FISRWG, 2001).

(Karr, 1981)

. Barbour EPA (1999)

. ,

(Tamai et al., 2000; FISRWG, 2001)

, ,

99

, (Bone et al., 1995; Kennard, 2005)

(3)

120, 120,

120, 120

480 3.2.13

(Simon, 1999).

(361 480 ),

(241 360 ), (121 240

), (1 -120 )

PHABSIM, HSI, IFM, RSS .

(, 241280 -
Bc ; 281320

(2)

-Bb , 321 360

19

- Ba ).

()(

Sun ray plotting(Barbour et al., 1999)

, 1814), ()(

, ( 3.2.13) (

, 1845) , , ,

3.2.6) ( 3.2.5)

, .

( 3.2.6) .

19 20

(community; species composition)

1952

824 .

(1977) 872

(Temperton

et al., 2004).

. 1983

1990 , , , ,

, ,

(Simon, 1999; , 2010).

1987 2010 3

4 120

. ,
, ,

. ,

(Diversity IndexH')

G-7

(2002),

(2004),

Margalef(1968)

(2007, 2008, 2009),

Shannon-Weaver function(Pielou, 1975)

(2007)

(2007)

8- .

100

03

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

(species richness)

, , , , , ,

, , , , , , ,

Margalef Menhinick

12

29.

Margalef (1968)

(Lockwood et al., 2007)

(, species evenness)

.
1.0 .

(Dominant indexDI)

. ,

, ,

(shelter)

(Tamai et al., 2000).

(McNaughton, 1970).

, ,

(Greipsson, 2011).

(Tamai et al., 2000)

- ; ,

, , , , ,

. ,

, , , , , ,

, , .

, ,

, , ,

, , , , ,

. ,

, , .

- ,

, , , ,

. ,

(Vannote et al., 1980).

, , , .

, , , ,

, , ,

101

, , , .

(361 , Excellent),

, , ,

(241 360 , Very Good), (121

240 , Good) (120 ,

Bad)

( 3.2.14).

. ,

(Barbour et al., 1999; Simon; 1999) ,

( 3.2.13) 120

480 .

( 3.2.5).

(Sun

ray

plotting)

3.2.13

(120)

(120)
(DI)
(30)

(H')
(30)

(120)
(R')
(30)

(E')
(30)

(30)

(120)

(60)

(30)

(-10)

(60)

(120)

102

4 30 120

0.1
0.1 ~ 0.5
0.5 ~ 0.8
0.8
3.0
2.0 - 3.0
1.0 - 2.0
1.0
3.0 - 5.0
2.0 - 3.0,5.0 - 6.0
1.0 - 2.0,6.0
1.0
0.95
0.75 - 0.95
0.50 - 0.75
0.50
5~12%
0~5%
12~17%
17%

30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
0
30
20
10
5

, , , 22

10

(10)

, , , 21

10

, , , 29

(30)

, , 61

(-10)

-5

- (30)

, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,

, , , ,

- (30)
(15)

(60)

, ,
(20)
(30)

(30)

(15)

, , , ,

(15)

, , , , ,

(15)

, , ,

03

3.2.14

A (Aa, Ab, Ac)

B (Ba, Bb, Bc)

C (Ca, Cb, Cc)

D (Da, Db, Dc)

441-480
361 480

401-440

361-400

321-360

241 360

281-320

241-280

201-240

121 240

161-200

121-160

81-120

1 - 120

41-80
1-40

(a) (255/480)

(b)

(c) (254/480)

(d)

3.2.5 Sun ray plotting ()

103

3.2.6 ()

3.2.6

( 3.2.13).

3.2.13, 3.2.15)

104

03

3.2.15 ()

(120), (120)

4 30

120

0.1

30

0.1 0.5

20

0.5 0.8
0.8

(60)

(120)

(10)

100

88

68

0.41

20

10

0.7

10

0.7

10

0.51

10

0.73

10

0.86

3.0

40

2.0 3.0

30

2.35

30

2.35

30

1.0 2.0

20

1.64

20

1.73

20

1.51

20

1.0

10

0.91

10

3.0 5.0

40

3.43

40

4.5

40

3.82

40

3.36

40

2.0 3.0, 5.0 6.0

30

2.4

30

2.61

30

1.0 2.0, 6.0

20

1.0

10

0.95

40

0.75 0.95

30

0.75

30

0.50 0.75

20

0.54

20

0.66

20

0.7

20

0.50

10

0.32

10

0.49

10

90

80

100

120

50

80

5 12 %

30

6.1

30

6.3

30

0 5 %

20

1.5

20

0.44

20

1.5

30

1.3

30

12 17 %

10

17%

, ,

22

10

10

10

10

, , ,

21

10

30

30

30

30

10

30

15

10

30

30

30

25

-5

-10

-5

-10

85

65

80

85

80

60

10

10

25

10

20

20

15

20

15

15

25

20

15

10

10

15

15

15

10

20

15

10

10

, ,

(30)

(30)

61

(-10)

(-10)

-5

(60)

, , ,
,
, , ,

-(30) ,

, ,

, , , ,

(15)

(120)

88

-(30)

88

52

29

22

, , ,
(30)

68

17

(30)

(20)

88

84

25 100 22

(E')(40)

(30)

52

13

(H')(40)

(R')(40)

84

(120)

21

(DI)(30)

(15)

(60)
(15)
(15)

, , , ,

, , , ,
, ,

10

10

15

75

45

100

90

65

55

334

242

380

383

263

283

, , , 5

Ba

Bc

Ac

Ac

Bc

Bb

105

3.2.15 ()

4
30 120

(120), (120)

4 21

25 100 22

88

17

68

22

88
88

84

52

100

88

68

0.1 0.5

20

0.41

20

0.5 0.8

10

0.7

10

0.7

10

0.51

10

0.73

10

0.8

0.86

3.0

40

2.0 3.0

30

2.35

30

2.35

30

1.0 2.0

20

1.64

20

1.73

20

1.51

20

1.0

10

0.91

10

3.0 5.0

40

3.43

40

4.5

40

3.82

40

3.36

40

2.0 3.0, 5.0 6.0

30

2.4

30

2.61

30

1.0 2.0, 6.0

20

1.0

10

0.95

40

(E')(40)

0.75 0.95

30

0.75

30

0.50 0.75

20

0.54

20

0.66

20

0.7

20

0.50

10

(30)

0.32

10

0.49

10

90

80

100

120

50

80

5 12 %

30

6.1

30

6.3

30

0 5 %

20

1.5

20

0.44

20

1.5

30

1.3

30

12 17 %

10

17%

5
1

10

10

10

10

, , ,
29

30

30

30

30

10

(30) , , 61
(30)

30

15

10

30

30

30

25

-5

-5

-10

-5

-10

85

65

80

85

80

60

10

10

, , ,
,

25

10

20

20

15

20

(15)

, , , , ,

15

15

25

20

15

10

(15)

, , , ,

10

15

15

(15)

, , , ,

15

10

20

15

10

10

(15)

, , ,

10

10

15

75

45

100

90

65

55

334

242

380

383

263

283

(30)

(20)

(10)

(60)
(120)

(30)

(-10)

(-10)

, ,
10
22
, ,
21

(60)

106

52

(120)

(120)

13

30

(H')(40)

(R')(40)

84

0.1

(DI)(30)

(60)

, , ,
-(30)
,
-(30)

Ba

Bc

Ac

Ac

Bc

Bb

03

3.2.15

(M1)

20

14

26

22

17

19

()

()

(M4)

68.2

76.5

50.0

29.2

91.6

93.4

(M5)

66.8

73.0

50.8

47.3

90.9

86.7

(M6)

28.8

12.4

38.3

46.0

3.7

7.0

(M7)

337

226

376

315

462

502

(M8)

26

18

26

28

20

20

SS= , IS= , TS=, O =, C= I= H = , RB=

3.2.16 ,

334

242

380

383

263

283

Ba

Bc

Ac

Ac

Bc

Bb

26

18

26

28

20

20

3.3

3.3.1
,

107

, ,

, ,
, ,
() 4 , ,
.
2 8 , /
, , ,
.

1)


- .

,
, / , , ,

,

-
.

2)

, , , ,

()

10

( 3.3.1~3.3.4).

108

3)

.

,
-
.
-
,
/ 2

( 3.3.5).

,

- .

,
.

03

2

( 3.3.6).



.
, , / ,
, , , ,
, , 10

. ,

,
-

.

109

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

(1)

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)

13

10

13

13

15

11

13
5

13
(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)

7
103 (52 %) / 200 (+, )
140 (72 %) / 200 (+,

(16~20)

17

(9~10)

9
9

20
15

10
5
0

(1)

7 4
()

()

()

10
8
6
4
2
0

()

()

()

(1)

1
3 4(,)
3.3.1 1

110

03

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

( 1)

(1~5)

(1~2)

115 (58 %) / 200

179 (90 %) / 200

(6~10)
(11~15)
10

10

11

11

10

(3~5)
(6~8)

8
(, L=4.5km, )
(, L=3.0km,

(16~20)

18

18

19

19

17

17

19
(9~10)

10
10
9
9

10
10

20
15

10
5
0

(1)

7 4

()

()
10
8
6
4
2
0

()

()

()

()

(1)

3 4(, )

3.3.2 1

111

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

(1)

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)
(16~20)

18

18

19

10

19

13

17

10

17

19
(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)
(9~10)

10

10

10

10
2

92 (46 %) / 200 (++, L=6.0km, )

179 (90 %) / 200 (++, L=4.0km, )

20
15

10
5
0

(1)

7 4
()
10
8
6
4
2
0

()

()

()

()

()

3 4(,)

3.3.3 1

112

(1)

03

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

( 1)

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)

13

13

10

13

12

13

10

13

10

13

11

10

(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)

8
2

7
2

101 (50 %) / 200 (, L=6.0km, )

129 (65 %) / 200 (, L=3.0km,

(16~20)

(9~10)

20
15

10
5
0

(1)

7 4

()

()
10
8
6
4
2
0

()

()

()

()

(1)

3 4(, )

3.3.4 1

113

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

(2)

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)

14

10

13

10

13
5

13

10

10

10

10

(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)

93 (47 %) / 200
(, )
122 (61 %) / 200 (, )

(16~20)

(9~10)

20
15

10
5
0

(2)

7 4
()
10
8
6

()

()

2
0

()

()

()

(2)

3 4(,)

3.3.5 2

114

03

1 1

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.

1
9.

1
10.

1
(1)

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)

12

10

(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)

8
112 (56 %) / 200 (, )
179 (90 %) / 200 (, )

(16~20)

18

18

19

19

17

17
19
19
(9~10)
10
10
10
10

20
15

10
5
0

(1)

7 4
()
10
8
6

()

()

4
2
0

()

()

()
1

(1)

3 4(, )

3.3.6 1 1

115

2 2

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

2
(1)

2
8.

9.

10.

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)
(16~20)

18

18
5

18
5

16

16
5

18
5

19
(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)
(9~10)

10

10

10

10
2

71 (36 %) / 200 (, L=4.6km, )

167 (84 %) / 200 (+, L=6.0km, )

20
15

10
5
0

(2)

7 4
()
10
8
6

()

()

4
2
0

()

()

()
2

3 4(, )

3.3.7 2 2

116

(2)

4)
,
,


.
,

, , () 2
8
( 3.3.8~3.3.11).
2
, / ,
, ,

.
8
, 2, 1
1 3 , 2
1 , / 12
, 1 2 4 .

,

.
(hydraulic sorting) (amor coating)

.

12, +
1 1, ++
1, + 2
, 2 2 4 .

03

,

. ,
, ,
( 2), (2,
1 1) +( 1
2, 1 2)
.

,
. (=
/ ) 17 8
.
, ,
-- ,
- .
- -
6 (
12. 12, 12) -, , - - 4
, 2 ( 1
2) - - 2
.
,

.
()

.
, , 3 (
2. 1, 2)
, 4
( 1. 2, 1, 1 )
75% , 25%
, 1 ( 2)
.

117

12

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

1
8.
2
1
9.
2
1
10.
2

1
2

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)
(16~20)

18

18

18

18

19

18

19

16

17

16

17

18

19

19
(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)
(9~10)

10

10

10

10

179 (90 %) / 200 (, L=2.0km, )

167 (84 %) / 200 (+, L=4.0km, )

20
15

10
5
0

1()

2()

7 4
()
10
8
()

6
4

()

2
0

()

()

()
1()

3.3.8 12

118

2()

3 4(,)

03

12

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
2
1
9.
2
1
10.
2

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

1
2

(1~5)

(1~2)

143 (72 %) / 200

180 (90 %) / 200

(6~10)
(11~15)
(16~20)

17

18

13

18

13

19

13

17

15

18

13

19

13

19
(3~5)
(6~8)
(9~10)

10

10

(+, L=8.0km, )
(+, L=3.0km, )

20
15

10
5
0

1()

2()

7 4
()
10
8

()

6
4

()

2
0

()

()

()
1()

2()

3 4(,)

3.3.9 12

119

12

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
2
1
9.
2
1
10.
2

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

1
2

(1~5)

(1~2)

129 (65 %) / 200

122 (61 %) / 200

(6~10)
(11~15)

13

14

13

13

13

13

13

13
10

13
10

10

10

10

(3~5)
(6~8)

7
5

(, L=3.0km, )
(, L=3.0km, )

(16~20)

(9~10)

20
15

10
5
0

1()

2()

7 4
()
10
8
6
4

()

()

2
0

()

()

()
1()

3 4(,)

3.3.10 12

120

2()

03

12

1.
2.
3. /
4.
5.
6.
7.

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

1
8.
2
1
9.
2
1
10.
2

1
2

(1~5)
(6~10)
(11~15)
(16~20)

18

18

18

18

19

19

19

19

18

18

18

15

19

19
(1~2)
(3~5)
(6~8)
(9~10)

181 (91 %) / 200 (+++, L=3.0km, )

156 (78 %) / 200 (+++, L=4.0km, )

20
15

10
5
0

1()

2()

7 4
()
10
8
()

6
4

()

2
0

()

()

()
1()

2()

3 4(,)

3.3.11 12

121

5)

,



. ,

.
3.3.12
, 3.3.13
.

3.3.12

6)

, , /
, , , ,
,
,

.

122

.


.
,


, .

03

3.3.13

7)

,





.

,
.



,

.

,
,
.

(the

present-day

potential natural state of water)

. ,

.
,
,
,

.
,

, , ,


.

.
,

.

123

11

. (Plafin et al.,

1989; Simon, 1991; Barbour et al., 1999; TNRCC,

1999; Somerville and Pruitt, 2004)

8)



. ,

.
,
,

.
,
1
,

.
,

,
.

3.3.2

.

(FISRWG, 2001).



.
, (
)

(Wootton, 1990)
.

(MCT, 2004)
.

, ,



.

1)
(Vannote et al., 1980)
,

2)
(1)

6 ( 3.3.1,

3.3.14, 3.3.15),

(Bruno and Bruno, 2007).

(St.1; St.3; St.5)

(Odum,

(St.2; St.4; St.6)

1975; Tamai et al., 2000)

(FISRWG,

2001),

, 1997) .

124

03

3.3.1 Coordinates of surveying sites.

Sites

Factor of disturbance

Latitude

Longitude

St.1

downstream of Andong Dam

36334.24

1283942.6

St.2

Naeseongcheon

363650.82

1282835.32

St.3

downstream of Imha Dam

363212.14

1285042.35

St.4

Gilancheon

363110.39

1285016.64

St.5

aggregate gathering at Gamcheon

360940.6

1281144.0

St.6

upstream of Gamcheon

360810.7

128927.1

3.3.14 Satellite pictures for disturbed with dam and aggregate gathering sites and reference sites.

(2)

2007 2009

2007 2009

, , (Margarlef,

(MCT, 2004) .

1958; 1968; Pielou, 1966; 1975; McNaughton, 1967)

40

. (

, 1997; , 2002; , 2002;

(Kennard, 2005)

, 2005)

(1997), Nelson(2006) .

125

(Gosline, 1973; Wootton, 1990)

, 2002; , 2006; ,

2008).

(, 1997;

3.3.15 Satellite pictures for disturbed with dam and aggregate gathering sites and reference sites.

(3)

. 2007

( 3.3.2,

3.3.16). 2008 ,

2 .

( 3.3.16).

126

03

3.3.2

()
38
124

()
69
17

()

()
10
140

()

()

()

(18)

(18)

(18)

ESB

10

24

20

24

(2)

15

40

24

46

(2)

24

22

14

12

16

20

(2)

114

59

95

35

54

38

(2)

1.82

2.92

1.18

1.02

0.7

2.76

(2)

2.29

2.28

1.29

1.71

0.95

1.43

(6)

(18)

(4)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

20.83

18.18

7.14

8.33

12.5

10

(2)

(2)

13

(2)

(2)

(2)

(%)

20

20

16

23

17

24

(2)

(%)

8.33

4.55

10

(2)

(2)

(6)

(2)

(2)

(6)

(18)

(4)

(8)
(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

(%)

1,2
(%)

37.5

36.36

14.29

25

43.75

15

20

38

33

16

36

127

3.3.16

-120 )

120, 120,

( 3.3.3).

120, 120 480

(Sun ray plotting)(Barbour et al.,

3.3.3

1999) , ( 3.3.4)

(361 480 ), (241

360 ), (121 240 ), (1

3.3.3

A (Aa, Ab, Ac)

B (Ba, Bb, Bc)

C (Ca, Cb, Cc)

D (Da, Db, Dc)

361 480

401-440

361-400

321-360

241 360

281-320

241-280

201-240

121 240

161-200

121-160

81-120

128

441-480

1 - 120

41-80
1-40

03

3.3.4


(120)

(120)

(DI)
(30)

(H')
(30)

(120)
(R')
(30)

(E')
(30)

(30)

(120)
(60)

(30)

4
30 120

0.1

30

0.1 ~ 0.5

20

0.5 ~ 0.8

10

0.8

3.0

30

2.0 - 3.0

20

1.0 - 2.0

10

1.0

3.0 - 5.0

30

2.0 - 3.0,5.0 - 6.0

20

1.0 - 2.0,6.0

10

1.0

0.95

30

0.75 - 0.95

20

0.50 - 0.75

10

0.50

5~12%

30

0~5%

20

12~17%

10

17%

, ,
(20)

, , , 22

10

(10)

, , , 21

10

(30)

, , , 29

(30)

(30)

, , 61

(-10)

(-10)

-5

- (30)

, , , , ,

- (30)

, , , , , ,
,

, , , ,

(15)

, , , ,

(15)

, , , ,

(15)

, , ,

(60)

(120)

(15)

(60)

129

3.3.5 ,

, ,

( 3.3.4) .

6 3 3.3.17

3.3.5 . 3.3.17

3.3.17 Comparison with scoring for disturbed sites to reference sites. BD 1bio diversity 1(species number),
BD 2bio diversity 2(Shannon indices), ESSecosystem structure, HDhabitat diversity

130

03

3.3.5 Score level to assess the stream ecosystem by using ichthyofauna.

Stream disturbance with dam construction and aggregate gathering
Items

Levels of scoring

Andong Dam

Biodiversity I (90)
No of species

over than 31 sp.

90

21 spp - 30 sp

65

11 spp - 20 sp.

40

10 spp. and below

15

over than 3.0

40

Species
diversity (H')

2.0 - 3.0

30

1.0 - 2.0

20

(40)

below than 1.0

10

over than 0.95

30

0.65 - 0.95

Evenness (E')
(30)

Biodiversity II
Shannon indices (90)

22

0.35 - 0.65

14

below than 0.35

3.0 - 5.0

20

Richness (R')

2.0 - 3.0, 5.0 - 6.0

15

(20)

1.0 - 2.0, over than 6.0

10

below than 1.0

5~12%

35

12~ blow than 17%

28

Epistasis(35)
Frequency of carnivorous fish(35)
Ecosystem
structure
(90)

Rareness(20)

blow than 5%

21

17% and higher

14

endangered species

Gilancheon

Gamcheon

Upstream of
Gamcheon

25sp.

65

0.54

3.43

20

22sp.

17sp.

40

65

1.85

20

0.72

22

0.70

30

22

65

2.28

0.74

40

40

4.08
2.45

54

0.87

20

0.31

72
7.26

1.47

21

each 10

10

3.60

2.61

15

35

20

72
6.74

1.51

20

0.49

14

3.36

20

22

15

57

15.03

20

65

30

14

20

65

65

40

2.25
1.63

65

41

35

54
8.09

35

28

0.21

21

1.73

21

10

10

migrating fish

each 10

each 5

15

20

25

25

blue gill, bass

each-5

-5

-10

Gravel, Rock (15)

black shinner and others

each 3

Sand, Mud (15)

goby minnow and others

each 3

15

15

12

Swamp (15)

dark chub and others

each 3

12

15

Rapid (15)

pale chub and others

each 3

Shallow (15)

Korean piscivorous
chub and others

each 3

12

Flat water (15)

funa and others

each 3

Disturbance(-10) disturbed by alien (-10)

Subtotal

Habitat
diversity
(90)
Environment of
stream(60)

Imha Dam

river salmon and others

Excellence(45)Movement(10)
Index of excellent environment(35)

Environment of
riverbed(30)

65
13sp.

Subtotal

Naeseongcheon

22sp.
21sp.

Subtotal

Aggregate gathering site and

reference site

Downstream site of dam and reference site

Score

46

48

55

60

36

61

Subtotal

39

36

57

33

39

33

Total

204

181

249

230

156

213

3.3.18

,
.
, 3.3.19

3.3.20 3

131

( 3.3.19).

200

Andong Dam

150

100

2007 3.3.19
.

200

Andong Dam

150

100

50

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

O ct '09

score
Naeseongcheon

200

150

Naeseongcheon

200

150

100

50

100

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

O ct '09

periodical changes

3.3.18 Comparative scores for Andong stream disturbed sites to reference sites with periodical
changes at spring during three years
200

Imha Dam

200

Imha Dam

150

100

150

50

100

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

O ct '09

score
200

Gilancheon

200

Gilancheon

150

150

100

100

50

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

O ct '09

periodical changes

3.3.19 Comparative scores for Imha stream disturbed sites to reference sites with periodical
changes at spring during three years

132

03

( 3.3.20).

200

Gamcheon

150

100

200

Gamcheon

150

100

50

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

Oct '09

score
200

Ref. of Gamcheon

150

200

Ref. of Gamcheon

150

100

100

50

50

0
Apr '07

Apr '08

May '09

Nov '07

Aug '08

Oct '09

periodical changes

3.3.20 Comparative scores for aggregate gathering disturbed sites to reference sites with
periodical changes at autumn during three years

(food web)

(Tamai et al., 2000; FISRWG, 2001)

3)

, , ,

(Bone et al., 1995; Kennard, 2005)

6 .

(Simon, 1999).

( , 2003)

133

( 3.3.6).

3.3.6 , ,

, ,

, , ,
,
,

, ,

1,2 ,

(, )



, ,


,

, ,

, ,

(, )

. 3.3.7

3.3.7

134

04

4.

, ,

(, 2009).

, ,

, .

2)

(Brierley and Fryirs, 2005).

(Byron , 2009).

. , ,
, , , ,

4.1

, ,
,
()

, .

( )
.

3)

,
.

, ,

, .

.
,

1)

,
.

4)

135

. ,

(re-

meandering),

(Kondolf and

Wilcock, 1996).

(Williams and Wolman,

1984).

5) ()

, ,
,

(Kondolf, 1997; Erskine et al., 1999; Steiger et

()

al., 2001; , 2004; , 2008).

( )

, ,

. ,

(Williams and Wolman, 1984).

6)

.
,
.
,
() ,
.

4.2

(Galay, 1983; Williams and
Wolman, 1984).
,
(,
, 1999), (Milhous,
1982),
(flushing flow) .

. ()
,
,

4.2.1

1) ( , 2009)

, (Kondolf and
Wilcock, 1996).
,

(flushing flow)

. ,

136

04

, (

495m, 72m

, 2009),

. 3,204k,

1,490106, 790
6

10 . 10km
(1)

4.2.1 ,

3km

18km

25 ,

, 1980 12 .

4.2.1 ( )

100km 130km

, ,

. 100km 130km

. 1974

1983 ,

2002 ( 4.2.2).

, 5m

4.2.4 1974 2002

, 1988

. 85km

1974 0.6mm 2002 10mm

120km

. 4.2.3 1974 2002

. 1983

( , 2008).

137

4.2.2 (1974 2002)

4.2.3 (1974 2002)

4.2.4 (1974 2002)

138

04

, 95

(2)

(flushing flow) 2008 3

(90.3/s) . 4.2.5(b)

10 3 24 15 40/s

90/s ,

. 0.27m 0.6m

4.2.5(a) .

, 0.65m 0.9m

1981 2007

(a)

(b)

4.2.5

(3)

(sediment trap box)

15 90/s

2 .

35cm, 7.5cm

30cm, 1.2cm

139

(mechanism)

4.2.1

0.5m0.5m

0.05m

, (Parker

, 48

and Sutherland, 1990; Gomez, 1994; ,

2004).

(Parker and Sutherland, 1990).

(Parker and Klingeman, 1982).

29.2mm 36.8mm
. (
) 6.58

4.98

al., 1989).

(Vericat et

2.58mm, 1.72,

al., 2006).

, ( )

20km
,

(Dietrich et

( )
.

22.9mm 28.8mm

1.86,

. 7.26 5.55

2.5 ( 4.2.1),

24.11mm ,

5.92, .

( 4.2.6 4.2.7).

0.05m.

140

04

4.2.6 (a) , (b) , (c)

4.2.1
Station

Hyundo

Bugang

D10
(mm)

D50
(mm)

D80
(mm)

Dm
(mm)

Ar

Remarks

0.8

14

46

29.2

6.58

Before flushing

1.2

26

50

36.8

4.98

1.86

After flushing

0.6

1.9

2.2

2.58

1.72

Sediment trap

0.6

8.0

33

22.9

7.26

Before flushing

0.8

20

35

28.8

5.55

2.50

After flushing

0.8

13

34

24.1

5.92

Sediment trap

Dm =

)
= (=

Ar = (= , ,
.)

141

(a)

(b)

4.2.7

4.2.8

142

04

( ), ,

Southard, 1988).

(Wilcock

and

(hiding effect) ,

( 4.2.9).

4.2.9 Shields

4.2.10 ( )

( 4.2.10).

143

50% 2009 33%

2)

38%

(1)

13km

( 4.2.2).
4 6
5
2009 4
.

2009 . 1,2
75%
2009 50% ,
80% 25% .

2009
( 4.2.11).

4.2.11

144

04

4.2.2 ( 5; 76-100%, 4; 51-75%, 3; 26-50%, 2; 6-25%, 1; 1-5%, +; <1%)

08.3.8

08.3.29

08.10.12

09.9.5

08.3.8

08.3.29

5
3

09.9.5

08.10.12

1
2

2
2

1
2

3
2

(2)

(, )

(HOGs, habitat orientated groups)

. , ,

Burrowers , Cilngers

, Climbers, Sprawlers, Swimmers

. ,

/ , Clingers

. ,

145

( , 1996., , 1995.).

. (HOGs, Habitat

orientated groups)

Burrowers() 44.4%(2,660

) 63.7%(3,185) , Cilngers(

. , (, )

) 50.4%(3,021) 23.0%(1,149)

(, )

Swimmers ( 4.2.12).

Burrowers ,

, (Ceratopogonidae)

. ,

(Chironomidae)

, Colonization

Clingers 1,723

506 ( 4.2.13).

Climbers

4.2.12 (HOGs)

4.2.13 (HOGs)

146

Sprawlers,

4.2.3

04

4.2.4

Time

DI

H'

J'

Before

0.53

2.17

0.62

After

0.63

1.85

0.54

Order Cypriniformes

Family Cyprinidae

,
0.53 0.63 ,
2.17 1.85 .
0.62

Hemibarbus labeo

Pseudogobio esocinus

Zacco platypus

75

Order Perciformes

Family Odontobutidae

0.54 ( 4.2.3).
,

,

.
(3)

2 3 6
( 4.2.4). (

Odontobutis interrupta *
Family Gobiidae

Rhinogobius brunneus ***

***

Tridentiger brevispinis ***

***

24

109

(H')

0.93

) *, **, ***

69%) ( 22%)

16.7% 28.6%(

2007 4 2008 7
.

, 2005) .

147

4.2.5 (%)

1/7
(14.3)

1/3
(33.3)

0/4
(0.0)

0/5
(0.0)

0/3
(0.0)

2/14
(14.3)

0/4
(0.0)

3/10
(30.0)

1/5
(20.0)

1/4
(25.0%)

0/1
(0.0)

3/12
(25.0)

1/7
(14.3)

4/11
(36.4)

1/4
(25.0)

4/13
(30.8)

3/8
(37.5)

9/24
(37.5)

4/10
(40.0)

4/8
(50.0)

6/9
(66.7)

4/10
(40.0)

5/9
(55.6)

8/22
(36.4)

1/6
(16.7)

0/4
(0.0)

0/5
(0.0)

0/5
(0.0)

0/4
(0.0)

1/11
(9.1)

1/5
(20.0)

1/9
(11.1)

1/6
(16.7)

0/10
(0.0)

1/8
(12.5)

1/14
(7.1)

1/6
(16.7)

3/8
(37.5)

2/4
(50.0)

1/5
(20.0)

1/7
(14.3)

7/16
(43.8)

0/8
(0.0)

2/11
(18.2)

1/11
(9.1)

1/10
(10.0)

0/4
(0.0)

4/20
(20.0)

28.6%(, 1997)

( )

10% ( 4.2.5)

.
,

4.2.2
(Kondolf, 1997)

, , , , , ,

, , , , ,

13 , , , , ,

. California 1992

, , , , , ,

13 .

, , , 15

148

04

, 170,000 (

, 1950

Rhine

, 1970 Barrage Iffezheim

. Iffezheim

4.2.14 Sacramento river Keswick Dam

(1991. 1)(Kondolf, 1997)

4.2.15 Rhine River

(1994. 6)(Kondolf, 1997)

149

5.

2,857 .

, , ,

. 2

, ,

, ,

1
.

, ,

, ,

. , ,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, . ,

, .

, ,

, .

, .

(pit)

. , ,

5 10 ,

, 580

150

05

, , , ,

, () ,

, .

, .

, ,

( ) ,

1.0

(Ecoriver21)

.

.



.
,

,

. , ( )
,
, .

.

,
.

151

(2006).

. Ecoriver21 .
, (2009).

.
(1997).

. ,
42, 10, pp. 843-853.

. .
(1997). .
(2009).

(2010).
. ,
43, 10, pp. 21-32.

. pp. A-95.
(2008).

, (2010).

. , 11, 3, pp.

. ,

74-86.

43, 7, pp. 657-666.

(2009).

, Y. Shimizu (2010).

. , 12, 3

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, 30, 4B, pp. 379-388.

(2010).

, , (2004).

, 13, 2, pp. 95-104.

. ,

(1997). 37 (
). , pp. 1-617.

37, 5, pp. 387-395.

, , , , ,

, (2002). . , pp.
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(2008). .
(ECORIVER21), pp. 110-111.

, , , , ,

, , , (2004).

(2005). . , pp. 1-613.

, , , (2008).

: .

.
, 41, 12, pp. 1163-1172.
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